title: Consumption of low-fat dairy, but not whole-fat dairy, is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in Japanese adults.
abstract: Dairy products have been reported to have various beneficial effects on human health. Although some previous studies have shown relationships between dairy consumption and depressive symptoms, the results of these studies were not consistent. This study aimed to investigate the association between frequency of low- and whole-fat dairy consumption, and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  
  This cross-sectional study enrolled 1159 Japanese adults aged 19-83 years. Dietary intake was assessed using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by a self-rating depression scale (SDS) (the presence of depressive symptoms was defined as an SDS score ≥45 points). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between the frequency of low- and whole-fat dairy consumption and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  
  Higher frequency of low-fat dairy consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms. In the final adjusted model, the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for prevalence of depressive symptoms when no consumption of low-fat dairy was compared to moderate (1-3 times per week) and high (≥4 times/week) frequencies of low-fat dairy consumption were 0.96 (0.71, 1.30) and 0.51 (0.35, 0.77), respectively (p for the trend = 0.004). No relationships were observed between the consumption of whole-fat dairy and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  
  The current results indicate that a higher frequency of low-fat dairy consumption may be associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Yufei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Momma
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Zhongyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Shota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kaijun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan. nagatomi@med.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagatomi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats
keywords: Consumption frequency; Cross-sectional study; Depressive symptom; Low-fat dairy