title: Cognitive inconsistency in bipolar patients is determined by increased intra-individual variability in initial phase of task performance.
abstract: Bipolar patients show high intra-individual variability during cognitive processing. However, it is not known whether there are a specific fluctuations of variability contributing to the overall high cognitive inconsistency. The objective was to compare dynamic profiles of patients and healthy controls to identify hypothetical differences and their associations with overall variability and processing speed.
  
  
  
  Changes of reaction times iSD during processing speed test performance over time was measured by dividing the iSD for whole task into four consecutive parts. Motor speed and cognitive effort were controlled.
  
  
  
  Patients with BD exhibited significantly lower results regarding processing speed and higher intra-individual variability comparing with HC. The profile of intra-individual variability changes over time of performance was significantly different in BD versus HC groups: F(3, 207)=8.60, p<0.0001, ηp2=0.11. iSD of BD patients in the initial phase of performance was three times higher than in the last. There was no significant differences between four intervals in HC group. Inter-group difference in the initial part of the profiles was significant also after controlling for several cognitive and clinical variables.
  
  
  
  Applied computer version of Cognitive Speed Test was relatively new and, thus, replication studies are needed. Effect seen in the present study is driven mainly by the BD type I.
  
  
  
  Patients with BD exhibits problems with setting a stimulus-response association in starting phase of cognitive processing. This deficit may negatively interfere with the other cognitive functions, decreasing level of psychosocial functioning, therefore should be explored in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, Poland. Electronic address: pawel.krukow@umlub.pl.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krukow
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Szaniawska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harciarek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plechawska-Wójcik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technological Systems of Information, Lublin University of Technology, Poland.
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jonak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Intra-individual variability; Processing speed; Task-setting