title: Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius in small animals in Finland.
abstract: To investigate antimicrobial susceptibility in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and the occurrence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), to explore the molecular structure of the MRSP population and to analyse risk factors for MRSP.
  
  
  
  Susceptibility data for clinical S. pseudintermedius isolates in 2011-15 were analysed using WHONET. All MRSP isolates in 2010-14 ( n  =   362) were typed using PFGE. Representative isolates ( n  =   87) of clusters were analysed using MLST and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) typing. Risk factors were analysed using logistic regression.
  
  
  
  Of the clinical S. pseudintermedius ( n  =   1958; 98% from dogs), 14% were MRSP. Resistance to other antimicrobials varied between 12% and 39%. No trends were observed over time. Among clinical specimens (from infection sites) and screening specimens (from potential carriers), respectively, 2.5% (267/10 813) and 9% (211/2434) revealed MRSP. MLST revealed 42 different STs, including 19 new ones. Clonal complexes 71, 45 and 258 were the most common, but the MRSP population diversified over the years. A clinical S. pseudintermedius isolate was more likely to be MRSP if the patient was on antimicrobials at the time of sampling or was male. The presence of MRSP in screening specimens was more likely if the patient was on multiple antimicrobials at the time of sampling. Specimens from private clinics (versus the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Helsinki) had a higher likelihood of MRSP in both analyses.
  
  
  
  Resistance to antimicrobials among S. pseudintermedius in Finland is high, emphasizing the importance of infection control measures and susceptibility testing prior to therapy. The diverse MRSP population indicates non-clonal spread.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grönthal
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Marjut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Katariina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Piiparinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 66, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sironen
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rantala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004285:Dogs; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification