title: Three-dimensional ultrasound of the neonatal brain: technical approach and spectrum of disease.
abstract: Brain pathology is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates, especially in the premature population. While conventional two-dimensional neurosonography is traditionally used for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of brain disorders such as germinal matrix hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia and hydrocephalus, three-dimensional ultrasonography has gained popularity in a variety of clinical applications in recent years. Three-dimensional ultrasonography is not yet widely utilized in pediatric imaging but is a potentially powerful tool for evaluating the neonatal brain. Three-dimensional neurosonography allows imaging of the entire brain in a single volumetric sweep and offers the capability of reconstructing images in the axial plane and performing volumetric analyses that are unavailable in conventional two-dimensional neurosonography. The purpose of this article is two-fold: (1) to present the technical aspects of three-dimensional neurosonography and (2) to illustrate the potential applications of three-dimensional neurosonography in the context of commonly encountered neonatal neuropathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th St., Bronx, NY, 10467, USA. jkurian@montefiore.org.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-6370
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurian
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th St., Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sotardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th St., Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Liszewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th St., Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th St., Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th St., Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Taragin
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Brain; Neonate; Neurosonography; Prematurity; Three-dimensional ultrasonography; Ultrasound