title: Sorbus rufopilosaExtract Exhibits Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities by Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma HT29 Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sorbus rufopilosa, a tsema rowan, is a species of the small ornamental trees in the genus Sorbus and the family Rosaceae found in East Asia. The bioactivities ofS. rufopilosahave not yet been fully determined. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer effects of ethanol extract ofS. rufopilosa(EESR) and to determine the molecular mechanism of its anticancer activity in human colon carcinoma HT29 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine the antioxidant activity of EESR, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity assay was performed. Inhibitory effect of EESR on cancer cell growth and proliferation was determined by water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay. To investigate the mechanism of EESR-mediated cytotoxicity, HT29 cells were treated with various concentrations of EESR and the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EESR showed significant antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on HT29 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. EESR induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner by modulating cyclin B, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), and CDK inhibitor p21 expression. EESR-induced apoptosis was associated with the upregulation of p53, a death receptor Fas, and a pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the activation of caspase 3, 8, and 9, resulting in the degradation of PARP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EESR possessing antioxidant activity efficiently inhibits proliferation of HT29 cells by inducing both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. EESR may be a possible candidate for the anticancer drug development.
authors.affiliation: Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: You Na
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea; Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Soojung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea; Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea; Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Woo
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Anticancer; Antioxidant; Apoptosis; Cell cycle arrest; Sorbus rufopilosa