title: Anti-diarrhoeal therapeutic potential and safety assessment of sulphated polysaccharide fraction from Gracilaria intermedia seaweed in mice.
abstract: Sulphated polysaccharides extracted from algae have been extensively studied for their diverse biological activities. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, the anti-diarrhoeal effect and acute toxicity of a sulphated polysaccharide fraction obtained from Gracilaria intermedia (SP-Gi). Initially, the FT-IR of SP-Gi revealed to be an agaran with sulphation at C-6 of the l-galactosyl residues. The anti-diarrhoeal activity of SP-Gi was evaluated in a castor oil-induced diarrhoea model. The effects of SP-Gi on enteropooling, Na+-K+-ATPase activity, gastrointestinal transit, and gastric emptying were then examined. Subsequently, the effect of SP-Gi on diarrhoea induced by cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli was examined. In addition, an acute toxicity test was conducted in accordance with OECD guideline 423. Pre-treatment with SP-Gi reduces the total faeces, total diarrhoeal faeces, and enteropooling. SP-Gi (30mg/kg p.o.) increased Na+/K+-ATPase activity and reduced gastrointestinal transit through anticholinergic mechanisms. ELISA demonstrated that SP-Gi can interact with GM1 receptors and CT. SP-Gi reduced diarrhoea induced by E. coli and prevented weight loss in the animals. Moreover, SP-Gi did not induce any toxicity signs. These results suggest that SP-Gi is a possible candidate for the treatment of diarrhoeal illnesses.
authors.affiliation: The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Leódido
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Proteins and Carbohydrates of Marine Algae, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60455-760, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis E C
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago S L
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nayara A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.affiliation: The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luan K M
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research, BIOTEC, Federal University of Piauí - CMRV, Parnaíba, PI 64202-020, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisca B M
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.affiliation: The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Manoel D S
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.affiliation: Post-graduation Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, PI 64202-020, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel F P
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Post-graduation Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, PI 64202-020, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe R P
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research, BIOTEC, Federal University of Piauí - CMRV, Parnaíba, PI 64202-020, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kerolayne M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alyne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Proteins and Carbohydrates of Marine Algae, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60455-760, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará 63040-540, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Clark N
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Proteins and Carbohydrates of Marine Algae, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60455-760, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Lúcia P
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: The Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil; Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research, BIOTEC, Federal University of Piauí - CMRV, Parnaíba, PI 64202-020, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, PI 64202-020, Brazil. Electronic address: jandvenes@ufpi.edu.br.
authors.forename: Jand Venes R
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Medeiros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002368:Castor Oil / Q000494:pharmacology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects; D044724:Gracilaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012449:Safety; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D013431:Sulfates; D002368:Castor Oil
keywords: Acute diarrhoea; Cholera; Escherichia coli; Sulphated macromolecules; Toxicology