title: Nanoparticles for radiooncology: Mission, vision, challenges.
abstract: Cancer is one of the leading non-communicable diseases with highest mortality rates worldwide. About half of all cancer patients receive radiation treatment in the course of their disease. However, treatment outcome and curative potential of radiotherapy is often impeded by genetically and/or environmentally driven mechanisms of tumor radioresistance and normal tissue radiotoxicity. While nanomedicine-based tools for imaging, dosimetry and treatment are potential keys to the improvement of therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects, radiotherapy is an established technique to eradicate the tumor cells. In order to progress the introduction of nanoparticles in radiooncology, due to the highly interdisciplinary nature, expertise in chemistry, radiobiology and translational research is needed. In this report recent insights and promising policies to design nanotechnology-based therapeutics for tumor radiosensitization will be discussed. An attempt is made to cover the entire field from preclinical development to clinical studies. Hence, this report illustrates (1) the radio- and tumor-biological rationales for combining nanostructures with radiotherapy, (2) tumor-site targeting strategies and mechanisms of cellular uptake, (3) biological response hypotheses for new nanomaterials of interest, and (4) challenges to translate the research findings into clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Leoni A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kunz-Schughart
authors.affiliation: OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubrovska
authors.affiliation: OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peitzsch
authors.affiliation: Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ewe
authors.affiliation: Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aigner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schellenburg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Muders
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Solid State and Material Research Dresden, 01171 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cirillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iemma
authors.affiliation: ENT-Department, Section for Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tietze
authors.affiliation: ENT-Department, Section for Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alexiou
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01314 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarschler
authors.affiliation: Children's Cancer Institute Australia, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Orazio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vittorio
authors.affiliation: Children's Cancer Institute Australia, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Sydney, UNSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kavallaris
authors.affiliation: Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; CIC Biomagune, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain.
authors.forename: Wolfgang J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Parak
authors.affiliation: Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mädler
authors.affiliation: Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany. Electronic address: spokhrel@iwt.uni-bremen.de.
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pokhrel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000639:trends*; D000068936:Theranostic Nanomedicine / Q000639:trends*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Flame spray pyrolysis; Magnetic particles; Nanoparticles; Radiooncology; Radiosensitizers; Radiotherapy