title: Detailed Analysis of Criteria and Particle Emissions from a Very Large Crude Carrier Using a Novel ECA Fuel.
abstract: Ocean going vessels (OGVs) operating within emission control areas (ECA) are required to use fuels with ≤0.1 wt % sulfur. Up to now only distillate fuels could meet the sulfur limits. Recently refiners created a novel low-sulfur heavy-fuel oil (LSHFO) meeting the sulfur limits so questions were posed whether nitric oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions were the same for the two fuels. This project characterized criteria pollutants and undertook a detailed analysis of PM emissions from a very large crude oil carrier (VLCC) using a distillate ECA fuel (MGO) and novel LSHFO. Results showed emission factors of NOxwere ∼5% higher with MGO than LSHFO. PM2.5emission factors were ∼3 times higher with LSHFO than MGO, while both were below values reported by Lloyds, U.S. EPA and CARB. A detailed analysis of PM revealed it was >90% organic carbon (OC) for both fuels. Elemental carbon (EC) and soot measured with an AVL microsoot sensor (MSS) reflected black carbon. PM size distributions showed unimodal peaks for both MGO (20-30 nm) and LSHFO (30-50 nm). Particle number (PN) emissions were 28% and 17% higher with the PPS-M compared to the SMPS for LSHFO and MGO, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.|College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research & Technology, University of California , Riverside 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States.
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6433-7444
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Gysel
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.|College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research & Technology, University of California , Riverside 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.|College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research & Technology, University of California , Riverside 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States.
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.|College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research & Technology, University of California , Riverside 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States.|College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research & Technology, University of California , Riverside 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cocker
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000397:Air Pollution; D005648:Fuel Oils; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter; D053260:Soot; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005648:Fuel Oils; D052638:Particulate Matter; D053260:Soot; D001335:Vehicle Emissions