title: Comparative Effectiveness of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Treatment vs No Treatment for Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants.
abstract: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is associated with increased mortality and worsened respiratory outcomes, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), in preterm infants. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are efficacious in closing PDA, but the effectiveness of NSAID-mediated PDA closure in improving mortality and preventing BPD is unclear.
  
  
  
  To determine the effectiveness of NSAID treatment for PDA in reducing mortality and moderate/severe BPD at 36 weeks postmenstrual age.
  
  
  
  This cohort study included 12 018 infants born at 28 gestational weeks or younger discharged between January 2006 and December 2013 from neonatal intensive care units in 25 US children's hospitals included in the Pediatric Health Information System. We performed an instrumental variable analysis that incorporated clinician preference-based, institutional variation in NSAID treatment frequency to determine the effect of NSAID treatment for PDA on mortality and BPD.
  
  
  
  Proportion of NSAID-treated infants born at each infant's institution within ±6 months of that infant's birth.
  
  
  
  The primary composite outcome was death, moderate, or severe BPD at 36 weeks postmenstrual age.
  
  
  
  Of the 6370 male and 5648 female infants in this study, 4995 (42%) were white, 3176 (26%) were African American, 1823 (15%) were Hispanic, and 1555 (13%) were other races/ethnicities. The proportion of NSAID-treated infants at each infant's hospital within ±6 months of that infant's birth was associated with NSAID treatment and not associated with gestation, race/ethnicity, or sex. An infant's chances of receiving NSAID treatment increased by 0.84% (95% CI, 0.8-0.9; P < .001) for every 1% increase in the annual NSAID treatment percentage at a given hospital. An instrumental variable analysis demonstrated no association between NSAID treatment and the odds of mortality or BPD (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.70-1.25; P = .69), mortality (odds ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.43-1.13; P = .18), or BPD (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.73-1.45; P = .94) in survivors.
  
  
  
  When we incorporated clinician preference-based practice variation as an instrument to minimize the effect of unmeasured confounding, we detected no changes in the odds of mortality or moderate/severe BPD among similar preterm infants born at 28 weeks or younger following NSAID treatment for PDA initiated 2 to 28 days postnatally. Our findings agree with available randomized clinical trial evidence and support a conservative approach to PDA management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus2Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Slaughter
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus4Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Patricia B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Reagan
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco6Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Francisco.
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus2Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Klebanoff
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal