title: Foot and ankle fractures during childhood: review of the literature and scientific evidence for appropriate treatment.
abstract: Foot and ankle fractures represent 12% of all pediatric fractures. Malleolar fractures are the most frequent injuries of the lower limbs. Hindfoot and midfoot fractures are rare, but inadequate treatment for these fractures may results in compartment syndrome, three-dimensional deformities, avascular necrosis and early post-traumatic arthritis, which have a significant impact on overall foot and ankle function. Therefore, the challenges in treating these injuries in children are to achieve adequate diagnosis and precise treatment, while avoiding complications. The objective of the treatment is to restore normal anatomy and the correct articular relationship between the bones in this region. Moreover, the treatment needs to be planned according to articular involvement, lower-limb alignment, ligament stability and age. This article provides a review on this topic and presents the scientific evidence for appropriate treatment of these lesions.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Klinik für Unfall und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rammelt
authors.affiliation: Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Leme
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Godoy-Santos
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Klinik für Unfall und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schneiders
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Klinik für Unfall und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fitze
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Klinik für Unfall und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zwipp
keywords: Ankle joint; Calcaneus; Child; Talus