title: Gas Turbine Engine Nonvolatile Particulate Matter Mass Emissions: Correlation with Smoke Number for Conventional and Alternative Fuel Blends.
abstract: This study evaluates the relationship between the emissions parameters of smoke number (SN) and mass concentration of nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) in the exhaust of a gas turbine engine for a conventional Jet A-1 and a number of alternative fuel blends. The data demonstrate the significant impact of fuel composition on the emissions and highlight the magnitude of the fuel-induced uncertainty for both SN within the Emissions Data Bank as well as nvPM mass within the new regulatory standard under development. Notwithstanding these substantial differences, the data show that correlation between SN and nvPM mass concentration still adheres to the first order approximation (FOA3), and this agreement is maintained over a wide range of fuel compositions. Hence, the data support the supposition that the FOA3 is applicable to engines burning both conventional and alternative fuel blends without adaptation or modification. The chemical composition of the fuel is shown to impact mass and number concentration as well as geometric mean diameter of the emitted nvPM; however, the data do not support assertions that the emissions of black carbon with small mean diameter will result in significant deviations from FOA3.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aviation Transport and the Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2631-5425
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aviation Transport and the Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.|Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States.
authors.forename: Prem
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0626-6646
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aviation Transport and the Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aviation Transport and the Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University , Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raper
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000401:Aircraft; D005742:Gasoline; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012906:Smoke; D053260:Soot; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005742:Gasoline; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012906:Smoke; D053260:Soot; D001335:Vehicle Emissions