title: Assessment of a novel device for onsite integrative large-volume solid phase extraction of water samples to enable a comprehensive chemical and effect-based analysis.
abstract: The implementation of targeted and nontargeted chemical screening analysis in combination with in vitro and organism-level bioassays is a prerequisite for a more holistic monitoring of water quality in the future. For chemical analysis, little or no sample enrichment is often sufficient, while bioanalysis often requires larger sample volumes at a certain enrichment factor for conducting comprehensive bioassays on different endpoints or further effect-directed analysis (EDA). To avoid logistic and technical issues related to the storage and transport of large volumes of water, sampling would benefit greatly from onsite extraction. This study presents a novel onsite large volume solid phase extraction (LVSPE) device tailored to fulfill the requirements for the successful effect-based and chemical screening of water resources and complies with available international standards for automated sampling devices. Laboratory recovery experiments using 251 organic compounds in the log D range from -3.6 to 9.4 (at pH7.0) spiked into pristine water resulted in acceptable recoveries and from 60 to 123% for 159 out of 251 substances. Within a European-wide demonstration program, the LVSPE was able to enrich compounds in concentration ranges over three orders of magnitude (1ngL-1to 2400ngL-1). It was possible to discriminate responsive samples from samples with no or only low effects in a set of six different bioassays (i.e. acetylcholinesterase and algal growth inhibition, androgenicity, estrogenicity, fish embryo toxicity, glucocorticoid activity). The LVSPE thus proved applicable for onsite extraction of sufficient amounts of water to investigate water quality thoroughly by means of chemical analysis and effect-based tools without the common limitations due to small sample volumes.
authors.affiliation: UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: tobias.schulze@ufz.de.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Marijan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahel
authors.affiliation: UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahlheim
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Selim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aït-Aïssa
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brion
authors.affiliation: RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Paolo
authors.affiliation: UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo (UiO), PO Box 1033, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Froment
authors.affiliation: Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anita O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Hidasi
authors.affiliation: Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hollender
authors.affiliation: RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Henner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hollert
authors.affiliation: UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Anett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kloß
authors.affiliation: Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koprivica
authors.affiliation: UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.affiliation: UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Melis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muz
authors.affiliation: Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oswald
authors.affiliation: UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Margit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petre
authors.affiliation: Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schollée
authors.affiliation: RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas-Benjamin
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Seiler
authors.affiliation: RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slobodnik
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sonavane
authors.affiliation: Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marc J-F
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Knut Erik
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Tollefsen
authors.affiliation: MAXX Mess- u. Probenahmetechnik GmbH, Hechinger Straße 41, 72414 Rangendingen, Germany; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tousova
authors.affiliation: MAXX Mess- u. Probenahmetechnik GmbH, Hechinger Straße 41, 72414 Rangendingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Walz
authors.affiliation: UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brack
keywords: Applicability domain; Automated water sampler; Bioassay analysis; Chemical analysis; Effect-based analysis; LVSPE; Large-volume solid phase extraction