title: The predictive capabilities of a novel cardiovascular magnetic resonance derived marker of cardiopulmonary reserve on established prognostic surrogate markers in patients with pulmonary vascular disease: results of a longitudinal pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No unified method exists to effectively predict and monitor progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We assessed the longitudinal relationship between a novel marker of cardiopulmonary reserve and established prognostic surrogate markers in patients with pulmonary vascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty participants with confirmed (n = 14) or at high risk (n = 6) for PAH underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) at baseline and after ~6 months of guideline-appropriate management. Ten PAH participants underwent RHC within 48 h of each CMR. RHC (mean pulmonary arterial pressure, mPAP; pulmonary vascular resistance index, PVRI; cardiac index, CI) and phase-contrast CMR (mean pulmonary arterial blood flow velocity, meanPAvel) measurements were taken at rest and during continuous adenosine infusion (70/140/210 mcg/kg/min). Initial meanPAvel's (rest and hyperemic) were correlated with validated surrogate prognostic parameters (CMR: RV ejection fraction, RVEF; RV end systolic volume indexed, RVESVI; RHC: PVRI, CI; biomarker: NT-pro brain natriuretic peptide, NTpBNP; clinical: 6-min walk distance, 6MWD), a measure of pulmonary arterial stiffness (elastic modulus) and volumetric estimation of RV ventriculoarterial (VA) coupling. Changes in meanPAvel's were correlated with changes in comparator parameters over time. At initial assessment, meanPAvel at rest correlated significantly with PVRI (inversely), CI (positively) and elastic modulus (inversely) (R2> 0.37,P < 0.05 for all), whereas meanPAvel at peak hyperemia correlated significantly with PVRI, RVEF, RVESVI, 6MWD, elastic modulus and VA coupling (R2> 0.30,P < 0.05 for all). Neither resting or hyperemia-derived meanPAvel correlated with NTpBNP levels. Initial meanPAvel at rest correlated significantly with RVEF, RVESVI, CI and VA coupling at follow up assessment (R2> 0.2,P < 0.05 for all) and initial meanPAvel at peak hyperemia correlated with RVEF, RVESVI, PVRI and VA coupling (R2> 0.37,P < 0.05 for all). Change in meanPAvel at rest over time did not show statistically significant correlation with change in prognostic parameters, while change in meanPAvel at peak hyperemia did show a significant relationship with ΔRVEF, ΔRVESVI, ΔNTpBNP and ΔCI (R2> 0.24,P < 0.05 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MeanPAvel during peak hyperemia correlated with invasive, non-invasive and clinical prognostic parameters at different time points. Further studies with predefined clinical endpoints are required to evaluated if this novel tool is a marker of disease progression in patients with pulmonary vascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Investigational Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia. Baillie.tim@gmail.com.|University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. Baillie.tim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Baillie
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Investigational Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.|University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidharta
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Investigational Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Investigational Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.|University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Worthley
authors.affiliation: South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willoughby
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Investigational Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Investigational Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.|University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.|South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Prashanthan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Investigational Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.|University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.|South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Investigational Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.|University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.|South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Worthley
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D000072599:Cardiorespiratory Fitness; D018450:Disease Progression; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right; D000070857:Walk Test
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D000241:Adenosine