title: Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the Netherlands from 2003/2004 through 2013/2014: The Importance of Circulating Influenza Virus Types and Subtypes.
abstract: Influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) varies over different influenza seasons and virus (sub)types/lineages. To assess the association between IVE and circulating influenza virus (sub)types/lineages, we estimated the overall and (sub)type specific IVE in the Netherlands. We conducted a test-negative case control study among subjects with influenza-like illness or acute respiratory tract infection consulting the Sentinel Practices over 11 influenza seasons (2003/2004 through 2013/2014) in the Netherlands. The adjusted IVE was estimated using generalized linear mixed modelling and multiple logistic regression. In seven seasons vaccine strains did not match the circulating viruses. Overall adjusted IVE was 40% (95% CI 18 to 56%) and 20% (95% CI -5 to 38%) when vaccine (partially)matched and mismatched the circulating viruses, respectively. When A(H3N2) was the predominant virus, IVE was 38% (95% CI 14 to 55%). IVE against infection with former seasonal A(H1N1) virus was 83% (95% CI 52 to 94%), and with B virus 67% (95% CI 55 to 76%). In conclusion IVE estimates were particularly low when vaccine mismatched the circulating viruses and A(H3N2) was the predominant influenza virus subtype. Tremendous effort is required to improve vaccine production procedure and to explore the factors that influence the IVE against A(H3N2) virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.|Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.|British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.|School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0095-6494
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Darvishian
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frederika
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.affiliation: Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Doorn
authors.affiliation: Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bijlsma
authors.affiliation: Sentinel Practices, NIVEL Primary Care Database, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gé A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Donker
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marit M A
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Lange
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cadenau
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.|Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eelko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hak
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meijer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012621:Seasons; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines