title: Measuring Black men's police-based discrimination experiences: Development and validation of the Police and Law Enforcement (PLE) Scale.
abstract: Although social science research has examined police and law enforcement-perpetrated discrimination against Black men using policing statistics and implicit bias studies, there is little quantitative evidence detailing this phenomenon from the perspective of Black men. Consequently, there is a dearth of research detailing how Black men's perspectives on police and law enforcement-related stress predict negative physiological and psychological health outcomes. This study addresses these gaps with the qualitative development and quantitative test of the Police and Law Enforcement (PLE) Scale.
  
  
  
  In Study 1, we used thematic analysis on transcripts of individual qualitative interviews with 90 Black men to assess key themes and concepts and develop quantitative items. In Study 2, we used 2 focus groups comprised of 5 Black men each (n = 10), intensive cognitive interviewing with a separate sample of Black men (n = 15), and piloting with another sample of Black men (n = 13) to assess the ecological validity of the quantitative items. For Study 3, we analyzed data from a sample of 633 Black men between the ages of 18 and 65 to test the factor structure of the PLE, as we all as its concurrent validity and convergent/discriminant validity.
  
  
  
  Qualitative analyses and confirmatory factor analyses suggested that a 5-item, 1-factor measure appropriately represented respondents' experiences of police/law enforcement discrimination. As hypothesized, the PLE was positively associated with measures of racial discrimination and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  
  Preliminary evidence suggests that the PLE is a reliable and valid measure of Black men's experiences of discrimination with police/law enforcement. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University.
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: English
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bowleg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University.
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Del Río-González
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Jeanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tschann
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatics, University of North Carolina.
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Agans
authors.affiliation: WellStar Health Services.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Malebranche
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011593:Psychology, Social; D063505:Racism / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013240:Stereotyping; D055815:Young Adult