title: Increased thrombin generation in a mouse model of cancer cachexia is partially interleukin-6 dependent.
abstract: Essentials Cancer cachexia and cancer-associated thrombosis have not previously been mechanistically linked. We assessed thrombin generation and coagulation parameters in cachectic C26 tumor-bearing mice. C26 mice are hypercoagulable, partially corrected by blocking tumor derived interleukin-6. Coagulability and anti-inflammatory interventions may be clinically important in cancer cachexia.
  
  
  
  Background Cancer cachexia and cancer-associated thrombosis are potentially fatal outcomes of advanced cancer, which have not previously been mechanistically linked. The colon 26 (C26) carcinoma is a well-established mouse model of complications of advanced cancer cachexia, partially dependent on high levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) produced by the tumor. Objectives To assess if cancer cachexia altered the coagulation state and if this was attributable to tumor IL-6 production. Methods In male BALB/c*DBA2 (F1 hybrid) mice with a C26 tumor we used modified calibrated automated thrombogram and fibrin generation (based on overall hemostatic potential) assays to assess the functional coagulation state, and also examined fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), platelet count, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and hepatic expression of coagulation factors by microarray. C26 mice were compared with non-cachectic NC26, pair-fed and sham control mice. IL-6 expression in C26 cells was knocked down by lentiviral shRNA constructs. Results C26 mice with significant weight loss and highly elevated IL-6 had elevated thrombin generation, fibrinogen, ESR, platelets and TFPI compared with all control groups. Fibrin generation was elevated compared with pair-fed and sham controls but not compared with NC26 tumor mice. Hepatic expression of coagulation factors and fibrinolytic inhibitors was increased. Silencing IL-6 in the tumor significantly, but incompletely, attenuated the increased thrombin generation, fibrinogen and TFPI. Conclusions Cachectic C26 tumor-bearing mice are in a hypercoagulable state, which is partly attributable to IL-6 release by the tumor. The findings support the importance of the coagulation state in cancer cachexia and the clinical utility of anti-inflammatory interventions.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, Australia.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Reddel
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Unit, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, Australia.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Unit, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ehteda
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Unit, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, Australia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, Australia.|Department of Haematology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, Australia.
authors.forename: V M Y
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Curnow
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, Australia.|Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kritharides
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Unit, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, Australia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D002100:Cachexia / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism*; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; D005337:Fibrin; D005340:Fibrinogen; D013917:Thrombin
keywords: blood coagulation; cachexia; interleukin-6; mice; thrombin