title: Mechanisms of inactivation of Candida humilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pulsed electric fields.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine how electric field strength, pulse width and shape, and specific energy input relate to the effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on viability and membrane permeabilization in Candida humilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspended in potassium phosphate buffer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells were treated with a micro-scale system with parallel plate electrodes. Propidium iodide was added before or after treatments to differentiate between reversible and irreversible membrane permeabilization. Treatments of C. humilis with 71kV/cm and 48kJ/kg reduced cell counts by 3.9±0.6 log (cfu/mL). Pulse shape or width had only a small influence on the treatment lethality. Variation of electric field strength (17-71kV/cm), pulse width (0.086-4μs), and specific energy input (8-46kJ/kg) demonstrated that specific energy input correlated to the membrane permeabilization (r2=0.84), while other parameters were uncorrelated. A minimum energy input of 3 and 12kJ/kg was required to achieve reversible membrane permeabilization and a reduction of cell counts, respectively, of C. humilis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Energy input was the parameter that best described the inactivation efficiency of PEF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is an important step to identify key process parameters and to facilitate process design for improved cost-effectiveness of commercial PEF treatment.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Qi-Xing
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: HIECO Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikolic-Jaric
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Canada; Hubei University of Technology, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan, China. Electronic address: mgaenzle@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gänzle
mesh_terms: D002175:Candida / Q000166:cytology; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D018274:Electroporation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D011419:Propidium / Q000737:chemistry; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D011419:Propidium
keywords: Bleomycin; Candida humilis; Electric field strength; Propidium iodide; Pulsed electric fields; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Specific energy input