title: Three-dimensional printing of porous load-bearing bioceramic scaffolds.
abstract: This article reports on the use of the binder jetting three-dimensional printing process combined with sintering to process bioceramic materials to form micro- and macroporous three-dimensional structures. Three different glass-ceramic formulations, apatite-wollastonite and two silicate-based glasses, have been processed using this route to create porous structures which have Young's modulus equivalent to cortical bone and average bending strengths in the range 24-36 MPa. It is demonstrated that a range of macroporous geometries can be created with accuracies of ±0.25 mm over length scales up to 40 mm. Hot-stage microscopy is a valuable tool in the definition of processing parameters for the sintering step of the process. Overall, it is concluded that binder jetting followed by sintering offers a versatile process for the manufacture of load-bearing bioceramic components for bone replacement applications.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Naif
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alharbi
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Oana A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Bretcanu
authors.affiliation: 2 Glass Technology Services Ltd, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: 3 Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.affiliation: 3 Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: McCaskie
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Dalgarno
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002516:Ceramics; D008422:Materials Testing; D016062:Porosity; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D013696:Temperature; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials
keywords: Additive manufacturing; bioactive glasses; bioceramics; bone scaffolds; three-dimensional printing