title: Anti-rheumatoid Arthritis Effect of Kaejadan via Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Activity in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: Although Kaejadan (KJD), an herbal cocktail of three medicinal plants (Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Cinnamomum loureirii, and Salvia miltiorrhiza), has been traditionally used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, its scientific evidence is not fully understood. Hence, we investigated antiinflammatory and analgesic mechanism of KJD in vivo and in vitro. Kaejadan suppressed the number of writhing responses in mice treated by acetic acid and showed antinociceptive effect by tail-flick test. Kaejadan abrogated serotonin or carrageenan or Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced paw edema and also reduced the level of Evans Blue for vascular permeability. Furthermore, KJD effectively reduced the positive responses for C-reactive protein and rheumatoid arthritis test in FCA-treated rats. Of note, KJD inhibited the level of lipid peroxide malondialdehyde and enhanced the level of superoxide dismutase in the hepatic tissues of FCA-treated rats. Additionally, KJD abrogated the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide and IFN-γ-exposed RAW 264.7 cells. Also, KJD reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 or inducible nitric oxide synthase at protein and mRNA levels in IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide-exposed RAW 264.7 cells. Overall, our findings demonstrate that KJD exerts antiinflammatory and analgesic effects via enhancement of antioxidant activity and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 131-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Jae
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 131-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Chosun Nursing College, Gwang-Ju, 501-759, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hyo
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jai Wha
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul, 131-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D027424:Cinnamomum / Q000737:chemistry*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D029684:Lithospermum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D027561:Salvia miltiorrhiza / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D010936:Plant Extracts; C000618352:kaejadan; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Kaejadan; inflammation; pain; rheumatoid arthritis; superoxide dismutase