title: Dietary predictors and plasma concentrations of perfluorinated alkyl acids in a Singapore population.
abstract: Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs), a family of man-made organofluorinated compounds, have drawn much attention due to their ubiquitous existence in the environment and their bioaccumulation potential. Here, we examined the plasma concentrations of thirteen PFAAs in a healthy population (N = 270) in Singapore, and investigated the association between major food groups and plasma PFAA concentrations. We detected eight types of PFAAs in more than 75% of all samples (N = 270), and their median concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 8.34 ng mL-1. Age- and gender-related differences were observed for the three dominant PFAAs, i.e., perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctanoate acid (PFOA), with concentrations being higher in men and older adults. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that fish, shellfish, red meat and poultry were associated with increased PFAAs concentrations in plasma, whereas grains and soy products showed inverse associations with PFAAs. Further, significant correlations were observed between various long-chain PFAAs and plasma concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids, suggesting seafood was a significant source of these PFAAs, within this population. Future studies on diet exposure to PFAAs are encouraged to focus more on the effects on diet pattern.
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive, 117549, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive, 117549, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive, 117549, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore.
authors.forename: Rob M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive, 117549, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kiesha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prem
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive, 117549, Singapore.
authors.forename: Joey Y S
authors.initials: JYS
authors.lastname: Hoong
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive, 117549, Singapore.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive, 117549, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yonghai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive, 117549, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore. Electronic address: ephocn@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Choon Nam
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D002210:Caprylates / Q000097:blood*; D004032:Diet; D002523:Edible Grain; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000097:blood*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D012846:Singapore; D045730:Soy Foods / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; C078626:perflexane
keywords: Dietary predictors; Fatty acids; PFAAs; Plasma; Singapore