title: Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Spiritual Index of Well-Being in elderly Taiwanese.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spiritual well-being has become an increasingly important issue for the elderly people. The 12-item Spirituality Index of Well-Being (SIWB) is a well-validated instrument for assessing a patient's current spiritual state. However, the psychometric properties of the SIWB in the Chinese elderly populations are not known. Therefore, this study translated the SIWB into Chinese and evaluated its psychometric properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The English version of the SIWB was first translated into Chinese based on the Brislin's translation model. The psychometric properties of the translated version of the SIWB (SIWB-C) was evaluated in 416 elderly Taiwanese recruited using a purposive sampling procedure from a medical center, a long-term care institution, and a community health center. Convergent validity was accessed using Pearson's correlation coefficients of the SIWB-C, the EQ-5D-3 L health-related quality of life scale, and the Geriatric Depression Scale-5 (GDS-5). Exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation was performed to determine the construct validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for verification of the quality of the factor structures and demonstrating the convergent validity of the SIWB-C. An internal consistency test based on the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and a stability test based on the Guttman split-half coefficient were also performed. Test-retest reliability was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the original two-dimensional structure of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a well-fitting model and a fine convergent validity of the SIWB-C. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the Guttman split-half coefficient for the SIWB-C were 0.94 and 0.84, respectively. The correlations between the SIWB-C with EQ-5D-3 L and GDS-5 were 0.22 (p < 0.01) and 0.45 (p < 0.05), respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the SIWB-C over a test-retest interval of two weeks was 0.989.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SIWB-C was found to be a potential useful measure of subjective spiritual well-being in elderly Taiwanese. Its application in assessing the spiritual well-being in Mandarin-speaking elderly population warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Fen
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Hui
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, 2 Minsheng Road, Dalin, Chiayi, 62247, Taiwan. m.koo@utoronto.ca.|Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. m.koo@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-9167
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006299:Health Services for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D029181:Spirituality; D013624:Taiwan
keywords: Health surveys; Psychometrics; Questionnaires; Reliability and validity; Spirituality; Well-being