title: The application of powerful promoters to enhance gene expression in industrial microorganisms.
abstract: Production of useful chemicals by industrial microorganisms has been attracting more and more attention. Microorganisms screened from their natural environment usually suffer from low productivity, low stress resistance, and accumulation of by-products. In order to overcome these disadvantages, rational engineering of microorganisms to achieve specific industrial goals has become routine. Rapid development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies provide novel methods to improve the performance of industrial microorganisms. Rational regulation of gene expression by specific promoters is essential to engineer industrial microorganisms for high-efficiency production of target chemicals. Identification, modification, and application of suitable promoters could provide powerful switches at the transcriptional level for fine-tuning of a single gene or a group of genes, which are essential for the reconstruction of pathways. In this review, the characteristics of promoters from eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and archaea microorganisms are briefly introduced. Identification of promoters based on both traditional biochemical and systems biology routes are summarized. Besides rational modification, de novo design of promoters to achieve gradient, dynamic, and logic gate regulation are also introduced. Furthermore, flexible application of static and dynamic promoters for the rational engineering of industrial microorganisms is highlighted. From the perspective of powerful promoters in industrial microorganisms, this review will provide an extensive description of how to regulate gene expression in industrial microorganisms to achieve more useful goals.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Shenghu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.|Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Guocheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.|Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Jianghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.|Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. hzhli@jiangnan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Huazhong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. zhoujw1982@jiangnan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jingwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D001105:Archaea / Q000235:genetics; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007218:Industrial Microbiology / Q000379:methods*; D060847:Metabolic Engineering / Q000379:methods; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D058615:Synthetic Biology / Q000379:methods
keywords: Combinatorial promoter; Dynamic regulation; Logic gate; Metabolic engineering; Promoter prediction; Static regulation; Synthetic biology