title: Patterns of community participation across the seasons: A year-long case study of three Canadian wheelchair users.
abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the patterns of wheelchair users' community participation across a one-year period, including periods with substantial differences in weather conditions. We sought to develop a detailed understanding of the patterns of, and influences on, wheelchair use and participation within wheelchair users' own communities.
  
  
  
  We conducted an instrumental case study of three purposefully selected individuals who use a wheelchair. Participants' wheelchairs were instrumented with a GPS data logger and data were collected for one week per month across a year. A prompted recall interview was conducted with participants each month, in order to gain an understanding of the influences on their community participation patterns.
  
  
  
  For each participant, the percent of trips taken at various trip distance ranges and the mean trips/days and overall distance traveled at or above 0 °C and below 0 °C are reported. Three distinct patterns were identified in response to variations in weather conditions: (1) season and transportation options are linked: winter limits community participation; (2) winter conditions are surmountable: with the right supports year-round participation is maintained; and (3) pre-planning is the key: winter conditions affects ease, choices and options but not overall participation.
  
  
  
  While winter weather conditions created community participation challenges, individuals responded differently based on their unique circumstances. The findings highlight the importance of policy that addresses the dynamic nature of weather and the needs of people with disabilities as specific individuals. Implications for rehabilitation Wheelchair users experience both similar and unique challenges regarding seasonal weather conditions that influence their community participation patterns. While some individual wheelchair users effectively maintain their community participation patterns across the year, they employ their own specific strategies in response to winter weather challenges. Ready access to vehicular transportation that is accessible regardless of weather condition is a key factor in promoting community participation across the year for wheelchair users. Accessible community environments can become inaccessible with the addition of winter weather conditions and thus the changing nature of community participation across the seasons should be considered.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Occupational Therapy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada.
authors.forename: Jacquie
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2763-4340
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ripat
authors.affiliation: b Rehabilitation Engineering Design Lab , British Columbia Institute of Technology , Burnaby , Canada.
authors.forename: Jaimie F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Borisoff
authors.affiliation: c Health Sciences Centre , Winnipeg , Canada.
authors.forename: Lea E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: d International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries , Vancouver , Canada.
authors.forename: Franco H N
authors.initials: FHN
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001107:Architectural Accessibility / Q000592:standards; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003256:Community Participation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D058996:Quality Improvement; D012621:Seasons; D014186:Transportation; D014887:Weather; D014910:Wheelchairs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Case study; community participation; weather; wheelchair; winter