title: Fine particulates over South Asia: Review and meta-analysis of PM2.5source apportionment through receptor model.
abstract: Fine particulates (PM2.5) constitute dominant proportion of airborne particulates and have been often associated with human health disorders, changes in regional climate, hydrological cycle and more recently to food security. Intrinsic properties of particulates are direct function of sources. This initiates the necessity of conducting a comprehensive review on PM2.5sources over South Asia which in turn may be valuable to develop strategies for emission control. Particulate source apportionment (SA) through receptor models is one of the existing tool to quantify contribution of particulate sources. Review of 51 SA studies were performed of which 48 (94%) were appeared within a span of 2007-2016. Almost half of SA studies (55%) were found concentrated over few typical urban stations (Delhi, Dhaka, Mumbai, Agra and Lahore). Due to lack of local particulate source profile and emission inventory, positive matrix factorization and principal component analysis (62% of studies) were the primary choices, followed by chemical mass balance (CMB, 18%). Metallic species were most regularly used as source tracers while use of organic molecular markers and gas-to-particle conversion were minimum. Among all the SA sites, vehicular emissions (mean ± sd: 37 ± 20%) emerged as most dominating PM2.5source followed by industrial emissions (23 ± 16%), secondary aerosols (22 ± 12%) and natural sources (20 ± 15%). Vehicular emissions (39 ± 24%) also identified as dominating source for highly polluted sites (PM2.5>100 μgm-3, n = 15) while site specific influence of either or in combination of industrial, secondary aerosols and natural sources were recognized. Source specific trends were considerably varied in terms of region and seasonality. Both natural and industrial sources were most influential over Pakistan and Afghanistan while over Indo-Gangetic plain, vehicular, natural and industrial emissions appeared dominant. Influence of vehicular emission was found single dominating source over southern part while over Bangladesh, both vehicular, biomass burning and industrial sources were significant.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
authors.forename: Vishnu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Murari
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Environmental Monitoring Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Barman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Electronic address: tb.iesd@bhu.ac.in.
authors.forename: Tirthankar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001208:Asia; D001459:Bangladesh; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010154:Pakistan; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D007220:Industrial Waste; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Aerosol; Biomass burning; Indo-Gangetic plain; Receptor model; South Asia