title: Assessment and Characterisation of Ireland's Green Tides (Ulva Species).
abstract: Enrichment of nutrients and metals in seawater associated with anthropogenic activities can threaten aquatic ecosystems. Consequently, nutrient and metal concentrations are parameters used to define water quality. The European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD) goes further than a contaminant-based approach and utilises indices to assess the Ecological Status (ES) of transitional water bodies (e.g. estuaries and lagoons). One assessment is based upon the abundance of opportunistic Ulva species, as an indication of eutrophication. The objective of this study was to characterise Ireland's Ulva blooms through the use of WFD assessment, metal concentrations and taxonomic identity. Furthermore, the study assessed whether the ecological assessment is related to the metal composition in the Ulva. WFD algal bloom assessment revealed that the largest surveyed blooms had an estimated biomass of 2164 metric tonnes (w/w). DNA sequences identified biomass from all locations as Ulva rigida, with the exception of New Quay, which was Ulva rotundata. Some blooms contained significant amounts of As, Cu, Cr, Pb and Sn. The results showed that all metal concentrations had a negative relationship (except Se) with the Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR). However, only in the case of Mn were these differences significant (p = 0.038). Overall, the metal composition and concentrations found in Ulva were site dependent, and not clearly related to the ES. Nevertheless, sites with a moderate or poor ES had a higher variability in the metals levels than in estuaries with a high ES.
authors.affiliation: Irish Seaweed Research Group, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Alex H L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1703-3725
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Environmental Protection Agency, Castlebar, Co. Mayo, Ireland.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wilkes
authors.affiliation: Irish Seaweed Research Group, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Svenja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heesch
authors.affiliation: Earth and Ocean Sciences, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bermejo
authors.affiliation: Irish Seaweed Research Group, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Earth and Ocean Sciences, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000821:Animal Feed; D001483:Base Sequence; D005068:Eutrophication; D005843:Geography; D007494:Ireland; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012015:Reference Standards; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D044445:Ulva / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D014867:Water