title: Oppositional defiant disorder dimensions: genetic influences and risk for later psychopathology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was undertaken to determine how well two oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) dimensions (irritable and headstrong/hurtful) assessed in childhood predict late adolescent psychopathology and the degree to which these outcomes can be attributed to genetic influences shared with ODD dimensions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychopathology was assessed via diagnostic interviews of 1,225 twin pairs at ages 11 and 17.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with hypotheses, the irritable dimension uniquely predicted overall internalizing problems, whereas the headstrong/hurtful dimension uniquely predicted substance use disorder symptoms. Both dimensions were predictive of antisocial behavior and overall externalizing problems. The expected relationships between the irritable dimension and specific internalizing disorders were not found. Twin modeling showed that the irritable and headstrong/hurtful dimensions were related to late adolescent psychopathology symptoms through common genetic influences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms of ODD in childhood pose a significant risk for various mental health outcomes in late adolescence. Further, common genetic influences underlie the covariance between irritable symptoms in childhood and overall internalizing problems in late adolescence, whereas headstrong/hurtful symptoms share genetic influences with substance use disorder symptoms. Antisocial behavior and overall externalizing share common genetic influences with both the irritable and headstrong/hurtful dimensions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.|Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mikolajewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Iacono
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Oppositionality; environmental; genetic; longitudinal; symptom dimensions