title: Maternal Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides during Pregnancy and Infant Development at 18 Months of Age.
abstract: The possible association between maternal exposure to pyrethroid insecticides (PYRs) during pregnancy and infant development was explored. Levels of exposure to PYRs was assessed by metabolite (3-phenoybenzoic acid, 3-PBA) concentration in maternal spot urine sampled in the first trimester of index pregnancy, and infant development was assessed at 18 months of age using the Kinder Infants Development Scale (KIDS), which is based on a questionnaire to the caretaker. The relationship between KIDS score and maternal urinary 3-PBA levels was examined by a stepwise multiple regression analysis using biological attributes of the mother and infant, breast feeding, and nursing environment as covariates. The analysis extracted 3-PBA and the nursing environment as significant to explain the KIDS score at 18 months of age with positive partial regression coefficients. Inclusion of fish consumption frequency of the mother during pregnancy as an independent variable resulted in the selection of fish consumption as significant, while the two variables were marginally insignificant but still with a positive coefficient with the KIDS score. The result suggested a positive effect of maternal PYR exposure on infant development, the reason for which is not clear, but an unknown confounding factor is suspected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjyo 1-1-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan. a_hisada@kumamoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hisada
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Systems, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan. yoshinaga@toyo.jp.|Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Izumino 1-1-1, Itakura, Oura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan. yoshinaga@toyo.jp.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshinaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Systems, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan. stzhangjie@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjyo 1-1-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan. katoht@gpo.kumamoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8056, Japan. hiroshira@nies.go.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai 1-5-8, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan. shimo@med.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimodaira
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai 1-5-8, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan. okai.t@med.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai 1-5-8, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan. nagako.ariki@tyg.jp.
authors.forename: Nagako
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ariki
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai 1-5-8, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan. y-matsu@med.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai 1-5-8, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan. miyakoshirakawa@me.com.
authors.forename: Miyako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai 1-5-8, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan. yumiko-be@med.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Hatanodai 1-5-8, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan. katon@med.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Nobumasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001565:Benzoates / Q000652:urine; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017618:3-phenoxybenzoic acid
keywords: KIDS; child development; in utero exposure; pyrethroid insecticide; urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid