title: Surface coating changes the physiological and biochemical impacts of nano-TiO2in basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants.
abstract: Little is known about the effects of surface coating on the interaction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) with plants. In this study, basil (Ocimum basilicum) was cultivated for 65 days in soil amended with unmodified, hydrophobic (coated with aluminum oxide and dimethicone), and hydrophilic (coated with aluminum oxide and glycerol) titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) at 125, 250, 500, and 750 mg nano-TiO2kg-1soil. ICP-OES/MS, SPAD meter, and UV/Vis spectrometry were used to determine Ti and essential elements in tissues, relative chlorophyll content, carbohydrates, and antioxidant response, respectively. Compared with control, hydrophobic and hydrophilic nano-TiO2significantly reduced seed germination by 41% and 59%, respectively, while unmodified and hydrophobic nano-TiO2significantly decreased shoot biomass by 31% and 37%, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Roots exposed to hydrophobic particles at 750 mg kg-1had 87% and 40% more Ti than the pristine and hydrophilic nano-TiO2; however, no differences were found in shoots. The three types of particles affected the homeostasis of essential elements: at 500 mg kg-1, unmodified particles increased Cu (104%) and Fe (90%); hydrophilic increased Fe (90%); while hydrophobic increased Mn (339%) but reduced Ca (71%), Cu (58%), and P (40%). However, only hydrophobic particles significantly reduced root elongation by 53%. Unmodified, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic particles significantly reduced total sugar by 39%, 38%, and 66%, respectively, compared with control. Moreover, unmodified particles significantly decreased reducing sugar (34%), while hydrophobic particles significantly reduced starch (35%). Although the three particles affected basil plants, coated particles impacted the most its nutritional quality, since they altered more essential elements, starch, and reducing sugars.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Wenjuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
authors.forename: Wenchao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Barrios
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Armendariz
authors.affiliation: Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Nubia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zuverza-Mena
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Zhaoxia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Chong Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Jeffrey I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Viezcas
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States; Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Jose R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Peralta-Videa
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States; Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, United States. Electronic address: jgardea@utep.edu.
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gardea-Torresdey
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D001682:Biological Availability; D018533:Biomass; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles; D018649:Ocimum basilicum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D012987:Soil; C501844:dimethicone; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide
keywords: Basil; Nutritional value; Surface coating; TiO(2) nanoparticles; Uptake