title: Prospective randomized comparison between fluoroscopy-guided ureteroscopy versus ureteroscopy with real-time ultrasonography for the management of ureteral stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ureteroscopy is the definitive management for ureteric stone. Conventional ureteroscopy uses fluoroscopy guidance which has radiation exposure to patients as well as hospital staff. Ultrasound is a good radiation-free alternative for using in the urological procedure. With this background, we executed a prospective randomized trial comparing fluoroscopy-guided ureteroscopy versus ultrasound-guided ureteroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized into two groups (41 into fluoroscopy and 41 into ultrasound group after exclusion) in a single center from July 2014 to March 2015. Semi-rigid ureteroscopy was used in all cases. Ultrasound was used to place guide wire and postprocedure stents placement in ultrasound group. Patient's characteristics; intra- and post-operative parameters were compared between the two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  SPSS version 16.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. The results were presented as percentages and means (± standard deviation). The categorical/dichotomous variables were analyzed using Chi-squared test. Continuous variables were analyzed using unpaired t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 102 adult patients were randomized in this trial and eighty patients undergo the final analysis. Mean stone burden was 41.75 ± 13.44 (17.94-79.20 mm2). Mean operative time was 43.90 ± 12.99 (25-82 min) in fluoroscopy group versus 45.61 ± 11.62 (28-78 min) in ultrasound group. The initial success rate was 93.75% (92.30% in fluoroscopy vs. 95.12% in ultrasound group). Overall complications noted in 8.75% and most of the complications were minor in nature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-guided ureteroscopy is safe and effectively for ureteric stone. Fluoroscopy can be avoided during ureteroscopy for uncomplicated stone. No radiation ureteroscopy is feasible with good success and minimal complication. Larger sample size with multicentric trial needed for its greater applicability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Vishwajeet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Bimalesh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Purkait
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Rahul Janak
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sinha
keywords: Fluoroscopy; radiation; ultrasonography; ureteroscopy