title: Double labeling of vagal preganglionic and sympathetic postganglionic fibers in celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric arteries and myenteric plexus.
abstract: Sympathetic efferents regulate the “fight-or-flight” response and sympathetic and vagal fibers have
  been suggested to retrogradely and centrally spread pathogens associated with Parkinson’s disease. To
  examine the arrangement of the vagal and sympathetic motor fibers in the celiac ganglion (CG), gastrointestinal
  tract, and along the superior mesenteric artery and its sub-branches, we double-labeled the vagal efferents
  by injecting Dextran-Texas Red into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the sympathetic
  postganglionics with tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 18).
  The laser scanning confocal microscope was used for image analysis. Vagal nerve endings were densely
  distributed around the CG neurons, and the right CG received more. Vagal and sympathetic efferent endings
  formed various ring or string shapes that tangled closely in the myenteric plexus of the forestomach,
  duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Vagal and sympathetic efferents coursed within the same nerve bundles
  before reaching the myenteric plexus, had in-apposition varicosities, and ran parallel with the superior
  mesenteric artery and its sub-branches. Although a complete sympathetic tracing and an incomplete tracing
  and/or damage to the vagal preganglionic neurons may lead to a sampling bias, the sympathetic innervations
  in the blood vessels and myenteric plexus are stronger than in the vagus. The in-apposition innervation
  varicosities of the vagal and sympathetic efferents within the same nerve bundles and in the myenteric
  plexus of the gut with complex innervation patterns may offer a network to automatically control gastrointestinal
  functions and an infection route of the Parkinson’s disease between the autonomic efferent endings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shi-Jane
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chih-Kuan
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.|Mental Health Promotion Center, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.|Doctoral Program in Cognitive Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.|Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feng-Bin
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001338:Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005728:Ganglia, Sympathetic; D008297:Male; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior; D009197:Myenteric Plexus; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents
keywords: autonomic; Dextran-Texas Red; myenteric plexus; parasympathetic; sympathetic; tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry