title: Rapidly cell-penetrating and reductive milieu-responsive nanoaggregates assembled from an amphiphilic folate-camptothecin prodrug for enhanced drug delivery and controlled release.
abstract: Accurate diagnosis and treatment based on small molecular prodrugs can enhance drug efficiency and reduce side-effects during cancer therapy. Herein, we report the preparation of a type of glutathione (GSH)-responsive small prodrug delivery system based on targeting folic acid (FA) and conjugating with the hydrophobic antitumor drug camptothecin (CPT) via disulfide bonds. The obtained prodrug is capable of high and precise drug loading (36.8 wt%) and can self-assemble into nanoaggregates with an average size of 46.4 nm in an aqueous solution. The GSH-triggered release of CPT can reach a maximum of 82% under 10 mM GSH in 60 h, which is dramatically higher than 12% of CPT released in a physiological environment. More interestingly, the resulting prodrug can also work as a "switchable" fluorescence probe, which exhibits fluorescence changes in response to GSH stimulus or FA receptors on the membranes of tumor cells. Specifically, the fluorescence of the prodrug is quenched in the physiological environments, whereas strong fluorescence is activated in the tumoral microenvironment expressing high levels of GSH or when the FA terminal is conjugated with the receptors on the membranes of tumor cells. Furthermore, the FA-CPT prodrug shows a superior specificity and higher cytotoxicity for FA receptor-positive KB tumor cells as compared to those of FA receptor-negative A549 tumor cells. Therefore, we believe that this FA-CPT prodrug can be used for the recognition and diagnosis of tumor cells and it also provides a promising modality towards an effective cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty for Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China. zgxu@swu.edu.cn yjkang@swu.edu.cn and Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1805-5061
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty for Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China. zgxu@swu.edu.cn yjkang@swu.edu.cn and Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Meili
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty for Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China. zgxu@swu.edu.cn yjkang@swu.edu.cn and Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty for Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China. zgxu@swu.edu.cn yjkang@swu.edu.cn and Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yong-E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty for Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China. zgxu@swu.edu.cn yjkang@swu.edu.cn and Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shiying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty for Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China. zgxu@swu.edu.cn yjkang@swu.edu.cn and Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yuejun
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1021-0349
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011355:Prodrugs; D005492:Folic Acid; D005978:Glutathione; D002166:Camptothecin