title: Effects of different hydrostatic pressure on lesions in ex vivo bovine livers induced by high intensity focused ultrasound.
abstract: It is well-known that acoustic cavitation associated with the high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment often would change the morphology and size of lesions in its treatment. In most studies reported in literature, high ambient hydrostatic pressure was used to suppress the cavitation completely. Investigation of the effects by varying the ambient hydrostatic pressure (Pstat) is still lacking. In this paper, the effects of HIFU on lesions in ex vivo bovine liver specimens under various Pstatare systematically investigated. A 1MHz HIFU transducer, with an aperture diameter of 70mm and a focal length of 55mm, was used to generate two groups US exposure of different acoustic intensities and exposure time (6095W/cm2×8s and 9752W/cm2×5s), while keeping the same acoustic energies per unit area (48760J/cm2). The peak acoustic negative pressures (p-) of the two groups were p1-=9.58MPa and p2-=10.82MPa, respectively, with the difference pd-=p2--p1-=1.24MPa. A passive cavitation detection (PCD) was used to monitor the ultrasonic cavitation signal during exposure of the two groups. The US exposures were done under the following ambient hydrostatic pressures, Pstat: atmospheric pressure, 0.5MPa, 1.0MPa, 1.5MPa, 2.0MPa, 2.5MPa and3.0MPa, respectively. The result of PCD showed that there was a statistically significant increase above background noise level in broadband emissions at dose of 9752W/cm2×5s, but not at dose of 6095W/cm2×8s under atmospheric pressure; i.e., the acoustic cavitation took place for p2-but not for p1-when under atmospheric pressure. The results also showed that there was no statistically difference of the morphology and size of lesions for 6095W/cm2×8s exposure under the aforementioned different ambient hydrostatic pressures. But the lesions generated at 9752W/cm2×5s exposure under Pstat=atmospheric pressure, 0.5MPa, 1.0MPa (all of them are less than pd-), were larger than those under 1.5MPa, 2.0MPa, 2.5MPa and 3.0MPa (all of them are over than pd-) which were consistence with 6095W/cm2×8s group. It was concluded that when Pstat>pd-, the acoustic cavitation was suppressed and prompted that there was no need to elevate Pstathigher than p-to suppress the acoustic cavitation in tissue, just need Pstathigher than pd-.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Medicine, Chongqing 401121, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaobo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhibiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China. Electronic address: lifaqi70@163.com.
authors.forename: Faqi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Cavitation; HIFU; High hydrostatic pressure; Lesion