title: Untargeted metabolomic profiling of seminal plasma in nonobstructive azoospermia men: A noninvasive detection of spermatogenesis.
abstract: Male factor infertility is involved in almost half of all infertile couples. Lack of the ejaculated sperm owing to testicular malfunction has been reported in 6-10% of infertile men, a condition named nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). In this study, we investigated untargeted metabolomic profiling of the seminal plasma in NOA men using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and advance chemometrics. In this regard, the seminal plasma fluids of 11 NOA men with TESE-negative, nine NOA men with TESE-positive and 10 fertile healthy men (as a control group) were collected. Quadratic discriminate analysis (QDA) technique was implemented on total ion chromatograms (TICs) for identification of discriminatory retention times. We developed multivariate classification models using the QDA technique. Our results revealed that the developed QDA models could predict the classes of samples using their TIC data. The receiver operating characteristic curves for these models were >0.88. After recognition of discriminatory retention time's asymmetric penalized least square, evolving factor analysis, correlation optimized warping and alternating least squares strategies were applied for preprocessing and deconvolution of the overlapped chromatographic peaks. We could identify 36 discriminatory metabolites. These metabolites may be considered discriminatory biomarkers for different groups in NOA.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2916-7245
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gilany
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Chemometrics Laboratory, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mani-Varnosfaderani
authors.affiliation: Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minai-Tehrani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, The Faculty of Renewable Emergies and New Technologies, Tehran, Iran.|Department of Nanobiotechnology, Protein Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti Universtiy, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fateme
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mirzajani
authors.affiliation: Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghassempour
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammed Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.affiliation: Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rezadoost
mesh_terms: D053713:Azoospermia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D012661:Semen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013091:Spermatogenesis
keywords: GC-MS; chemometrics; male infertility; nonobstructive azoospermia; untargeted metabolomic profiling