title: Skin disease in captive bats: results of an online survey of zoos and rehabilitators in Europe, North America and Australasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bats may be held captive in zoos and breeding programmes, and for rehabilitation due to illness, abandonment or injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the frequency and characteristics of skin disease in captive bats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zoos (n = 164) in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, Wildlife Disease Association members and rehabilitators were invited to complete online questionnaires on skin lesions and housing. Associations between lesion type and site, frequency, species, age, suspected cause and season, and their association with housing in zoos were tested using chi-squared and two-sample z-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skin lesions were seen by 38.5% (15 of 39) of responding zoos and more frequently by rehabilitators (66.7%, 18 of 27; P = 0.024). Of the total of 153 lesions of any type reported by zoos and rehabilitators, almost two thirds occurred on the pinnae (49 of 153, 32%) or wing membranes (45 of 153, 29%). Amongst pinnal lesions, crusting (27%), swelling and redness (25%) and necrosis (20%) were most frequent. In zoos, pinnal (P = 0.001) and wing lesions (P = 0.045) were associated with "season", being more common in winter. Pruritus was rare but more often reported from rehabilitation centres (12 of 77 observed lesions) than from zoos (1 of 76) (P = 0.0015). Lesions most often affected adult and geriatric bats in zoos, and juveniles and adults in rehabilitation. Eight respondents reported that skin disease necessitated euthanasia in individual bats. There was no significant association between type of housing and lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pinnal and wing lesions were common in captive bats, often with necrosis. Further research into the causes is needed to improve health and welfare of captive bats.
authors.affiliation: Top Cat Veterinary Centre, 146 Mackie Avenue, Brighton, BN1 8SB, UK.
authors.forename: Kay I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Fountain
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
authors.forename: Kim B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loeffler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D044362:Australasia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002685:Chiroptera; D054644:Ear Auricle / Q000473:pathology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000473:pathology