title: Psychological interventions for psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: A meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate and synthesize the available evidence from the previous 20 years regarding the utility of psychological interventions in the management of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES).
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were retrieved from MEDLINE via OvidSP and PsychINFO. Selection criteria included controlled and before-after non-controlled studies including case series, using seizure frequency as an outcome measurement. Studies were required to assess one or more types of psychological intervention for the treatment of PNES in adults. Data from 13 eligible studies was pooled to examine the effectiveness of psychological interventions in treating PNES on two primary outcomes: seizure reduction of 50% or more and seizure freedom. A meta-analysis was conducted with data extracted from 228 participants with PNES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interventions reviewed in the analysis included CBT, psychodynamic therapy, paradoxical intention therapy, mindfulness and psychoeducation and eclectic interventions. Meta-analysis synthesized data from 13 studies with a total of 228 participants with PNES, of varied gender and age. Results showed 47% of people with PNES are seizure free upon completion of a psychological intervention. Additional meta-analysis synthesized data from 10 studies with a total of 137 participants with PNES. This analysis found 82% of people with PNES who complete psychological treatment experience a reduction in seizures of at least 50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies identified for this analysis were diverse in nature and quality. The findings highlight the potential for psychological interventions as a favorable alternative to the current lack of treatment options offered to people with PNES.
authors.affiliation: Australian College of Applied Psychology, Level 11, 255 Elizabeth Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. Electronic address: perri@cwnn.com.au.
authors.forename: Perri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Australian College of Applied Psychology, Level 11, 255 Elizabeth Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. Electronic address: Kathryn.NicholsonPerry@acap.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nicholson Perry
mesh_terms: D003291:Conversion Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation
keywords: Non-epileptic seizures; PNES; Pseudoseizures; Psychogenic seizures