title: Resting Energy Expenditure in Adults with Becker's Muscular Dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was: 1) To compare Resting energy expenditure (REE) in adult males with Becker's Muscular Dystrophy (BeMD, n = 21, 39 ±12 years) and healthy controls (CTRL, n = 12, 37 ±12 years) 2) Determine whether other physiological parameters correlate with REE in BeMD, and 3) Compare current prediction methods of REE with measured REE.
  
  
  METHODS
  REE was calculated via indirect calorimetry using continuous, expired gas analysis following an overnight fast. Fat free mass (FFM) and fat mass were measured by bioelectrical impedance. B-mode ultrasound measured Tibialis Anterior (TA) and Gastrocnemius Medialis (GM) anatomical cross sectional area (ACSA). The Bone Specific Physical Activity Questionnaire measured physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference in REE was found between CTRL and BeMD groups (1913 ±203 & 1786 ±324 Kcal respectively). Other physiological comparisons showed increased fat mass (+54%), decreased TA ACSA (-42%), increased GM ACSA (+25%) as well as reduced respiratory function (FVC -28%; FEV1-27%) in BeMD adults compared to controls. REE estimated from prediction equations (Schofield's) in Muscular Dystrophy were different from measured REE (P<0.05, bias = -728kcal), while the Mifflin equation was no different from measured REE (r2 = 0.58, Bias = -8kcal). Within the present BeMD, REE predicted from FFM (REE = FFM x 34.57-270; r2 = 0.85) and body mass (REE = BM x 15.65 + 421.5; r2 = 0.66), were not different from measured REE (bias equals 0 and 0.2kcals, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite no differences in REE between CTRL and BeMD adults, increased fat masses highlights the requirement for explicit nutritional guidelines, as well as maintenance of physical activity levels, where possible. Prediction equations are frequently used in clinical settings, however these have been shown to be less accurate in BeMD; therefore, the equations proposed here should be used where possible.
authors.affiliation: Health, Exercise & Active Living (HEAL) Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Cheshire Campus, Crewe, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.affiliation: The Neuromuscular Centre, Winsford, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orme
authors.affiliation: The Neuromuscular Centre, Winsford, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jonathon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Health, Exercise & Active Living (HEAL) Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Cheshire Campus, Crewe, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D055815:Young Adult