title: Electrostatic layer-by-layer construction of fibrous TMV biofilms.
abstract: As nature's choice in designing complex architectures, the bottom-up assembly of nanoscale building blocks offers unique solutions in achieving more complex and smaller morphologies with wide-ranging applications in medicine, energy, and materials science as compared to top-down manufacturing. In this work, we employ charged tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-wt and TMV-lys) nanoparticles in constructing multilayered fibrous networks via electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition. In neutral aqueous media, TMV-wt assumes an anionic surface charge. TMV-wt was paired with a genetically engineered TMV-lys variant that displays a corona of lysine side chains on its solvent-exposed surface. The electrostatic interaction between TMV-wt and TMV-lys nanoparticles became the driving force in the highly controlled buildup of the multilayer TMV constructs. Since the resulting morphology closely resembles the 3-dimensional fibrous network of an extracellular matrix (ECM), the capability of the TMV assemblies to support the adhesion of NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells was investigated, demonstrating potential utility in regenerative medicine. Lastly, the layer-by-layer deposition was extended to release the TMV scaffolds as free-standing biomembranes. To demonstrate potential application in drug delivery or vaccine technology, cargo-functionalized TMV biofilms were programmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. rca41@case.edu.
authors.forename: Brylee David B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5134-0783
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Tiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kernan
authors.affiliation: Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. rca41@case.edu.
authors.forename: Sicily B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Tiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. rca41@case.edu.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. rca41@case.edu.
authors.forename: Jonathan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Pokorski
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. rca41@case.edu.
authors.forename: Rigoberto C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Advincula
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. rca41@case.edu and Department of Radiology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. nicole.steinmetz@case.edu.
authors.forename: Nicole F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D053758:Nanoparticles; D058525:Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D055672:Static Electricity; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014027:Tobacco Mosaic Virus