title: Relationship between urinary sodium with blood pressure and hypertension among a Kazakh community population in Xinjiang, China.
abstract: Urinary sodium levels are reported to be associated with blood pressure in clinical trials and epidemiology studies. Nevertheless, the public health message of reducing sodium intake in free-living community populations remains under debate. Based on an ongoing prospective study initiated in 2012 with a community-based design in Xinjiang, China, 1668 adults (⩾30 years old) were assessed in the current study for associations between urinary sodium and blood pressure and hypertension in a free-living population of Kazakh people. After excluding 223 people on antihypertensive medication, 1445 participants were analyzed. Second urine samples after waking were used to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion, which is a marker for sodium intake. Following analyses, we found that the distribution of systolic and diastolic blood pressures moved upward with increasing quartiles of urinary sodium. After adjusting for age, differences in median systolic blood pressure were 8.5 mm Hg for men and 8.0 mm Hg for women between the top and bottom urinary sodium quartiles, and differences for diastolic blood pressure were 4.7 mm Hg for men and 4.3 mm Hg for women. A significant increased risk for hypertension was observed for the top quartile of urinary sodium after adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption, with corresponding odds ratios being 1.61 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-2.54) for men and 1.92 (95% CI: 1.13-3.27) for women. Improving education about reducing salt intake is of particular public importance to reduce blood pressure and the risk for hypertension among the Kazakh people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: The People's Hospital of Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: The People's Hospital of Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The People's Hospital of Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Hong Dun Town Hospital, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asaiti
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The People's Hospital of Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D012964:Sodium