title: Mitigating cadmium accumulation in greenhouse lettuce production using biochar.
abstract: Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of rice straw biochar (RSB) on soil cadmium (Cd) availability and accumulation in lettuce. The RSB was applied either in bands or broadcast in the test site of four greenhouses with soil Cd concentrations ranging from 1.70-3.14 μg g-1. Biochar doses applied in bands were half of those broadcast. The Cd levels in the shoots of lettuce were observed to be reduced by up to 57% with increasing RSB application rate (0, 6, 12, 18 t ha-1). Following RSB application, shoot Cd concentrations of lettuce were reduced to below the Chinese threshold value set for food, and hazard quotients for Cd associated with vegetable consumption were reduced from 0.70-1.11 to 0.42-0.65. A decrease in soil bulk density (11%) and increases in water holding capacity (16%), available phosphorus (30%), available potassium (197%), and lettuce yield (15%) were observed after RSB application. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that the soil extractable Cd level (but not biomass dilution) and soil bulk density, as influenced by RSB addition, were the dominant contributors to the shoot Cd levels in lettuce and lettuce yield, respectively. These results highlight the potential for RSB to mitigate the phytoaccumulation of Cd and thereby to reduce human exposure from vegetable consumption. Application of biochar in band, rather than broadcasting over the entire area, represents an opportunity to halve the biochar cost while retaining a good remediation effect.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Center for Grasses and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ruilun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guoxin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Center for Grasses and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Jiangsu Biochar Engineering Center, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zubin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Center for Grasses and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China. qinghaiw@sina.com.
authors.forename: Qinghai
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D018533:Biomass; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D018545:Lactuca / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C540010:biochar; D002104:Cadmium; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: Biochar; Cadmium; Greenhouse; Hazard quotient; Leaf lettuce