title: Linoleic Acid is a Diabetes-relevant Stimulator of Retinal Inflammation in Human Retinal Muller Cells and Microvascular Endothelial Cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of oleic acid and linoleic acid on the production and secretion of specific diabetic retinopathy- (DR-) related cytokines: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by human retinal glial cells, retinal endothelial cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells. These expression profiles will be compared to those obtained by treatment of the same cell types with elevated D-glucose, a diabetes-relevant stimulus often used in retinal cell culture experiments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of human retinal Müller cells, astrocytes, and microvascular endothelial cells (RMEC) and a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) were treated with oleic acid, linoleic acid, elevated D-glucose, or L-glucose as an osmotic control. VEGF, IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations in conditioned media were determined by colorimetric ELISA and normalized to total cellular protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the conditioned medium of human Müller cells, linoleic and oleic acid increased VEGF production by 6.4-fold and 9.9-fold, respectively. Linoleic acid also significantly increased IL-6 by 2.9-fold and IL-8 by 5.7-fold. L-glucose and D-glucose both increased VEGF by 3.1-fold in Müller cell conditioned medium. Linoleic acid increased IL-8 concentrations by 56% in human RMEC conditioned medium. Human retinal astrocytes and ARPE-19 were unaffected by all stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linoleic and oleic acid induce inflammatory mediators believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). In culture, the free fatty acid insults, particularly linoleic acid, significantly increased cytokine production by Müller cells. In summary, these data identified Müller cells as the primary producer of these inflammatory mediators when treated with unsaturated fatty acids. This study also demonstrates that elevated glucose is an inadequate stimulus for assessing the production of inflammatory mediators. Therefore this study provides a novel in vitro model system of the dyslipidemia-induced inflammation occurring in DR.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-8808, USA.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Capozzi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-8808, USA.
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: McCollum
authors.affiliation: Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-8808, USA.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Cousins
authors.affiliation: Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-8808, USA.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Penn
keywords: Diabetic retinopathy; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Linoleic acid; Oleic acid; Vascular endothelial growth factor