title: Altered Monocyte and Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression Is Linked to Vascular Inflammation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals have increased risk for vascular thrombosis, potentially driven by interactions between activated leukocytes and the endothelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monocyte subsets (CD14+CD16-, CD14+CD16+, CD14DimCD16+) from HIV negative (HIV-) and antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV positive (HIV+) participants (N = 19 and 49) were analyzed by flow cytometry for adhesion molecule expression (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 [LFA-1], macrophage-1 antigen [Mac-1], CD11c/CD18, very late antigen [VLA]-4) and the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1); these receptors recognize ligands (intercellular adhesion molecules [ICAMs], vascular cell adhesion molecule [VCAM]-1, fractalkine) on activated endothelial cells (ECs) and promote vascular migration. Plasma markers of monocyte (soluble [s]CD14, sCD163) and EC (VCAM-1, ICAM-1,2, fractalkine) activation and systemic (tumor necrosis factor receptor [TNFR-I], TNFR-II) and vascular (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2[Lp-PLA2]) inflammation were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proportions of CD16+monocyte subsets were increased in HIV+participants. Among all monocyte subsets, levels of LFA-1 were increased and CX3CR1 levels were decreased in HIV+participants (P< .01). Levels of sCD163, sCD14, fractalkine, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNFR-II, and Lp-PLA2were also increased in HIV+participants (P< .05), and levels of sCD14, TNFR-I, and TNFR-II were directly related to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels in HIV+participants. Expression of CX3CR1 on monocyte subsets was inversely related to plasma Lp-PLA2(P< .05 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased proportions of CD16+monocytes, cells with altered adhesion molecule expression, combined with elevated levels of their ligands, may promote vascular inflammation in HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University , Columbus.
authors.forename: Manjusha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University , Columbus.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University , Columbus.
authors.forename: Janelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University , Columbus.
authors.forename: Taylor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Amburgy
authors.affiliation: National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayne
authors.affiliation: Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center , Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Zidar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ohio State University , Columbus.
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maierhofer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ohio State University , Columbus.
authors.forename: Abigail Norris
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ohio State University , Columbus.
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bazan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ohio State University , Columbus.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Koletar
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland , Ohio.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lederman
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland , Ohio.
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sieg
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University , Columbus.
authors.forename: Nicholas T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Funderburg
keywords: HIV; adhesion molecules; fractalkine; lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; monocytes.