title: Highly efficient and selective leaching of silver from electronic scrap in the base-activated persulfate - ammonia system.
abstract: A system composed of persulfate salt and ammonia in highly alkaline aqueous solution is developed and examined for leaching metallic silver from elements of the electronic waste materials (e-scrap). Strong base activates persulfate ions providing in situ generation of highly reactive oxygen molecules. The oxidized metal forms then well soluble complex ions with ammonia ligands. The kinetic studies of the leaching process were performed for pure metallic silver. They revealed that the efficiency of the process is affected by the type of the persulfate salt. By employing potassium persulfate one obtains significantly (more than 50% for silver plates and more than 100% for silver powder) increased efficiency of silver dissolution compared to the solution composed of either sodium or ammonium persulfates. In the range of persulfate concentrations between 0.02 and 0.23mol/L the apparent reaction order with respect to the persulfate concentration was similar for all persulfate salts and was estimated to be around 0.5. The room temperature (22±2°C) seems to be an optimal temperature for the leaching process. An increase in the temperature resulted in the significant drop in the silver dissolution rate due to the decreased solubility of oxygen. Based on these results a possible mechanism of dissolving silver is discussed and the optimal composition of the leaching solution is formulated. The obtained formulation of the leaching solution was applied for the extraction of silver coatings of Cu-based e-waste scrap and the obtained results revealed an important effect of copper in the mechanism of the leaching process. The regression analysis of the leaching curve indicated that each gram of base-activated potassium persulfate under the specified conditions may leach almost 100mg of silver coatings in a form of well soluble diamminesilver (I) complex. The silver complex can be relatively easy reduced to metallic silver. The method developed is relatively cheap, low toxic and does not produce harmful by-products.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: wojhyk@chem.uw.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hyk
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitka
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000737:chemistry; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D059029:Electronic Waste; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D017680:Potassium Compounds; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D012996:Solutions; D013431:Sulfates; C031276:ammonium peroxydisulfate; D012834:Silver; C009007:potassium persulfate; D000641:Ammonia; D003300:Copper; C024625:sodium persulfate; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate
keywords: Ammonium persulfate; Electronic scrap; Leaching; Potassium persulfate; Silver; Sodium persulfate