title: Charles Estienne (1504-1564): His Life, Work, and Contribution to Anatomy and the First Description of the Canal in the Spinal Cord.
abstract: The purpose of this historic review is to summarize the life, work, and contribution to anatomy of Charles Estienne (also known by the Latin name Carolus Stephanus). Charles Estienne was an early exponent of the science of anatomy in France. Although he remained under the influence of the Galenic tradition of medicine, anatomy, and surgery throughout his distinguished career, he had a significant influence on the scientific revolution and anatomy reformation of the 16th century. Nevertheless, he cannot be placed at the same level of contribution as Vesalius, because of his lack of discipline in his work, hesitation to diverge totally from traditional beliefs, and his hesitation for a total criticism of the Galenic tradition.
authors.affiliation: Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: gerkremer@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Markatos
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Orthopaedics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chytas
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Orthopaedics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Korres
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laios
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Androutsos
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Orthopaedics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Efstathios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chronopoulos
mesh_terms: D000716:Anatomy, Artistic / Q000266:history*; D005602:France; D049669:History, 16th Century; D006801:Humans; D008488:Medical Illustration / Q000266:history*; D009445:Neuroanatomy / Q000266:history*; D009462:Neurology / Q000266:history*; D013115:Spinal Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Anatomy; Charles Estienne; Renaissance; Scientific revolution; Spinal cord