title: Biological Recovery of Platinum Complexes from Diluted Aqueous Streams by Axenic Cultures.
abstract: The widespread use of platinum in high-tech and catalytic applications has led to the production of diverse Pt loaded wastewaters. Effective recovery strategies are needed for the treatment of low concentrated waste streams to prevent pollution and to stimulate recovery of this precious resource. The biological recovery of five common environmental Pt-complexes was studied under acidic conditions; the chloro-complexes PtCl42- and PtCl62-, the amine-complex Pt(NH3)4Cl2 and the pharmaceutical complexes cisplatin and carboplatin. Five bacterial species were screened on their platinum recovery potential; the Gram-negative species Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34, Geobacter metallireducens, and Pseudomonas stutzeri, and the Gram-positive species Bacillus toyonensis. Overall, PtCl42- and PtCl62- were completely recovered by all bacterial species while only S. oneidensis and C. metallidurans were able to recover cisplatin quantitatively (99%), all in the presence of H2 as electron donor at pH 2. Carboplatin was only partly recovered (max. 25% at pH 7), whereas no recovery was observed in the case of the Pt-tetraamine complex. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of both intra- and extracellular platinum particles. Flow cytometry based microbial viability assessment demonstrated the decrease in number of intact bacterial cells during platinum reduction and indicated C. metallidurans to be the most resistant species. This study showed the effective and complete biological recovery of three common Pt-complexes, and estimated the fate and transport of the Pt-complexes in wastewater treatment plants and the natural environment.
authors.affiliation: Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Synthia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Props
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fitts
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Forensic Pathology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Smet
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vanhaecke
authors.affiliation: Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.affiliation: Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hennebel
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000032:analysis; D061245:Axenic Culture; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000032:analysis; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000032:analysis; D049921:Cupriavidus; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D045302:Geobacter; D050296:Microbial Viability; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010984:Platinum / Q000032:analysis*; D017671:Platinum Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D020592:Shewanella; D062065:Wastewater; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016190:Carboplatin; D002945:Cisplatin; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010984:Platinum; D017671:Platinum Compounds; D062065:Wastewater; C030173:platinum chloride