title: The effectiveness of robotic-assisted gait training for paediatric gait disorders: systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) affords an opportunity to increase walking practice with mechanical assistance from robotic devices, rather than therapists, where the child may not be able to generate a sufficient or correct motion with enough repetitions to promote improvement. However the devices are expensive and clinicians and families need to understand if the approach is worthwhile for their children, and how it may be best delivered.
  
  
  METHODS
  The objective of this review was to identify and appraise the existing evidence for the effectiveness of RAGT for paediatric gait disorders, including modes of delivery and potential benefit. Six databases were searched from 1980 to October 2016, using relevant search terms. Any clinical trial that evaluated a clinical aspect of RAGT for children/adolescents with altered gait was selected for inclusion. Data were extracted following the PRISMA approach. Seventeen trials were identified, assessed for level of evidence and risk of bias, and appropriate data extracted for reporting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three randomized controlled trials were identified, with the remainder of lower level design. Most individual trials reported some positive benefits for RAGT with children with cerebral palsy (CP), on activity parameters such as standing ability, walking speed and distance. However a meta-analysis of the two eligible RCTs did not confirm this finding (p = 0.72). Training schedules were highly variable in duration and frequency and adverse events were either not reported or were minimal. There was a paucity of evidence for diagnoses other than CP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is weak and inconsistent evidence regarding the use of RAGT for children with gait disorders. If clinicians (and their clients) choose to use RAGT, they should monitor individual progress closely with appropriate outcome measures including monitoring of adverse events. Further research is required using higher level trial design, increased numbers, in specific populations and with relevant outcome measures to both confirm effectiveness and clarify training schedules.
authors.affiliation: Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lefmann
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Rehabilitation Department, Women's and Children's Health Network, Women's and Children's Hospital Campus, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia.
authors.forename: Remo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia. susan.hillier@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-6137
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hillier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D016138:Walking
keywords: Gait; Paediatric; Rehabilitation; Robot-assisted training