title: Exponential Decay Metrics of Topical Tetracaine Hydrochloride Administration Describe Corneal Anesthesia Properties Mechanistically.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) metrics that aid in mechanistic understanding of dosage considerations for prolonged corneal anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rabbit model using 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride was used to induce corneal anesthesia in conjunction with Cochet-Bonnet anesthesiometry. Metrics were derived describing PD-PK parameters of the time-dependent domain of recovery in corneal sensitivity. Curve fitting used a 1-phase exponential dissociation paradigm assuming a 1-compartment PK model. Derivation of metrics including half-life and mean ligand residence time, tau (τ), was predicted by nonlinear regression. Bioavailability was determined by area under the curve of the dose-response relationship with varying drop volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximal corneal anesthesia maintained a plateau with a recovery inflection at the approximate time of predicted corneal drug half-life. PDs of recovery of corneal anesthesia were consistent with a first-order drug elimination rate. The mean ligand residence time (tau, τ) was 41.7 minutes, and half-life was 28.89 minutes. The mean estimated corneal elimination rate constant (ke) was 0.02402 minute. Duration of corneal anesthesia ranged from 55 to 58 minutes. There was no difference in time domain PD area under the curve between drop volumes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of a small drop volume of a topical anesthetic (as low as 11 μL) is bioequivalent to conventional drop size and seems to optimize dosing regiments with a little effect on ke. Prolongation of corneal anesthesia may therefore be best achieved with administration of small drop volumes at time intervals corresponding to the half-life of drug decay from the corneal compartment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ethington
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldmeier
authors.forename: Bruce I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Gaynes
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011817:Rabbits; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D013748:Tetracaine