title: Organophosphate flame retardants in the indoor air and dust in cars in Japan.
abstract: The concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in the indoor air and dust were measured in 25 unoccupied cars in Japan. In the indoor air of the cars, most OPFRs were neither detected nor found at a concentration lower than the method quantification limit. The highest concentration (1500 ng m-3) was obtained for tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP). By contrast, many OPFRs were detected in the dust samples collected from the interior of the cars. TCIPP and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) were present at the highest concentrations at 390 μg g-1(in dust from car seats) and 640 μg g-1(in dust from car floor mats), respectively. The highest median concentrations (35 μg g-1for car seats, 53 μg g-1for car floor mats) were obtained for tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP). According to the results of our exposure assessment, the typical exposures to OPFRs via inhalation in car cabins ranged from 9.0×10-4to 7.8×10-1ng kg-bw-1day-1. The typical exposures to OPFRs via dust ingestion ranged from 9.2×10-4to 8.8×10-1ng kg-bw-1day-1. We compared these results with the ref-erence doses for OPFRs and found that, based on cur-rent information about the toxicities of OPFRs, exposure to OPFRs in car cabins via inhalation and dust ingestion is unlikely to have adverse human health effects.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan. masahiro.tokumura@veritas-sys.jp.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-9031
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tokumura
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Rurika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hatayama
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.|Isuzu Advanced Engineering Center, LTD., Kanagawa, 252-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tatsu
authors.affiliation: Isuzu Advanced Engineering Center, LTD., Kanagawa, 252-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Isuzu Advanced Engineering Center, LTD., Kanagawa, 252-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.|Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raknuzzaman
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.|Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Habibullah
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: -Al-Mamun
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masunaga
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D001336:Automobiles; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D005411:Flame Retardants; D010755:Organophosphates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; C013320:tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
keywords: Air pollution; Car interior air quality; Dust ingestion; Exposure assessment; Flame retardants; Risk assessment