title: Region of Interest-Based Tamper Detection and Lossless Recovery Watermarking Scheme (ROI-DR) on Ultrasound Medical Images.
abstract: Tampering on medical image will lead to wrong diagnosis and treatment, which is life-threatening; therefore, digital watermarking on medical image was introduced to protect medical image from tampering. Medical images are divided into region of interest (ROI) and region of non-interest (RONI). ROI is an area that has a significant impact on diagnosis, whereas RONI has less or no significance in diagnosis. This paper has proposed ROI-based tamper detection and recovery watermarking scheme (ROI-DR) that embeds ROI bit information into RONI least significant bits, which will be extracted later for authentication and recovery process. The experiment result has shown that the ROI-DR has achieved a good result in imperceptibility with peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values approximately 48 dB, it is robust against various kinds of tampering, and the tampered ROI was able to recover to its original form. Lastly, a comparative table with the previous research (TALLOR and TALLOR-RS watermarking schemes) has been derived, where these three watermarking schemes were tested under the same testing conditions and environment. The experiment result has shown that ROI-DR has achieved speed-up factors of 22.55 and 26.65 in relative to TALLOR and TALLOR-RS watermarking schemes, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Computer Systems and Software Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia. hlkhorr@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hui Liang
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Khor
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Computer Systems and Software Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siau-Chuin
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Computer Systems and Software Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Jasni Mohd
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zain
mesh_terms: D016494:Computer Security; D006801:Humans; D011873:Radiology Information Systems / Q000592:standards; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Least significant bit (LSB); Recovery; Region of interest (ROI); Speed up; Tamper detection; Watermarking