title: Passengers at risk: a multi-level analysis of the decision to travel with a drunk driver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of demographic, intrapersonal and environmental factors on the likelihood in Chile of becoming a passenger of an alcohol-impaired driver (PAID).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-level cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were acquired from two large-scale household surveys of representative samples of Chile's Metropolitan Region.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 1341 individuals ≥ 16 years; 696 of them reported engaging in PAID.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was self-reported frequencies of having accepted a ride with an alcohol-impaired driver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAID was associated significantly with 'age' [odds ratio (OR) = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.98-0.99, P = 0.03], 'traffic safety beliefs' (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.078-0.44, P = 0.00), 'time exposure as passenger' (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 1.00-1.01, P = 0.00) and 'sex' (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.53-0.87, P = 0.00). In women, PAID was associated with 'age' (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97-0.99, P = 0.02), 'traffic safety beliefs' (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05-0.59, P = 0.00) and 'low quality of public bus stops' (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.98-0.99, P = 0.01). Younger women with high education levels were more likely to engage in PAID than younger women with low education levels. In men, PAID was associated with 'traffic safety beliefs' (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.02-0.63, P = 0.01) and 'time exposure as passenger' (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 1.00-1.01, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Chile, men are at higher risk of becoming a passenger of an alcohol-impaired driver (PAID) than women. In women, PAID appears to be associated with lower traffic safety beliefs, lower quality of public bus stations and an interaction between education and age. In men, PAID is associated with lower traffic safety beliefs and higher time exposure as passenger.
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Institute of Health and Social Policy, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: José Ignacio
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Nazif-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Department of Sociology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Aharon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blank-Gomel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002677:Chile; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012309:Risk-Taking; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Chile; PAID (passenger of an alcohol-impaired driver); drink and driving; gender; multi-level analysis; social ecological model; traffic risk behavior