title: Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves.
abstract: Growth analyses are often used in plant science to investigate contrasting genotypes and the effect of environmental conditions. The cellular aspect of these analyses is of crucial importance, because growth is driven by cell division and cell elongation. Kinematic analysis represents a methodology to quantify these two processes. Moreover, this technique is easy to use in non-specialized laboratories. Here, we present a protocol for performing a kinematic analysis in monocotyledonous maize (Zea mays) leaves. Two aspects are presented: (1) the quantification of cell division and expansion parameters, and (2) the determination of the location of the developmental zones. This could serve as a basis for sampling design and/or could be useful for data interpretation of biochemical and molecular measurements with high spatial resolution in the leaf growth zone. The growth zone of maize leaves is harvested during steady-state growth. Individual leaves are used for meristem length determination using a DAPI stain and cell-length profiles using DIC microscopy. The protocol is suited for emerged monocotyledonous leaves harvested during steady-state growth, with growth zones spanning at least several centimeters. To improve the understanding of plant growth regulation, data on growth and molecular studies must be combined. Therefore, an important advantage of kinematic analysis is the possibility to correlate changes at the molecular level to well-defined stages of cellular development. Furthermore, it allows for a more focused sampling of specified developmental stages, which is useful in case of limited budget or time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp.
authors.forename: Katrien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sprangers
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp.
authors.forename: Viktoriya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Avramova
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Antwerp; gerrit.beemster@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Gerrit T S
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Beemster
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D008857:Microscopy, Interference; D059828:Plant Cells; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000166:cytology*