title: Phenolic compounds of three unconventional Sudanese oils.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The total amount and content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds using the Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods of the methanolic extracts of Sclerocarya birrea oil (SCO), Melon bug oil (MBO), and Sorghum bug oil (SBO) were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dry samples of Sclerocarya birrea, Aspongopus vidiuatus and Agonoscelis pubescens were used in this study. The oil was extracted using n-hexane following AOCS method. The phenolic compounds were extracted following a well known method and the total amounts of phenolic and flavonoids were determined using Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride methods, respectively and were identified by HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentration of total phenolic compounds was determined as 3.3, 20.7 and 0.9 mg/100 g oil, in SCO, MBO and SBO, respectively, calculated as gallic acid equivalents. The polar fraction of the three oils was separated using solid phase extraction method. The variation of simple and complex oils phenols studied by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (DAD) using sephadex eluted by acetone revealed six phenolic compounds which were identified as vanillic acid, callistephin, sinapic acid, t-cinnamic acid, epicatechin, and luteolin in SCO, and four phenolic compounds were identified as vanillin, sinapic acid, o-coumaric acid, and quercetin, in SBO, while in MBO four phenolic compounds were identified as t-cinnamic, syringic acid, quercetin and pelargonin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phenolic compounds found in SCO, SBO, and MBO can be divided into phenolic compounds and flavonoids.
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences and Arts-Alkamil, King Abdulaziz University, Alkamil, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdalbasit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mariod
authors.affiliation: Max Rubner Institute, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matthäus
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eichner
authors.affiliation: National Oilseed Processing Research Institute, University of Gezira, Sudan.
authors.forename: Ismail H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Hussein
mesh_terms: D027926:Anacardiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007313:Insecta / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D013397:Sudan
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols
keywords: Agonoscelis pubescens; Aspongopus vidiuatus; Diol Solid Phase Extraction; HPLC/DAD; Sclerocarya birrea; Sephadex LH-20