title: Inductions of reproduction and population growth in the generalist predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera: Miridae) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of insecticides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The miridbug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, is a significant predacious enemy of rice planthoppers. The effects of sub-lethal concentrations of triazophos, deltamethrin and imidacloprid on fecundity, egg hatchability, expression levels of genes associated with reproduction, and population growth in C. lividipennis were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fecundities for three pair combinations (♀c× ♂t, ♀t× ♂cand ♀t× ♂t) treated with sub-lethal concentrations of the insecticides triazophos, deltamethrin and imidacloprid (LC10and LC20) showed a significant increase compared to the untreated pairs (♀c× ♂c). However, sub-lethal concentration treatments did not affect the egg hatchability. The ClVg expression levels of female adults exposed to triazophos, deltamethrin and imidacloprid (LC20) increased by 52.6, 48.9 and 91.2%, respectively. The ClSPATA13 expression level of adult males exposed to triazophos, deltamethrim and imidacloprid (LC20) increased by 80.7, 41.3 and 48.3%, respectively. Furthermore, sub-lethal concentrations of insecticides (LC20) caused increased population numbers in C. lividipennis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sub-lethal concentrations of triazophos, deltamethrin and imidacloprid stimulated reproduction and enhanced population growth of C. lividipennis. The reproductive stimulation might result from the up-regulation of ClVg or ClSPATA13. These findings may be useful in mediating populations of planthoppers. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Qiujing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.|Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Linquan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.|Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Guoqing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.|Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.|Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides
keywords: Cyrtorhinus lividipennis; insecticides; mating; population growth; spermatogenesis-associated protein 13-like (SPATA13); vitellogenin (Vg)