title: Beyond Natriuretic Peptides for Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome with an enormous societal burden in terms of cost and morbidity and mortality. Natriuretic peptide (NP) testing is now widely used to support diagnosis, prognostication, and management of patients with HF, but NPs come with limitations, including vulnerability to the presence of obesity, atrial fibrillation, and renal dysfunction, for example. Beyond the NPs, novel biomarkers may supplement traditional clinical and laboratory testing to improve understanding of the complex disease process of HF, and possibly to personalize care for those affected through better individual phenotyping.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this review we discuss novel biomarkers by dividing them into categories based on major pathophysiologic pathways they represent including myocardial stretch/stress, cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling, cardiomyocyte injury/death, oxidative stress, inflammation, neurohumoral activation, and renal dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the limitations of NPs, along with the complex physiology in HF, it is logical to consider utilization of novel biomarkers providing orthogonal biological and clinical information. Several novel HF biomarkers have shown promise but have substantial expectations to meet before being used clinically. Nonetheless, it is reasonable to expect the future lies in the application of multibiomarker panels for the improvement in management of HF and the personalization of care.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Nasrien E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; jjanuzzi@partners.org.|Harvard Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Januzzi
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides