title: Smoking and Eye Pathologies. A Systemic Review. Part II. Retina Diseases, Uveitis, Optic Neuropathies, Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy.
abstract: Tobacco smoking has detrimental influence on human health.
  
  
  
  The analysis of influence of tobacco smoking on retina diseases, uveitis, optic neuropathies, and thyroidassociated orbitopathy in adults and children.
  
  
  
  A comprehensive review of the literature performed through MEDLINE and PubMed searches, covering the years 2000-2016.
  
  
  
  In adults, tobacco smoking is a strong risk factor for age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, uveitis and inflamed cystoid macular edema as well as Grave`s ophthalmopathy. Tobacco smoking reduces thickness of the retina and choroid, plays a role in episcleritis, sclerits, tobacco optic neuropathy, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. In children, maternal smoking is a significant risk factor for stages 3 and 4 retinopathy of prematurity, optic nerve hypoplasia among babies with a birth weight over 2500 g and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer.
  
  
  
  Tobacco smoking plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many posterior eye segment diseases leading to blindness in adults and children.
authors.affiliation: Domestic and Specialized Medicine Centre &#34;Dilmed,&#34;Katowice. Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nita
authors.affiliation: Jozef Strus Poznan City Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, 3 Szwajcarska St, 361-285 Poznan. Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grzybowski
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D000073869:Tobacco Smoking / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D014605:Uveitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Tobacco smoking; adults; children; ocular inflammation; optic neuropathy; orbitopathy; retinopathy