title: Determinants of long-term weight change among middle-aged Swedish women.
abstract: To describe the determinants of 12-year weight change among middle-aged women in Sweden.
  
  
  
  In 1991/1992, 49,259 women across Sweden were recruited into a cohort. In 2003, 34,402 (73%) completed follow-up. Lifestyle and health characteristics including weight were collected, and 12-year weight change and substantial weight gain (≥+5.0 kg) were calculated; association between baseline characteristics and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of substantial weight gain were estimated.
  
  
  
  During the 12-year follow-up, 81% of women experienced weight gain. Being above average weight (64.5 kg) at baseline (OR =1.20, 95% CI: 1.14-1.26) and smoking 1 to 9 (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20), 10 to 19 (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.21-1.39), or ≥20 cigarettes daily (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04-1.32) increased a woman's odds of experiencing substantial weight gain (influenced by smoking cessation). In contrast, risk of substantial weight gain was reduced among women 45 to 50 years of age (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.73-0.85), women reporting high alcohol consumption (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83-0.98), and those with medium (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87-1.00) or high (OR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.77-0.90) physical activity levels.
  
  
  
  The majority of women experienced weight gain during middle age. Population-specific determinants of weight gain should guide obesity prevention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Practice, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University Kuwait City, Kuwait.|Division of Public Health, Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Darline
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: El Reda
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ström
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandin
authors.affiliation: Cancer Risk Appraisal and Prevention Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Kyoung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Hans-Olov
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Löf
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.|Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013548:Sweden; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*