title: Identification of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Sampling, Analytical Methods, and Oral Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Background. Several studies in the last decades have focused on finding a precise method for the diagnosis of periodontal disease in its early stages.Aim. To evaluate from current scientific literature the most common and precise method for gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sample collection, biomarker analytical methods, and the variability of biomarker quantification, even when using the same analytical technique.Methodology. An electronic search was conducted on in vivo studies that presented clinical data on techniques used for GCF collection and biomarker analysis.Results. The results showed that 71.1%, 24.7%, and 4.1% of the studies used absorption, microcapillary, and washing techniques, respectively, in their gingival crevicular fluid collection. 73.1% of the researchers analyzed their samples by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 22.6%, 19.5%, and 18.5% of the researchers included interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), respectively, in their studies as biomarkers for periodontal disease.Conclusion. IL-1βcan be considered among the most common biomarkers that give precise results and can be used as an indicator of periodontal disease progression. Furthermore, paper strips are the most convenient and accurate method for gingival crevicular fluid collection, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay can be considered the most conventional method for the diagnosis of biofluids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq.
authors.forename: Zeyad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nazar Majeed
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Koshy
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8392-6383
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Philip
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8981-7567
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alabsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saravanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pushparajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Dasan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7418-9796
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Swaminathan
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C488762:MMP8 protein, human; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8