title: Perioperative Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Monitoring in Neonates With Congenital Heart Disease: Relationship of Cerebral Tissue Oxygenation Index Variability With Neurodevelopmental Outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the value of perioperative cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring using variability analysis in the prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban, academic, tertiary-care children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonates undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass for congenital heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perioperative monitoring of continuous cerebral tissue oxygenation index by near-infrared spectroscopy and subsequent neurodevelopmental testing at 6, 15, and 21 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a new measure, cerebral tissue oxygenation index variability, using the root mean of successive squared differences of averaged 1-minute cerebral tissue oxygenation index values for both the intraoperative and first 24-hours postoperative phases of monitoring. There were 62 neonates who underwent cerebral tissue oxygenation index monitoring during surgery for congenital heart disease and 44 underwent subsequent neurodevelopmental testing (12 did not survive until testing and six were lost to follow-up). Among the 44 monitored patients who underwent neurodevelopmental testing, 20 (45%) had abnormal neurodevelopmental indices. Patients with abnormal neurodevelopmental indices had lower postoperative cerebral tissue oxygenation index variability when compared with patients with normal indices (p = 0.01). Adjusting for class of congenital heart disease and duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, lower postoperative cerebral tissue oxygenation index variability was associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcome (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found reduced postoperative cerebral tissue oxygenation index variability in neonatal survivors of congenital heart disease surgery with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. We hypothesize that reduced cerebral tissue oxygenation index variability may be a surrogate for impaired cerebral metabolic autoregulation in the immediate postoperative period. Further research is needed to investigate clinical implications of this finding and opportunities for using this measure to drive therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA. 2Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC. 3Division of Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC. 4Division of Psychology and Behavioral Health, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC. 5Division of Cardiac Surgery, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Spaeder
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klugman
authors.forename: Kami
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skurow-Todd
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Donofrio
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D064926:Neurophysiological Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen