title: Activity Pattern Profiles: Relationship With Affect, Daily Functioning, Impairment, and Variables Related to Life Goals.
abstract: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify subgroups of patients on the basis of their activity patterns and to investigate their relationship with life goals, optimism, affect, and functioning. The sample was comprised of 276 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the activity pattern variables and the resulting clusters were compared using 1-way analysis of variance. The 4-cluster was the optimal solution. The 4 clusters comprised: 1) avoiders: patients with high levels of avoidance and low levels of persistence, who use pacing to reduce pain, 2) doers: patients with high levels of persistence and low levels of pacing and avoidance, 3) extreme cyclers: patients with high levels of avoidance and persistence and low levels of pacing, and 4) medium cyclers: patients with moderately high levels of avoidance and persistence and high levels of pacing. Comparison of the clusters showed that doers had the most adaptive profile, whereas avoiders, followed by extreme cyclers, had unhealthy profiles. Doers showed a high level of optimism and a good balance between goal value, expectancy, and conflict.
  
  
  
  It is useful to distinguish profiles on the basis of various activity patterns. In contrast to profiles characterized by avoidance, profiles characterized by high persistence and low avoidance were associated with adaptive results. Patients with this profile also showed a high level of optimism and a good balance between goal value, expectancy, and conflict.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Psicología, Málaga, Spain. Electronic address: zarazaga@uma.es.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Esteve
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Psicología, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Alicia E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: López-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Clinical Psychological Science, Behavioural Medicine, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Madelon L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Psicología, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Serrano-Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Psicología, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Gema T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ruíz-Párraga
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Rehabilitación de la Unidad de Gestión Clínica Carihuela, Torremolinos, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Henar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: González-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Psicología, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Maestre
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D057566:Self Report; D013223:Statistics as Topic
keywords: Activity patterns; avoidance; chronic pain; life goals; pacing; persistence