title: Whole body vibration (WBV) following spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats: Timing of intervention.
abstract: Following spinal cord injury (SCI), exercise training provides a wide range of benefits and promotes activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Whole body vibration (WBV) in SCI patients improves walking and spasticity as well as bone and muscle mass. However, little is known about the effects of timing or frequency of intervention.
  
  
  
  To determine which WBV-onset improves locomotor and bladder functions and influences synaptic plasticity beneficially.
  
  
  
  SCI was followed by WBV starting 1, 7, 14, 28 days after injury (WBV1, WBV7, etc.) and continued for 12 weeks. Intact animals and those receiving SCI but no WBV (No WBV), SCI plus WBV twice daily (2×WBV) and SCI followed by passive hindlimb flexion-extension (PFE) served as controls. Locomotor [BBB rating, foot stepping angle (FSA) and rump-height index (RHI)] as well as bladder function were determined at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. Following perfusion fixation at 12 weeks, lesion volume and immunofluorescence for astrogliosis (GFAP), microglia (IBA1) and synaptic vesicles (synaptophysin, SYN) were determined.
  
  
  
  Compared to the No WBV group, the WB7 and WBV14 groups showed significantly faster speeds of BBB score recovery though this effect was temporary. Considering RHI we detected a sustained improvement in the WBV14 and PFE groups. Bladder function was better in the WBV14, WBV28, 2×WBV and PFE groups. Synaptophysin levels improved in response to WBV7 and WBV14, but worsened after WBV28 in parallel to an increased IBA1 expression. Correlation- and principal components analysis revealed complex relationships between behavioural (BBB, FSA, RHI) and morphological (GFAP, IBA1, SYN) measurements.
  
  
  
  WBV started 14 days after SCI provides the most benefit (RHI, bladder); starting at 1day after SCI provides no benefit and starting at 28 days may be detrimental. Increasing the intensity of WBV to twice daily did not provide additional benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Marilena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manthou
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Diana Saad Yousif
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Abdulla
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Medical University Varna, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Stoyan Pavlov
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Pavlov
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bendella
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nohroudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Carolin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozsoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Umut
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ozsoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Behram Kandemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sarikcioglu
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Semler
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Eckhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schoenau
authors.affiliation: Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dunlop
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Doychin Nikolov
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Angelov
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism; D014732:Vibration / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: C100745:Aif1 protein, rat; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D016708:Synaptophysin
keywords: Spinal cord injury; astroglia; immunofluorescence; locomotor and bladder function recovery; microglia; synaptic plasticity; whole body vibration