title: Risk factors, perceptions and practices associated with Taenia solium cysticercosis and its control in the smallholder pig production systems in Uganda: a cross-sectional survey.
abstract: Prevalence studies report Taenia solium cysticercosis in pig and human populations in Uganda. However, the factors influencing occurrence in smallholder pig production systems are not well documented and little is known about farmers' perceptions of T. solium cysticercosis or farmer practices that could reduce transmission.
  
  
  
  To determine the risk factors, perceptions and practices regarding T. solium cysticercosis, a household survey using a semi-structured questionnaire was conducted in 1185 households in the rural and urban pig production systems in Masaka, Mukono and Kamuli Districts. Logistic regression was used to measure associations of risk factors with infection. Performance scores were calculated to summarise perceptions and practices of farmers regarding taeniosis, human cysticercosis and porcine cysticercosis as well as farmer behavior related to control or breaking transmission.
  
  
  
  Pig breed type, farmers' knowledge about transmission, sources of water used, and pig keeping homes where family members were unable to use the latrine were all significantly associated with T. solium cysticercosis in pigs. Performance scores indicated that farmers were more aware of taeniosis (63.0%; 95% Confidence Interval 60.0-65.8) than human or porcine cysticercosis; only three farmers (0.3%, 95% CI = 0.1-0.8) had knowledge on all three conditions. More farmers reported that they dewormed pigs (94.1%) than reported deworming themselves and their family members (62.0%). Albendazole was the most commonly used drug for deworming both pigs and humans (85.0 and 81.5% respectively). Just over half (54.6%) of the farmers interviewed had clean water near the latrines for washing hands. Of these, only 41.9% used water with soap to wash hands after latrine use.
  
  
  
  Factors that significantly influenced occurrence of T. solium cysticercosis in pigs were identified. Farmers had some knowledge about the disease but did not link taeniosis, human cysticercosis, and porcine cysticercosis. Therefore, there is need to employ strategies that raise awareness and interrupt transmission.
authors.affiliation: National Livestock Resources Research Institute, P. O. Box 96, Tororo, Uganda. kungu@live.com.|College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. kungu@live.com.|International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda. kungu@live.com.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kungu
authors.affiliation: International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Michel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Dione
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ejobi
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ocaido
authors.affiliation: International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Delia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grace
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003551:Cysticercosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013552:Swine / Q000469:parasitology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D041201:Taenia solium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Humans; Perceptions; Pigs; Risk factors; T. solium; Uganda; Zoonosis