title: Electrochemical Doping of Halide Perovskites with Ion Intercalation.
abstract: Halide perovskites have recently been investigated for various solution-processed optoelectronic devices. The majority of studies have focused on using intrinsic halide perovskites, and the intentional incoporation of dopants has not been well explored. In this work, we discovered that small alkali ions, including lithium and sodium ions, could be electrochemically intercalated into a variety of halide and pseudohalide perovskites. The ion intercalation caused a lattice expansion of the perovskite crystals and resulted in an n-type doping of the perovskites. Such electrochemical doping improved the conductivity and changed the color of the perovskites, leading to an electrochromism with more than 40% reduction of transmittance in the 450-850 nm wavelength range. The doped perovskites exhibited improved electron injection efficiency into the pristine perovskite crystals, resulting in bright light-emitting diodes with a low turn-on voltage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, and ¶Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States.
authors.forename: Qinglong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, and ¶Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States.
authors.forename: Mingming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, and ¶Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States.
authors.forename: Junqiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mingchao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States.
authors.forename: Xiaoqiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , 1800 E Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States.
authors.forename: Tiglet
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2143-2254
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Besara
authors.affiliation: Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0858-8577
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , 1800 E Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, and ¶Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Department of Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
authors.forename: Bicai
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Changchun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shangchao
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6810-1380
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Siegrist
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Qiangfeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, High-Performance Materials Institute, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, and ¶Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States.
authors.forename: Zhibin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4630-4363
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
keywords: density functional theory; doping; electrochemical; halide perovskite; intercalation; light-emitting diodes