title: When Should Negative Endobronchial Ultrasonography Findings be Confirmed by a More Invasive Procedure?
abstract: The treatment of non-small cell lung cancer is largely dependent on accurate staging in order to determine appropriate therapy. Despite advances in imaging, such as computed tomography and positron emission tomography, invasive mediastinal staging is frequently needed to rule out mediastinal involvement prior to curative-intent stereotactic ablative radiotherapy or surgical resection. Surgical mediastinal staging with mediastinoscopy, or anterior mediastinotomy, were traditionally considered the gold standard for invasive mediastinal staging. Endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound have emerged as modern techniques that are being used as first-line options instead of surgical staging. As experience is gained with these newer techniques, the need for confirmatory surgical staging continues to diminish. This article addresses the situations in which negative results should be confirmed by a more invasive procedure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada. basilsnasir@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Basil S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Nasir
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasufuku
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Moishe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liberman
mesh_terms: D001980:Bronchi; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000556:secondary*; D061765:Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration; D019160:Endosonography; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008481:Mediastinoscopy; D008482:Mediastinum; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed