title: Sustaining SBIRT in the wild: simulating revenues and costs for Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs.
abstract: To examine the conditions under which Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) programs can be sustained by health insurance payments.
  
  
  
  A mathematical model was used to estimate the number of patients needed for revenues to exceed costs.
  
  
  
  Three medical settings in the United States were examined: in-patient, out-patient and emergency department. Components of SBIRT were delivered by combinations of health-care practitioners (generalists) and behavioral health specialists.
  
  
  
  Practitioners in seven SBIRT programs who received grants from the US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
  
  
  
  Program costs and revenues were measured using data from grantees. Patient flows were measured from administrative data and adjusted with prevalence and screening estimates from the literature.
  
  
  
  SBIRT can be sustained through health insurance reimbursement in out-patient and emergency department settings in most staffing mixes. To sustain SBIRT in in-patient programs, a patient flow larger than the national average may be needed; if that flow is achieved, the range of screens required to maintain a surplus is narrow. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the results are very sensitive to changes in the proportion of insured patients.
  
  
  
  Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs in the United States can be sustained by health insurance payments under a variety of staffing models. Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs can be sustained only in an in-patient setting with above-average patient flow (more than 2500 screens). Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment programs in out-patient and emergency department settings can be sustained with below-average patient flows (fewer than 125 000 out-patient visits and fewer than 27 000 emergency department visits).
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cowell
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: William N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hinde
authors.affiliation: Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bray
mesh_terms: D004469:Economics, Hospital; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D062405:Motivational Interviewing / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000191:economics; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics*; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms / Q000191:economics; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014481:United States
keywords: Cost; SBIRT; health insurance; revenue; screening and brief intervention; simulation, sustainability