title: Cardiac biomarkers in pediatric heart disease: A state of art review.
abstract: Every year there are more than 11000 hospitalizations related to heart failure in children resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Over the last two decades, our understanding, diagnosis and management of pediatric heart failure is evolving but our ability to prognosticate outcomes in pediatric heart acute heart failure is extremely limited due to lack of data. In adult heart failure patients, the role of cardiac biomarkers has exponentially increased over the last two decades. Current guidelines for management of heart failure emphasize the role of cardiac biomarkers in diagnosis, management and prognostication of heart failure. It is also noteworthy that these biomarkers reflect important biological processes that also open up the possibility of therapeutic targets. There is however, a significant gap present in the pediatric population with regards to biomarkers in pediatric heart failure. Here, we seek to review available data regarding cardiac biomarkers in the pediatric population and also explore some of the emerging biomarkers from adult literature that may be pertinent to pediatric heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Benedict A Fernandes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Illinois, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL 61637, United States.
authors.forename: Benedict A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Benedict A Fernandes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Illinois, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL 61637, United States.
authors.forename: Kevin O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.affiliation: Benedict A Fernandes, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Illinois, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL 61637, United States.
authors.forename: Shriprasad R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Deshpande
keywords: Biomarkers; Cardiac; Congenital heart disease; Outcomes; Pediatric heart failure