title: Levels of heavy metals and their binding protein metallothionein in type 2 diabetics with kidney disease.
abstract: Hyperglycemia, a major metabolic disturbance present in diabetes, promotes oxidative stress. Activation of antioxidant defense is an important mechanism to prevent cell damage. Levels of heavy metals and their binding proteins can contribute to oxidative stress. Antiradical capacity and levels of metallothionein (MT), metals (zinc and copper), and selected antioxidants (bilirubin, cysteine, and glutathione) were determined in 70 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects and 80 healthy subjects of Caucasian origin. Single nucleotide polymorphism (rs28366003) in MT gene was detected. Antiradical capacity, conjugated bilirubin, and copper were significantly increased in diabetics, whereas MT and glutathione were decreased. Genotype AA of rs28366003 was associated with higher zinc levels in the diabetic group. The studied parameters were not influenced by renal function. This is the first study comprehensively investigating differences in MT and metals relevant to oxidative stress in T2DM. Ascertained differences indicate increased oxidative stress in T2DM accompanied by abnormalities in non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.|Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.|Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raudenska
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dvorakova
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pacal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chalasova
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kratochvilova
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.|Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.|Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jaromir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gumulec
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.|Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Branislav
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ruttkay-Nedecky
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.|Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ondrej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zitka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kankova
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.|Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vojtech
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.|Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masarik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood*; D018153:Czech Republic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C491053:MT2A protein, human; D003300:Copper; D008668:Metallothionein; D015032:Zinc
keywords: diabetes; diabetic kidney disease; heavy metals; metallothionein; oxidative stress