title: Calreticulin is required for calcium homeostasis and proper pollen tube tip growth in Petunia.
abstract: Calreticulin is involved in stabilization of the tip-focused Ca2+gradient and the actin cytoskeleton arrangement and function that is required for several key processes driving Petunia pollen tube tip growth. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, stabilization of a tip-focused calcium (Ca2+) gradient seems to be critical for pollen germination and pollen tube growth. We hypothesize that calreticulin (CRT), a Ca2+-binding/buffering chaperone typically residing in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells, is an excellent candidate to fulfill this role. We previously showed that in Petunia pollen tubes growing in vitro, CRT is translated on ER membrane-bound ribosomes that are abundant in the subapical zone of the tube, where CRT's Ca2+-buffering and chaperone activities might be particularly required. Here, we sought to determine the function of CRT using small interfering RNA (siRNA) to, for the first time in pollen tubes growing in vitro, knockdown expression of a gene. We demonstrate that siRNA-mediated post-transcriptional silencing of Petunia hybrida CRT gene (PhCRT) expression strongly impairs pollen tube growth, cytoplasmic zonation, actin cytoskeleton organization, and the tip-focused Ca2+gradient. Moreover, reduction of CRT alters the localization and disturbs the structure of the ER in abnormally elongating pollen tubes. Finally, cytoplasmic streaming is inhibited, and most of the pollen tubes rupture. Our data clearly show an interplay between CRT, Ca2+gradient, actin-dependent cytoplasmic streaming, organelle positioning, and vesicle trafficking during pollen tube elongation. Thus, we suggest that CRT functions in Petunia pollen tube growth by stabilizing Ca2+homeostasis and acting as a chaperone to assure quality control of glycoproteins passing through the ER.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suwińska
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Isotope and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wasąg
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zakrzewski
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lenartowska
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Isotope and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland. rlenart@umk.pl.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8218-6245
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lenartowski
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D037282:Calreticulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D006706:Homeostasis; D032306:Petunia / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011058:Pollen / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053205:Pollen Tube / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D054817:Pollination; D021381:Protein Transport; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D037282:Calreticulin; D010940:Plant Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Actin cytoskeleton; Calcium gradient; Cytoplasmic zonation; In vitro studies; Small interfering RNA; Ultrastructural research