title: Influence of trace elements on dental enamel properties: A review.
abstract: Dental enamel, an avascular, irreparable, outermost and protective layer of the human clinical crown has a potential to withstand the physico-chemical effects and forces. These properties are being regulated by a unique association among elements occurring in the crystallites setup of human dental enamel. Calcium and phosphate are the major components (hydroxyapatite) in addition to some trace elements which have a profound effect on enamel. The current review was planned to determine the aptitude of various trace elements to substitute and their influence on human dental enamel in terms of physical and chemical properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan and Department Oral Biology and Biomedical sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zeeshan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qamar
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zubaidah Binti
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Haji Abdul Rahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hooi Pin
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Tayyaba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fatima
mesh_terms: D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017886:Durapatite / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014131:Trace Elements; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: Dental enamel, Trace elements, Chemical properties, Hydroxyapatite.