title: Effects of smartphone-based memory training for older adults with subjective memory complaints: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: We explored whether newly developed application (Smartphone-based brain Anti-aging and memory Reinforcement Training, SMART) improved memory performance in older adults with subjective memory complaints (SMC).
  
  
  
  A total of 53 adults (range: 50-68 years; 52.8% female) were randomized into either one of two intervention groups [SMART (n = 18) vs. Fit Brains® (n = 19)] or a wait-list group (n = 16). Participants in the intervention groups underwent 15-20 minutes of training per day, five days per week for 8 weeks. We used objective cognitive measures to evaluate changes with respect to four domains: attention, memory, working memory (WM), and response inhibition. In addition, we included self-report questionnaires to assess levels of SMC, depression, and anxiety.
  
  
  
  Total WM quotient [t(17) = 6.27, p < .001] as well as auditory-verbal WM score [t(17) = 4.45, p < .001] increased significantly in the SMART group but not in the control groups. Self-reports of memory contentment, however, increased in the Fit Brains® group only [t(18) = 2.12, p < .05).
  
  
  
  Use of an 8-week smartphone-based memory training program may improve WM function in older adults. However, objective improvement in performance does not necessarily lead to decreased SMC.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Medical Sciences , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Seo Jin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7275-7681
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: b Department of Neuropsychiatry , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Sungmin
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6881-6143
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: c Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3527-2968
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: b Department of Neuropsychiatry , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Myeong Ju
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9036-7484
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: b Department of Neuropsychiatry , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Korea.|c Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Korea.|d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Sup
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9840-6997
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000072466:Cognitive Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D063731:Mobile Applications; D000068997:Smartphone; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Aging; cognition; executive function; memory; smartphone