title: Effects of Panax notoginseng ginsenoside Rb1 on abnormal hippocampal microenvironment in rats.
abstract: Cerebral ischemia damages central neurons, and abnormal microenvironment in ischemic condition is the key factor to the damages. The increase of local concentration of glutamic acid, the overload of Ca2+, and the mitochondrial stress caused by release of cytochrome C are important factors of abnormal microenvironment in cerebral ischemia. In this study ginsenoside Rb1, a compound from Panax Notoginseng, was used to intervene abnormal environment of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region in two animal models (microperfusion model and photothrombosis model).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the vehicle in the sham group, ginsenoside had following effects. a) ginsenoside Rb1 increased the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and the stability of neuronal ultrastructure in in the hippocampal CA1 region and improved the adaptability of neurons in two models. b) ginsenoside Rb1 improved the expression level of glial glutamate transporter1 (GLT-1) and reversed the uptake of glutamate (Glu) after ischemia, and as a result thereby decreased the excitability of Glu and the expression level of GLT-1 was proportional to the dose of ginsenoside Rb1 and similar to that of Nimodipine. c) ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited the expression level of NMDAR and the overload of Ca2+, thereby reducing neuronal damages. Meanwhile, the expression level of NMDAR was inversely proportional to the dose of ginsenoside Rb1, which was similar to that of Nimodipine. d) ginsenoside Rb1 decreased the release of cytochrome C (Cyt-C) and reduced the damages caused by neuronal mitochondrial stress. Meanwhile, the release of Cyt-C was inversely proportional to the dose of ginsenoside Rb1, which was similar to that of Nimodipine. Ginsenoside Rb1 may be as an effective drug for neuroprotection and improve cerebral blood flow after acute ischemia and prevent the secondary brain damage induced by stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming medical university, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Affiliated hospital of Xiangnan university, Chenzhou, Hunan, PR China.
authors.forename: Shiyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.
authors.forename: Minghong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming medical university, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming medical university, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming medical university, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.
authors.forename: Lanou
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacology and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Xin-Fu
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Experiment, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming medical university, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.
authors.forename: Yaohui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming medical university, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming medical university, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.
authors.forename: Shude
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming medical university, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China. Electronic address: luohaiyun12@163.com.
authors.forename: Haiyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First affiliated hospital of Kunming medical university, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China. Electronic address: plj330@126.com.
authors.forename: Lijin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056547:CA1 Region, Hippocampal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment / Q000187:drug effects*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009553:Nimodipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; D036145:Ginsenosides; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C493395:Slc1a2 protein, rat; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D009553:Nimodipine; C442759:ginsenoside Rb1; D045304:Cytochromes c; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Cyt-C; GLT-1; Ginsenoside Rb1; Microenvironment; NMDAR; RCBF