title: Dexmedetomidine in Attenuation of Haemodynamic Response and Dose Sparing Effect on Opioid and Anaesthetic Agents in Patients undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy- A Randomized Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perioperative procedures are stressful and lead to haemodynamic instability with potentially devastating consequences. Dexmedetomidine is found to have many of the desired characteristics that are required in perioperative period.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of pre and intraoperative dexmedetomidine to attenuate stress induced haemodynamic responses, quantifying the anaesthetic agents sparing as well as its cost-effectiveness in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present single blind randomized study was conducted with 120 ASA I and II consented patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups (i.e., group D and group N). Prior to induction, group D received 1 μg/kg of Dexmedetomidine and group N received Normal saline infusion over 20 minutes. Group D also received maintenance Dexmedetomidine intraoperatively. Bispectral index and minimum alveolar concentration monitoring was done in both the groups. Haemodynamic parameters were noted till 100 minutes post laryngoscopy. Opioid and anaesthetic agent consumptions were also noted and cost analysis was done. Medcalc-Version 12.5.0.0 software was used for statistics and p <0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dexmedetomidine attenuated the stress induced haemodynamics responses and produced stable, relatively non fluctuating haemodynamics throughout. The Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) requirement and the consumptions of Fentanyl and Isoflurane were significantly less in the Dexmedetomidine group (p<0.0001). However, despite anaesthetic dose sparing effect the anaesthetic technique was not cost-effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dexmedetomidine is effective in attenuating haemodynamic responses in laparoscopic surgery and having dose sparing effect on Fentanyl, Propofol and Isoflurane. However, overall this technique is not cost-effective.
authors.affiliation: Senior Resident, Department of Anaesthesiology, S N Medical College , Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Nandlal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhagat
authors.affiliation: Additional Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences , Shillong, Meghalaya, India .
authors.forename: Md
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yunus
authors.affiliation: Senior Resident, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences , Shillong, Meghalaya, India .
authors.forename: Habib Md Reazaul
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences , Shillong, Meghalaya, India .
authors.forename: Ranendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hajong
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of General Surgery, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences , Shillong, Meghalaya, India .
authors.forename: Prithwis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
authors.affiliation: Professor, L N Medical College , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India .
authors.forename: Manorama
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Anaesthetic dose sparing; Cost-effective health care; Laryngoscopy; Stress response