title: Co-morbidity in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Clinical Study from India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric co-morbidities in children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder at a tertiary care child and adolescent psychiatry centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 63 children and adolescents who were diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and fulfilled the inclusion criteria were comprehensively assessed for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric co-morbidities. The tools used included the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS), Children's Global Assessment Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, Vineland Social Maturity Scale, and Childhood Autism Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All except 1 subject had neurodevelopmental and / or psychiatric disorder co-morbid with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; 66.7% had both neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Specific learning disability was the most common co-existing neurodevelopmental disorder and oppositional defiant disorder was the most common psychiatric co-morbidity. The mean baseline ADHD-RS scores were significantly higher in the group with psychiatric co-morbidities, especially in the group with oppositional defiant disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-morbidity is present at a very high frequency in clinic-referred children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric co-morbidity, specifically oppositional defiant disorder, has an impact on the severity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Co-morbidity needs to be explicitly looked for during evaluation and managed appropriately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srinath
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Girimaji
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seshadri
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Sagar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Adolescent; Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity; Child; Comorbidity