title: Bibi ergo sum: the effects of a placebo and contextual alcohol cues on motivation to drink alcohol.
abstract: Acute 'priming' doses of alcohol reliably increase alcohol-seeking behaviour in social drinkers. However, the effects of the anticipated (rather than pharmacological) effects of alcohol, and their interaction with contextual alcohol cues, are not well understood.
  
  
  
  This study aims to determine the extent to which an alcohol-placebo drink increases craving, subjective intoxication and beer consumption, while conjointly investigating the impact of contextual alcohol cues.
  
  
  
  On a within-subject basis, 64 undergraduate social drinkers consumed both a placebo (which they believed to contain alcohol) and a control drink (which they knew did not contain alcohol) in different sessions. Participants completed the study procedures in a bar laboratory designed to look like a 'pub' or a standard psychology lab containing no alcohol-related cues. Craving (Desires for Alcohol Questionnaire) and subjective intoxication were measured pre- and post-drink, and a bogus taste test to measure ad-lib alcohol consumption was completed at the end of each session.
  
  
  
  Compared to the control drink, placebo significantly increased craving, ad-lib consumption and subjective intoxication, regardless of environmental context.
  
  
  
  Increased craving and ad-lib alcohol consumption after consuming a priming dose of alcohol is at least partly attributable to the anticipated rather than the pharmacological effects of the priming dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK. prc@liverpool.ac.uk.|UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS), Nottingham, UK. prc@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.|UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS), Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Knibb
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.|UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS), Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Field
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000067292:Alcohol Drinking in College / Q000523:psychology*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication; D001515:Beer; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D066249:Craving; D003463:Cues; D058999:Drug-Seeking Behavior; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010919:Placebos / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D010919:Placebos; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Alcohol; Anticipated effects; Context; Craving; Placebo; Priming