title: Stimulation of the human medial temporal lobe between learning and recall selectively enhances forgetting.
abstract: Direct electrical stimulation applied to the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) typically disrupts performance on memory tasks, however, the mechanism underlying this effect is not known.
  
  
  
  To study the effects of MTL stimulation on memory performance.
  
  
  
  We studied the effects of MTL stimulation on memory in five patients undergoing invasive electrocorticographic monitoring during various phases of a memory task (encoding, distractor, recall).
  
  
  
  We found that MTL stimulation disrupted memory performance in a timing-dependent manner; we observed greater forgetting when applying stimulation during the delay between encoding and recall, compared to when it was applied during encoding or recall.
  
  
  
  The results suggest that recall is most dependent on the MTL between learning and retrieval.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Electronic address: mbmerkow@bayareaneuro.com.
authors.forename: Maxwell B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Merkow
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Ashwin G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ramayya
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, United States.
authors.forename: Ashwini D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sharan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, United States.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, United States. Electronic address: Kahana@psych.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kahana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Electrical stimulation; Epilepsy; Free recall memory; Human; Medial temporal lobe