title: Hydrochloric acid-enhanced radiofrequency ablation for treating a large hepatocellular carcinoma with spontaneous rapture: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often fatal. In addition to surgery and transarterial embolization, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) might be another option for treating a ruptured HCC. Unfortunately, conventional RFA has a limited ablation zone; as such, it is rarely used to treat ruptured tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case was a 60-year-old man who had a large, ruptured HCC in which hydrochloric acid (HCl)-enhanced RFA successfully controlled the bleeding and made the tumor completely necrotic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the effectiveness of HCl-enhanced RFA in achieving hemostasis and tumor ablation, it might be a new option for treating large, ruptured HCCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China. huangjh@sysucc.org.cn.
authors.forename: Jin-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, St. John's Medical Center, Tulsa, OK, 74131, USA.
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.affiliation: Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ru-Hai
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yang-Kui
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Tian-Qi
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncologic Interventional Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology Intervention, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiong-Ying
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Intervention, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yan-Yang
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006851:Hydrochloric Acid
keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Hydrochloric acid; Radiofrequency ablation; Spontaneous rupture