title: Alterations in nitric oxide homeostasis during traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Changes in nitric oxide (NO) levels have been often associated with various forms of trauma, including secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Several studies demonstrate the upregulation of NO synthase (NOS) enzymes, and concomitant increases in brain NO levels, which contribute to the TBI-associated glutamate cytotoxicity, including the pathogenesis of mitochondrial dysfunction. TBI is also associated with elevated NO levels in remote organs, indicating that TBI can induce systemic changes in NO regulation, which can be either beneficial or detrimental. Here we review the possible mechanisms responsible for changes in NO metabolism during TBI. Better understanding of the changes in NO homeostasis in TBI will be necessary to design rational therapeutic approaches for TBI. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Trauma and Sepsis edited by Dr. Raghavan Raju.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: andrey.kozlov@trauma.lbg.ac.at.
authors.forename: Andrey V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kozlov
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Soheyl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bahrami
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Redl
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Szabo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase
keywords: Glutamate; Nitric oxide; Peroxynitrite; Traumatic brain injury