title: The bioink: A comprehensive review on bioprintable materials.
abstract: This paper discusses "bioink", bioprintable materials used in three dimensional (3D) bioprinting processes, where cells and other biologics are deposited in a spatially controlled pattern to fabricate living tissues and organs. It presents the first comprehensive review of existing bioink types including hydrogels, cell aggregates, microcarriers and decellularized matrix components used in extrusion-, droplet- and laser-based bioprinting processes. A detailed comparison of these bioink materials is conducted in terms of supporting bioprinting modalities and bioprintability, cell viability and proliferation, biomimicry, resolution, affordability, scalability, practicality, mechanical and structural integrity, bioprinting and post-bioprinting maturation times, tissue fusion and formation post-implantation, degradation characteristics, commercial availability, immune-compatibility, and application areas. The paper then discusses current limitations of bioink materials and presents the future prospects to the reader.
authors.affiliation: Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hospodiuk
authors.affiliation: The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Madhuri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sosnoski
authors.affiliation: Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: ito1@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Ibrahim T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Ozbolat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D062028:Bioprinting; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D051379:Mice; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels
keywords: Bioink; Bioprinting; Cell aggregates; Decellularized matrix components; Hydrogels; Microcarriers; Tissue and organ biofabrication