title: Modulation of snow reflectance and snowmelt from Central Asian glaciers by anthropogenic black carbon.
abstract: Deposited mineral dust and black carbon are known to reduce the albedo of snow and enhance melt. Here we estimate the contribution of anthropogenic black carbon (BC) to snowmelt in glacier accumulation zones of Central Asia based on in-situ measurements and modelling. Source apportionment suggests that more than 94% of the BC is emitted from mostly regional anthropogenic sources while the remaining contribution comes from natural biomass burning. Even though the annual deposition flux of mineral dust can be up to 20 times higher than that of BC, we find that anthropogenic BC causes the majority (60% on average) of snow darkening. This leads to summer snowmelt rate increases of up to 6.3% (7 cm a-1) on glaciers in three different mountain environments in Kyrgyzstan, based on albedo reduction and snowmelt models.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany.|Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmale
authors.affiliation: Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flanner
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, China.|Chinese Academy of Science Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shichang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sprenger
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Science Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.|Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qianggong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Junming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Margit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwikowski
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.|GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.4 - Hydrology, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.|Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farinotti