title: Influence of Energy Balance and Glycemic Index on Metabolic Endotoxemia in Healthy Men.
abstract: Overfeeding with a high-fat and/or high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet is known to increase plasma concentrations of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) that may lead to metabolic disturbances like insulin resistance. The impact of CHO quality (i.e., the glycemic index [GI]) independent of fat intake on metabolic endotoxemia remains unclear. In the present study, the effects of changes in energy balance and GI on plasma endotoxin were studied.
  
  
  
  Fifteen healthy young men overconsumed diets containing 65% CHO and 20% fat for 1 week (OF; +50% of energy requirement) followed by 3 weeks of caloric restriction (CR; -50% of energy requirement) and were then randomized to 2 weeks hypercaloric refeeding (RF, +50% of energy requirement) with either a low- or high-GI (40 vs 74) diet.
  
  
  
  During OF, subjects gained 1.9 ± 0.7 kg body weight (+0.6 ± 0.8% fat mass) followed by a weight loss of 6.1 ± 0.8 kg (-2.0 ± 0.6% fat mass) and weight regain of 4.0 ± 0.6 kg (0.9 ± 0.8% fat mass). Fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMAIR) increased with OF and RF and decreased with CR, MatsudaISIdecreased by 37% after RF (all p < 0.05). Endotoxin significantly increased by 30.8% with OF and by 24.7% with RF (both p < 0.05), whereas CR normalized endotoxin levels. No difference in endotoxin levels was observed between refeeding a hypercaloric high- or low-GI diet. Changes in endotoxin levels with RF were not related to changes in insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  
  A hypercaloric diet (OF and RF) increased plasma endotoxin irrespective of GI, whereas a negative energy balance did not reduce endotoxemia. Impaired insulin sensitivity with hypercaloric refeeding on a high-GI diet was not explained by metabolic endotoxemia.
authors.affiliation: a University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Medicine , Stuttgart , GERMANY.
authors.forename: Nicolle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Breusing
authors.affiliation: a University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Medicine , Stuttgart , GERMANY.
authors.forename: Merit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lagerpusch
authors.affiliation: b Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Nutrition , Jena , GERMANY.
authors.forename: Anna Janina
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Engstler
authors.affiliation: b Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Nutrition , Jena , GERMANY.
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bergheim
authors.affiliation: c Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science , Kiel , GERMANY.
authors.forename: Manfred J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: a University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Medicine , Stuttgart , GERMANY.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosy-Westphal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004032:Diet; D019446:Endotoxemia; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D008055:Lipids
keywords: endotoxin; energy balance; glycemic index; insulin sensitivity; weight cycle