title: Change in organizational justice as a predictor of insomnia symptoms: longitudinal study analysing observational data as a non-randomized pseudo-trial.
abstract: Despite injustice at the workplace being a potential source of sleep problems, longitudinal evidence remains scarce. We examined whether changes in perceived organizational justice predicted changes in insomnia symptoms.
  
  
  
  Data on 24 287 Finnish public sector employees (82% women), from three consecutive survey waves between 2000 and 2012, were treated as 'pseudo-trials'. Thus, the analysis of unfavourable changes in organizational justice included participants without insomnia symptoms in Waves 1 and 2, with high organizational justice in Wave 1 and high or low justice in Wave 2 (N = 6307). In the analyses of favourable changes in justice, participants had insomnia symptoms in Waves 1 and 2, low justice in Wave 1 and high or low justice in Wave 2 (N = 2903). In both analyses, the outcome was insomnia symptoms in Wave 3. We used generalized estimating equation models to analyse the data.
  
  
  
  After adjusting for social and health-related covariates in Wave 1, unfavourable changes in relational organizational justice (i.e. fairness of managerial behaviours) were associated with increased odds of developing insomnia symptoms [odds ratio = 1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.30]. A favourable change in relational organizational justice was associated with lower odds of persistent insomnia symptoms (odds ratio = 0.83; 95% CI 0.71-0.96). Changes in procedural justice (i.e. the fairness of decision-making procedures) were not associated with insomnia symptoms.
  
  
  
  These data suggest that changes in perceived relational justice may affect employees' sleep quality. Decreases in the fairness of managerial behaviours were linked to increases in insomnia symptoms, whereas rises in fairness were associated with reduced insomnia symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Turku & Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lallukka
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Turku & Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaana I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Halonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.|Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Psychiatry, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway.
authors.forename: Børge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sivertsen
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Turku & Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pentti
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stenholm
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Turku & Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Turku & Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Turku & Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oksanen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Health and Social Care Systems, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elovainio
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Turku & Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012935:Social Justice; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Insomnia symptom; changes over time; employees; longitudinal; organizational justice; psychosocial