title: An Experimental Analysis of the Molecular Effects of Trastuzumab (Herceptin) and Fulvestrant (Falsodex), as Single Agents or in Combination, on Human HR+/HER2+ Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Mouse Tumor Xenografts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of trastuzumab (herceptin) and fulvestrant (falsodex) either in combination or alone, on downstream cell signaling pathways in lab-cultured human HR+/HER2+ breast cancer cell lines ZR-75-1 and BT-474, as well as on protein expression levels in mouse xenograft tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were cultivated in the presence of trastuzumab or fulvestrant or both. Molecular events that resulted in an inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression or in an increased rate of apoptosis were studied. The distribution and abundance of the proteins p-Akt and p-Erk expressed in these cells in response to single agents or combinatorial treatment were also investigated. In addition, the effects of trastuzumab and fulvestrant, either as single agents or in combination on tumor growth as well as on expression of the protein p-MED1 expressed in in vivo mouse xenograft models was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell proliferation was increasingly inhibited by trastuzumab or fulvestrant or both, with a CI<1 and DRI>1 in both human cell lines. The rate of apoptosis increased only in the BT-474 cell line and not in the ZR-75-1 cell line upon treatment with fulvestrant and not trastuzumab as a single agent (P<0.05). Interestingly, fulvestrant, in combination with trastuzumab, did not significantly alter the rate of apoptosis (in comparison with fulvestrant alone), in the BT-474 cell line (P>0.05). Cell accumulation in the G1 phase of cell cycle was investigated in all treatment groups (P<0.05), and the combination of trastuzumab and fulvestrant reversed the effects of fulvestrant alone on p-Akt and p-Erk protein expression levels. Using ZR-75-1 or BT-474 to generate in vivo tumor xenografts in BALB/c athymic mouse models, we showed that a combination of both drugs resulted in a stronger inhibition of tumor growth (P<0.05) and a greater decrease in the levels of activated MED1 (p-MED1) expressed in tumor issues compared with the use of either drug as a single agent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that the administration of trastuzumab and fulvestrant in combination results in positive synergistic effects on both, ZR-75-1 and BT-474 cell lines. This combinatorial approach is likely to reduce physiological side effects of both drugs, thus providing a theoretical basis for the use of such combination treatment in order to resolve HR+/HER2+ triple positive breast cancer that has previously been shown to be resistant to endocrine treatment alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Shanghai International Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ziyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yunshu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Longlong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Meixin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Kejin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017209:Apoptosis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068878:Trastuzumab / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D000068878:Trastuzumab; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human; C524056:Erbb2 protein, mouse; C494918:AKT1 protein, human; C514862:Akt1 protein, mouse