title: Agreement among Four Prevalence Metrics for Urogenital Schistosomiasis in the Eastern Region of Ghana.
abstract: Few studies assess agreement amongSchistosoma haematobiumeggs, measured hematuria, and self-reported metrics. We assessed agreement among four metrics at a single time point and analyzed the stability of infection across two time points with a single metric. We used data from the Eastern Region of Ghana and constructed logistic regression models. Girls reporting macrohematuria were 4.1 times more likely to have measured hematuria than girls not reporting macrohematuria (CI95%: 2.1-7.9); girls who swim were 3.6 times more likely to have measured hematuria than nonswimmers (CI95%: 1.6-7.9). For boys, neither self-reported metric was predictive. Girls with measured hematuria in 2010 were 3.3 times more likely to be positive in 2012 (CI95%: 1.01-10.5), but boys showed no association. Boys with measured hematuria in 2008 were 6.0 times more likely to have measured hematuria in 2009 (CI95%: 1.5-23.9) and those with eggs in urine in 2008 were 4.8 times more likely to have eggs in urine in 2009 (CI95%: 1.2-18.8). For girls, measured hematuria in 2008 predicted a positive test in 2009 (OR = 2.8; CI95%: 1.1-6.8), but egg status did not. Agreement between dipstick results and eggs suggests continued dipstick used is appropriate. Self-reported swimming should be further examined. For effective disease monitoring, we recommend annual dipstick testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences, 574 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Initiative for the Forecasting and Modeling of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors.forename: Karen Claire
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5056-7716
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kosinski
authors.affiliation: Initiative for the Forecasting and Modeling of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kulinkina
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tybor
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG581, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Dickson
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osabutey
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG581, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kwabena M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bosompem
authors.affiliation: Initiative for the Forecasting and Modeling of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Elena N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Naumova
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D004531:Eggs / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006417:Hematuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D057566:Self Report; D013550:Swimming