title: Perceived stress, recurrent pain, and aggregate salivary cortisol measures in mid-adolescent girls and boys.
abstract: Measures of perceived stress have been criticized for theoretical inconsistency. However, the validated pressure activation stress scale has been suggested as a theoretically sound alternative. But it is unclear how pressure and activation stress relate to objective and subjective measures including commonly used aggregate cortisol measures and health complaints respectively. Specifically, this study aimed at investigating how pressure and activation stress were related to aggregate salivary cortisol measures and recurrent pain in mid-adolescent girls and boys. Mid-adolescents (119 girls and 56 boys) provided self-reports in questionnaires on activation and pressure stress and recurrent pain (headache, stomach ache, neck/shoulder and back pain). Additionally, adolescents sampled saliva during an ordinary school day: (1) immediately at awakening; (2) 30 minutes after waking up; (3) 60 minutes after waking up, and (4) at 8 p.m. These samples were analyzed for cortisol. Hierarchical regressions showed no statistically significant associations between activation and pressure stress and cortisol, neither for girls nor for boys. However, activation and pressure stress were significantly associated with recurrent pain but only for girls. The findings may relate to subjective and objective measures reflecting distinct aspects of stress-related functioning. However, the study participants included mid-adolescents whose bodily systems are flexible and still relatively unaffected by the strain of their daily stress perceptions. To conclude, the non-significant relationships between activation and pressure stress and commonly used aggregate measures of cortisol adds to the understanding of how perceived stress may relate to physiological functioning in the daily life of adolescents when using such aggregate measures.
authors.affiliation: Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindfors
authors.affiliation: Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Folkesson Hellstadius
authors.affiliation: Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Viveca
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Östberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Activation; Perceived stress; aggregate salivary cortisol measures in mid-adolescent girls and boys; cortisol; mid-adolescence; pressure; recurrent pain