title: Learning effective connectivity from fMRI using autoregressive hidden Markov model with missing data.
abstract: Effective connectivity (EC) analysis of neuronal groups using fMRI delivers insights about functional-integration. However, fMRI signal has low-temporal resolution due to down-sampling and indirectly measures underlying neuronal activity.
  
  
  
  The aim is to address above issues for more reliable EC estimates. This paper proposes use of autoregressive hidden Markov model with missing data (AR-HMM-md) in dynamically multi-linked (DML) framework for learning EC using multiple fMRI time series. In our recent work (Dang et al., 2016), we have shown how AR-HMM-md for modelling single fMRI time series outperforms the existing methods. AR-HMM-md models unobserved neuronal activity and lost data over time as variables and estimates their values by joint optimization given fMRI observation sequence.
  
  
  
  The effectiveness in learning EC is shown using simulated experiments. Also the effects of sampling and noise are studied on EC. Moreover, classification-experiments are performed for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder subjects and age-matched controls for performance evaluation of real data. Using Bayesian model selection, we see that the proposed model converged to higher log-likelihood and demonstrated that group-classification can be performed with higher cross-validation accuracy of above 94% using distinctive network EC which characterizes patients vs.
  
  
  
  The full data EC obtained from DML-AR-HMM-md is more consistent with previous literature than the classical multivariate Granger causality method.
  
  
  
  The proposed architecture leads to reliable estimates of EC than the existing latent models.
  
  
  
  This framework overcomes the disadvantage of low-temporal resolution and improves cross-validation accuracy significantly due to presence of missing data variables and autoregressive process.
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India. Electronic address: shilpadrd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shilpa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; Director, Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani 333031, India.
authors.forename: Santanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaudhury
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
authors.forename: Brejesh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lall
authors.affiliation: National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, Haryana 122051, India.
authors.forename: Prasun Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Autoregressive hidden markov model; Dynamically multi-linked; Effective connectivity; Missing data; Resting-state fMRI