title: Emerging exposures of developmental toxicants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to identify emerging developmental toxicants that are understudied in children's health. Exposures may arise from new products designed to improve utility, to reduce toxicity, or to replace undesirable chemicals. Exposures to less-toxic chemicals may also be significant if they are very commonly used, thereby generating widespread exposure. Sources of exposure include the workplace, personal, home, and office products; food, water, and air.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe eight exposure categories that contain numerous potential developmental toxicants. References are discussed if reported in PubMed during the past decade at least 10 times more frequently than in 1990-2000. Examples included phthalates, phenols, sunscreens, pesticides, halogenated flame retardants, perfluoroalkyl coatings, nanoparticles, e-cigarettes, and dietary polyphenols. Replacements are often close structural homologs of their precursors. We suggest biomonitoring as preferred means of exposure assessment to emerging chemicals. Some existing analytic methods would require minimal modification to measure these exposures, but others require toxicokinetic and analytic investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A deliberate strategy for biomonitoring of emerging replacement chemicals is warranted, especially in view of concerns regarding developmental toxicity. To prevent adverse health effects, it is important to characterize such exposures before they become widely disseminated.
authors.affiliation: aIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York bUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina cBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland dKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California eRollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Jessie P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Rob S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: Dana B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004782:Environmental Health; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D010575:Pesticides; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid