title: Clinical profile of patients with biopsy proven lupus nephritis at a tertiary care hospital from Northern Pakistan, 1995 to 2012.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  TTo highlight the clinical spectrum of biopsy-proven lupus nephritis by analysing any variations in its histological subtypes across gender, varying age groups, serum creatinine levels and anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective, observational study was conducted at the Lady Reading Hospital in collaboration with the Fauji Foundation Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan, and comprised patient records of biopsy-proven lupus nephritis from 1995 to 2012. The cases were analysed according to clinical presentations and histological pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis. EpiData 3.1 and SPSS 17 were used for data analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2,000 renal biopsies performed, lupus nephritis was found in 74(3.7%) cases. Of them, 63(85.1%) were females and 11(14.9%) males. The mean age of the cases was 23.88±9.73 years (range: 10-55 years). Class IV lupus nephritis was seen in 38(51.4%) patients, followed by Class II in 15(20.3%), Class III in 10(13.5%), Class V and VI in 4(5.4%) each and Class I in 3(4.1%). Out of the combined Class III and IV cases, 25(52.08%) had serum creatinine levels of >1.2 mg/dL, whereas positive anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid titers up to 50 IU/L were seen in all of the 48(100%) such patients. Overall, microscopic haematuria was found in 52(70.3%) cases, followed by arthralgia in 40(54.1%). Moreover, 32(50.8%) females and 6(54.5%) males had Type IV nephritis. Class VI lupus nephritis, in particular, were significantly more prominent in 31-40 years of age group when compared to other histological subtypes and age groups (p=0.0096, odds ratio: 23.25, 95% confidence interval: 2.15-251.21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female predominance was observed in all histological sub-types of lupus nephritis. Class IV lupus was the most common histological pattern. Microscopic haematuria was the most common clinical presentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI), Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Akhtar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pak International Medical College & Fauji Foundation Hospital (FFH), Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Anjum
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehmood
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Fellow & Postgraduate Trainee, Department of Surgery, Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC), Peshawar. Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Usman
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anti-DNA antibodies, Nephritis, Renal Lupus, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Creatinine.