title: The Effect of increasing levels of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed on the performance, ruminal fermentation, antioxidant status and milk fatty acid profile of Saanen dairy goats.
abstract: This study was conducted to examine the effect of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed (DPS) on the performance, ruminal fermentation, antioxidant status and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of dairy goats. Eight multiparous Saanen dairy goats, averaging 97 ± 7 days in milk (DIM) and 2150 ± 130 g of milk production, were used in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design. Experimental diets contained 0% (control), 6% (DPS6), 12% (DPS12) and 18% (DPS18) of DPS. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and the composition and digestibility of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and crude protein (CP) were not affected by the diets. Adding DPS to the diet increased linearly total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in milk and blood (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in milk and blood. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the blood, ruminal pH, NH3-N, ruminal total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, butyrate, isovalerate and valeric acid concentration had no significant effect among the diets. The propionate acid concentration decreased linearly as DPS was added to the diet, and DPS18 had minimum propionate acid concentration (p < 0.05). The inclusion of DPS18 to diets increased linearly the proportion of C18:0 (compared to control) as well as cis-18:1, trans-18:1 (compared to control and DPS6) and decreased C14:1 (compared to control) in milk fat (p < 0.05). The concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in DPS18 was higher than other diets (p = 0.04). The results of this study implied that replacing DPS with a part of dairy goats' ration had no negative effects on the performance of the animals and could also improve the antioxidant activity and increase the concentration of CLA in their milk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharifi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bashtani
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Naserian
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Farhangfar
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D006041:Goats / Q000502:physiology*; D007774:Lactation; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D065749:Phoeniceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012417:Rumen; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005227:Fatty Acids
keywords: conjugated linoleic acid; date palm; goat; total antioxidant capacity; volatile fatty acid