title: Neotenic phenomenon in gene expression in the skin of Foxn1- deficient (nude) mice - a projection for regenerative skin wound healing.
abstract: Mouse fetuses up to 16 day of embryonic development and nude (Foxn1- deficient) mice are examples of animals that undergo regenerative (scar-free) skin healing. The expression of transcription factor Foxn1 in the epidermis of mouse fetuses begins at embryonic day 16.5 which coincides with the transition point from scar-free to scar-forming skin wound healing. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Foxn1 expression in the skin is an essential condition to establish the adult skin phenotype and that Foxn1 inactivity in nude mice keeps skin in the immature stage resembling the phenomena of neoteny.
  
  
  
  Uninjured skin of adult C57BL/6J (B6) mice, mouse fetuses at days 14 (E14) and 18 (E18) of embryonic development and B6.Cg-Foxn1 nu (nude) mice were characterized for their gene expression profiles by RNA sequencing that was validated through qRT-PCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry. Differentially regulated genes indicated that nude mice were more similar to E14 (model of regenerative healing) and B6 were more similar to E18 (model of reparative healing). The up-regulated genes in nude and E14 mice were associated with tissue remodeling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, wound healing and immune response, whereas the down-regulated genes were associated with differentiation. E14 and nude mice exhibit prominent up-regulation of keratin (Krt23, -73, -82, -16, -17), involucrin (Ivl) and filaggrin (Flg2) genes. The transcription factors associated with the Hox genes known to specify cell fate during embryonic development and promote embryonic stem cells differentiation were down-regulated in both nude and E14. Among the genes enriched in the nude skin but not shared with E14 fetuses were members of the Wnt and matrix metalloproteinases (Mmps) families whereas Bmp and Notch related genes were down-regulated.
  
  
  
  In summary, Foxn1 appears to be a pivotal control element of the developmental program and skin maturation. Nude mice may be considered as a model of neoteny among mammals. The resemblance of gene expression profiles in the skin of both nude and E14 mice are direct or indirect consequences of the Foxn1 deficiency. Foxn1 appears to regulate the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation and its inactivity creates a pro-regenerative environment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kur-Piotrowska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kopcewicz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Leslie P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kozak
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sachadyn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grabowska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland. b.kozak@pan.olsztyn.pl.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gawronska-Kozak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D012038:Regeneration / Q000235:genetics*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C090140:Whn protein
keywords: Mmp-9; Next-generation sequencing; Regeneration; Transcriptome