title: Incidence of kidney stones in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence and characteristics of kidney stones in kidney transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from the inception of the databases through March 2016. Studies assessing the incidence of kidney stones in kidney transplant recipients were included. We applied a random-effects model to estimate the incidence of kidney stones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty one studies with 64416 kidney transplant patients were included in the analyses to assess the incidence of kidney stones after kidney transplantation. The estimated incidence of kidney stones was 1.0% (95%CI: 0.6%-1.4%). The mean duration to diagnosis of kidney stones after kidney transplantation was 28 ± 22 mo. The mean age of patients with kidney stones was 42 ± 7 years. Within reported studies, approximately 50% of kidney transplant recipients with kidney stones were males. 67% of kidney stones were calcium-based stones (30% mixed CaOx/CaP, 27%CaOx and 10%CaP), followed by struvite stones (20%) and uric acid stones (13%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The estimated incidence of kidney stones in patients after kidney transplantation is 1.0%. Although calcium based stones are the most common kidney stones after transplantation, struvite stones (also known as "infection stones") are not uncommon in kidney transplant recipients. These findings may impact the prevention and clinical management of kidney stones after kidney transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Charat Thongprayoon, Michael A Mao, Wonngarm Kittanamongkolchai, Insara J Jaffer Sathick, Tsering Dhondup, Stephen B Erickson, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Wisit
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cheungpasitporn
authors.affiliation: Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Charat Thongprayoon, Michael A Mao, Wonngarm Kittanamongkolchai, Insara J Jaffer Sathick, Tsering Dhondup, Stephen B Erickson, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Charat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thongprayoon
authors.affiliation: Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Charat Thongprayoon, Michael A Mao, Wonngarm Kittanamongkolchai, Insara J Jaffer Sathick, Tsering Dhondup, Stephen B Erickson, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Charat Thongprayoon, Michael A Mao, Wonngarm Kittanamongkolchai, Insara J Jaffer Sathick, Tsering Dhondup, Stephen B Erickson, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Wonngarm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kittanamongkolchai
authors.affiliation: Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Charat Thongprayoon, Michael A Mao, Wonngarm Kittanamongkolchai, Insara J Jaffer Sathick, Tsering Dhondup, Stephen B Erickson, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Insara J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Jaffer Sathick
authors.affiliation: Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Charat Thongprayoon, Michael A Mao, Wonngarm Kittanamongkolchai, Insara J Jaffer Sathick, Tsering Dhondup, Stephen B Erickson, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Tsering
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dhondup
authors.affiliation: Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Charat Thongprayoon, Michael A Mao, Wonngarm Kittanamongkolchai, Insara J Jaffer Sathick, Tsering Dhondup, Stephen B Erickson, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Erickson
keywords: Incidence; Kidney stones; Kidney transplantation; Nephrolithiasis; Transplantation