title: Anxiety Level and Cardiac Autonomic Modulations in Coronary Artery Disease and Cardiac Syndrome X Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anxiety and cardiac autonomic modulations (CAM) were thoroughly investigated in coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiac syndrome X (CSX) patients worldwide, but not among Sudanese with similar pathology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare levels of anxiety and CAM between Sudanese patients with CSX and CAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anxiety was evaluated in 51 CAD and 26 CSX patients using Taylor Manifest anxiety score (TMAS) questionnaire while heart rate variability derived indices were used to assess CAM, namely natural logarithm of low frequency (LnLF), high frequency (LnHF) and LF/HF ratio (LnLF/HF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low anxiety levels were achieved by 6 (23.1%) and 9 (17.6%) patients with CSX and CAD respectively. High anxiety level was achieved by only one (3.8%) patient, who was suffering from CSX. TMAS was significantly higher in CSX (31.27 (21.97)) compared to CAD (21.86 (12.97), P = 0.021). However, abnormally increased anxiety was not associated with higher risk of CSX. LnLF, LnHF and LnLF/HF were comparable in CAD and CSX patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSX and CAD patients showed comparable CAM. Although anxiety levels were higher in CSX compared to CAD, TMAS ≥ 35 failed to show significant association with CSX.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology - Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences - Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Mohamed Faisal
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0360-8105
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lutfi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017566:Microvascular Angina / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013397:Sudan