title: Oriented and Ordered Biomimetic Remineralization of the Surface of Demineralized Dental Enamel Using HAP@ACP Nanoparticles Guided by Glycine.
abstract: Achieving oriented and ordered remineralization on the surface of demineralized dental enamel, thereby restoring the satisfactory mechanical properties approaching those of sound enamel, is still a challenge for dentists. To mimic the natural biomineralization approach for enamel remineralization, the biological process of enamel development proteins, such as amelogenin, was simulated in this study. In this work, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) conjugated with alendronate (ALN) was applied to stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to form CMC/ACP nanoparticles. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) functioned as the protease which decompose amelogenin in vivo to degrade the CMC-ALN matrix and generate HAP@ACP core-shell nanoparticles. Finally, when guided by 10 mM glycine (Gly), HAP@ACP nanoparticles can arrange orderly and subsequently transform from an amorphous phase to well-ordered rod-like apatite crystals to achieve oriented and ordered biomimetic remineralization on acid-etched enamel surfaces. This biomimetic remineralization process is achieved through the oriented attachment (OA) of nanoparticles based on non-classical crystallization theory. These results indicate that finding and developing analogues of natural proteins such as amelogenin involved in the biomineralization by natural macromolecular polymers and imitating the process of biomineralization would be an effective strategy for enamel remineralization. Furthermore, this method represents a promising method for the management of early caries in minimal invasive dentistry (MID).
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haorong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zuohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Danyang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto ON M5S, Canada.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kishen
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yanqiu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Kehua
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Que
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xuliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Three-ring East Road, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Three-ring East Road, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Changhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Binbin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Academic Committee of Bybo dental group, 4 Qinian Main Street, Beijing 100010, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D032701:Biomimetics / Q000379:methods; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry*; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005998:Glycine / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C519480:amorphous calcium phosphate; D005998:Glycine