title: Dietary inflammatory index and recurrence of depressive symptoms: Results from the Whitehall II Study.
abstract: There is a growing interest in understanding the role of inflammation in diet-depression relationship. The present study examined whether the dietary inflammatory index (DII, a measure of the inflammatory potential of individuals' diets) is associated with recurrent depressive symptoms (DepS) (CES-D score>16 or taking antidepressants both at baseline and follow-up) assessed over 5 years in middle-aged men (n=3178) and women (n=1068) from the Whitehall II Study. For each increment of 1 SD of DII score, odds of recurrent DepS increased by 66% (95 % CI:1.30-2.12) in women while no significant association between DII and recurrent DepS was observed in men (OR=1.12, 95 % CI: 0.92-1.36). This association was little attenuated after adjustment for confounders and after taking into account levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein. In conclusion, there is an association between pro-inflammatory diet and recurrent DepS in women which seems not be driven by circulating inflammatory markers.
authors.affiliation: Inserm U 1198, Montpellier F-34000, France. University Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000, France. EPHE, Paris, France; University College London, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tasnime
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akbaraly
authors.affiliation: Inserm U 1198, Montpellier F-34000, France. University Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000, France. EPHE, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Clarisse
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kerlau
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nimes, Nîmes, France.
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wyart
authors.affiliation: Inserm U 1198, Montpellier F-34000, France. University Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000, France. EPHE, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chevallier
authors.affiliation: Inserm U 1198, Montpellier F-34000, France. University Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000, France. EPHE, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.affiliation: 4South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA; Connecting Health Innovations, Columbia, SC 29201 USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: 4South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA; Connecting Health Innovations, Columbia, SC 29201 USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.affiliation: University College London, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki