title: Electroacupuncture alleviates the inflammatory response via effects on M1 and M2 macrophages after spinal cord injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrophages/microglia are important effector cells at the site of spinal cord injury (SCI). M1-type macrophages facilitate innate immunity to remove foreign microbes and wound debris from the injury site. M2-type macrophages exhibit tissue repair properties and attenuate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Regulation of the polarisation of M1/M2 macrophages may affect the inflammatory response in SCI and may be related to neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). Electroacupuncture (EA) at GV acupuncture points can be used as an adjuvant therapy for SCI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of EA on Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) functional evaluation and inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-10), and on the proportions of M1/M2 macrophages, and to provide a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the potential clinical treatment of SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rat SCI model was induced by spinal segment transection at T10 in 16 Sprague-Dawley rats. A further eight rats were included as a Control group. Ten surviving SCI model rats were divided into two groups (n=5 each): an SCI group that remained untreated; and an SCI+EA group that received EA at GV6 and GV9.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EA improved BBB scores, inhibited the proportion of M1 macrophages and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, and downregulated the M1 marker CD86. By contrast, EA enhanced IL-10, the proportion of M2 macrophages and upregulated the M2 marker CD206 and NT-3 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EA had a positive impact on SCI model rats. This may be related to the neuroprotective effect of NT-3, which may increase the polarisation of M2 microglia/macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Jiagui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Likui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Yuanhai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D015669:Acupuncture Points; D000818:Animals; D015671:Electroacupuncture; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10