title: Assessment of impact of pharmacophilia and pharmacophobia on medication adherence in patients with psychiatric disorders: A cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of pharmacophilia and pharmacophobia on medication adherence among patients with psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry over a period of 2 months. Patients above 18 years of age with a psychiatric diagnosis as per the International Classification of Diseases 10 and receiving at least one psychotropic medication (any medication capable of affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior) for >1 month were enrolled in the study. Patients who were critically ill, on magico-religious treatment (beliefs prevalent in a particular culture concerning various supernatural influences operating in the environment), diagnosis of dementia, or mental retardation and patients from whom reliable history of illness cannot be obtained were excluded from the study. Drug attitude inventory scale was used to classify patients into pharmacophilic and pharmacophobic groups. Medication adherence rating scale was used to identify the extent of medication adherence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 176 patients included, 110 were found to be pharmacophilic and 54 were pharmacophobic. The number of hospitalizations (P< 0.03) and adverse drug reactions (P< 0.001) were found to be higher in pharmacophobic group as compared to pharmacophilic group. Antipsychotics were found to be most commonly prescribed medications among pharmacophobic group (P< 0.001). In this study, patients who had pharmacophilia were found to be have higher adherence score (mean score: 6.98) than patients with pharmacophobia (mean score: 2.9), with P< 0.001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study concluded that pharmacophobia toward psychopharmacological agents can significantly reduce the medication adherence among patients with psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Mini Johnson
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Christudas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Balaji Sathyanarayana
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Undela
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Noel M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Isaac
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College & Hospital, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Dushad
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Madhan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramesh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: Medication adherence; pharmacophilia; pharmacophobia; psychiatric disorders