title: PET brain imaging in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: Effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has lead to a significant reduction in the prevalence and incidence of central nervous system (CNS) HIV-associated brain disease, particularly CNS opportunistic infections and HIV encephalitis. Despite this, cognitive deficits in people living with HIV, also known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) have become more prevalent in recent years. The pathogenesis of HAND is likely to be multifactorial, however recent evidence suggests that brain microglial activation is the most likely pathogenic mechanism. Recent developments in positron emission tomography (PET) brain neuroimaging using novel brain radioligands targeting a variety of physiological changes in the brains of HIV-positive individuals have improved our understanding of the mechanisms associated with the development of HAND. This review will highlight recent PET brain neuroimaging studies in the cART era, focusing on physiological and neurochemical changes associated with HAND in people living with HIV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Global Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK. J.Vera@bsms.ac.uk.|HIV Department, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK. J.Vera@bsms.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jaime H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Basil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ridha
authors.affiliation: HIV Department, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gilleece
authors.affiliation: HIV Department, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Aliza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amlani
authors.affiliation: Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Department, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.|Clinical Imaging Science Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thorburn
authors.affiliation: Imaging and Nuclear Medicine Department, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.|Clinical Imaging Science Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dizdarevic
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
keywords: HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment; Human immunodeficiency virus; Magnetic resonance imaging; Positron emission tomography