title: Efficacy of systemic diclofenac sodium on intravitreal concentration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as an alternative, are replacing corticosteroids in ocular inflammatory diseases. Diclofenac has been used mainly topically, and recent focus has been on intravitreal delivery. Both of these methods have been shown to have complications in long-term application.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of slow release oral diclofenac sodium on intravitreal concentration in experimental model of chemically injured eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an experimental double-masked clinical trial, right eyes of 24 albino rabbits were chemically injured by 1 N NaOH. One hour after chemical injury, 10 cc suspension gavage containing 100 mg slow release diclofenac sodium was administered in all cases. 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 h after gavage, vitreous samples were obtained in all cases. Intravitreal concentration of diclofenac sodium was evaluated in all samples using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intravitreal diclofenac levels by oral intake were enhanced by the inflammation in all the measurements. In inflamed eyes, diclofenac concentration was ten times more than control eye (2.658 ± 0.344 vs. 0.242 ± 0.0279 and 1.617 ± 0.527 vs. 0.148 ± 0.095; in 2 and 4 h, respectively). After 6 h, diclofenac concentration was statistically different, although it reduced below 1 μg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diclofenac is delivered to the inflamed eye more than healthy eye. It seems that by oral diclofenac consumption, it is possible to make a significant intravitreal concentration.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Yunes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Panahi
authors.affiliation: Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naderi
authors.affiliation: Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Khosrow
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jadidi
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hadise
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoseini
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mojtaba_abrishami@yahoo.com.|Farabi Eye Hospital, Qazvin Square, Tehran, 1336616351, Iran. mojtaba_abrishami@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abrishami
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000188:drug therapy; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D065306:Corneal Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005126:Eye Burns / Q000188:drug therapy; D011817:Rabbits; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac
keywords: Chemical injury; Diclofenac; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Slow release; Vitreous