title: Direct Microscale Measurement of Mouse Oocyte Membrane Permeability to Water and Ethylene Glycol at Subzero Temperatures Using Cryomicroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND: Investigation of cell osmotic behavior at subzero temperatures is of critical importance to the optimization of cooling procedures for cryopreservation. Based on established thermodynamic models, plasma membrane permeability coefficients for water and cryoprotectant agent (CPA) (Lcpa, Pp) and their activation energies (EaLp, EaPcpa) are essential to predict the change of cell volume and composition of intracellular solutions corresponding to different cooling procedures. However, currently available methods to measure Lpat subzero temperatures suffer from technical difficulties due to ice formation and there are no generalized methods to measure Pcpaat subzero temperatures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aims to investigate cell osmotic behavior at subzero temperatures without ice formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the study cells were directly injected into super-cooled CPA solutions mounted on a cryomicroscope, and the corresponding osmotic properties were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using ethylene glycol (EG), the value of PEG for mouse (CD-1) metaphase II oocytes at 0, -5, -10 degree C was determined to be 8.451.20, 7.430.91, 6.401.10, x10-6 cm/min, respectively, and EaPEGwas calculated to be 3.9 kCal/mol. Lp in the presence of EG (LpEG) at 0, -5, -10 , -15 degree C was determined to be 7.0 1.15, 4.90 1.20, 2.44 0.31, 1.200.24, x 10-2µm/min/atm, respectively, and EaLpwas calculated to be 15.5 kCal/mol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparing these values with those previously measured at superzero temperatures, we concluded that for mouse oocytes, the Arrhenius relationship for LpEGis consistent at superzero and subzero temperatures, but the values of PEGat subzero temperatures are much lower than the extrapolated values from the Arrhenius relationship at superzero temperatures, possibly caused by membrane phase transition at low temperatures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Comparative Medicine Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. hanx@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000502:physiology*; D048429:Cell Size; D003080:Cold Temperature; D020285:Cryoelectron Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D009995:Osmosis / Q000502:physiology; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D019855:Ethylene Glycol