title: Pathogen recognition and Toll-like receptor targeted therapeutics in innate immune cells.
abstract: The innate immune system deploys a variety of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) which include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors to detect the invasion of pathogens and initiate protective responses. The intercellular and intracellular orchestration of signals from different PRRs, their endogenous or microbial ligands and accessory molecules determine the stimulatory or inhibitory responses. Progressing over the last two decades, considerable research on the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions has led to a paradigm shift of our understanding of TLR signaling in the innate immune system. Given that a significant amount of evidence implicates TLRs in the pathogenesis of immune diseases and cancer, and their activation occurs early in the inflammatory cascade, they are attractive targets for novel therapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in TLR signaling cross talks and the mechanism of pathogen recognition with special emphasis on the role of TLRs in tumor immunity and TLR-targeted therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University , Kawara-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto , Japan.|b AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development , Kyoto , Japan.
authors.forename: Sarang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tartey
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University , Kawara-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto , Japan.|b AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development , Kyoto , Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: Pathogen recognition; TLR signaling; Toll like receptor; inflammation; therapeutics; tumor immunity