title: A case-control study of risk factors of chronic venous ulceration in patients with varicose veins.
abstract: Background/objectives Venous ulcers carry psychological and high financial burden for patients, causing depression, pain, and limitation of mobility. The study aimed to identify factors associated with an increased risk of venous ulceration in patients with varicose veins in Armenia. Methods A case-control study design was utilized enrolling 80 patients in each group, who underwent varicose treatment surgery in two specialized surgical centers in Armenia during 2013-2014 years. Cases were patients with varicose veins and venous leg ulcers. Controls included patients with varicose veins but without venous leg ulcers. Data were collected using interviewer-administered telephone interviews and medical record abstraction. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors of venous ulceration. Results There were more females than males in both groups (72.5% of cases and 85.0 % of controls). Cases were on average older than controls (53.9 vs. 39.2 years old, p ≤ 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, the estimated odds of developing venous ulcer was higher in patients with history of post thrombotic syndrome (odds ratio = 14.90; 95% confidence interval: 3.95-56.19; p = 0.001), with higher average sitting time (odds ratio = 1.32 per hour of sitting time; 95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.61; p = 0.006), those with reflux in deep veins (odds ratio = 3.58; 95% confidence interval: 1.23-10.31; p = 0.019) and history of leg injury (odds ratio = 3.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.18-8.23; p = 0.022). Regular exercise in form of walking (≥5 days per week) was found to be a protective factor from venous ulceration (odds ratio = 0.26; 95% confidence interval: 0.08-0.90; p = 0.034). Conclusion We found that reflux in deep veins, history of leg injury, history of post thrombotic syndrome, and physical inactivity were significant risk factors for venous ulceration in patients with varicose veins, while regular physical exercise mitigated that risk. Future studies should investigate the relationships between the duration and type of regular exercise and the risk of venous ulceration to make more specific recommendations on preventing ulcer development.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Public Health, American University of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia.
authors.forename: Gohar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abelyan
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Public Health, American University of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia.|2 Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.|3 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lusine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abrahamyan
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Public Health, American University of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia.|4 Johns Hopkins Biostatistics Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Gayane
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yenokyan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001136:Armenia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D065840:Protective Factors; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013997:Time Factors; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Risk factors; case-control study; chronic venous ulceration; varicose veins