title: On the ecosystemic network of saliva in healthy young adults.
abstract: A dysbiotic state is believed to be a key factor in the onset of oral disease. Although oral diseases have been studied for decades, our understanding of oral health, the boundaries of a healthy oral ecosystem and ecological shift toward dysbiosis is still limited. Here, we present the ecobiological heterogeneity of the salivary ecosystem and relations between the salivary microbiome, salivary metabolome and host-related biochemical salivary parameters in 268 healthy adults after overnight fasting. Gender-specific differences in the microbiome and metabolome were observed and were associated with salivary pH and dietary protein intake. Our analysis grouped the individuals into five microbiome and four metabolome-based clusters that significantly related to biochemical parameters of saliva. Low salivary pH and high lysozyme activity were associated with high proportions of streptococcal phylotypes and increased membrane-lipid degradation products. Samples with high salivary pH displayed increased chitinase activity, higher abundance of Veillonella and Prevotella species and higher levels of amino acid fermentation products, suggesting proteolytic adaptation. An over-specialization toward either a proteolytic or a saccharolytic ecotype may indicate a shift toward a dysbiotic state. Their prognostic value and the degree to which these ecotypes are related to increased disease risk remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Egija
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1432-6194
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zaura
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bernd W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2789-7789
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prodan
authors.affiliation: Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten Joost
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Teixeira de Mattos
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sultan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imangaliyev
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jolanda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kool
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Buijs
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ferry Lpw
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Jagers
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nienke L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Hennequin-Hoenderdos
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dagmar E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Slot
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elena A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nicu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology, Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maxim D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lagerweij
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marleen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Janus
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Animal Sciences, Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcela M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5314-9659
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Gutierrez
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Evgeni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bastiaan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Krom
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Enno Ci
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Veerman
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Animal Sciences, Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleerebezem
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bruno G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Loos
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: van der Weijden
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Crielaard
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Life and Social Sciences, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart Jf
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Keijser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D064806:Dysbiosis; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D064307:Microbiota; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult