title: Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Porcine Liver in the Temperature Range of Cryotherapy and Hyperthermia (250~315k) by A Thermal Sensor Made of A Micron-Scale Enameled Copper Wire.
abstract: BACKGROUND: Cryotherapy and hyperthermia are effective treatments for several diseases, especially for liver cancers. Thermal conductivity is a significant thermal property for the prediction and guidance of surgical procedure. However, the thermal conductivities of organs and tissues, especially over the temperature range of both cryotherapy and hyperthermia are scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide comprehensive thermal conductivity of liver for both cryotherapy and hyperthermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hot probe made of stain steel needle and micron-sized copper wire is used for measurement. To verify data processing, both the least square method and the Monte Carlo inversion method are used to determine the hot probe constants, respectively, with reference materials of water and 29.9 % Ca2Cl aqueous solution. Then the thermal conductivities of Hanks solution and pork liver bathed in Hanks solution are measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effective length for two methods is nearly the same, but the heat capacity of probe calibrated by the Monte Carlo inversion is temperature dependent. Fairly comprehensive thermal conductivity of porcine liver measured with these two methods in the target temperature range is verified to be similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide an integrated thermal conductivity of liver for cryotherapy and hyperthermia in two methods, and make more accurate predictions possible for surgery. The least square method and the Monte Carlo inversion method have their advantages and disadvantages. The least square method is available for measurement of liquids that not prone to convection or solids in a wide temperature range, while the Monte Carlo inversion method is available for accurate and rapid measurement.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, CHina.
authors.forename: Z D
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei, China. zhaog@ustc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, CHina.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008099:Liver; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D013821:Thermometers
chemical_list: D003300:Copper