title: Gaultheria trichophylla (Royle): a source of minerals and biologically active molecules, its antioxidant and anti-lipoxygenase activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gaultheria trichophylla (Royle) is used as food and for treating many ailments in folk medicine especially against inflammation. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the ability of extracts of G. trichophylla as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent and for its mineral contents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Powdered plant material (100 g) was extracted with 100 ml each of methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane using soxhlet extractor. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays. Determination of enzyme inhibition activity was determined using 5-LOX inhibitory activity. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents were measured by Folin-Chicalteu and colorimeteric methods respectively. Minerals and heavy metals contents were determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Qualitative HPLC analysis were performed using some standard phenolic compounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest phenolic (17.5 ± 2.5 mg GA equivalent/g) and flavonoids (41.3 ± 0.1 mg QE equivalent/g) concentrations were found in methanol extract, which also showed more scavenging activity of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferrous reducing power with IC50= 81.2 ± 0.2 and IC50= 11.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml, respectively. The methanol and chloroform extracts showed best inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase enzyme with 90.5 ± 0.7% and 66.9 ± 0.1% at 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. G. trichophylla extract was also evaluated for mineral contents (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu), and for chemical profiling of heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Co, Zn, Ni and Hg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our current findings suggest that this plant is good source of minerals and concentration of all heavy metals were within permissible limits. The results revealed that this ignored plant has great pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan. alamfiaz@ciit.net.pk.
authors.forename: Fiaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Qazi Najam Us
authors.initials: QN
authors.lastname: Saqib
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashraf
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D031282:Gaultheria / Q000737:chemistry*; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis*; D058945:Lipoxygenases / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D013025:Glycine max / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D008903:Minerals; D010636:Phenols; D010940:Plant Proteins; D058945:Lipoxygenases
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antioxidant; HPLC; Himalayan snowberry; Minerals; Phenolics