title: Electromagnetic navigated positioning of the maxilla after Le Fort I osteotomy in preclinical orthognathic surgery cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inaccuracies in orthognathic surgery can be caused during face-bow registration, model surgery on plaster models, and intermaxillary splint manufacturing. Electromagnetic (EM) navigation is a promising method for splintless digitized maxillary positioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  After performing Le Fort I osteotomy on 10 plastic skulls, the target position of the maxilla was guided by an EM navigation system. Specially implemented software illustrated the target position by real-time multistage colored three-dimensional imaging. Accuracy was determined by using pre- and postoperative cone beam computed tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high accuracy of the EM system was underlined by the fact that it had a navigated maxilla position discrepancy of only 0.4 mm, which was verified by postoperative cone beam computed tomography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preclinical study demonstrates a precise digitized approach for splintless maxillary repositioning after Le Fort I osteotomy. The accuracy and intuitive illustration of the introduced EM navigation system is promising for potential daily use in orthognathic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: moritz.berger@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kallus
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ristow
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eisenmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Freudlsperger
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seeberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dickhaus
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery*; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort; D012984:Software