title: Apoptosis of Lewis Lung Carcinoma Cells Induced by Microwave via p53 and Proapoptotic ProteinsIn vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microwave therapy is a minimal invasive procedure and has been employed in clinical practice for the treatment of various types of cancers. However, its therapeutic application in non-small-cell lung cancer and the underlying mechanism remains to be investigated. This study aimed to investigate its effect on Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty LLC tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice were adopted to assess the effect of microwave radiation on the growth and apoptosis of LLC tumor in vivo. These mice were randomly assigned to 10 groups with 5 mice in each group. Five groups were treated by single pulse microwave at different doses for different time, and the other five groups were radiated by multiple-pulse treatment of a single dose. Apoptosis of cancer cells was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single pulse of microwave radiation for 5 min had little effect on the mice. Only 15-min microwave radiation at 30 mW/cm2 significantly increased the mice body temperature (2.20 ± 0.82)°C as compared with the other groups (0.78 ± 0.29 °C, 1.24 ± 0.52 °C, 0.78 ± 0.42 °C, respectively), but it did not affect the apoptosis of LLC tumor cells significantly. Continous microwave radiation exposure, single dose microwave radiation once per day for up to seven days, inhibited cell division and induced apoptosis of LLC tumor cells in a dose- and duration-dependent manner. It upregulated the protein levels of p53, Caspase 3, Bax and downregulated Bcl-2 protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple exposures of LLC-bearing mice to microwave radiation effectively induced tumor cell apoptosis at least partly by upregulating proapoptotic proteins and downregulating antiapoptotic proteins. Continuous radiation at low microwave intensity for a short time per day is promising in treating non-small-cell lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yancheng First People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China.
authors.forename: Kou-Dong
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chenggong Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China.
authors.forename: Lin-Rong
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiation Medicine, The Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
authors.forename: Shui-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiation Medicine, The Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
authors.forename: Rui-Yun
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Chao
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Xing-Xing
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000528:radiation effects; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000528:radiation effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004253:DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008872:Microwaves; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D004253:DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; D053148:Caspase 3