title: Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging.
abstract: In the past decades, new methods for tumor staging, restaging, treatment response monitoring, and recurrence detection of a variety of cancers have emerged in conjunction with the state-of-the-art positron emission tomography with18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG PET).13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (13CMRSI) is a minimally invasive imaging method that enables the monitoring of metabolism in vivo and in real time. As with any other method based on13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), it faces the challenge of low thermal polarization and a subsequent low signal-to-noise ratio due to the relatively low gyromagnetic ratio of13C and its low natural abundance in biological samples. By overcoming these limitations, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) with subsequent sample dissolution has recently enabled commonly used NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems to measure, study, and image key metabolic pathways in various biological systems. A particularly interesting and promising molecule used in13CMRSI is [1-13C]pyruvate, which, in the last ten years, has been widely used for in vitro, preclinical, and, more recently, clinical studies to investigate the cellular energy metabolism in cancer and other diseases. In this article, we outline the technique of dissolution DNP using a 3.35 T preclinical DNP hyperpolarizer and demonstrate its usage in in vitro studies. A similar protocol for hyperpolarization may be applied for the most part in in vivo studies as well. To do so, we used lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and catalyzed the metabolic reaction of [1-13C]pyruvate to [1-13C]lactate in a prostate carcinoma cell line, PC3, in vitro using13CMRSI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München; GE Global Research; eugen.kubala@tum.de.
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kubala
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München.
authors.forename: Kim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München.
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Topping
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hundshammer
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München.
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feuerecker
authors.affiliation: GE Global Research; Zentralinstitut für Medizintechnik der Technischen Universität München (IMETUM), Technische Universität München.
authors.forename: Pedro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München; IDG Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pariani
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München.
authors.forename: Steffen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.affiliation: GE Global Research.
authors.forename: Rolf F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.affiliation: GE Global Research.
authors.forename: Marion I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid