title: Early Administration of Glutamine Protects Cardiomyocytes from Post-Cardiac Arrest Acidosis.
abstract: Postcardiac arrest acidosis can decrease survival. Effective medications without adverse side effects are still not well characterized. We aimed to analyze whether early administration of glutamine could improve survival and protect cardiomyocytes from postcardiac arrest acidosis using animal and cell models. Forty Wistar rats with postcardiac arrest acidosis (blood pH < 7.2) were included. They were divided into study (500 mg/kg L-alanyl-L-glutamine,n= 20) and control (normal saline,n= 20) groups. Each of the rats received resuscitation. The outcomes were compared between the two groups. In addition, cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells were exposed to HBSS with different pH levels (7.3 or 6.5) or to culture medium (control). Apoptosis-related markers and beating function were analyzed. We found that the duration of survival was significantly longer in the study group (p< 0.05). In addition, in pH 6.5 or pH 7.3 HBSS buffer, the expression levels of cell stress (p53) and apoptosis (caspase-3, Bcl-xL) markers were significantly lower in cardiomyocytes treated with 50 mM L-glutamine than those without L-glutamine (RT-PCR). L-glutamine also increased the beating function of cardiomyocytes, especially at the lower pH level (6.5). More importantly, glutamine decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increased these cells' beating function at a low pH level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yan-Ren
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9015-2678
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chao-Jui
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7777-2215
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Syu
authors.affiliation: Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Waradee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Buddhakosai
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric General Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Han-Ping
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0069-4183
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hsu Chen
authors.affiliation: Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Huai-En
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0875-9321
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Liang
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4308-3128
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine