title: Comparative genomics of Mortierella elongata and its bacterial endosymbiont Mycoavidus cysteinexigens.
abstract: Endosymbiosis of bacteria by eukaryotes is a defining feature of cellular evolution. In addition to well-known bacterial origins for mitochondria and chloroplasts, multiple origins of bacterial endosymbiosis are known within the cells of diverse animals, plants and fungi. Early-diverging lineages of terrestrial fungi harbor endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the Burkholderiaceae. We sequenced the metagenome of the soil-inhabiting fungus Mortierella elongata and assembled the complete circular chromosome of its endosymbiont, Mycoavidus cysteinexigens, which we place within a lineage of endofungal symbionts that are sister clade to Burkholderia. The genome of M. elongata strain AG77 features a core set of primary metabolic pathways for degradation of simple carbohydrates and lipid biosynthesis, while the M. cysteinexigens (AG77) genome is reduced in size and function. Experiments using antibiotics to cure the endobacterium from the host demonstrate that the fungal host metabolism is highly modulated by presence/absence of M. cysteinexigens. Independent comparative phylogenomic analyses of fungal and bacterial genomes are consistent with an ancient origin for M. elongata - M. cysteinexigens symbiosis, most likely over 350 million years ago and concomitant with the terrestrialization of Earth and diversification of land fungi and plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uehling
authors.affiliation: LF Lambert Spawn Company Coatesville, PA, 19320, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gryganskyi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tschaplinski
authors.affiliation: University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Misztal
authors.affiliation: Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desirò
authors.affiliation: Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vande Pol
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zienkiewicz
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.|Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, 37073, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zienkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tisserant
authors.affiliation: Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), Frankfurt, 60325, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Splivallo
authors.affiliation: Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13288, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hainaut
authors.affiliation: Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13288, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henrissat
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ohm
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lipzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: LaButti
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Labbé
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schadt
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tuskan
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grigoriev
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vilgalys
authors.affiliation: Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D042521:Burkholderiaceae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016681:Genome, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000235:genetics*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D054892:Metagenome / Q000235:genetics; D020094:Mortierella / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000235:genetics*