title: Insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes : additional obstacles in the battle against malaria.
abstract: Mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are malaria vectors in tropical areas and were of course designated as primary targets by programs for malaria control. Repellent sprays, indoor use of insecticides, and massive delivery of mosquito nets are standard examples of the means widely used to combat malaria. This synthetic review supplies an overview of all of the modes of resistance developed by Anopheles mosquitoes against these human actions. The misuse of each available tool has gradually led to a decrease in its global effectiveness. Newly-emerging forms of resistance, due to modification or overexpression of molecular targets, as well as behavioral adaptations by mosquitoes, are some examples of the consequences. To enable a categorical reduction in malaria incidence, a thorough adjustment of the use of the various means of control should be envisioned.
authors.affiliation: CHU de Tours, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubert
authors.affiliation: Service d'information médicale, d'épidémiologie et d'économie de la santé, CHRU Bretonneau. EE Éducation Éthique Santé, Université François-Rabelais 37032 Tours France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guillon-Grammatico
authors.affiliation: Service de parasitologie, mycologie, médecine tropicale CHRU Bretonneau 37044 Tours, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chandenier
authors.affiliation: UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique 37200 Tours, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dimier-Poisson
authors.affiliation: Service de parasitologie, mycologie, médecine tropicale CHRU Bretonneau 37044 Tours, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Desoubeaux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Anopheles; insecticide; malaria; mosquitoes; resistance; vector control