title: Non-invasive assessment of muscle injury in healthy and dystrophic animals with electrical impedance myography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dystrophic muscle is particularly susceptible to eccentric contraction-induced injury. We tested the hypothesis that electrical impedance myography (EIM) can detect injury induced by maximal-force lengthening contractions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We induced injury in the quadriceps of wild-type (WT) and dystrophic (mdx) mice with eccentric contractions using an established model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mdx quadriceps had significantly greater losses in peak twitch and tetany compared with losses in WT quadriceps. Injured muscle showed a significant increase in EIM characteristic frequency in both WT (177 ± 7.7%) and mdx (167 ± 7.8%) quadriceps. EIM also revealed decreased extracellular resistance for both WT and mdx quadriceps after injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show overall agreement between muscle function and EIM measurements of injured muscle, indicating that EIM is a viable tool to assess injury in dystrophic muscle. Muscle Nerve 56: E85-E94, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1594-9847
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, AHB, Room 540, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Shama R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kush
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Seward B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rutkove
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, AHB, Room 540, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lovering
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017097:Electric Impedance; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009213:Myography / Q000379:methods; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; edema; electrical impedance myography; in-vivo injury