title: Acute antibody-mediated rejection after intestinal transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence, risk factors and clinical outcomes of acute antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) after intestinal transplantation (ITx).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective single-center analysis was performed to identify cases of acute ABMR after ITx, based on the presence of donor-specific antibody (DSA), acute tissue damage, C4d deposition, and allograft dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute ABMR was identified in 18 (10.3%) out of 175 intestinal allografts with an average occurrence of 10 d (range, 4-162) after ITx. All acute ABMR cases were presensitized to donor human leukocyte antigens class I and/or II antigens with a detectable DSA. A positive cross-match was seen in 14 (77.8%) cases and twelve of 18 patients (66.7%) produced newly-formed DSA following ITx. Histological characteristics of acute ABMR include endothelial C4d deposits, interstitial hemorrhage, and severe congestion with focal fibrin thrombin in the lamina propria capillaries. Multivariate analysis identified a liver-free graft and high level of panel reactive antibody as a significant independent risk factor. Despite initial improvement after therapy, eleven recipients (61.1%) lost transplant secondary to rejection. Of those, 9 (50%) underwent graft removal and 4 (22.2%) received second transplantation following acute ABMR. At an average follow-up of 32.3 mo (range, 13.3-76.4), 8 (44.4%) recipients died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that acute ABMR is an important cause of intestine graft dysfunction, particularly in a liver-exclusive graft and survivors are at an increased risk of developing refractory acute rejection and chronic rejection. More effective strategies to prevent and manage acute ABMR are needed to improve outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Guo-Sheng Wu, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Sheng
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Guo-Sheng Wu, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Ruy J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Guo-Sheng Wu, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Chao
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cai
keywords: Acute antibody-mediated rejection; C4d deposition; Donor-specific antibody; Intestinal transplantation