title: Comparative 3D micro-CT and 2D histomorphometry analysis of dental implant osseointegration in the maxilla of minipigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The bone implant contact (BIC) has traditionally been evaluated with histological methods. Thereupon, strong correlations of two-dimensional (2D) BIC have been detected between μCT and destructive histology. However, due to the high intra-sample variability in BIC values, one histological slice is not sufficient to represent 3D BIC. Therefore, our aim has been to correlate the averaged values of 3-4 histological sections to 3D μCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four implants inserted into the maxilla of 14 minipigs were evaluated. Two different time points were selected to assess the 3D BIC (distance to implant: 2-5 voxels), an inner ring (6-30 voxels) and an outer ring (55-100 voxels) using μCT (voxel size: 10 μm) and to correlate the values to histomorphometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strong correlations (p < 0.0001; 28 days, 56 days, total) were seen between μCT and histomorphometry concerning BIC (r = 0.84, r = 0.85, r = 0.83), the inner ring (r = 0.87, r = 0.87, r = 0.88) and the outer ring (r = 0.85, r = 0.85, r = 0.88). Closer to the implant, μCT values were higher compared with histomorphometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although 3-4 histological slices per implant seem to predict the 3D BIC, μCT might be advantageous because of its non-destructive 3D character. The healing time may not impact on the comparability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3841-0163
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bissinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian Andreas
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus-Dietrich
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeschke
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deppe
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.|Institute of Molecular Immunology - Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015921:Dental Implants; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D016348:Osseointegration; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: bone implant contact (BIC); bone volume/total volume (BV/TV); dental implants; histomorphometry; micro-CT (μCT); osseointegration