title: The main rhinovirus respiratory tract adhesion site (ICAM-1) is upregulated in smokers and patients with chronic airflow limitation (CAL).
abstract: ICAM-1 is a major receptor for ~60% of human rhinoviruses, and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, two major pathogens in COPD. Increased cell-surface expression of ICAM-1 in response to tobacco smoke exposure has been suggested. We have investigated epithelial ICAM-1 expression in both the large and small airways, and lung parenchyma in smoking-related chronic airflow limitation (CAL) patients.
  
  
  
  We evaluated epithelial ICAM-1 expression in resected lung tissue: 8 smokers with normal spirometry (NLFS); 29 CAL patients (10 small-airway disease; 9 COPD-smokers; 10 COPD ex-smokers); Controls (NC): 15 normal airway/lung tissues. Immunostaining with anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody was quantified with computerized image analysis. The percent and type of cells expressing ICAM-1 in large and small airway epithelium and parenchyma were enumerated, plus percentage of epithelial goblet and submucosal glands positive for ICAM- 1.
  
  
  
  A major increase in ICAM-1 expression in epithelial cells was found in both large (p < 0.006) and small airways (p < 0.004) of CAL subjects compared to NC, with NLFS being intermediate. In the CAL group, both basal and luminal areas stained heavily for ICAM-1, so did goblet cells and sub-mucosal glands, however in either NC or NLFS subjects, only epithelial cell luminal surfaces stained. ICAM-1 expression on alveolar pneumocytes (mainly type II) was slightly increased in CAL and NLFS (p < 0.01). Pack-years of smoking correlated with ICAM-1 expression (r = 0.49; p < 0.03).
  
  
  
  Airway ICAM-1 expression is markedly upregulated in CAL group, which could be crucial in rhinoviral and NTHi infections. The parenchymal ICAM-1 is affected by smoking, with no further enhancement in CAL subjects.
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, MS1, 17 Liverpool Street, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia.
authors.forename: Shakti Dhar
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, MS1, 17 Liverpool Street, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia.
authors.forename: Malik Quasir
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, MS1, 17 Liverpool Street, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, MS1, 17 Liverpool Street, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Latham
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, MS1, 17 Liverpool Street, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia.
authors.forename: Hans Konrad
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, MS1, 17 Liverpool Street, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia.|School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7248, Australia.
authors.forename: Sukhwinder Singh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sohal
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, MS1, 17 Liverpool Street, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia. Haydn.Walters@utas.edu.au.
authors.forename: Eugene Haydn
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Walters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D012229:Rhinovirus; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: Chronic airflow limitation; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Epithelial adhesion; Human rhinovirus; Intercellular adhesion molecule-1