title: Local stability and kinematic variability in walking and pole walking at different speeds.
abstract: This study investigated the kinematic variability and the local stability of walking and pole walking using two tri-axial accelerometers placed on the seventh cervical (C7) and the second sacral (S2) vertebrae of twenty-one adults. Each participant performed three 1-min trials of walking and pole walking on a motorized treadmill (60, 80, 100% of the preferred walk-to-run transition speed). Forty strides per trial were used to calculate, in all directions of C7 and S2, the median of the stride-to-stride median absolute deviation (medMAD) and the local divergence exponent (λ). Generalised estimating equations and pairwise contrasts revealed, during pole walking, a higher medMAD (all directions, most speeds, C7 level only), and a lower λ (all directions, all speeds, both C7 and S2 level). As speed increased, so did medMAD (all directions, both walking with or without poles), with higher values at C7 compared to S2 level. A similar effect was observed for λ in the vertical direction (walking and pole walking), and in the anterior-posterior direction (only pole walking). An increase in speed brought about a λ reduction in the medial-lateral direction (C7 level only), especially during walking. Finally, both medMAD and λ were higher at C7 than S2 level (all directions, both walking and pole walking) except for λ in the anterior-posterior direction, which resulted higher in walking (C7 level only). In conclusion, despite a higher kinematic variability, pole walking appears to be more locally stable than walking at any speed, especially at C7 level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Sciences - Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy. Electronic address: luca.zoffoli@uniurb.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zoffoli
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ditroilo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Sciences - Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
authors.forename: Ario
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Federici
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Sciences - Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lucertini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance; D000072797:Walking Speed
keywords: Accelerometers; Dynamic balance; Human locomotion; Local divergence exponents; Walking stability