title: Plum Fruit Development Occurs via Gibberellin-Sensitive and -Insensitive DELLA Repressors.
abstract: Fruit growth depends on highly coordinated hormonal activities. The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) promotes growth by triggering degradation of the growth-repressing DELLA proteins; however, the extent to which such proteins contribute to GA-mediated fruit development remains to be clarified. Three new plum genes encoding DELLA proteins, PslGAI, PslRGL and PslRGA were isolated and functionally characterized. Analysis of expression profile during fruit development suggested that PslDELLA are transcriptionally regulated during flower and fruit ontogeny with potential positive regulation by GA and ethylene, depending on organ and developmental stage. PslGAI and PslRGL deduced proteins contain all domains present in typical DELLA proteins. However, PslRGA exhibited a degenerated DELLA domain and subsequently lacks in GID1-DELLA interaction property. PslDELLA-overexpression in WT Arabidopsis caused dramatic disruption in overall growth including root length, stem elongation, plant architecture, flower structure, fertility, and considerable retardation in development due to dramatic distortion in GA-metabolic pathway. GA treatment enhanced PslGAI/PslRGL interaction with PslGID1 receptors, causing protein destabilization and relief of growth-restraining effect. By contrast, PslRGA protein was not degraded by GA due to its inability to interact with PslGID1. Relative to other PslDELLA-mutants, PslRGA-plants displayed stronger constitutive repressive growth that was irreversible by GA application. The present results describe additional complexities in GA-signalling during plum fruit development, which may be particularly important to optimize successful reproductive growth.
authors.affiliation: Florida A&M University, Center of Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America.|Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
authors.forename: Islam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: El-Sharkawy
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.|University of Guelph, Department of Plant Agriculture, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sherif
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Mahboob
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdulla
authors.affiliation: University of Guelph, Department of Plant Agriculture, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Subramanian
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1236-6240
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jayasankar
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011485:Protein Binding; D000068242:Prunus domestica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C109555:GAI protein, Arabidopsis; D005875:Gibberellins; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface