title: Biocompatibility study of lithium disilicate and zirconium oxide ceramics for esthetic dental abutments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increasing demand for esthetically pleasing results has contributed to the use of ceramics for dental implant abutments. The aim of this study was to compare the biological response of epithelial tissue cultivated on lithium disilicate (LS2) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) ceramics. Understanding the relevant physicochemical and mechanical properties of these ceramics will help identify the optimal material for facilitating gingival wound closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both biomaterials were prepared with 2 different surface treatments: raw and polished. Their physicochemical characteristics were analyzed by contact angle measurements, scanning white-light interferometry, and scanning electron microscopy. An organotypic culture was then performed using a chicken epithelium model to simulate peri-implant soft tissue. We measured the contact angle, hydrophobicity, and roughness of the materials as well as the tissue behavior at their surfaces (cell migration and cell adhesion).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best cell migration was observed on ZrO2ceramic. Cell adhesion was also drastically lower on the polished ZrO2ceramic than on both the raw and polished LS2. Evaluating various surface topographies of LS2showed that increasing surface roughness improved cell adhesion, leading to an increase of up to 13%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that a biomaterial, here LS2, can be modified using simple surface changes in order to finely modulate soft tissue adhesion. Strong adhesion at the abutment associated with weak migration assists in gingival wound healing. On the same material, polishing can reduce cell adhesion without drastically modifying cell migration. A comparison of LS2and ZrO2ceramic showed that LS2was more conducive to creating varying tissue reactions. Our results can help dental surgeons to choose, especially for esthetic implant abutments, the most appropriate biomaterial as well as the most appropriate surface treatment to use in accordance with specific clinical dental applications.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomaterials and Bone Site Inflammation, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.; Laboratory of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Research Center of Royallieu, University of Technology of Compiègne, Sorbonne Universities, Compiègne, France.; University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculty of Odontology, Reims, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9296-5747
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brunot-Gohin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Research Center of Royallieu, University of Technology of Compiègne, Sorbonne Universities, Compiègne, France .
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6023-6814
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.affiliation: University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculty of Odontology, Reims, France .
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7026-8991
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verbeke
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Research Center of Royallieu, University of Technology of Compiègne, Sorbonne Universities, Compiègne, France .
authors.forename: Kayla
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6432-7091
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Belanger
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Integrated Renewable Matter Transformations, Research Center of Royallieu, University of Technology of Compiègne, Sorbonne Universities, Compiègne, France .
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1083-3343
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pezron
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA .
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9149-4277
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kugel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomaterials and Bone Site Inflammation, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.; University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculty of Odontology, Reims, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1595-614X
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laurent-Maquin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomaterials and Bone Site Inflammation, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France .
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2651-9372
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gangloff
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Research Center of Royallieu, University of Technology of Compiègne, Sorbonne Universities, Compiègne, France.; Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0982-7752
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Egles
keywords: Ceramics; Dental abutments; Dental esthetics; Embryo culture techniques