title: Mapping Regional Differences of Local Pressure-Volume Curves With Electrical Impedance Tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lung-protective mechanical ventilation aims to prevent alveolar collapse and overdistension, but reliable bedside methods to quantify them are lacking. We propose a quantitative descriptor of the shape of local pressure-volume curves derived from electrical impedance tomography, for computing maps that highlight the presence and location of regions of presumed tidal recruitment (i.e., elastance decrease during inflation, pressure-volume curve with upward curvature) or overdistension (i.e., elastance increase during inflation, downward curvature).
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of experimental cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve mechanically ventilated pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  After induction of acute respiratory distress syndrome by hydrochloric acid instillation, animals underwent a decremental positive end-expiratory pressure titration (steps of 2 cm H2O starting from ≥ 26 cm H2O).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrical impedance tomography-derived maps were computed at each positive end-expiratory pressure-titration step, and whole-lung CT taken every second steps. Airway flow and pressure were recorded to compute driving pressure and elastance. Significant correlations between electrical impedance tomography-derived maps and positive end-expiratory pressure indicate that, expectedly, tidal recruitment increases in dependent regions with decreasing positive end-expiratory pressure (p < 0.001) and suggest that overdistension increases both at high and low positive end-expiratory pressures in nondependent regions (p < 0.027), supporting the idea of two different scenarios of overdistension occurrence. Significant correlations with CT measurements were observed: electrical impedance tomography-derived tidal recruitment with poorly aerated regions (r = 0.43; p < 0.001); electrical impedance tomography-derived overdistension with nonaerated regions at lower positive end-expiratory pressures and with hyperaerated regions at higher positive end-expiratory pressures (r ≥ 0.72; p < 0.003). Even for positive end-expiratory pressure levels minimizing global elastance and driving pressure, electrical impedance tomography-derived maps showed nonnegligible regions of presumed overdistension and tidal recruitment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrical impedance tomography-derived maps of pressure-volume curve shapes allow to detect regions in which elastance changes during inflation. This could promote individualized mechanical ventilation by minimizing the probability of local tidal recruitment and/or overdistension. Electrical impedance tomography-derived maps might become clinically feasible and relevant, being simpler than currently available alternative approaches.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Electronic Engineering, BioSiX-Biomedical Signal Processing, Analysis and Simulation Group, Postgraduate Program of Electrical Engineering (PPGEE), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.2Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.3Laboratory of Pulmonary Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, Alberto Luis Coimbra Institute of Post-Graduation and Research in Engineering; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.4Pulmonary Division, Cardio-Pulmonary Department, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.5Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.6Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.7Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beda
authors.forename: Alysson R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Nadja C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hammermüller
authors.forename: Marcelo B P
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muders
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gittel
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noreikat
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wrigge
authors.forename: Andreas W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Reske
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004548:Elasticity; D017097:Electric Impedance; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D011312:Pressure; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D013552:Swine; D014054:Tomography