title: Intrauterine diabetic milieu instigates dysregulated adipocytokines production in F1 offspring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrauterine environment plays a pivotal role in the origin of fatal diseases such as the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes is associated with low-grade inflammatory state and dysregulated adipokines production. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of maternal diabetes on adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin and TNF-α) production in F1 offspring in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The offspring groups were as follows: F1 offspring of control mothers under control diet (CD) (CF1-CD), F1 offspring of control mothers under high caloric diet (HCD) (CF1-HCD), F1 offspring of diabetic mothers under CD (DF1-CD), and F1 offspring of diabetic mothers under HCD (DF1-HCD). Every 5 weeks post-natal, 10 pups of each subgroup were culled to obtain blood samples for biochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that DF1-CD and DF1-HCD groups exhibited hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and impaired glucose homeostasis compared to CF1-CD (p > 0.05). DF1-CD and DF1-HCD groups had high hepatic and muscular depositions of TGs. The significant elevated NEFA level only appeared in offspring of diabetic mothers that was fed HCD. DF1-CD and DF1-HCD groups demonstrated low serum levels of adiponectin, high levels of leptin, and elevated levels of TNF-α compared to CF1-CD (p > 0.05). These results reveal the disturbed metabolic lipid profile of offspring of diabetic mothers and could guide further characterization of the mechanisms involved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dysregulated adipocytokines production could be a possible mechanism for the transgenerational transmittance of diabetes, especially following a postnatal diabetogenic environment. Moreover, the exacerbating effects of postnatal HCD on NEFA in rats might be prone to adipcytokine dysregulation. Furthermore, dysregulation of serum adipokines is a prevalent consequence of maternal diabetes and could guide further investigations to predict the development of metabolic disturbances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21561, 165 Elhorreya Avenue, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Shady H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tawfik
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21561, 165 Elhorreya Avenue, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Maha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Haiba
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21561, 165 Elhorreya Avenue, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Taha M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Abdelkhalek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21561, 165 Elhorreya Avenue, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mervat Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hanafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21561, 165 Elhorreya Avenue, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Maher A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamel
keywords: Adipokines; Diabetes; Fatal origin of disease; Insulin resistance