title: Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms Associated With the Resistance of the European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Lambda-Cyhalothrin and First Monitoring Tool.
abstract: The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)) is one of the most serious corn pest in Europe where it is controlled with pesticides, in particular, pyrethroids. First control failures with this chemical family occurred on the field in 2008 in the center of France, and the first resistance case was described in 2012. In the present study, we investigate resistance mechanisms involved in seven French populations of O. nubilalis collected in the field. Resistances to deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin were confirmed, with a higher resistance ratio for lambda-cyhalothrin (63.79 compared to 7.67). Resistance to the two active compounds was correlated except for one population, indicating a high probability of cross-resistance. Analyses of the activity of three major families of detoxification enzymes in resistant individuals showed a significant increase of the average MFO activity in males of four populations (activity ratios of 2.76-5.73) and higher GST activity in females of two other populations (activity ratios 4.48 and 5.21). Molecular investigation of the sodium channel gene sequence showed the presence of the kdr mutation in a highly resistant individual. We designed a PCR-RFLP screening tool to search for this mutation in the field, and we found it in five populations but not in the susceptible one. The resistance of O. nubilalis to pyrethroids in France seems to result from a combination of resistance mechanisms, possibly as a consequence of a selection pressure with an exceptional duration (almost 40 yr old).
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR 1115 PSH, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, 84000 AVIGNON, France (myriam.siegwart@inra.fr; jerome.olivares@inra.fr; sandrine.maugin@inra.fr; claire.lavigne@inra.fr).
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siegwart
authors.affiliation: ARVALIS Institut du végétal, 21 chemin de Pau, 64 121 Montardon (JB.THIBORD@arvalisinstitutduvegetal.fr).
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Thibord
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR 1115 PSH, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, 84000 AVIGNON, France (myriam.siegwart@inra.fr; jerome.olivares@inra.fr; sandrine.maugin@inra.fr; claire.lavigne@inra.fr).
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.affiliation: Syngenta Crop Protection, 4002 Basel, Switzerland (celine.hirn@syngenta.com; Jan.elias@syngenta.com).
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hirn
authors.affiliation: Syngenta Crop Protection, 4002 Basel, Switzerland (celine.hirn@syngenta.com; Jan.elias@syngenta.com).
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR 1115 PSH, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, 84000 AVIGNON, France (myriam.siegwart@inra.fr; jerome.olivares@inra.fr; sandrine.maugin@inra.fr; claire.lavigne@inra.fr).
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maugin
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR 1115 PSH, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, 84000 AVIGNON, France (myriam.siegwart@inra.fr; jerome.olivares@inra.fr; sandrine.maugin@inra.fr; claire.lavigne@inra.fr).
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lavigne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D043182:Carboxylesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D005602:France; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D043182:Carboxylesterase; C037304:cyhalothrin
keywords: cytochrome p450 (MFO); deltamethrin, kdr; glutathione-S-transferase (GST); pyrethroid