title: Diagnostic utility of brain activity flow patterns analysis in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A previous small study suggested that Brain Network Activation (BNA), a novel ERP-based brain network analysis, may have diagnostic utility in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study we examined the diagnostic capability of a new advanced version of the BNA methodology on a larger population of adults with and without ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were unmedicated right-handed 18- to 55-year-old adults of both sexes with and without a DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. We collected EEG while the subjects were performing a response inhibition task (Go/NoGo) and then applied a spatio-temporal Brain Network Activation (BNA) analysis of the EEG data. This analysis produced a display of qualitative measures of brain states (BNA scores) providing information on cortical connectivity. This complex set of scores was then fed into a machine learning algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BNA analysis of the EEG data recorded during the Go/NoGo task demonstrated a high discriminative capacity between ADHD patients and controls (AUC = 0.92, specificity = 0.95, sensitivity = 0.86 for the Go condition; AUC = 0.84, specificity = 0.91, sensitivity = 0.76 for the NoGo condition).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BNA methodology can help differentiate between ADHD and healthy controls based on functional brain connectivity. The data support the utility of the tool to augment clinical examinations by objective evaluation of electrophysiological changes associated with ADHD. Results also support a network-based approach to the study of ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Massachusettes General Hospital,Boston,MA,USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.affiliation: Massachusettes General Hospital,Boston,MA,USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hammerness
authors.affiliation: ElMindA Ltd,Herzliya,Israel.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sadeh
authors.affiliation: ElMindA Ltd,Herzliya,Israel.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Peremen
authors.affiliation: ElMindA Ltd,Herzliya,Israel.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amit
authors.affiliation: ElMindA Ltd,Herzliya,Israel.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Or-Ly
authors.affiliation: ElMindA Ltd,Herzliya,Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: ElMindA Ltd,Herzliya,Israel.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reches
authors.affiliation: ElMindA Ltd,Herzliya,Israel.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geva
authors.affiliation: SUNY Upstate Medical University,Syracuse,NY,USA.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Brain Network Activation (BNA); Go/NoGo; brain networks; diagnostics; event-related potentials (ERPs); response inhibition; spatio-temporal parcellation analysis