title: Shipping emissions and their impacts on air quality in China.
abstract: China has >400 ports, is home to 7 of 10 biggest ports in the world and its waterway infrastructure construction has been accelerating over the past years. But the increasing number of ports and ships means increasing emissions, and in turn, increasing impact on local and regional air pollution. This paper presents an overview of the broad field of ship emissions in China and their atmospheric impacts, including topics of ship engine emissions and control, ship emission factors and their measurements, developing of ship emission inventories, shipping and port emissions of the main shipping areas in China, and quantitative contribution of shipping emissions to the local and regional air pollution. There have been an increasing number of studies published on all the above aspects, yet, this review identified some critical research gaps, filling of which is necessary for better control of ship emissions, and for lowering their impacts. In particular, there are very few studies on inland ports and river ships, and there are few national scale ship emission inventories available for China. While advanced method to estimate ship emission based on ship AIS activities makes it now possible to develop high spatial- and temporal-resolution emission inventories, the ship emission factors used in Chinese studies have been based mainly on foreign measurements. Further, the contribution of ship emissions to air pollution in coastal cities, the dispersion of pollution plumes emitted by ships, or the chemical evolution process along the transmission path, have so far not been systematically studied in China.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China. Electronic address: yangxin@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Biofuels Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Biofuels Engine Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. Electronic address: l.morawska@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morawska
authors.affiliation: International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ristovski
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Qingyan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
keywords: Air pollution; China; Emission factor; Ship emission