title: Influence of ultrasonic activation over final irrigants in the removal of photosensitizer from root canal walls after photodynamic therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of ultrasonic activation (US) of the final irrigant in the removal of the photosensitizer from root canal walls after photodynamic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The root canals of 60 single-rooted bovine extracted teeth were filled with 0.01% methylene blue and submitted to photodynamic therapy for 90s. After that, the roots were divided into six groups (n=10) according to the final irrigation protocol: distilled water (DW), DW+US, 17% EDTA, QMix, EDTA+US, and QMix+US. Then, the samples were submitted to scanning electron microscopy where a scoring system was used to evaluate the images and effectiveness of proposed treatments in the cervical, middle and apical regions of the root canals. The data were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests for intergroup comparisons as well as the Wilcoxon and Friedman tests for intragroup comparisons at 5% of significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 17% EDTA+US and QMix+US treatments were most effective in the removal of the photosensitizer in all regions of the root canal; the difference was statistically significant when compared to all other groups (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the intragroup analysis comparing the effectiveness in the different regions of the same group (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US can aid 17% EDTA and QMix in removing the photosensitizer after photodynamic therapy and contributes to cleaning root canal walls.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: matheus292@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Matheus Albino
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pazinatto
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karolina Frick
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Huriel Scartazzini
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Palhano
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Doglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cecchin
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Antônio Poli
authors.initials: JAP
authors.lastname: de Figueiredo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001645:Biguanides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002417:Cattle; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D001645:Biguanides; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011108:Polymers; C557698:QMix root canal irrigant; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D014867:Water; D004492:Edetic Acid; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: EDTA; Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitizer; QMix; Ultrasonic activation