title: Protective Effects of L-Carnitine Against Delayed Graft Function in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Pilot, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.
abstract: Delayed graft function (DGF) is an early complication after deceased donor kidney transplantation with significant adverse effects on graft outcomes. Ischemia-reperfusion injury during transplantation is a major cause of DGF. Tissue concentrations of carnitine, an antioxidant and regulator of cellular energy supply, decrease in the kidney following ischemia-reperfusion insult. Based on promising animal data, this study evaluated the possible protective effect of L-carnitine against DGF.
  
  
  
  This study is a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that was conducted on kidney transplantation patients in kidney transplant ward of Imam Khomeini hospital complex affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  
  
  
  Patients older than 14 years old undergoing their first kidney transplantation from a deceased donor were evaluated for eligibility to take part in this study. Fifty-six patients were randomly assigned to L-carnitine or placebo groups.
  
  
  
  During this trial, 3 g of oral L-carnitine or placebo was administered in 3 divided doses each day for 4 consecutive days starting the day before kidney transplantation (i.e., days -1, 0, 1, and 2).
  
  
  
  The need for dialysis within the first week after transplantation, serum creatinine and urine output were assessed daily. After hospital discharge, patients were followed for 3 months regarding organ function.
  
  
  
  DGF incidence did not differ between the L-carnitine and placebo groups (18.51% vs. 23.8%, respectively; P = .68). Total allograft failure within 3 months after kidney transplantation happened in 6 patients in the placebo and 1 patient in the L-carnitine group (P = .05).
  
  
  
  This study showed no protective effects of oral L-carnitine supplementation against DGF occurrence recipients; however, 3-month graft loss was lower in the L-carnitine supplemented group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Atefeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Khatami
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: dashtis@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dashti-Khavidaki
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahboob
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lessan-Pezeshki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Valie-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdollahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moghaddas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002331:Carnitine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D051799:Delayed Graft Function / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D002331:Carnitine