title: Creatine Loading Does Not Preserve Muscle Mass or Strength During Leg Immobilization in Healthy, Young Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A short period of leg immobilization leads to rapid loss of muscle mass and strength. Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase lean body mass in active individuals and can be used to augment gains in muscle mass and strength during prolonged resistance-type exercise training.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to investigate whether creatine loading can attenuate the loss of muscle mass and strength during short-term leg immobilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy young men (n = 30; aged 23 ± 1 years; body mass index [BMI] 23.3 ± 0.5 kg/m-2) were randomly assigned to either a creatine or a placebo group. Subjects received placebo or creatine supplements (20 g/d) for 5 days before one leg was immobilized by means of a full-leg cast for 7 days. Muscle biopsies were taken before creatine loading, prior to and immediately after leg immobilization, and after 7 days of subsequent recovery. Quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) (computed tomography [CT] scan) and leg muscle strength (one-repetition maximum [1-RM] knee extension) were assessed before and immediately after immobilization and after 1 week of recovery. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data are presented consistently as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant overall increase in muscle total creatine content following the 5-day loading phase (p = 0.049), which appeared driven by an increase in the creatine group (from 90 ± 9 to 107 ± 4 mmol/kg-1dry muscle) with no apparent change in the placebo group (from 88 ± 4 to 90 ± 3 mmol/kg-1; p = 0.066 for time × treatment interaction). Quadriceps muscle CSA had declined by 465 ± 59 and 425 ± 69 mm2(p < 0.01) in the creatine and placebo group, respectively, with no differences between groups (p = 0.76). Leg muscle strength decreased from 56 ± 4 to 53 ± 4 kg in the creatine and from 59 ± 3 to 53 ± 3 kg in the placebo group, with no differences between groups (p = 0.20). Muscle fiber size did not change significantly over time in either group (p > 0.05). When non-responders to creatine loading were excluded (n = 6), responders (n = 8; total creatine content increasing from 70 to 106 mmol/kg-1) showed similar findings, with no signs of preservation of muscle mass or strength during immobilization. During the subsequent recovery phase, no differences in muscle mass or strength were found between the two groups (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Creatine supplementation prior to and during leg immobilization does not prevent or attenuate the loss of muscle mass or strength during short-term muscle disuse. NIH Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT01894737 ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ ).
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Evelien M P
authors.initials: EMP
authors.lastname: Backx
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hangelbroek
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marie-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Verscheijden
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lex B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Verdijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lisette C P G M
authors.initials: LCPGM
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands. L.vanLoon@maastrichtuniversity.nl.|NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. L.vanLoon@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Luc J C
authors.initials: LJC
authors.lastname: van Loon
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001706:Biopsy; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D003401:Creatine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D055070:Resistance Training; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003401:Creatine