title: Near-IR-Absorbing Gold Nanoframes with Enhanced Physiological Stability and Improved Biocompatibility for In Vivo Biomedical Applications.
abstract: This paper describes the synthesis of near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing gold nanoframes (GNFs) and a systematic study comparing their physiological stability and biocompatibility with those of hollow Au-Ag nanoshells (GNSs), which have been used widely as photothermal agents in biomedical applications because of their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the NIR region. The GNFs were synthesized in three steps: galvanic replacement, Au deposition, and Ag dealloying, using silver nanospheres (SNP) as the starting material. The morphology and optical properties of the GNFs were dependent on the thickness of the Au coating layer and the degree of Ag dealloying. The optimal GNF exhibited a robust spherical skeleton composed of a few thick rims, but preserved the distinctive LSPR absorbance in the NIR region-even when the Ag content within the skeleton was only 10 wt %, 4-fold lower than that of the GNSs. These GNFs displayed an attractive photothermal conversion ability and great photothermal stability, and could efficiently kill 4T1 cancer cells through light-induced heating. Moreover, the GNFs preserved their morphology and optical properties after incubation in biological media (e.g., saline, serum), whereas the GNSs were unstable under the same conditions because of rapid dissolution of the considerable silver content with the shell. Furthermore, the GNFs had good biocompatibility with normal cells (e.g., NIH-3T3 and hepatocytes; cell viability for both cells: >90%), whereas the GNSs exhibited significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity (e.g., cell viability for hepatocytes at 1.14 nM: ca. 11%), accompanied by the induction of reactive oxygen species. Finally, the GNFs displayed good biocompatibility and biosafety in an in vivo mouse model; in contrast, the accumulation of GNSs caused liver injury and inflammation. Our results suggest that GNFs have great potential to serve as stable, biocompatible NIR-light absorbers for in vivo applications, including cancer detection and combination therapy.
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yunching
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan 104.
authors.forename: Hsin Yao
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan 10617.
authors.forename: Yung-Te
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Ling-Chu
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Aileen Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jia-Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chien-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Dehui
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5255-1731
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D006046:Gold; D051379:Mice; D057145:Nanoshells; D012834:Silver; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance
chemical_list: D012834:Silver; D006046:Gold
keywords: biocompatibility; gold nanoframes; hollow Au−Ag nanoshells; localized surface plasmon resonance; photothermal agents; physiological stability