title: Development of an algorithm for determining smoking status and behaviour over the life course from UK electronic primary care records.
abstract: Patients' smoking status is routinely collected by General Practitioners (GP) in UK primary health care. There is an abundance of Read codes pertaining to smoking, including those relating to smoking cessation therapy, prescription, and administration codes, in addition to the more regularly employed smoking status codes. Large databases of primary care data are increasingly used for epidemiological analysis; smoking status is an important covariate in many such analyses. However, the variable definition is rarely documented in the literature.
  
  
  
  The Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank is a repository for a national collection of person-based anonymised health and socio-economic administrative data in Wales, UK. An exploration of GP smoking status data from the SAIL databank was carried out to explore the range of codes available and how they could be used in the identification of different categories of smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers. An algorithm was developed which addresses inconsistencies and changes in smoking status recording across the life course and compared with recorded smoking status as recorded in the Welsh Health Survey (WHS), 2013 and 2014 at individual level. However, the WHS could not be regarded as a "gold standard" for validation.
  
  
  
  There were 6836 individuals in the linked dataset. Missing data were more common in GP records (6%) than in WHS (1.1%). Our algorithm assigns ex-smoker status to 34% of never-smokers, and detects 30% more smokers than are declared in the WHS data. When distinguishing between current smokers and non-smokers, the similarity between the WHS and GP data using the nearest date of comparison was κ = 0.78. When temporal conflicts had been accounted for, the similarity was κ = 0.64, showing the importance of addressing conflicts.
  
  
  
  We present an algorithm for the identification of a patient's smoking status using GP self-reported data. We have included sufficient details to allow others to replicate this work, thus increasing the standards of documentation within this research area and assessment of smoking status in routine data.
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK. M.Atkinson@swansea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.|Prince Philip Hospital, Hywel Dda Health Board, Llanelli, UK.
authors.forename: Keir E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
authors.forename: Ronan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
authors.forename: Sinead T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Brophy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Data linkage; SAIL databank; Smoking cessation; Smoking status