title: Hypoxia and Hyperoxia Affect Serum Angiogenic Regulators in T2DM Men during Cycling.
abstract: Exercise-induced transient increases in pro-angiogenic regulators can promote angiogenesis.This pilot study aims to analyze the potential of exercise to positively affect angiogenic regulators in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who often exhibit abnormal angiogenesis, under different environmental conditions. 9 overweight/obese men with uncomplicated T2DM (8 took anti-diabetic drugs) performed submaximal cycling for 40 min in normoxia (≈21 vol%O2), hypoxia (≈14 vol%O2) and during alternating hypoxia/hyperoxia (≈14 vol%O2/≈30 vol%O2, 5-min intervals) (3×3 crossover design). Serum pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and anti-angiogenic endostatin were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Non-parametric statistical tests (Wilcoxon, Friedman analysis of variance) were applied. VEGF increased significantly from pre- to post-exercise with hypoxia and hypoxia/hyperoxia. MMP-2 increased significantly in all experimental runs, while MMP-9 only increased significantly with hypoxia and hypoxia/hyperoxia. Endostatin increased significantly with normoxia and hypoxia. However, the magnitude of changes did not differ significantly between conditions. Capillary blood lactate was significantly lower following cycling with hypoxia/hyperoxia than with hypoxia alone. Although differences in subjective ratings of perceived exertion failed significance, 7 subjects were less exerted with hypoxia/hyperoxia than with hypoxia. Submaximal cycling with hypoxia or alternating hypoxia/hyperoxia may induce a more reliable up-regulation of pro-angiogenic regulators compared with normoxia, while hypoxia/hyperoxia may be better tolerated than hypoxia alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Metten
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scriba
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Christos V M
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Tagarakis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Latsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Klara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brixius
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bloch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D043169:Endostatins / Q000097:blood*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000097:blood*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000097:blood; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D043169:Endostatins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D019344:Lactic Acid; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9