title: Systematic review of severity scales and screening instruments for tics: Critique and recommendations.
abstract: Several clinician, informant, and self-report instruments for tics and associated phenomena have been developed that differ in construct, comprehensiveness, and ease of administration.
  
  
  
  A Movement Disorders Society subcommittee aimed to rate psychometric quality of severity and screening instruments for tics and related sensory phenomena.
  
  
  
  Following the methodology adopted by previous Movement Disorders Society subcommittee papers, a review of severity and screening instruments for tics was completed, applying a classification as "recommended," "suggested," or "listed" to each instrument.
  
  
  
  A total of 5 severity scales (Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Tourette Syndrome Clinical Global Impression, Tourette's Disorder Scale, Shapiro Tourette syndrome Severity Scale, Premonitory Urges for Tics Scale) were "recommended," and 6 (Rush Video-Based Tic Rating Scale, Motor tic, Obsessions and compulsions, Vocal tic Evaluation Survey, Tourette Syndrome Global Scale, Global Tic Rating Scale, Parent Tic Questionnaire, Tourette Syndrome Symptom List) were "suggested." A total of 2 screening instruments (Motor tic, Obsession and compulsions, Vocal tic Evaluation Survey and Autism-Tics, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Other Comorbidities Inventory) were "recommended," whereas 2 others (Apter 4-questions screening and Proxy Report Questionnaire for Parents and Teachers) were "suggested."
  
  
  
  Our review does not support the need for developing new tic severity or screening instruments. Potential objectives of future research include developing a rating instrument targeting the full spectrum of tic-related abnormal behaviors, assessing/screening malignant forms of tic disorders, and developing patient-reported outcome measures. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
authors.affiliation: International Parkinson's Centre of Excellence, King's College and King's College Hospital, London, UK.|Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Tamara M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pringsheim
authors.affiliation: Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Department of Neuropsychiatry, The Barberry National Centre for Mental Health, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Cavanna
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome "La Sapienza,", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colosimo
authors.affiliation: Centre de Reference National Maladie Rare: "Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette," Departement de Neurologie, Pole des Maladies du Systeme Nerveux, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Leckman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4214-5809
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institut of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munchau
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ilinois, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ilinois, USA.
authors.forename: Glenn T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Stebbins
authors.affiliation: National Center of Epidemiology and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martinez-Martin
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: Tourette's syndrome; rating scales; screening; tics; urges