title: Intraspecific Variation and Phylogenetic Relationships Are Revealed by ITS1 Secondary Structure Analysis and Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in Ganoderma lucidum.
abstract: Ganoderma lucidum is a typical polypore fungus used for traditional Chinese medical purposes. The taxonomic delimitation of Ganoderma lucidum is still debated. In this study, we sequenced seven internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of Ganoderma lucidum strains and annotated the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS1 differentiated the strains into three geographic groups. Groups 1-3 were originated from Europe, tropical Asia, and eastern Asia, respectively. While ITS2 could only differentiate the strains into two groups in which Group 2 originated from tropical Asia gathered with Groups 1 and 3 originated from Europe and eastern Asia. By determining the secondary structures of the ITS1 sequences, these three groups exhibited similar structures with a conserved central core and differed helices. While compared to Group 2, Groups 1 and 3 of ITS2 sequences shared similar structures with the difference in helix 4. Large-scale evaluation of ITS1 and ITS2 both exhibited that the majority of subgroups in the same group shared the similar structures. Further Weblogo analysis of ITS1 sequences revealed two main variable regions located in helix 2 in which C/T or A/G substitutions frequently occurred and ITS1 exhibited more nucleotide variances compared to ITS2. ITS1 multi-alignment of seven spawn strains and culture tests indicated that a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site at position 180 correlated with strain antagonism. The HZ, TK and 203 fusion strains of Ganoderma lucidum had a T at position 180, whereas other strains exhibiting antagonism, including DB, RB, JQ, and YS, had a C. Taken together, compared to ITS2 region, ITS1 region could differentiated Ganoderma lucidum into three geographic originations based on phylogenetic analysis and secondary structure prediction. Besides, a SNP in ITS 1 could delineate Ganoderma lucidum strains at the intraspecific level. These findings will be implemented to improve species quality control in the Ganoderma industry.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiuqing
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4578-8359
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China.|Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zhangyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Haisheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Junshe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D020940:Reishi / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer