title: Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of fermented red ginseng against high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats.
abstract: This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of fermented red ginseng (Panax ginsengC.A. Meyer; FRG) on high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of seven: normal control, NC; high-fat diet control, HFC; high-fat diet-0.5% FRG, HF-FRGL; and high-fat diet-1% FRG, HF-FRGH. All rats were fed a high-fat diet for eight weeks, except those in the NC group, while rats in the FRG treatment groups received drinking water containing 0.5% or 1% FRG. After eight weeks of treatment, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in the serum were measured. The concentration of the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), and activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in rat liver were evaluated. Histological analysis of the liver was performed using hematoxylin and eosin. The high-fat diet markedly increased serum levels of ALT, AST, TC, TG, and LDL-C and hepatic MDA levels, while administration of FRG to the hyperlipidemic rats resulted in a significant decline in the levels of these parameters. Furthermore, the decline in the levels of serum HDL-C and hepatic SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px induced by the high-fat diet was attenuated by FRG treatment. In addition, histopathological analysis of liver sections suggested that FRG treatment also provided protection against liver damage. These results suggested that FRG improved lipid profiles, inhibited lipid peroxidation, and played a protective role against liver injury in hyperlipidemic rats.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
authors.forename: Myeong-Hwan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Jin
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Mu
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cheon
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Jun
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Ho
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
authors.forename: Kil-Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Fermented red ginseng; antioxidants; hepatoprotective effects; high fat diet; hyperlipidemia