title: Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Ophthalmology.
abstract: Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the first biological toxin used in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases and to decrease skin wrinkles as an aesthetic agent. When used appropriately, it weakens the force of muscular contraction and/or inhibits glandular secretion. The most common areas for botulinum toxin treatment are the upper face, including the glabella, forehead, brows, and lateral canthal lines, or crow's feet. By relaxing the muscles causing wrinkles, non-permanent results may be achieved with its use. BoNT has gained widespread use in a variety of ophthalmic diseases. The effect of BoNT is temporary, but the therapeutic benefit is usually maintained even after repeated injections. Treatment is usually well tolerated. Complications and side effects associated with the treatment are rare and temporary. Complications occur due to weakness (chemodenervation) of adjacent muscle groups, immunological mechanisms and injection technique. Current therapeutic indications, doses, complications and contraindications of BoNT use in the following disorders related to ophthalmology were investigated: aesthetic use, strabismus, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, eyelid retraction, entropion, lacrimal hypersecretion syndrome, and facial paralysis.
authors.affiliation: İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Başar
authors.affiliation: İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ceyhun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arıcı
keywords: Botulinum toxin; Strabismus; blepharospasm; hemifacial spasm