title: [Jews in European pharmacy from the seventh to the early twentieth centuries].
abstract: This article deals with less familiar theme - the status of Jewish doctors and pharmacists in the history of pharmacy from the 7th century AD to the early 20th century. They played an important role in the history of the Iberian Peninsula - initially under Muslim and after the Reconquista in 1492 under Christian rule. Most of them chose assimilation into the surrounding milieu, some of them escaped before the Christian Inquisition. Despite persecution, it was the golden age of Jewish medicine and pharmacy. During the existence of the Frankish empire we find only rare mentions of them - Jews isolated in the area of urban Jewish ghettos. Jewish doctors and pharmacists found better employment first in some Protestant countries (England, Holland). In Germany and Central Europe they gained ground at the end of the 19th century. A number of prominent scientists, especially from Eastern Europe, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries found a solution in immigration to the US to escape were anti-Semitism.Key words: Jews pharmacy Arab empire pharmacology.
authors.forename: Tomáš
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: František
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dohnal
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe; D000077406:History of Pharmacy; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007585:Jews; D010595:Pharmacists; D010820:Physicians