title: Biased interpretations of ambiguous bodily threat information in adolescents with chronic pain.
abstract: Adult patients with chronic pain are consistently shown to interpret ambiguous health and bodily information in a pain-related and threatening way. This interpretation bias may play a role in the development and maintenance of pain and disability. However, no studies have yet investigated the role of interpretation bias in adolescent patients with pain, despite that pain often first becomes chronic in youth. We administered the Adolescent Interpretations of Bodily Threat (AIBT) task to adolescents with chronic pain (N = 66) and adolescents without chronic pain (N = 74). Adolescents were 10 to 18 years old and completed the study procedures either at the clinic (patient group) or at school (control group). We found that adolescents with chronic pain were less likely to endorse benign interpretations of ambiguous pain and bodily threat information than adolescents without chronic pain, particularly when reporting on the strength of belief in those interpretations being true. These differences between patients and controls were not evident for ambiguous social situations, and they could not be explained by differences in anxious or depressive symptoms. Furthermore, this interpretation pattern was associated with increased levels of disability among adolescent patients, even after controlling for severity of chronic pain and pain catastrophizing. The current findings extend our understanding of the role and nature of cognition in adolescent pain, and provide justification for using the AIBT task in longitudinal and training studies to further investigate causal associations between interpretation bias and chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom bDepartment of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA cOxford Centre for Children and Young People in Pain (OxCYPP), Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom dCentre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom eDepartment of Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium fDepartment of Psychology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Heathcote
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eccleston
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: J Y F
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015982:Bias; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*