title: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound mapping of sentinel lymph nodes in oral tongue cancer-a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) with peritumoral injection of microbubble contrast agent for detecting the sentinel lymph nodes for oral tongue carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out on 12 patients with T1-2cN0 oral tongue cancer. A radical resection of the primary disease was planned; a modified radical supraomohyoid neck dissection was reserved for patients with larger lesions (T2, n = 8). The treatment plan and execution were not influenced by sentinel node mapping outcome. The Sonovue™contrast agent (Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy) was utilized. After detection, the position and radiologic features of the sentinel nodes were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The identification rate of the sentinel nodes was 91.7%; one patient failed to demonstrate any enhanced areas. A total of 15 sentinel nodes were found in the rest of the 11 cases, with a mean of 1.4 nodes for each patient. The sentinel nodes were localized in: Level IA-1 (6.7%) node; Level IB-11 (73.3%) nodes; Level IIA-3 (20.0%) nodes. No contrast-related adverse effects were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For oral tongue tumours, CEUS is a feasible and potentially widely available approach of sentinel node mapping. Further clinical research is required to establish the position of CEUS detection of the sentinel nodes in oral cavity cancers.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.|2 Department of Reconstructive Maxillofacial Surgery with Microsurgery and External Prosthetics, Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia.|3 Department of Consulting and Diagnostics, Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Shalva R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gvetadze
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Mingming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jingzhou
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Head and Neck Surgery, NN Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Konstantin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Ilkaev
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D045423:Microbubbles; D009333:Neck; D037981:Neck Dissection; D010865:Pilot Projects; D000071036:Sentinel Lymph Node / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: contrast-enhanced ultrasound; sentinel lymph node; tongue squamous cell carcinoma