title: Citrus leaf extract reduces blood pressure and vascular damage in repeatedly heated palm oil diet-Induced hypertensive rats.
abstract: Prolonged consumption of repeatedly heated vegetable oil increases blood pressure. This study aimed to determine the effects of Citrus leaf extract, (CLE) on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating enzymes and mediators, as well as aortic histomorphometry in heated palm oil induced-hypertension. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n=56) were divided into seven groups; control group was given normal diet and the other groups were fed with palm oil-enriched diet (15% w/w) either fresh (FPO), five-time-heated (5HPO) or ten-time-heated (10HPO) with or without CLE (0.15%, w/w) supplementation. CLE supplementation reduced the heated oil-raising effect of blood pressure, plasma TBARS, thromboxane and angiotensin-1 converting enzyme in 5HPO but not in 10HPO group. CLE increased serum heme oxygenase-1 in both 5HPO and 10HPO groups. CLE supplementation reduced the increase in aortic intima-media thickness, intima-media area and circumferential wall tension in 5HPO group but not in 10HPO group. These findings suggested that CLE supplementation reduces the blood pressure-raising effects of 5HPO and vascular damage, possibly through its antioxidant effect by modulating vasoactive mediators and blood pressure-regulating enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hawa Nordin
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Siti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yusof
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamisah
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Ishak
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Nur Iliyani
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Suhaila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia. Electronic address: kamsiahjaarin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kamsiah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaarin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D000073878:Palm Oil; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1
keywords: Citrus; Oxidative stress; Rutaceae; Vascular remodeling; Vasoactive mediators