title: Nature meets nurture in religious and spiritual development.
abstract: We consider nurture's (including culture's) sculpting influences on the evolved psychological predispositions that are expressed in religious and spiritual (R&S) development. An integrated understanding of R&S development requires a move away from the largely one-sided (nature-or-nurture) and additive (nature + nurture) accounts provided in the extant literature. R&S development has been understood as an expression of evolved cognitive modules (nature) on the one hand, and of socialization and social learning (nurture) on the other, or in similar albeit additive terms (e.g., nature produces the brain/mind, culture fills in the details). We argue that humans' evolved psychological predispositions are substantially co-shaped by environmental/cultural input, such as relational experiences and modelling at the microlevel through belief and value systems at the macrolevel. Nurture's sculpting of nature is, then, expressed in R&S development. Finally, for heuristic purposes, we illustrate a fully integrated nature-nurture model with attachment theory and its application to R&S development. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Development unfolds as a function of nature-nurture interaction. R&S development has mostly been understood from the point of view of separate nature or nurture models. What does this study add? A collected consideration of the intricate interactions between nature and nurture in development. A sketch, examples, and a conceptual toolbox of how nature and nurture interact in R&S development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Pehr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Granqvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nkara
mesh_terms: D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012069:Religion and Psychology
keywords: attachment; culture; development; evolution; interaction; religion; spirituality