title: Can the Immune System Perform a t-Test?
abstract: The self-nonself discrimination hypothesis remains a landmark concept in immunology. It proposes that tolerance breaks down in the presence of nonself antigens. In strike contrast, in statistics, occurrence of nonself elements in a sample (i.e., outliers) is not obligatory to violate the null hypothesis. Very often, what is crucial is the combination of (self) elements in a sample. The two views on how to detect a change seem challengingly different and it could seem difficult to conceive how immunological cellular interactions could trigger responses with a precision comparable to some statistical tests. Here it is shown that frustrated cellular interactions reconcile the two views within a plausible immunological setting. It is proposed that the adaptive immune system can be promptly activated either when nonself ligands are detected or self-ligands occur in abnormal combinations. In particular we show that cellular populations behaving in this way could perform location statistical tests, with performances comparable to t or KS tests, or even more general data mining tests such as support vector machines or random forests. In more general terms, this work claims that plausible immunological models should provide accurate detection mechanisms for host protection and, furthermore, that investigation on mechanisms leading to improved detection in "in silico" models can help unveil how the real immune system works.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.|Institute for Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.|I3N Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Bruno Filipe
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.|I3N Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mostardinha
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.|Institute for Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.|I3N Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernao
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-3493
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vistulo de Abreu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D002450:Cell Communication; D057225:Data Mining; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology*; D008024:Ligands; D018448:Models, Immunological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016011:Normal Distribution; D017634:Self Tolerance / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D008024:Ligands