title: Effects of Components of PM2.5Collected in Japan on the Respiratory and Immune Systems.
abstract: Epidemiologic studies have reported that particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) affect respiratory diseases, including asthma. The components and/or factors of PM2.5that contribute to the exacerbation of asthma have not been identified. We investigated the effects of extracts of PM2.5collected in Japan on the respiratory and immune systems. PM2.5was collected from an industrial area and an urban area in December 2013. Airway epithelial cells and immune cells were exposed to aqueous or organic extracts of PM2.5. Exposure to extracts from both areas, especially to organic extracts rather than aqueous extracts, caused a pro-inflammatory response via interleukin (IL) 6 production from airway epithelial cells, and it induced the maturation/activation of bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells via dendritic and epithelial cell (DEC) 205 and cluster of differentiation (CD) 86 expression and proportional changes in the constitution of the splenocytes. The extracts collected from the industrial area tended to show greater effects than those from the urban area. These results suggest that organic components of PM2.5affect the respiratory and immune systems. These effects can differ by the collection areas. In addition, IL-6, DEC205, and CD86 can be predictive biomarkers for the respiratory and immune effects of ambient PM2.5.
authors.affiliation: 1 Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.affiliation: 1 Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.affiliation: 1 Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Mizuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.affiliation: 1 Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.affiliation: 1 Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawahara
authors.affiliation: 1 Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: 1 Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.affiliation: 2 Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kashima
authors.affiliation: 2 Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: 2 Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: 1 Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: 1 Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirohisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takano
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D018941:Antigens, CD19 / Q000378:metabolism; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007564:Japan; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000633:toxicity; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015703:Antigens, CD; D018941:Antigens, CD19; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D015415:Biomarkers; C093569:DEC-205 receptor; D015850:Interleukin-6; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide
keywords: PM2.5; aqueous extracts; asthma; industrial area; organic extracts; urban area