title: Collaboration between employers and occupational health service providers: a systematic review of key characteristics.
abstract: Employees are major contributors to economic development, and occupational health services (OHS) can have an important role in supporting their health. Key to this is collaboration between employers and OHS. We reviewed the evidence regarding the characteristics of good collaboration between employers and OHS providers that is essential to construct more effective collaboration and services.
  
  
  
  A systematic review of the factors of good collaboration between employers and OHS providers was conducted. We searched five databases between January 2000 and March 2016 and back referenced included articles. Two reviewers evaluated 639 titles, 63 abstracts and 20 full articles, and agreed that six articles, all on qualitative studies, met the predetermined relevance and publication criteria and were included. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer and analysed using thematic analysis.
  
  
  
  Three themes and nine subthemes related to good collaboration were identified. The first theme included time, space and contract requirements for effective collaboration with three subthemes (i.e., key characteristics): flexible OHS/flexible contracts including tailor-made services accounting for the needs of the employer, geographical proximity of the stakeholders allowing easy access to services, and long-term contracts as collaboration develops over time. The second theme was related to characteristics of the dialogue in effective collaboration that consisted of shared goals, reciprocity, frequent contact and trust. According to the third theme the definition of roles of the stakeholders was important; OHS providers should have competence and knowledge about the workplace, become strategic partners with the employers as well as provide quality services.
  
  
  
  Although literature regarding collaboration between the employers and OHS providers was limited, we identified several key factors that contribute to effective collaboration. This information is useful in developing indicators of effective collaboration that will enable organisation of more effective OHS practices.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 310, 70101, Kuopio, Finland. jaana.halonen@ttl.fi.
authors.forename: Jaana I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Halonen
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Finland, Finland.
authors.forename: Salla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 310, 70101, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakulinen
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 310, 70101, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Sanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pesonen
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Finland, Finland.|Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Uimalankatu 1, 33101, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uitti
mesh_terms: D032982:Contracts; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D016272:Occupational Health; D009786:Occupational Health Services; D036301:Qualitative Research; D035502:Trust; D017132:Workplace
keywords: Collaboration; Employee; Employer; Occupational health service; Workplace