title: Expanding public health in China: an empirical analysis of healthcare inputs and outputs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Chinese Government claims that China's health policy is primarily focused on prevention. However, this does not appear to be the case. Researchers with an interest in China's health policy may be aware that the Chinese Government launched a health reform in 2009 to improve the health status of the entire population by 2020.1This health reform has been in place for 7 years, and only 4 years now remain to achieve the overall objectives by 2020. This study analyzed the main inputs and outputs of China's health reform in order to identify the main problems and highlight the major challenges. It is hoped that this study will provide some reference for health reform in China and other developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study focused on health, with human resources and healthcare costs as the main input indicators, and 2-week prevalence of illness and prevalence of non-communicable diseases as the main output indicators. By longitudinal comparison of real data from 2009 to 2014, the effects of China's health reform were analyzed to identify the main challenges, enabling suggestions to be made for future reference.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective analysis of empirical data. Data were collected between 2009 and 2014 as follows: (1) data on the distribution of healthcare professionals were collected from the Statistical Bulletin of China's Health Development, issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission every year between 2009 and 2014; (2) data on government health expenditure were obtained from the Annual National Public Fiscal Expenditure Data, released by the Financial Ministry of the People's Republic of China from 2009 to 2014; (3) data on the prevalence of chronic diseases, 2-week prevalence of illness, residents' medical service demands, and utilization of health services were obtained from the Fourth and Fifth National Health Care Surveys in 2008 and 2013; and (4) data on total healthcare expenditure, medical expenditure and out-of-pocket payments were obtained from the 2015 China Statistical Yearbook.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2009 to 2014, China's healthcare human resources were distributed primarily in hospitals that focus on providing treatment. By 2014, 62.5% of the health professionals and technical personnel were distributed in hospitals. From 2009, the Chinese Government spent more money on health care than previously, with approximately 67% spent on disease treatment and 14.19% spent on disease prevention. However, the 2-week prevalence of illness increased by 5.2 percentage points, and the prevalence of chronic diseases increased by 9 percentage points. Meanwhile, residents' out-of-pocket payments for health care were as high as 50.61% of the total healthcare expenditure and were particularly high in rural areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  China should adjust the direction of its health reform as soon as possible to focus on improving health status rather than treatment of disease. In the future, as China's population ageing trend intensifies, China must take effective measures or the country's non-communicable disease rates will continue to increase. To meet this challenge, China's health reform should take effective measures to control the rising trend of the incidence of non-communicable diseases. First, China should focus on the core goal of its health reform policy, which is disease prevention. Second, China should focus on strengthening public health systems to effectively prevent and control key epidemic diseases. Third, China should increase the number of public health personnel, improve the level of education and training of public health personnel and increase the input of funds into the field of public health as soon as possible.
authors.affiliation: Xi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Baoji Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Baoji, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Central Hospital of Baoji City, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Baoji Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Baoji, China.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Xi'an Jiao Tong University, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an, China. Electronic address: gaojianmin2016@126.com.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Xi'an Jiao Tong University, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Z L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D036262:Empirical Research; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: China's health reform; Empirical analysis; Input and output; Public health