title: The Acyl Desaturase CER17 Is Involved in Producing Wax Unsaturated Primary Alcohols and Cutin Monomers.
abstract: We report n-6 monounsaturated primary alcohols (C26:1, C28:1, and C30:1homologs) in the cuticular waxes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) inflorescence stem, a class of wax not previously reported in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis cer17 mutant was completely deficient in these monounsaturated alcohols, and CER17 was found to encode a predicted ACYL-COENZYME A DESATURASE LIKE4 (ADS4). Studies of the Arabidopsis cer4 mutant and yeast variously expressing CER4 (a predicted fatty acyl-CoA reductase) with CER17/ADS4, demonstrated CER4's principal role in synthesis of these monounsaturated alcohols. Besides unsaturated alcohol deficiency, cer17 mutants exhibited a thickened and irregular cuticle ultrastructure and increased amounts of cutin monomers. Although unsaturated alcohols were absent throughout the cer17 stem, the mutation's effects on cutin monomers and cuticle ultrastructure were much more severe in distal than basal stems, consistent with observations that the CER17/ADS4 transcript was much more abundant in distal than basal stems. Furthermore, distal but not basal stems of a double mutant deficient for both CER17/ADS4 and LONG-CHAIN ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE1 produced even more cutin monomers and a thicker and more disorganized cuticle ultrastructure and higher cuticle permeability than observed for wild type or either mutant parent, indicating a dramatic genetic interaction on conversion of very long chain acyl-CoA precursors. These results provide evidence that CER17/ADS4 performs n-6 desaturation of very long chain acyl-CoAs in both distal and basal stems and has a major function associated with governing cutin monomer amounts primarily in the distal segments of the inflorescence stem.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.|Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.).|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.).|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.).|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.).|Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and.|Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.).
authors.forename: Xianpeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.|Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.).|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.).|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.).|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.).|Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and.|Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.).
authors.forename: Huayan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.|Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.).|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.).|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.).|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.).|Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and.|Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.).
authors.forename: Dylan K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kosma
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.|Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.).|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.).|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.).|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.).|Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and.|Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.).
authors.forename: Pernell
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9994-9782
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tomasi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.|Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.).|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.).|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.).|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.).|Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and.|Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.).
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.|Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.).|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.).|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.).|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.).|Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and.|Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.).
authors.forename: Rongjun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.|Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.).|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.).|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.).|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.).|Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and.|Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.).
authors.forename: Xiulin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.|Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.).|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.).|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.).|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.).|Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and.|Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.).
authors.forename: Zhouya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.|Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.).|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.).|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.).|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.).|Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and.|Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.).
authors.forename: Eugene P
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8623-4657
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.|Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.).|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.).|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.).|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.).|Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and.|Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.).
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jenks
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; shiyoulu@wbgcas.cn.|Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.); shiyoulu@wbgcas.cn.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.); shiyoulu@wbgcas.cn.|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.); shiyoulu@wbgcas.cn.|U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.); shiyoulu@wbgcas.cn.|Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and shiyoulu@wbgcas.cn.|Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.) shiyoulu@wbgcas.cn.
authors.forename: Shiyou
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0449-2471
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lü
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D056626:Inflorescence / Q000378:metabolism; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D019441:Plant Epidermis / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D021381:Protein Transport; D014885:Waxes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D014885:Waxes; C000521:cutin; C000622998:CER17 protein, Arabidopsis; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases