title: Effects of morphine-alfaxalone-midazolam premedication, alfaxalone induction and sevoflurane maintenance on intraocular pressure and tear production in dogs.
abstract: Intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production are commonly affected by general anaesthesia. It is necessary to have a good control of both to guarantee successful ophthalmic surgery. The purpose of this research was to evaluate if the protocol based on the administration of morphine-alfaxalone-midazolam as premedication, alfaxalone as induction and sevoflurane as maintenance, can induce changes on IOP and Schirmer's tear test (STT-1) in healthy dogs. Twenty-two adult mixed-breed dogs scheduled for an ovariohysterectomy were enrolled for the study. IOP and STT-1 were registered at baseline (T0), 5 minutes (T1), 10 minutes (T2) and 15 minutes (T3) after premedication with a morphine-alfaxalone-midazolam combination; 5 minutes (T4) after induction with alfaxalone and 15 minutes (T5) and 25 minutes (T6) after maintenance with sevoflurane. A one-way analysis of variance was performed to analyse the difference between IOP and STT-1 over time, respectively. The present study shows a slightly statistically significant increase in IOP (P<0.05) after premedication, induction and maintenance that can be associated with this anaesthetic protocol. STT-1 showed a statistically significant reduction during all the procedures (P<0.001). These results should be taken into consideration, especially in dogs with damaged corneas, in those predisposed to glaucoma and in those due to undergo intraocular surgery. Ocular lubrication is necessary if this protocol is used.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia 46115, España.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayordomo-Febrer
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia 46115, España.|Garcia Cugat Foundation, CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia 46115, España.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia 46115, España.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Gassent
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia 46115, España.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: López-Murcia
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D011277:Pregnanediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011292:Premedication / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013666:Tears / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D011277:Pregnanediones; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D009020:Morphine; C006477:alphaxalone; D008874:Midazolam
keywords: Alfaxalone; Anaesthesia; Dogs; Intraocular pressure; Schirmer test