title: Variation Coefficient of Stone Density: A Novel Predictor of the Outcome of Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy.
abstract: Although previous studies have indicated that stone heterogeneity can affect extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) outcomes, there is no established measurement of stone heterogeneity on CT imagery. We investigated whether variation coefficient of stone density (VCSD) can predict shockwave success.
  
  
  
  We conducted a retrospective review of 245 patients with urinary calculi who had undergone SWL. We compared the predictive powers of treatment success between VCSD and other parameters associated with CT attenuation. In addition, we performed logistic regression analysis to identify the factors contributing to treatment success. Treatment success was determined within 3 months after first treatment using noncontrast CT.
  
  
  
  The treatment success rate was 47.8% (117/245 cases). From receiver operating characteristic curves for treatment success, area under curve of VCSD (0.7181) was larger than that of mean stone density (MSD) (0.6384, p = 0.09) and standard deviation of stone density (0.5412, p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that MSD (p = 0.028) and VCSD (p < 0.001) independently predicted the outcome. Categorized by stone location, VCSD was the independent significant predictor for SWL outcomes in both kidney (p = 0.047) and ureteral calculi (p < 0.001).
  
  
  
  We found that VCSD can be a novel predictor of SWL success. The development of nomograms or scoring systems, including VCSD, can assist in the decision process for patients and minimize unnecessary delay in treatment of urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama, Japan .
authors.forename: Shimpei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama, Japan .
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohjimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama, Japan .
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama, Japan .
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama, Japan .
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iba
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama, Japan .
authors.forename: Kazuro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kikkawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama, Japan .
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D049451:Nomograms; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: CT attenuation value; predictor; variation coefficient