title: Current status and associated human health risk of vanadium in soil in China.
abstract: A detailed assessment of vanadium contamination characteristics in China was conducted based on the first national soil pollution survey. The map overlay analysis was used to evaluate the contamination level of vanadium and the non-carcinogenic risk assessment model was calculated to quantify the vanadium exposure risks to human health. The results showed that, due to the drastically increased mining and smelting activities, 26.49% of soils were contaminated by vanadium scattered in southwest of China. According to Canadian soil quality guidelines, about 8.6% of the national soil pollution survey samples were polluted, and pose high non-carcinogenic risks to the public, especially to children living in the vicinity of heavily polluted mining areas. We propose the area near the boundary of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Sichuan provinces as priority control areas due to their higher geochemical background or higher health risks posed to the public. Finally, recommendations for management are proposed, including minimization of contaminant inputs, establishing stringent monitoring program, using phytoremediation, and strengthening the enforcement of relevant laws. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of soil vanadium contamination in China, and the results will provide valuable information for China's soil vanadium management and risk avoidance.
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Yanguo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Electronic address: d40614012@163.com.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Haiyang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Guoqiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Liuting
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Weifeng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Yuanzheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D008669:Metallurgy; D008906:Mining; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014639:Vanadium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014639:Vanadium
keywords: China; Health risk; Overlay analysis; Vanadium