title: Detection and dissemination of the colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, from isolates and faecal samples in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recently identified colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, has been reported in many countries. In this study, we established a new real-time PCR method to detect it.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a real-time PCR method to detect the mcr-1 gene in a variety of isolates and faecal samples from 20 provinces and municipal cities in China.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2330 isolates (from 10 species) screened, 54 (2.3 %) isolates were positive for mcr-1. All of the mcr-1-positive isolates that were identified belonged to Escherichia coli strains, among which 9, 1, and 44 were identified as enteropathogenic E. coli, enteroadherent E. coli, and non-pathogenic E. coli, respectively. The majority of the mcr-1-positive isolates were obtained from farm animals from eight provinces and municipal cities across China. A total of 337 faecal samples, including 229 human and 108 pet animal faecal samples, were also screened for the mcr-1 gene. Of the 337 samples analyzed, six and eight human and pet animal faecal samples were positive for the mcr-1 gene, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data demonstrate that the mcr-1 gene is highly prevalent in human and animal populations in China. This occurrence suggests that active surveillance of the mcr-1 gene is imperative in curtailing its spread.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaofei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Che
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Yanwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Yanmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Ruiting
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, PR China.
authors.forename: Lining
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Jinxing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002681:China; D003091:Colistin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C000614037:MCR-1 protein, E coli; D003091:Colistin