title: Guanidinium can both Cause and Prevent the Hydrophobic Collapse of Biomacromolecules.
abstract: A combination of Fourier transform infrared and phase transition measurements as well as molecular computer simulations, and thermodynamic modeling were performed to probe the mechanisms by which guanidinium (Gnd+) salts influence the stability of the collapsed versus uncollapsed state of an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), an uncharged thermoresponsive polymer. We found that the cation's action was highly dependent upon the counteranion with which it was paired. Specifically, Gnd+was depleted from the ELP/water interface and was found to stabilize the collapsed state of the macromolecule when paired with well-hydrated anions such as SO42-. Stabilization in this case occurred via an excluded volume (or depletion) effect, whereby SO42-was strongly partitioned away from the ELP/water interface. Intriguingly, at low salt concentrations, Gnd+was also found to stabilize the collapsed state of the ELP when paired with SCN-, which is a strong binder for the ELP. In this case, the anion and cation were both found to be enriched in the collapsed state of the polymer. The collapsed state was favored because the Gnd+cross-linked the polymer chains together. Moreover, the anion helped partition Gnd+to the polymer surface. At higher salt concentrations (>1.5 M), GndSCN switched to stabilizing the uncollapsed state because a sufficient amount of Gnd+and SCN-partitioned to the polymer surface to prevent cross-linking from occurring. Finally, in a third case, it was found that salts which interacted in an intermediate fashion with the polymer (e.g., GndCl) favored the uncollapsed conformation at all salt concentrations. These results provide a detailed, molecular-level, mechanistic picture of how Gnd+influences the stability of polypeptides in three distinct physical regimes by varying the anion. It also helps explain the circumstances under which guanidinium salts can act as powerful and versatile protein denaturants.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Weiche Materie und Funktionale Materialien, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany.|Physical Chemistry Department, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague , Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heyda
authors.forename: Halil I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Okur
authors.affiliation: Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University , POB 124, 22 100 Lund, Sweden.|Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hladílková
authors.forename: Kelvin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Rembert
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University , 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hunn
authors.forename: Tinglu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institut für Weiche Materie und Funktionale Materialien, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany.|Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6751-1487
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dzubiella
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jungwirth
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8524-0438
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Cremer
mesh_terms: D002412:Cations; D019791:Guanidine / Q000737:chemistry*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D010455:Peptides; D019791:Guanidine