title: Echinacea purpurea Extract Polarizes M1 Macrophages in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Through the Activation of JNK.
abstract: Echinacea purpurea is an indigenous North American purple cone flower used by North Americans for treatment of various infectious diseases and wounds. This study investigated the effect of polysaccharide enriched extract of Echinacea purpurea (EE) on the polarization of macrophages. The results showed that 100 µg/mL of EE could markedly activate the macrophage by increasing the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHCII molecules. Meanwhile, EE upregulated the markers of classically activated macrophages (M1) such as CCR7 and the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, TNF-αand NO. The functional tests showed that EE enhanced the phagocytic and intracellular bactericidal activity of macrophage against ST. Furthermore, we demonstrated that JNK are required for EE-induced NO and M1-related cytokines production. Together, these results demonstrated that EE can polarize macrophages towards M1 phenotype, which is dependent on the JNK signaling pathways. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2664-2671, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Aikun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Shandong Qilu Animal Health Co., Ltd, Jinan, Shangdong, China.
authors.forename: Hongliang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: California Baptist University, Riverside, 92504, California.
authors.forename: Shasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Weifen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D020900:Echinacea / Q000737:chemistry*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D010936:Plant Extracts; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4
keywords: ECHINACEA PURPUREA; INFLAMMATION; JNK; MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION