title: Association analysis of dyslexia candidate genes in a Dutch longitudinal sample.
abstract: Dyslexia is a common specific learning disability with a substantive genetic component. Several candidate genes have been proposed to be implicated in dyslexia susceptibility, such as DYX1C1, ROBO1, KIAA0319, and DCDC2. Associations with variants in these genes have also been reported with a variety of psychometric measures tapping into the underlying processes that might be impaired in dyslexic people. In this study, we first conducted a literature review to select single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in dyslexia candidate genes that had been repeatedly implicated across studies. We then assessed the SNPs for association in the richly phenotyped longitudinal data set from the Dutch Dyslexia Program. We tested for association with several quantitative traits, including word and nonword reading fluency, rapid naming, phoneme deletion, and nonword repetition. In this, we took advantage of the longitudinal nature of the sample to examine if associations were stable across four educational time-points (from 7 to 12 years). Two SNPs in the KIAA0319 gene were nominally associated with rapid naming, and these associations were stable across different ages. Genetic association analysis with complex cognitive traits can be enriched through the use of longitudinal information on trait development.
authors.affiliation: Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Amaia
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0226-0642
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carrion-Castillo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Language and Cognition Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maassen
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4375-6572
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Angelien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heister
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marlies
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naber
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aryan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Leij
authors.affiliation: Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Clyde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Francks
authors.affiliation: Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Simon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009426:Netherlands; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics; D000097905:Roundabout Proteins
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D000097905:Roundabout Proteins; C510451:DCDC2 protein, human; C478878:DNAAF4 protein, human; C500377:KIAA0319 protein, human