title: Regulation of blood glucose level by kainic acid in mice: involvement of glucocorticoid system and non-NMDA receptors.
abstract: Kainic acid (KA) is a well-known excitatory neurotoxic substance. In the present study, effects
  of KA-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.), intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intrathecally (i.t.) on the
  blood glucose level were investigated in ICR mice. We found that KA administered intraperitoneally
  (i.p.), intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intrathecally (i.t.) increased the blood glucose and corticosterone
  levels, suggesting that KA-induced hyperglycemia appeared to be due to increased blood corticosterone
  level. In support of this finding, adrenalectomy causes a reduction of KA-induced hyperglycemia and
  neuronal cell death in CA3 regions of the hippocampus. In addition, pretreatment with i.c.v. or i.t. injection
  of CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione; a non-NMDA receptor blocker) attenuated the
  i.p. and i.c.v. administered KA-induced hyperglycemia. KA administered i.c.v. caused an elevation of the
  blood corticosterone level whereas the plasma insulin level was reduced. Moreover, i.c.v. pretreatment
  with CNQX inhibited the decrease of plasma insulin level induced by KA i.c.v. injection, whereas the
  KA-induced plasma corticosterone level was further enhanced by CNQX pretreatment. Our results suggest
  that KA administered systemically or centrally produces hyperglycemia. A glucocorticoid system appears
  to be involved in KA-induced hyperglycemia. Furthermore, central non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
  may be responsible for KA-induced hyperglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chea-Ha
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Beom
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Su
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun-Sub
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hong-Won
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Suh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D056654:CA3 Region, Hippocampal / Q000187:drug effects*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood*; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D007608:Kainic Acid; D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: CNQX; glucocorticoid; hyperglycemia; kainic acid; spinal; supraspinal