title: Feasibility of a novel multispot nanoarray for antibiotic screening in honey.
abstract: Practical solutions for multiple antibiotic determination in food are required by the food industry and regulators for cost-effective screening purposes. This study describes the feasibility in development and preliminary performance of a novel multispot nanoarray for antibiotic screening in honey. Using a multiplex approach, the metabolites of the four main nitrofuran antibiotics, including morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidone (AMOZ), 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), semicarbazide (SEM), 1-aminohydantoin (AHD) and chloramphenicol (CAP), were simultaneously detected. Antibodies specific to the five antibiotics were nano-spotted onto microtitre plate wells and a direct competitive assay format was employed. The assay characteristics and performance were evaluated for feasibility as a screening tool for antibiotic determination in honey to replace traditional ELISAs. Optimisation of the spotting and assay parameters was undertaken with both individual and multiplex calibration curves generated in PBS and a honey matrix. The limits of detection as determined by the 20% inhibitory concentrations (IC20) were determined as 0.19, 0.83, 0.09, 15.2 and 35.9 ng ml-1in PBS, 0.34, 0.87, 0.17, 42.1 and 90.7 ng ml-1in honey (fortified at the start of the extraction), and 0.23, 0.98, 0.24, 24.8 and 58.9 ng ml-1in honey (fortified at the end of the extraction) for AMOZ, AOZ, CAP, SEM and AHD respectively. This work has demonstrated the potential of multiplex analysis for antibiotics with results available for 40 samples within a 90-min period for antibiotics sharing a common sample preparation. Although both the SEM and AHD assay do not show the required sensitivity with the antibodies available for use to meet regulatory limits, with further improvements in these particular antibodies this multiplex format has the potential to show a reduction in cost with reduced labour time in combination with the high-throughput screening of samples. This is the first 96-well spotted microtitre plate nanoarray for the semi-quantitative and simultaneous analysis of antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University , Belfast , UK.
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McNamee
authors.affiliation: b Tecna s.r.l ., Trieste , Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosar
authors.affiliation: b Tecna s.r.l ., Trieste , Italy.
authors.forename: Lidija
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Persic
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University , Belfast , UK.
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University , Belfast , UK.
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry; D001516:Bees; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000032:analysis; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009025:Morpholines / Q000032:analysis; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000032:analysis; D012663:Semicarbazides / Q000032:analysis; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: C504350:1-aminohydantoin; C504349:3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000906:Antibodies; D006827:Hydantoins; D009025:Morpholines; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D012663:Semicarbazides; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; C010059:carbamylhydrazine; D002701:Chloramphenicol; C000209:3-amino-2-oxazolidinone
keywords: AHD; AMOZ; AOZ; Nanoarray; SEM; antibiotic; chloramphenicol; honey; immunoassay; nitrofurans; screening method