title: Correlation between degradation pathway and toxicity of acetaminophen and its by-products by using the electro-Fenton process in aqueous media.
abstract: The evolution of the degradation by-products of an acetaminophen (ACE) solution was monitored by HPLC-UV/MS and IC in parallel with its ecotoxicity (Vibrio fischeri 81.9%, Microtox®screening tests) during electro-Fenton (EF) oxidation performed on carbon felt. The aromatic compounds 2-hydroxy-4-(N-acetyl) aminophenol, 1,4-benzoquinone, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid were identified as toxic sub-products during the first stage of the electrochemical treatment, whereas aliphatic short-chain carboxylic acids (oxalic, maleic, oxamic, formic, acetic and fumaric acids) and inorganic ions (ammonium and nitrate) were well identified as non-toxic terminal sub-products. Electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals then converted the eco-toxic and bio-refractory property of initial ACE molecule (500 mL, 1 mM) and subsequent aromatic sub-products into non-toxic compounds after 2 h of EF treatment. The toxicity of every intermediate produced during the mineralization of ACE was quantified, and a relationship was established between the degradation pathway of ACE and the global toxicity evolution of the solution. After 8 h of treatment, a total organic carbon removal of 86.9% could be reached for 0.1 mM ACE at applied current of 500 mA with 0.2 mM of Fe2+used as catalyst.
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France; Van Lang University, 45 Nguyen Khac Nhu, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Thi Xuan Huong
authors.initials: TXH
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Thi Van
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Zoulkifli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Amadou Yacouba
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zoungrana
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Avril
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Duy Linh
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mendret
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bonniol
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Mikhael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bechelany
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacour
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France. Electronic address: Geoffroy.Lesage@umontpellier.fr.
authors.forename: Geoffroy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lesage
authors.affiliation: IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095, Montpellier, France. Electronic address: Marc.Cretin@umontpellier.fr.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cretin
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects; D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D019817:Benzoic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D016227:Benzoquinones; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D009566:Nitrates; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D000082:Acetaminophen; C004532:quinone; D002244:Carbon; D019817:Benzoic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron; C032175:benzaldehyde
keywords: Advanced oxidation process; By-products; Carbon felt; Mineralization; TOC; Toxicity