title: Neonicotinoids transference from the field to the hive by honey bees: Towards a pesticide residues biomonitor.
abstract: The beehive as a quantitative monitor of pesticide residues applied over a soybean crop was studied through a semi field experiment of controlled exposure of honey bees to pesticides in macro tunnels. The distribution within exposed beehives of pesticides commonly used in soybean plantation, was assessed. Residue levels of insecticides in soybean leaves, honey bees, wax, honey and pollen were analyzed. The transference from pesticides present in the environment into the beehive was evidenced. The obtained results allow relating pesticide concentrations present in the environment with traces found in foraging bees. Therefore, pesticide transference ratios could be calculated for each detected compound (acetamiprid, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) which showed a linear inverse trend with their 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow). The least transferred pesticide to the hive (acetamiprid) has the highest vapor pressure (Vp). This study gives new insights on the usefulness of monitoring the environment through beehives aiming to evaluate if agroecosystems remain sustainable. It also contributes to generate valuable information for model building aiming to predict environmental quality through beehive's analysis.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de la República, CENUR Litoral Norte Sede Paysandú, DQL, PAAP, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Silvina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niell
authors.affiliation: Universidad de la República, CENUR Litoral Norte Sede Paysandú, DQL, PAAP, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Florencia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jesús
authors.affiliation: Universidad de la República, CENUR Litoral Norte Sede Paysandú, DQL, PAAP, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Universidad de la República, CENUR Litoral Norte Sede Paysandú, DQL, PAAP, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Universidad de la República, CENUR Litoral Norte Sede Paysandú, DQL, PAAP, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pareja
authors.affiliation: Universidad de la República, CENUR Litoral Norte Sede Paysandú, DQL, PAAP, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbate
authors.affiliation: Production and Environmental Sustainability, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA), Uruguay.
authors.forename: Leonidas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Letelier
authors.affiliation: Beekeeping Unit, INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Sebastián
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.affiliation: Beekeeping Unit, INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Yamandú
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Universidad de la República, Facultad de Química, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo, Uruguay; Universidad de la República, CENUR Litoral Norte Sede Paysandú, Polo Holistico, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cesio
authors.affiliation: Universidad de la República, CENUR Litoral Norte Sede Paysandú, DQL, PAAP, Ruta 3 km 363, Paysandú, Uruguay; Universidad de la República, Facultad de Química, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo, Uruguay. Electronic address: heinzen@fq.edu.uy.
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heinzen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids / Q000032:analysis*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry; D013025:Glycine max; D014885:Waxes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D014885:Waxes
keywords: Acetamiprid; Beehive; Imidacloprid; Soybean crop; Thiamethoxam