title: Predictors of mortality following conservatively managed fractures of the odontoid in elderly patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rates of mortality as high as 25% to 30% have been described following fractures of the odontoid in the elderly population. The aim of this study was to examine whether easily identifiable variables present on admission are associated with mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series of 83 elderly patients with a fracture of the odontoid following a low-impact injury was identified retrospectively. Data that were collected included demographics, past medical history and the results of blood tests on admission. Radiological investigations were used to assess the Anderson and D'Alonzo classification and displacement of the fracture. The mean age was 82.9 years (65 to 101). Most patients (66; 79.5%) had a type 2 fracture. An associated neurological deficit was present in 11 (13.3%). All were treated conservatively; 80 (96.4%) with a hard collar and three (3.6%) with halo vest immobilisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of mortality was 16% (13 patients) at 30 days and 24% (20 patients) at one year after injury. A low serum level of haemoglobin and the presence of a neurological deficit on admission were independent predicators of mortality at 30 days on binary logistic regression analysis. A, low level of haemoglobin, admission from an institution, a neurological deficit and type 3 fractures were independent predictors of mortality at one year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that these easily identifiable predictors present on admission can be used to identify patients at high risk and guide management by a multidisciplinary team. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:116-21.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bajada
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ved
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Dudhniwala
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahuja
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D009809:Odontoid Process / Q000293:injuries*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D012709:Serum Albumin
keywords: Cervical; Fracture; Mortality; Odontoid peg