title: Participant-perceived understanding and perspectives on pharmacogenomics: the Mayo Clinic RIGHT protocol (Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Time).
abstract: To examine predictors of understanding preemptive CYP2D6 pharmacogenomics test results and to identify key features required to improve future educational efforts of preemptive pharmacogenomics testing.
  
  
  
  One thousand ten participants were surveyed after receiving preemptive CYP2D6 pharmacogenomics test results.
  
  
  
  Eighty-six percent (n = 869) of patients responded. Of the responders, 98% were white and 55% were female; 57% had 4 years or more of post-secondary education and an average age of 58.9 ± 5.5 years. Twenty-six percent said that they only somewhat understood their results and 7% reported they did not understand them at all. Only education predicted understanding. The most common suggestion for improvement was the use of layperson's terms when reporting results. In addition, responders suggested that results should be personalized by referring to medications that they were currently using. Of those reporting imperfect drug adherence, most (91%) reported they would be more likely to use medication as prescribed if pharmacogenomic information was used to help select the drug or dose.
  
  
  
  Despite great efforts to simplify pharmacogenomic results (or because of them), approximately one-third of responders did not understand their results. Future efforts need to provide more examples and tailor results to the individual. Incorporation of pharmacogenomics is likely to improve medication adherence.Genet Med advance online publication 05 January 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4944-7789
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.affiliation: Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn R
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2371-3022
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Rohrer Vitek
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Michaela E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McGree
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Debra J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9789-8544
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: St Sauver
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9050-7080
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Caraballo
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8120-3229
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Division of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Veronique L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Roger
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Suzette J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2905-5430
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bielinski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D032882:Comprehension; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting / Q000379:methods; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010361:Patients; D010465:Perception; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6