title: Ultrasensitive Phototriggered Local Anesthesia.
abstract: An injectable local anesthetic producing repeatable on-demand nerve block would be desirable for pain management. Here we present a phototriggerable device to achieve repeatable and adjustable on-demand local anesthesia in superficial or deep tissues, consisting of gold nanorods attached to low temperature sensitive liposomes (LTSL). The particles were loaded with tetrodotoxin and dexmedetomidine. Near-infrared light (NIR, 808 nm, continuous wave) could heat gold nanorods at low fluence (short duration and low irradiance), leading to rapid release of payload. In vivo, 1-2 min of irradiation at ≤272 mW/cm2produced repeatable and adjustable on-demand infiltration anesthesia or sciatic nerve blockade with minimal toxicity. The nerve block intensity and duration correlated with the irradiance and duration of the applied light.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education , Shanghai 200032, China.|Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Changyou
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santamaria
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rwei
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Timko
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5369-5932
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kohane
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D065546:Drug Liberation; D006046:Gold; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008027:Light; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D012584:Sciatic Nerve; D013499:Surface Properties; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D006046:Gold
keywords: Phototriggering; gold nanorod; liposome; local anesthesia; tetrodotoxin