title: Evaluating the effectiveness of an empowerment program for self-care in type 2 diabetes: a cluster randomized trial.
abstract: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing substantially worldwide, leading to serious economic effects, complications and deaths. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an empowerment program providing support for psychosocial, behavioral, and clinical aspects of diabetes to help Brazilian users of public health services obtain metabolic control of this condition.
  
  
  
  In this cluster randomized trial, participants aged 30-80 diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were recruited from ten Brazilian public health units in 2014 and 2015. Five units were randomly assigned to receive the empowerment program based on a behavior change protocol, and five continued to receive only conventional treatment. The primary outcome was the biochemical and anthropometric parameters, and the secondary outcomes were self-care, attitude, knowledge and empowerment related to diabetes. The effect of the experiment was defined as the percentage variation between the values at the initial and final periods. To evaluate this effect and to compare it in the two groups, tests were used for paired and independent samples, respectively.
  
  
  
  There were 238 participants: 127 and 111 in the intervention and control group, respectively. For glycated hemoglobin, the mean effect in the control and intervention groups was 3.93 and -5.13, respectively (p < 0.001). Levels of glycated hemoglobin and other metabolic indicators, as well as the most part of the secondary outcomes showed a significant difference in the experimental group compared to the control group.
  
  
  
  The empowerment program improved metabolic control of type 2 diabetes in Brazilian users.
  
  
  
  NCT02132338 - April 22, 2014.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of São João del-Rei (Centro Oeste Campus), Divinópolis, Brasil. danielcortez@ufsj.edu.br.|School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. danielcortez@ufsj.edu.br.|Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, sala 302.1D, Divinópolis, MG, ZIP CODE: 35.501-296, Brazil. danielcortez@ufsj.edu.br.
authors.forename: Daniel Nogueira
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Cortez
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maísa Mara Lopes
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora Aparecida Silva
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jéssica Caroline
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gesana Sousa
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Afonso
authors.affiliation: Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ilka Afonso
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heloísa de Carvalho
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001938:Brazil; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011209:Power, Psychological; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Diabetes type 2; Health education; Primary health care; Randomized controlled trial; Self care