title: Metabonomics study of the therapeutic mechanism of fenugreek galactomannan on diabetic hyperglycemia in rats, by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: Fenugreek is a traditional plant for the treatment of diabetes. Galactomannan, an active major component in fenugreek seeds, has shown hypoglycemic activity. The present study was performed to investigate the therapeutic mechanism underlying fenugreek galactomannan (F-GAL) in treating diabetes, using a metabonomics approach based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS). The F-GAL used for study was highly purified, and its yield, purity, and galactose/mannose ratio were characterized by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and a modified phenol-sulfuric acid method. After treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats with F-GAL for 28days, urine and serum samples were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF/MS. Multivariate statistical approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to distinguish the non-diabetic/untreated, diabetic/untreated, and diabetic/F-GAL-treated groups. Then, potential biomarkers were identified that may help elucidate the underlying therapeutic mechanism of F-GAL in diabetes. The results demonstrated that there was a clear separation among the three groups in the PCA model. Fourteen potential biomarkers were identified by OPLS-DA, and they were determined to be produced in response to the therapeutic effects of F-GAL. These biomarkers were involved in histidine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, energy metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that a metabonomics approach is a powerful, novel tool that can be used to evaluate the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of herb extracts.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Xiuzheng Pharmaceutical Group Company Limited, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China; Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
authors.forename: Wenyue
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Science and Technology Innovation Center, Xiuzheng Pharmaceutical Group Company Limited, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
authors.forename: Pengdong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Science and Technology Innovation Center, Xiuzheng Pharmaceutical Group Company Limited, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
authors.forename: Jiale
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
authors.forename: Lihui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Men
authors.affiliation: Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China. Electronic address: liuzy@jlu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhongying
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005690:Galactose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008351:Mannans / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D029910:Trigonella / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008351:Mannans; D010936:Plant Extracts; C012990:galactomannan; D005690:Galactose
keywords: Diabetes; Fenugreek galactomannan; Metabonomics; Therapeutic mechanism; Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry