title: Neuroprotective Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cognitive Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation Induced by β-Amyloid in Rats.
abstract: Neuroinflammation is pathological evidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that likely starts as a host defense response to the damaging effects of the β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits in the brain. The activation of microglia may promote the neurodegenerative process through the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), which may lead to neuronal damage and eventual death. Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been reported to have multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of AGE on Aβ (1-42)-induced cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Adult male Wistar rats were given AGE (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW, body weight), orally administered, daily for 56 days. They were then injected with 1 μL of aggregated Aβ (1-42) into the lateral ventricles; bilaterally. Seven days later, their recognition memory was evaluated using a novel object recognition (NOR) test. Then the rats were sacrificed to investigate the alteration of microglia cells, IL-1β and TNFα in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The results indicated that AGE at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg BW significantly improved short-term recognition memory in cognitively impaired rats. In addition, AGE significantly minimized the inflammatory response by reducing the activation of microglia and IL-1β to the levels found in the control, which is similar to the results found in Celebrex-treated rats. In conclusion, AGE may be useful for improving the short-term recognition memory and relieve the neuroinflammation in Aβ-induced rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. nutchareeporn16@gmail.com.|Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. nutchareeporn16@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nutchareeporn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nillert
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. wankun@kku.ac.th.|Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. wankun@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Wanassanun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pannangrong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. jariya@kku.ac.th.|Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. jariya@kku.ac.th.|Neuroscience Research and Development Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. jariya@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Jariya Umka
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Welbat
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. cwunnee@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Wunnee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chaijaroonkhanarak
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. skitti@kku.ac.th.|Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. skitti@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Kittisak
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sripanidkulchai
authors.affiliation: Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. bungorn@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Bungorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sripanidkulchai
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005737:Garlic / Q000737:chemistry*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42)
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; aged garlic extract; neuroinflammation; neuroprotection; object recognition; β-amyloid