title: Compliance with Dietary Guidelines and Increased Fortification Can Double Vitamin D Intake: A Simulation Study.
abstract: The study aimed to determine the potential of compliance with Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) and increased vitamin D fortification to meet the recommended intake level of vitamin D at 10 µg/day based on minimal exposure to sunlight.
  
  
  
  The main dietary sources of vitamin D were derived from national dietary surveys in adults from United Kingdom (UK) (n = 911), Netherlands (NL) (n = 1,526), and Sweden (SE) (n = 974). The theoretical increase in population vitamin D intake was simulated for the following: (1) compliance with FBDG, (2) increased level of vitamin D in commonly fortified foods, and (3) combination of both.
  
  
  
  Median usual vitamin D intake was 2.4 (interquartile range 1.7-3.4) µg/day in UK, 3.4 (2.7-4.2) µg/day in NL, and 5.3 (3.9-7.3) µg/day in SE. The top 3 dietary sources of vitamin D were fish, fat-based spreads (margarines), and meat. Together, these delivered up to two-thirds of total vitamin D intake on average. Compliance with FBDG for fish, margarine, and meat increased vitamin D intake to 4.6 (4.1-5.1) µg/day in UK, 5.2 (4.9-5.5) µg/day in NL, and 7.7 (7.0-8.5) µg/day in SE. Doubling the vitamin D levels in margarines and milk would increase vitamin D intake to 4.9 (3.6-6.5) µg/day in UK, 6.6 (4.8-8.6) µg/day in NL, and 7.2 (5.2-9.8) µg/day in SE. Combining both scenarios would increase vitamin D intake to 7.9 (6.8-9.2) µg/day in UK, 8.8 (7.4-10.4) µg/day in NL, and 8.9 (6.9-11.8) µg/day in SE.
  
  
  
  This study highlights the potential of dietary measures to double the current vitamin D intake in adults.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rajwinder K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Harika
authors.forename: Mariska
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dötsch-Klerk
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Zock
authors.forename: Ans
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eilander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D005396:Fish Products; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008383:Margarine; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D008383:Margarine