title: Functional changes in mRNA expression and alternative pre-mRNA splicing associated with the effects of nutrition on apoptosis and spermatogenesis in the adult testis.
abstract: The effects of nutrition on testis mass in the sexually mature male have long been known, however, the cellular and molecular processes of the testis response to nutrition was not fully understood.
  
  
  
  We tested whether the defects in spermatogenesis and increases in germ cell apoptosis in the testis that are induced by under-nutrition are associated with changes in mRNA expression and pre-mRNA alternative splicing using groups of 8 male sheep fed for a 10% increase or 10% decrease in body mass over 65 days.
  
  
  
  We identified 2,243 mRNAs, including TP53 and Claudin 11, that were differentially expressed in testis from underfed and well-fed sheep (FDR < 0.1), and found that their expression changed in parallel with variations in germ cell numbers, testis size, and spermatogenesis. Furthermore, pairs of 269 mRNAs and 48 miRNAs were identified on the basis of target prediction. The regulatory effect of miRNAs on mRNA expression, in combination with functional analysis, suggests that these miRNAs are involved in abnormal reproductive morphology, apoptosis and male infertility. Nutrition did not affect the total number of alternative splicing events, but affected 206 alternative splicing events. A total of 159 genes, including CREM, SPATA6, and DDX4, were differentially spliced between dietary treatments, with functions related to RNA splicing and spermatogenesis. In addition, three gene modules were positively correlated with spermatogenesis-related phenotypic traits and negatively related to apoptosis-related phenotypic traits. Among these gene modules, seven (CFLAR, PTPRC, F2R, MAP3K1, EPHA7, APP, BCAP31) were also differentially expressed between nutritional treatments, indicating their potential as markers of spermatogenesis or apoptosis.
  
  
  
  Our findings on significant changes in mRNAs and pre-mRNA alternative splicing under-nutrition suggest that they may partly explain the disruption of spermatogenesis and the increase germ cell apoptosis. However, more research is required to verify their causal effects in regulating spermatogenesis and germ cell apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.|, Present address: 304 Rosenthal, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Yongjuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
authors.forename: Guanxiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia. graeme.martin@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Graeme B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada. lguan@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Le Luo
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Guan
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012756:Sheep; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012322:RNA Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Apoptosis; Nutrition; Pre-mRNA alternative splicing; Spermatogenesis; mRNAs