title: M1 macrophages promote aortic valve calcification mediated by microRNA-214/TWIST1 pathway in valvular interstitial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The identification of the biological function of M1 macrophages and the mechanism underlying their role in valvular interstitial cell (VIC) calcification may provide therapeutic targets for the prevention of aortic valve calcification (AVC). This study investigated the mechanism by which M1 macrophages and macrophage-derived microvesicles (MVs) affected the calcification of VICs. An additional aim was to investigate the involvement of the miR-214 pathway in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  The M1 or M2 macrophage phenotype in human calcific aortic valve was confirmed by gene expression analysis of M1 or M2 macrophage markers. Two macrophage cell lines (BMDMs and RAW 264.7 macrophages) were transformed into M1 macrophages by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. To investigate the mechanism by which M1 macrophages promoted VIC calcification, the generated M1 macrophages and macrophage-derived MVs were co-cultured with VICs and VICs were then used for calcification or signals analysis. In addition, a hypercholesterolemic apoE-/-AVC murine model was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of miR-214 specific-siRNA (miR-214 inhibitor).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Macrophages in calcific aortic valves showed M1-directed polarization. In the VICs co-cultured with LPS-stimulated M1 macrophages and macrophage-derived MVs, VIC calcification was enhanced, and the expression of TWIST1, a direct target of miR-214, was downregulated. We showed that knockdown of TWIST1 serves as a responding molecule for miR-214 and reversed the anti-calcification action of miR-214 inhibitor, mediating signal delivery by the M1 macrophage-derived MVs to VICs and promoting VIC calcification. When M1 macrophages co-cultured with VICs, TWIST1 overexpression in M1 macrophages had no effect on the expression of TWIST1 in VICs. As shown by intravenous therapy, knockdown of miR-214 in mice seemed to improve AVC in apoE-/-mice with high-cholesterol (HC)-diet induced AVC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested that M1 macrophages promoted AVC by the delivery of miR-214 to valvular interstitial cells via macrophage-derived MVs and subsequent downregulation of TWIST1 of valvular interstitial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong 226001, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong 226001, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong 226001, China.
authors.forename: Dong-Dong
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong 226001, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Xia
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong 226001, China.
authors.forename: Teng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong 226001, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong 226001, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Hai
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong 226001, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhu
keywords: Aortic valve calcification; TWIST1; miR-214; microvesicles; osteocalcin