title: Environmental monitoring by surface sampling for cytotoxics: a review.
abstract: Environmental monitoring is usually conducted by surface sampling to detect and quantify the presence of cytotoxic drugs after their reconstitution and administration. This technique reveals the origins of residual contamination and is an important component in order to protect healthcare workers from the potential risk of occupational exposure. The aim of this work is to compare various techniques and results of surface sampling for cytotoxics. For each technique, sample processing methods and their analysis were compared from literature data. Sampling is often performed by the wiping technique. After treatment, various single or multicompound technical analyses are used, in particular liquid or gas chromatography involving different detection methods: ultraviolet, mass spectrometry, plasma torch, and voltammetry. Some methods are validated to ensure reliability. Despite published guidelines and the use of isolator technology for the preparation of cytotoxic drugs, workplace contamination persists, leading to chemotherapeutic agents' exposure of healthcare workers. Efforts need to be maintained with particular emphasis on harmonization and on determining alert level for cytotoxic contamination.
authors.affiliation: Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Hôpital de la Conception, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Petit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marie
authors.affiliation: Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Hôpital de la Conception, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005, Marseille, France.|CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin-CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Curti
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christophe
authors.affiliation: CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin-CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France. manon.roche@univ-amu.fr.|Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service Central des Opérations Pharmaceutiques (SCOP), Administration Centrale, rue Brochier, 13005, Marseille, France. manon.roche@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Roche
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manon
authors.affiliation: CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin-CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.|Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Oncopharma, Hôpital Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, 13915, Marseille Cedex 20, France.
authors.forename: Montana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marc
authors.affiliation: Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Pharmacie Usage Intérieur Hôpital de la Conception, Hôpital de la Conception, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Bornet
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Charleric
authors.affiliation: Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques (SCQIP), Hôpital de la Conception, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005, Marseille, France.|CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin-CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Vanelle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patrice
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003603:Cytotoxins
keywords: Chromatography; Cytotoxic drugs; Hospital; Surface sampling