title: Transgender Population Size in the United States: a Meta-Regression of Population-Based Probability Samples.
abstract: Transgender individuals have a gender identity that differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. The population size of transgender individuals in the United States is not well-known, in part because official records, including the US Census, do not include data on gender identity. Population surveys today more often collect transgender-inclusive gender-identity data, and secular trends in culture and the media have created a somewhat more favorable environment for transgender people.
  
  
  
  To estimate the current population size of transgender individuals in the United States and evaluate any trend over time.
  
  
  
  In June and July 2016, we searched PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science for national surveys, as well as "gray" literature, through an Internet search. We limited the search to 2006 through 2016.
  
  
  
  We selected population-based surveys that used probability sampling and included self-reported transgender-identity data.
  
  
  
  We used random-effects meta-analysis to pool eligible surveys and used meta-regression to address our hypothesis that the transgender population size estimate would increase over time. We used subsample and leave-one-out analysis to assess for bias.
  
  
  
  Our meta-regression model, based on 12 surveys covering 2007 to 2015, explained 62.5% of model heterogeneity, with a significant effect for each unit increase in survey year (F = 17.122; df = 1,10; b = 0.026%; P = .002). Extrapolating these results to 2016 suggested a current US population size of 390 adults per 100 000, or almost 1 million adults nationally. This estimate may be more indicative for younger adults, who represented more than 50% of the respondents in our analysis.
  
  
  
  Future national surveys are likely to observe higher numbers of transgender people. The large variety in questions used to ask about transgender identity may account for residual heterogeneity in our models. Public health implications. Under- or nonrepresentation of transgender individuals in population surveys is a barrier to understanding social determinants and health disparities faced by this population. We recommend using standardized questions to identify respondents with transgender and nonbinary gender identities, which will allow a more accurate population size estimate.
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, Esther L. Meerwijk was with the Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco. Jae M. Sevelius is with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Esther L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Meerwijk
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, Esther L. Meerwijk was with the Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco. Jae M. Sevelius is with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Jae M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sevelius
mesh_terms: D003710:Demography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D063106:Transgender Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States