title: Transcriptomic analysis of human norovirus NS1-2 protein highlights a multifunctional role in murine monocytes.
abstract: The GII.4 Sydney 2012 strain of human norovirus (HuNoV) is a pandemic strain that is responsible for the majority of norovirus outbreaks in healthcare settings. The function of the non-structural (NS)1-2 protein from HuNoV is unknown.
  
  
  
  In silico analysis of human norovirus NS1-2 protein showed that it shares features with the murine NS1-2 protein, including a disordered region, a transmembrane domain and H-box and NC sequence motifs. The proteins also contain caspase cleavage and phosphorylation sites, indicating that processing and phosphorylation may be a conserved feature of norovirus NS1-2 proteins. In this study, RNA transcripts of human and murine norovirus full-length and the disordered region of NS1-2 were transfected into monocytes, and next generation sequencing was used to analyse the transcriptomic profile of cells expressing virus proteins. The profiles were then compared to the transcriptomic profile of MNV-infected cells.
  
  
  
  RNAseq analysis showed that NS1-2 proteins from human and murine noroviruses affect multiple immune systems (chemokine, cytokine, and Toll-like receptor signaling) and intracellular pathways (NFκB, MAPK, PI3K-Akt signaling) in murine monocytes. Comparison to the transcriptomic profile of MNV-infected cells indicated the pathways that NS1-2 may affect during norovirus infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland St, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand. zabeen.lateef@otago.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Zabeen
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5987-7665
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lateef
authors.affiliation: Otago Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gimenez
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland St, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Estelle S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland St, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Vernon K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000821:virology; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009000:Monocytes / Q000821:virology*; D029322:Norovirus / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D000072756:Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins
keywords: Disordered protein; Human norovirus (HuNoV); Murine norovirus (MNV); NS1-2; RNAseq; Transcriptomic analysis