title: Evaluation of the Effects of Air Pollutants on Diabetic Wounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although air pollution containing fine dust particles is gaining attention worldwide, little is known about the effects of such pollutants on diabetic wounds. Air pollutants from diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) cause inflammation, resulting in an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemo- kines, which attract monocytes and T cells to the sites of inflamma- tion. The authors evaluated the effects of air pollutants on diabetic wounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fibroblast cells were derived from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cell Counting Kit-8 assays were used to determine cell viability. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygen- ase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proliferation of DEP-treated fibroblasts decreased with time. The messenger ribonucleic acid expression of TNF-α and COX- 2 in DEP-treated fibroblasts increased in both normal and diabetic fibroblasts, while IL-6 expression remained unchanged. The protein expression of TNF-α, COX-2, and IL-6 in DEP-treated fibroblasts increased compared to samples not exposed to DEP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diesel exhaust particles regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2, which may impede dia- betic healing in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Il-Hoon
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: A Hyun
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kyun
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eui Dong
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Geun
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Koo
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000473:pathology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012883:Skin Ulcer / Q000473:pathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001335:Vehicle Emissions