title: Prophage-mediated defence against viral attack and viral counter-defence.
abstract: Temperate phages are common, and prophages are abundant residents of sequenced bacterial genomes. Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect mycobacterial hosts including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis, encompass substantial genetic diversity and are commonly temperate. Characterization of ten Cluster N temperate mycobacteriophages revealed at least five distinct prophage-expressed viral defence systems that interfere with the infection of lytic and temperate phages that are either closely related (homotypic defence) or unrelated (heterotypic defence) to the prophage. Target specificity is unpredictable, ranging from a single target phage to one-third of those tested. The defence systems include a single-subunit restriction system, a heterotypic exclusion system and a predicted (p)ppGpp synthetase, which blocks lytic phage growth, promotes bacterial survival and enables efficient lysogeny. The predicted (p)ppGpp synthetase coded by the Phrann prophage defends against phage Tweety infection, but Tweety codes for a tetrapeptide repeat protein, gp54, which acts as a highly effective counter-defence system. Prophage-mediated viral defence offers an efficient mechanism for bacterial success in host-virus dynamics, and counter-defence promotes phage co-evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Rebekah M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dedrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacobs-Sera
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos A Guerrero
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Garlena
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Travis N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Mavrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Welkin H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Juan C Cervantes
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA.
authors.forename: Tamarah
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adair
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Illinois-Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Illinois 61702, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alvey
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin 54016, USA.
authors.forename: J Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bonilla
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Nebraska-Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Nebraska 68504, USA.
authors.forename: Jerald S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bricker
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Bryony R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Carthage College, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53140, USA.
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Byrnes
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Cresawn
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, Washington DC 20059, USA.
authors.forename: Leon A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut 06515, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Edgington
authors.affiliation: Biology, School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71209, USA.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Findley
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, New York 11364, USA.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Golebiewska
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
authors.forename: Julianne H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Grose
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Cory F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA.
authors.forename: Lee E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Honors College, Orono, Maine 04469, USA.
authors.forename: Keith W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isern
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA.
authors.forename: Allison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kenna
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin 54016, USA.
authors.forename: Karen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Klyczek
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mageeney
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, USA.
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Honors College, Orono, Maine 04469, USA.
authors.forename: Sally D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Molloy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington 98502, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neitzel
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Maine-Machias, Machias, Maine 04654, USA.
authors.forename: Shallee T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Page
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, USA.
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pizzorno
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington 99258, USA.
authors.forename: Marianne K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Poxleitner
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, USA.
authors.forename: Claire A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rinehart
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, Washington DC 20059, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Cayey, Cayey, Puerto Rico 00736, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Teyim
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Cayey, Cayey, Puerto Rico 00736, USA.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
authors.forename: Vassie C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Chemistry, Nyack College, Nyack, New York 10960, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Graham F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Hatfull
mesh_terms: D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008025:Ligases / Q000235:genetics; D008242:Lysogeny; D009160:Mycobacteriophages / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020102:Mycobacterium smegmatis / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D039002:Prophages / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; D008025:Ligases; C028812:guanosine 3',5'-polyphosphate synthetases