title: High Abundance of the Epibenthic Trachymedusa Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Hydrozoa, Trachylina) in Subpolar Fjords along the West Antarctic Peninsula.
abstract: Medusae can be conspicuous and abundant members of seafloor communities in deep-sea benthic boundary layers. The epibenthic trachymedusa, Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878 (Hydrozoa: Trachylina: Ptychogastriidae) occurs in the cold, high latitude systems of both the northern and southern hemispheres, with a circumpolar distribution in Arctic and sub-Arctic areas, and disjunct reports of a few individuals from Antarctica. In January-February 2010, during benthic megafaunal photosurveys in three subpolar fjords along the West Antarctic Peninsula (Andvord, Flandres and Barilari Bays), P. polaris was recorded in Antarctic Peninsula waters. The trachymedusa, identified from megacore-collected specimens, was a common component of the epifauna in the sediment floored basins at 436-725 m depths in Andvord and Flandres Bays, reaching densities up to 13 m-2, with mean densities in individual basins ranging from 0.06 to 4.19 m-2. These densities are 2 to 400-fold higher than previously reported for P. polaris in either the Arctic or Antarctic. This trachymedusa had an aggregated distribution, occurring frequently in Andvord Bay, but was often solitary in Flandres Bay, with a distribution not significantly different from random. Epibenthic individuals were similar in size, typically measuring 15-25 mm in bell diameter. A morphologically similar trachymedusa, presumably the same species, was also observed in the water column near the bottom in all three fjords. This benthopelagic form attained abundances of up to 7 m-2 of seafloor; however, most P. polaris (~ 80%), were observed on soft sediments. Our findings indicate that fjords provide a prime habitat for the development of dense populations of P. polaris, potentially resulting from high and varied food inputs to the fjord floors. Because P. polaris resides in the water column and at the seafloor, large P. polaris populations may contribute significantly to pelagic-benthic coupling in the WAP fjord ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9222-6848
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Grange
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Japan Agency of Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Dhugal J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.affiliation: Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bastian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bentlage
authors.affiliation: Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marsh J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Youngbluth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D061006:Bays; D049628:Body Size; D017753:Ecosystem; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000378:metabolism; D063366:Estuaries; D005843:Geography; D037402:Hydrozoa / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV