title: Association of environmental indicators with teen alcohol use and problem behavior: Teens' observations vs. objectively-measured indicators.
abstract: Most prior studies use objectively measured data (e.g., census-based indicators) to assess contextual risks. However, teens' observations might be more important for their risk behavior.
  
  
  
  1) determine relationships between observed and objective indicators of contextual risks 2) determine relations of observed and objective indicators with teen alcohol use and problem behavior. Teens aged 14-16 (N=170) carried GPS-enabled smartphones for one month, with locations documented. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) measured teens' observations via texts regarding risk behaviors and environmental observations. Objective indicators of alcohol outlets and disorganization were spatially joined to EMAs based on teens' location at the time of the texts. Observed and objective disorganization, and objective indicators of alcohol outlets were related to alcohol use. Observed disorganization was related to problem behavior, while objective indicators were unrelated. Findings suggest the importance of considering teens' observations of contextual risk for understanding influences on risk behavior and suggest future directions for research and prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. Electronic address: hbyrnes@prev.org.
authors.forename: Hilary F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Byrnes
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
authors.forename: Brenda A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia. Electronic address: cmorrison@prev.org.
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wiebe
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
authors.forename: Marcie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woychik
authors.affiliation: Regenstrief Institute for Health Care, Fairbanks Hall, 340 West 10th Street, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3082, USA; Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3082, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3082, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wiehe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003132:Commerce; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000066553:Problem Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012309:Risk-Taking; D000068997:Smartphone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000066608:Underage Drinking / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Adolescent alcohol use; Alcohol outlets; GPS; Neighborhood context; Observations