title: Compassion Satisfaction, Compassion Fatigue, and Burnout in Spain and Brazil: ProQOL Validation and Cross-cultural Diagnosis.
abstract: Palliative care professionals' quality of life has emerged as a growing issue of interest in health care literature, centered on concerns about professionals' compassion within a context of work characterized by pain and death.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was threefold: 1) to study the psychometric properties of both the Spanish and the Portuguese versions of the ProQOL scale, by means of confirmatory factor analyses; 2) to offer a diagnosis of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue levels of Spanish and Brazilian palliative care professionals; and 3) to compare levels in ProQOL between countries.
  
  
  
  Two surveys with a cross-sectional design were carried out; 161 Brazilian palliative care professionals and 385 Spanish participated in this study.
  
  
  
  Confirmatory factor analysis for both the Spanish and the Portuguese versions showed an adequate fit. Reliability estimates were also adequate, with problems with the burnout dimension. Spanish and Brazilian palliative care professionals showed high levels of compassion satisfaction (specially, for the Brazilian samples), medium levels of secondary traumatic stress, and low levels of burnout. Finally, statistically significant differences in Spanish and Brazilian levels of compassion satisfaction and secondary traumatic stress were found, but not in burnout.
  
  
  
  The ProQOL shows psychometric goodness in its Spanish and Portuguese versions, although some items should be revised. The ProQOL is also useful for diagnosis and is sensitive enough to distinguish nuances as that found between Brazilian and Spanish professionals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: Laura.Galiana@uv.es.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galiana
authors.affiliation: Brazilian National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.affiliation: Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Noemí
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sansó
authors.affiliation: Balearic Islands Palliative Care Regional Program, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Enric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Benito
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002055:Burnout, Professional; D000068376:Compassion Fatigue; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013030:Spain; D014175:Translating
keywords: Compassion satisfaction; burnout; compassion fatigue; palliative care professionals; quality of Life