title: Pterodon emarginatus oleoresin-based nanoemulsion as a promising tool for Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preparation of nanoformulations using natural products as bioactive substances is considered very promising for innovative larvicidal agents. On this context, oil in water nanoemulsions develop a main role, since they satisfactorily disperse poor-water soluble substances, such as herbal oils, in aqueous media. Pterodon emarginatus, popularly known as sucupira, has a promising bioactive oleoresin. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies were carried out to evaluate its potential against Culex quinquefasciatus, the main vector of the tropical neglected disease called lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis. Thus, we aimed to investigate influence of different pairs of surfactants in nanoemulsion formation and investigate if a sucupira oleoresin-based nanoemulsion has promising larvicidal activity against this C. quinquefasciatus. We also evaluated morphological alteration, possible mechanism of insecticidal action and ecotoxicity of the nanoemulsion against a non-target organism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the different pairs of surfactants that were tested, nanoemulsions obtained with polysorbate 80/sorbitan monooleate and polysorbate 80/sorbitan trioleate presented smallest mean droplet size just afterwards preparation, respectively 151.0 ± 2.252 and 160.7 ± 1.493 nm. They presented high negative zeta potential values, low polydispersity index (<0.300) and did not present great alteration in mean droplet size and polydispersity index after 1 day of preparation. Overall, nanoemulsion prepared with polysorbate 80/sorbitan monooleate was considered more stable and was chosen for biological assays. It presented low LC50value against larvae (34.75; 7.31-51.86 mg/L) after 48 h of treatment and some morphological alteration was observed. The nanoemulsion did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase of C. quinquefasciatus larvae. It was not toxic to green algae Chlorella vulgaris at low concentration (25 mg/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that optimal nanoemulsions may be prepared with different surfactants using a low cost and low energy simple method. Moreover, this prototype proved to be effective against C. quinquefasciatus, being considered an ecofriendly novel nanoproduct that can be useful in integrated control programs of vector control.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.|Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia Fitofarmacêutica, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anna E M F M
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.|Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia Fitofarmacêutica, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jonatas L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.|Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia Fitofarmacêutica, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A S
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Artrópodes, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raimundo N P
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Souto
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Artrópodes, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo M A
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Artrópodes, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.
authors.forename: Taires
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peniche
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação em Bioprodutos, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Faculdade de Farmácia, Praça Universitária, 1166, Setor Leste Universitário Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605220, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edemilson C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: da Conceição
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação em Bioprodutos, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Faculdade de Farmácia, Praça Universitária, 1166, Setor Leste Universitário Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605220, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandra A R
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Cultivo de Algas, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia M M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Faustino
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Absorção Atomica e Bioprospecção, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandro C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Florentino
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.|Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia Fitofarmacêutica, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil.
authors.forename: José C T
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil. caiofernandes@unifap.br.|Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia Fitofarmacêutica, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Universitário Marco Zero do Equador, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, KM-02 Bairro Zerão, Macapá, AP, CEP 68902-280, Brazil. caiofernandes@unifap.br.
authors.forename: Caio P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-7360
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C018620:oleoresins
keywords: Larvicidal; Nanoemulsion; Oleoresin; Sucupira