title: The Influence of the Microbiome on Type 1 Diabetes.
abstract: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. The rapid rise in T1D incidence during the past 50 y suggests environmental factors contribute to the disease. The trillion symbiotic microorganisms inhabiting the mammalian gastrointestinal tract (i.e., the microbiota) influence numerous aspects of host physiology. In this study we review the evidence linking perturbations of the gut microbiome to pancreatic autoimmunity. We discuss data from rodent models demonstrating the essential role of the gut microbiota on the development and function of the host's mucosal and systemic immune systems. Furthermore, we review findings from human longitudinal cohort studies examining the influence of environmental and lifestyle factors on microbiota composition and pancreatic autoimmunity. Taken together, these data underscore the requirement for mechanistic studies to identify bacterial components and metabolites interacting with the innate and adaptive immune system, which would set the basis for preventative or therapeutic strategies in T1D.
authors.affiliation: Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paun
authors.affiliation: Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.|Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.affiliation: Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; jayne.danska@sickkids.ca.|Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and.|Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
authors.forename: Jayne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Danska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans