title: Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Urban and Rural Areas in India: A Population Survey of 1395 Persons.
abstract: The scientific evidence base in support of population-wide salt reduction is strong, but current high-quality data about salt intake levels in India are mostly absent. This project sought to estimate daily salt consumption levels in selected communities of Delhi and Haryana in north India and Andhra Pradesh in south India.
  
  
  
  In this study, 24-hour urine samples were collected using an age- and sex-stratified sampling strategy in rural, urban, and slum areas. Salt intake estimates were made for the overall population of each region and for major subgroups by weighting the survey data for the populations of Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh. Complete 24-hour urine samples were available for 637 participants from Delhi and Haryana and 758 from Andhra Pradesh (65% and 68% response rates, respectively). Weighted mean population 24-hour urine excretion of salt was 8.59 g/day (95% CI 7.68-9.51) in Delhi and Haryana and 9.46 g/day (95% CI 9.06-9.85) in Andhra Pradesh (P=0.097). Estimates inflated to account for the minimum likely nonurinary losses of sodium provided corresponding estimates of daily salt intake of 9.45 g/day (95% CI 8.45-10.46) and 10.41 g/day (95% CI 9.97-10.84), respectively.
  
  
  
  Salt consumption in India is high, with mean population intake well above the World Health Organization recommended maximum of 5 g/day. A national salt reduction program would likely avert much premature death and disability.
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia cjohnson@georgeinstitute.org.au.|The University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sailesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia.|The University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.|Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Roopa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shivashankar
authors.affiliation: George Institute for Global Health, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Sudhir Raj
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Thout
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Priti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.|Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Feng J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.|Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: MacGregor
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia.|The University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jacqui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.affiliation: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: George Institute for Global Health, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Pallab K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Maulik
authors.affiliation: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: K Srinath
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.|Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Dorairaj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia.|The University of Sydney, Australia.|Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.|Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.|Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Neal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012424:Rural Population; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000652:urine*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: 24‐hour urinary sodium; India; high blood pressure; hypertension; population studies; population survey; salt; salt intake; sodium