title: Neural alterations in ADHD children as indicated by voxel-based cortical thickness and morphometry analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuroimaging studies provide vital information related to the neurobiology of ADHD, but there still exists a wide gap in relevant information. The present study aimed to elucidate the neuroanatomical alteration in Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children/adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Voxel-based cortical thickness (VBCT) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was performed to examine neuroanatomic distinctions in 18 children/adolescents aged 7.5-13years diagnosed with DSM-IV TR as ADHD (non-medicated). They were compared with 18 healthy matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VBCT findings in ADHD children/adolescents revealed reduced cortical thickness in the left superior frontal, left orbito-frontal and left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. VBM findings confirmed decreased gray matter volume in the left orbito frontal, left middle frontal/dorsolateral prefrontal, left middle temporal and left cerebellum in comparison to control group. A decrease in white matter volume was also observed in the left inferior frontal and left calcarine of ADHD children/adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results reflect possible abnormal neuroanatomical development patterns in ADHD children.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Lucknow, India. Electronic address: dr.uttam.kumar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Uttam
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D066127:White Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: ADHD; Cortical thickness; Gray matter; Voxel based morphometry; White matter