title: The effect of CP concentration in the diet on urea kinetics and microbial usage of recycled urea in cattle: a meta-analysis.
abstract: In ruminants, urea recycling is considered an evolutionary advantage. The amount of urea recycled mainly depends of the nitrogen (N) intake and the amount of organic matter (OM) digested in the rumen. Because recycled N contributes to meeting microbial N requirements, accurate estimates of urea recycling can improve the understanding of efficiency of N utilization and N losses to the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate urea kinetics and microbial usage of recycled urea N in ruminants using a meta-analytical approach. Treatment mean values were compiled from 25 studies with ruminants (beef cattle, dairy cows and sheep) which were published from 2001 to 2016, totalling 107 treatment means. The data set was analyzed according to meta-analysis techniques using linear or non-linear mixed models, taking into account the random variations among experiments. Urea N synthesized in the liver (UER) and urea N recycled to the gut (GER) linearly increased (P<0.001) as N intake (g/BW0.75) increased, with increases corresponding to 71.5% and 35.2% of N intake, respectively. The UER was positively associated (P<0.05) with dietary CP concentration and the ratio of CP to digestible OM (CP:DOM). Maximum curvature analyses identified 17% dietary CP as the point where there was a prominent increase in hepatic synthesis of urea N, likely due to an excess of dietary N leading to greater ammonia absorption. The GER:UER decreased with increasing dietary CP concentration (P<0.05). At dietary CP⩾19%, GER:UER reached near minimal values. The fraction of UER eliminated as urinary urea N and the contribution of urea N to total urinary N were positively associated with dietary CP (P<0.05), both reaching values near the plateau when dietary CP was 17%. The fractions of GER excreted in the feces and utilized for anabolism decreased, whereas the fraction of GER returned to the ornithine cycle increased with dietary CP concentration (P<0.05). Recycled urea N assimilated by ruminal microbes (as a fraction of GER) decreased as dietary CP and CP:DOM increased (P<0.05). The efficiency of microbial assimilation of recycled urea N was near plateau values at 194 g CP/kg DOM. The models obtained in this study contribute to the knowledge on N utilization, and they could be used in feeding models to predict urea recycling and thus to improve formulation of diets to reduce N losses that contribute to air and water pollution.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Animal Science,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Av. P.H. Rolfs,s/n°,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-900,Brazil.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Animal Science,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Av. P.H. Rolfs,s/n°,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-900,Brazil.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Detmann
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Animal Science,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Av. P.H. Rolfs,s/n°,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-900,Brazil.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Valadares Filho
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Animal Sciences and Industry,Kansas State University,Manhattan,KS 66506-1600,USA.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Titgemeyer
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Veterinary Medicine,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,Av. P.H. Rolfs,s/n°,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,36570-900,Brazil.
authors.forename: R F D
authors.initials: RFD
authors.lastname: Valadares
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D059027:Recycling; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: cattle; mixed models; protein; recycling; ruminal bacteria