title: A novel method for the quantification of fatty infiltration in skeletal muscle.
abstract: Fatty infiltration of the skeletal muscle is a common but poorly understood feature of many myopathies. It is best described in human muscle, where non-invasive imaging techniques and representative histology have been optimized to view and quantify infiltrating fat. However, human studies are limited in their ability to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating fatty infiltration, a likely prerequisite to developing targeted interventions. As mechanistic investigations move to small animals, studies may benefit from new or adapted imaging tools optimized for high resolution and whole muscle quantification.
  
  
  
  Here, we describe a novel method to evaluate fatty infiltration, developed for use with mouse muscle. In this methodology, muscle cellular membranes and proteins are removed via decellularization, but fatty infiltrate lipid is spared, trapped in its native distribution in a transparent extracellular matrix construct. This lipid can then be stained with visible or fluorescent dyes and imaged. We present three methods to stain and evaluate lipid in decellularized muscles which can be used individually or combined: (1) qualitative visualization of the amount and 3D spatial distribution of fatty infiltration using visible lipid soluble dye Oil Red O (ORO), (2) quantitative analysis of individual lipid droplet metrics (e.g., volume) via confocal imaging of fluorescent lipid soluble dye boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY), and (3) quantitative analysis of total lipid content by optical density reading of extracted stained lipid. This methodology was validated by comparing glycerol-induced fatty infiltration between two commonly used mouse strains: 129S1/SvlmJ (129S1) and C57BL/6J (BL/6J). All three methods were able to detect a significant increase in fatty infiltrate volume in the 129S1 muscle compared with that in BL/6J, and methods 1 and 2 additionally described a difference in the distribution of fatty infiltrate, indicating susceptibility to glycerol-induced fatty infiltration is strain-specific.
  
  
  
  With more mechanistic studies of fatty infiltration moving to small animal models, having an alternative to expensive non-invasive imaging techniques and selective representative histology will be beneficial. In this work, we present a method that can quantify both individual adipocyte lipids and whole muscle total fatty infiltrate lipid.
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, 63108, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Biltz
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, 63108, MO, USA. meyerg@wusm.wustl.edu.|Departments of Neurology, Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. meyerg@wusm.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Gretchen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D066292:Lipid Droplets / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes
keywords: Fatty infiltration; IMAT; Intramuscular fat; Muscle lipid