title: Time Course Exo-Metabolomic Profiling in the Green Marine Macroalga Ulva (Chlorophyta) for Identification of Growth Phase-Dependent Biomarkers.
abstract: The marine green macroalgaUlva(Chlorophyta) lives in a mutualistic symbiosis with bacteria that influence growth, development, and morphogenesis. We surveyed changes inUlva's chemosphere, which was defined as a space where organisms interact with each other via compounds, such as infochemicals, nutrients, morphogens, and defense compounds. Thereby,Ulva mutabiliscooperates with bacteria, in particular,Roseovariussp. strain MS2 andMaribactersp. strain MS6 (formerly identified asRoseobactersp. strain MS2 andCytophagasp. strain MS6). Without this accompanying microbial flora,U. mutabilisforms only callus-like colonies. However, upon addition of the two bacteria species, in effect forming a tripartite community, morphogenesis can be completely restored. Under this strictly standardized condition, bioactive and eco-physiologically-relevant marine natural products can be discovered. Solid phase extracted waterborne metabolites were analyzed using a metabolomics platform, facilitating gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, combined with the necessary acquisition of biological metadata. Multivariate statistics of the GC-MS and LC-MS data revealed strong differences betweenUlva's growth phases, as well as between the axenicUlvacultures and the tripartite community. Waterborne biomarkers, including glycerol, were identified as potential indicators for algal carbon source and bacterial-algal interactions. Furthermore, it was demonstrated thatU. mutabilisreleases glycerol that can be utilized for growth byRoseovariussp. MS2.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jena School for Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany. taghreed.alsufyani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Taghreed
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alsufyani
authors.affiliation: Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jena School for Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany. Anne.Weiss@uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jena School for Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany. Thomas.Wichard@uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wichard
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D041904:Roseobacter / Q000378:metabolism; D012624:Seaweed / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D044445:Ulva / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Maribacter; Roseovarius; Ulva; axenic culture; bioreactors; chemosphere; cross-kingdom cross-talk; metabolite profiling