title: Engineered extracellular microenvironment with a tunable mechanical property for controlling cell behavior and cardiomyogenic fate of cardiac stem cells.
abstract: Endogenous cardiac stem cells (CSCs) are known to play a certain role in the myocardial homeostasis of the adult heart. The extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding CSCs provides mechanical signals to regulate a variety of cell behaviors, yet the impact in the adult heart of these mechanical properties of ECM on CSC renewal and fate decisions is mostly unknown. To elucidate CSC mechanoresponses at the individual cell and myocardial level, we used the sol-to-gel transitional gelatin-poly(ethylene glycol)-tyramine (GPT) hydrogel with a tunable mechanical property to construct a three-dimensional (3D) matrix for culturing native myocardium and CSCs. The elastic modulus of the GPT hydrogel was controlled by adjusting cross-linking density using hydrogen peroxide. The GPT hydrogel showed an ability to transduce integrin-mediated signals into the myocardium and to permit myocardial homeostatic processes in vitro, including CSC migration and proliferation into the hydrogel from the myocardium. Decreasing the elastic modulus of the hydrogel resulted in upregulation of phosphorylated integrin-mediated signaling molecules in CSCs, which were associated with significant increases in cell spreading, migration, and proliferation of CSCs in a modulus-dependent manner. However, increasing the elastic modulus of hydrogel induced the arrest of cell growth but led to upregulation of cardiomyocyte-associated mRNAs in CSCs. This work demonstrates that tunable 3D-engineered microenvironments created by GPT hydrogel are able to control CSC behavior and to direct cardiomyogenic fate. Our system may also be appropriate for studying the mechanoresponse of CSCs in a 3D context as well as for developing therapeutic strategies for in situ myocardial regeneration.
  
  
  
  The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a physical framework of myocardial niches in which endogenous cardiac stem cells (CSCs) reside, renew, differentiate, and replace cardiac cells. Interactions between ECM and CSCs might be critical for the maintenance of myocardial homeostasis in the adult heart. Yet most studies done so far have used irrelevant cell types and have been performed at the individual cell level, none able to reflect the in vivo situation. By the use of a chemically defined hydrogel to create a tunable 3D microenvironment, we succeeded in controlling CSC behavior at the myocardial and individual cell level and directing the cardiomyogenic fate. Our work may provide insight into the design of biomaterials for in situ myocardial regeneration as well as for tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: capdog2@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Min-Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jtfreejuly@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jong-Tae
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: 2wonjin@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Won-Jin
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, San 5, Woncheon, Yeongtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yunki@ajou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yunki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 220-12, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: parkkm8770@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Kyung Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: pathyang@inje.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young-Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, San 5, Woncheon, Yeongtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kdp@ajou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ki Dong
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D032386:Myoblasts, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012038:Regeneration; D055153:Stem Cell Niche; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D005780:Gelatin; C000595209:polyethylene glycol 1000
keywords: Cardiac stem cells; Cardiomyogenic fate; Cell behavior; Elastic modulus; Microenvironment