title: A reformative shear precipitation procedure for the fabrication of vancomycin-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres.
abstract: This study reports the encapsulation of vancomycin, as a model hydrophilic drug, into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres using a novel reformative shear precipitation procedure. In contrast to the external aqueous phase used in the conventional microencapsulation technique based on emulsion solvent evaporation/extraction, the reformative shear precipitation procedure explored in this study uses a shear medium composed of glycerol as the viscous medium and ethanol as polymer antisolvent, which is relatively immiscible with the hydrophilic drug. This limits drug diffusion and leads to rapid microsphere solidification, which allows a large proportion of the hydrophilic drug to be encapsulated within the microspheres. The influence of various processing parameters, including polymer concentration, volume ratio of ethanol to glycerol in the shear medium, volume of aqueous drug solution, initial drug loading, and injecting rate of the drug-polymer emulsion, on the encapsulation efficiency and characteristics of resulting microspheres were investigated. The morphology and release characteristics, as well as mechanical, in vitro and in vivo behaviour of vancomycin-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres prepared using the novel procedure were also investigated. The results demonstrated that the reformative shear precipitation procedure could achieve the loading of hydrophilic drugs into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres with high encapsulation efficiency, and the success of the procedure was largely influenced by the volume ratio of ethanol to glycerol in the shear medium. Vancomycin-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres prepared using this procedure demonstrated favourable mechanical characteristics, antibacterial activity, and in vivo degradation behaviour which suggested their suitability for use as a sustained delivery system.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qinmeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yirong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: 2 Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of AMME, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Jiao Jiao
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ruizhe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shenyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002214:Capsules / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004058:Diffusion; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D005590:Fractional Precipitation / Q000379:methods*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D011098:Polyglactin 910 / Q000737:chemistry*; D033081:Shear Strength; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002214:Capsules; D011098:Polyglactin 910; D014640:Vancomycin
keywords: Drug delivery; encapsulation; ethanol antisolvent; poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres; shear precipitation