title: Retention of laparoscopic and robotic skills among medical students: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: Although simulation training beneficially contributes to traditional surgical training, there are less objective data on simulation skills retention.
  
  
  
  To investigate the retention of laparoscopic and robotic skills after simulation training.
  
  
  
  We present the second stage of a randomized single-blinded controlled trial in which 40 simulation-naïve medical students were randomly assigned to practice peg transfer tasks on either laparoscopic (N = 20, Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery, Venture Technologies Inc., Waltham, MA) or robotic (N = 20, dV-Trainer, Mimic, Seattle, WA) platforms. In the first stage, two expert surgeons evaluated participants on both tasks before (Stage 1: Baseline) and immediately after training (Stage 1: Post-training) using a modified validated global rating scale of laparoscopic and robotic operative performance. In Stage 2, participants were evaluated on both tasks 11-20 weeks after training.
  
  
  
  Of the 40 students who participated in Stage 1, 23 (11 laparoscopic and 12 robotic) underwent repeat evaluation. During Stage 2, there were no significant differences between groups in objective or subjective measures for the laparoscopic task. Laparoscopic-trained participants' performances on the laparoscopic task were improved during Stage 2 compared to baseline measured by time to task completion, but not by the modified global rating scale. During the robotic task, the robotic-trained group demonstrated superior economy of motion (p = .017), Tissue Handling (p = .020), and fewer errors (p = .018) compared to the laparoscopic-trained group. Robotic skills acquisition from baseline with no significant deterioration as measured by modified global rating scale scores was observed among robotic-trained participants during Stage 2.
  
  
  
  Robotic skills acquired through simulation appear to be better maintained than laparoscopic simulation skills.
  
  
  
  This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02370407).
authors.affiliation: Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 301 Mason Lord Drive Suite 3200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Megan S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.affiliation: Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 301 Mason Lord Drive Suite 3200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thomaier
authors.affiliation: Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 301 Mason Lord Drive Suite 3200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Melinda G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Abernethy
authors.affiliation: Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 301 Mason Lord Drive Suite 3200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA. cchen127@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Chi Chiung Grace
authors.initials: CCG
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D008297:Male; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education; D000066908:Simulation Training
keywords: Laparoscopy; Robotic skills; Simulation; Surgical simulation; Surgical training