title: Vocal training in an anthropometrical aspect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As shown in our previous paper, the dimensions of the cerebral parts of the cranium and face of the vocal students were higher than those of the non-singing students. The aim of the present study was to analyse the type of voice and its development depending on selected dimensions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 56 vocal students - 36 women and 20 men - who underwent anthropometric measurements were divided into groups according to their voice type. Two professors of singing made a subjective, independent evaluation of individual students' vocal development progress during the four years of training. The findings were analysed statistically with the current licensed versions of Statistica software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found statistically significant positive correlation between: the head length, head and face width, depth of upper and middle face, nose length and student's voice development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dimensions of the head and the face have no impact on type of voice; however, some anatomical characteristics may have impact on voice development.
authors.affiliation: a Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology Department , Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences , Poznań , Poland.
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wyganowska-Świątkowska
authors.affiliation: b Vocal Department , Ignacy Jan Paderewski Academy of Music , Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kowalkowska
authors.affiliation: b Vocal Department , Ignacy Jan Paderewski Academy of Music , Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Flicińska-Pamfil
authors.affiliation: c Spine Surgery Oncological Orthopaedic and Traumatology Clinic , Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences , Poznań , Poland.
authors.forename: Mikołaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dąbrowski
authors.affiliation: d Department and Clinic of Maxillofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics , Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland.
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kopczyński
authors.affiliation: e Department of Phonetics and Audiology , Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences , Poznań , Poland.
authors.forename: Bożena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiskirska-Woźnica
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D063346:Singing; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013997:Time Factors; D014833:Voice Quality; D014834:Voice Training; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anthropometry; resonators; voice development; voice production