title: Dietary intake, physical activity, and time management are associated with constipation in preschool children in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Constipation is a common complaint in children, which is not fatal but can affect quality of life. Several lifestyle-related risk factors for constipation have been reported, particularly dietary factors, but results have been inconsistent. Here, we examined the relationship of dietary and lifestyle factors with constipation in Japanese preschool children using data of a nationwide study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 5,309 children aged 5 to 6 years at 380 nursery schools in 44 of 47 prefectures in Japan. Children having three or fewer bowel movements per week were considered constipated. Dietary intake data was collected using a validated brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire for Japanese preschool children, and information about general lifestyle was collected using a 4-page questionnaire designed for this study. Multivariateadjusted odds ratios for constipation were calculated by logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher dietary fiber intake was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of constipation (adjusted odds ratio: 0.62, p for trend: 0.005), but higher carbohydrate intake was marginally associated with a higher prevalence of constipation. Intake of potatoes, pulses, vegetables, and fruits intake decreased constipation prevalence, whereas higher rice intake was significantly and independently associated with higher prevalence of constipation. Regarding lifestyle factors, high physical activity and sufficient preparation time for breakfast and dinner for guardians were significantly associated with lower prevalence. Prevalence tended to be negatively associated with a higher educational background of the mother.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several lifestyle factors were associated with a lower prevalence of constipation among Japanese preschool children, including dietary fiber intake.
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.affiliation: Ikurien-naka, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Shizuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masayasu
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Email: stssasak@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012275:Oryza; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017748:Time Management; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber