title: Downregulation of transgelin blocks interleukin-8 utilization and suppresses vasculogenic mimicry in breast cancer cells.
abstract: Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a non-classical mechanism recently described in many tumors, whereby cancer cells, rather than endothelial cells, form blood vessels. Transgelin is an actin-binding protein that has been implicated in multiple stages of cancer development. In this study, we investigated the role of transgelin in VM and assessed its effect on the expression of endothelial and angiogenesis-related genes during VM in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We confirmed the ability of MDA-MB-231 cells to undergo VM through a tube formation assay. Flow cytometry analysis revealed an increase in the expression of the endothelial-related markers VE-cadherin and CD34 in cells that underwent VM, compared with those growing in a monolayer, which was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. We employed siRNA to silence transgelin, and knockdown efficiency was determined by western blot analyses. Downregulation of transgelin suppressed cell proliferation and tube formation, but increased IL-8 levels in Matrigel cultures. RT-PCR analyses revealed that the expression of IL-8, VE-cadherin, and CD34 was unaffected by transgelin knockdown, indicating that increased IL-8 expression was not due to enhanced transcriptional activity. More importantly, the inhibition of IL-8/CXCR2 signaling also resulted in suppression of VM with increased IL-8 levels, confirming that increased IL-8 levels after transgelin knockdown was due to inhibition of IL-8 uptake. Our findings indicate that transgelin regulates VM by enhancing IL uptake. These observations are relevant to the future development of efficient antivascular agents. Impact statement Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is an angiogenic-independent mechanism of blood vessel formation whereby aggressive tumor cells undergo formation of capillary-like structures. Thus, interventions aimed at angiogenesis might not target the entire tumor vasculature. A more holistic approach is therefore needed in the development of improved antivascular agents. Transgelin, an actin-binding protein, has been associated with multiple stages of cancer development such as proliferation, migration and invasion, but little is known about its role in vasculogenic mimicry. We present here, an additional mechanism by which transgelin promotes malignancy by way of its association with the occurrence of VM. Although transgelin knockdown did not affect the transcript levels of most of the angiogenesis-related genes in this study, it was associated with the inhibition of the uptake of IL-8, accompanied by suppressed VM, indicating that transgelin is required for VM. These observations are relevant to the future development of efficient antivascular agents.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea.|2 Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Anastasia R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Aikins
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea.|3 Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University 136-701, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: MiJung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raymundo
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Chan-Wha
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000502:physiology*; D061986:MCF-7 Cells / Q000502:physiology; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000099152:Cadherin 5
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015820:Cadherins; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D000099152:Cadherin 5; C051615:transgelin
keywords: Vasculogenic mimicry; breast cancer; cancer stem cells; endothelial markers; interleukin-8; transgelin