title: Intake of up to 3 Eggs per Day Is Associated with Changes in HDL Function and Increased Plasma Antioxidants in Healthy, Young Adults.
abstract: Background:HDL function may be more important than HDL concentration in determining risk for cardiovascular disease. In addition, HDL is a carrier of carotenoids and antioxidant enzymes, which protect HDL and LDL particles against oxidation.Objective:The goal of this study was to determine the impact of consuming 0-3 eggs/d on LDL and HDL particle size, HDL function, and plasma antioxidants in a young, healthy population.Methods:Thirty-eight healthy men and women [age 18-30 y, body mass index (in kg/m2) 18.5-29.9] participated in this 14-wk crossover intervention. Subjects underwent a 2-wk washout (0 eggs/d) followed by sequentially increasing intake of 1, 2, and 3 eggs/d for 4 wk each. After each period, fasting blood was collected for analysis of lipoprotein subfractions, plasma apolipoprotein (apo) concentration, lutein and zeaxanthin concentration, and activities of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and paraoxonase-1.Results:Compared with intake of 0 eggs/d, consuming 1-3 eggs/d resulted in increased large-LDL (21-37%) and large-HDL (6-13%) particle concentrations, plasma apoAI (9-15%), and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity (5-15%) (P< 0.05 for all biomarkers). Intake of 2-3 eggs/d also promoted an 11% increase in apoAII (P< 0.05) and a 20-31% increase in plasma lutein and zeaxanthin (P< 0.05), whereas intake of 3 eggs/d resulted in a 9-16% increase in serum paraoxonase-1 activity compared with intake of 1-2 eggs/d (P< 0.05). Egg intake did not affect cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity.Conclusions:Intake of 1 egg/d was sufficient to increase HDL function and large-LDL particle concentration; however, intake of 2-3 eggs/d supported greater improvements in HDL function as well as increased plasma carotenoids. Overall, intake of ≤3 eggs/d favored a less atherogenic LDL particle profile, improved HDL function, and increased plasma antioxidants in young, healthy adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02531958.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
authors.forename: Diana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: DiMarco
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
authors.forename: Gregory H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
authors.forename: Courtney L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.identifier: 0000 0002 4434 4839
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Blesso
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT maria-luz.fernandez@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Maria Luz
authors.identifier: 0000 0002 1835 0792
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004531:Eggs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001053:Apolipoproteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human
keywords: HDL function; eggs; healthy population; lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; paraoxonase-1; plasma carotenoids