title: Socioeconomic Status Is Not Related with Facial Fluctuating Asymmetry: Evidence from Latin-American Populations.
abstract: The expression of facial asymmetries has been recurrently related with poverty and/or disadvantaged socioeconomic status. Departing from the developmental instability theory, previous approaches attempted to test the statistical relationship between the stress experienced by individuals grown in poor conditions and an increase in facial and corporal asymmetry. Here we aim to further evaluate such hypothesis on a large sample of admixed Latin Americans individuals by exploring if low socioeconomic status individuals tend to exhibit greater facial fluctuating asymmetry values. To do so, we implement Procrustes analysis of variance and Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) to estimate potential associations between facial fluctuating asymmetry values and socioeconomic status. We report significant relationships between facial fluctuating asymmetry values and age, sex, and genetic ancestry, while socioeconomic status failed to exhibit any strong statistical relationship with facial asymmetry. These results are persistent after the effect of heterozygosity (a proxy for genetic ancestry) is controlled in the model. Our results indicate that, at least on the studied sample, there is no relationship between socioeconomic stress (as intended as low socioeconomic status) and facial asymmetries.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.|Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Mirsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quinto-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cintas
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.|Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.|Superintendência da Polícia Técnico-Científica do Estado de São Paulo. Equipe de Perícias Criminalísticas de Ourinhos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caio Cesar
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Silva de Cerqueira
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.|Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Acuña-Alonzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kaustubh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Antropología Física, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gomez-Valdés
authors.affiliation: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Everardo
authors.affiliation: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Avila
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo.
authors.forename: Tábita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hünemeier
authors.affiliation: GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jaramillo
authors.affiliation: GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Williams
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.|Departamento de Técnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile.
authors.forename: Macarena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.
authors.forename: Giovani
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poletti
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
authors.forename: Lavinia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schuler-Faccini
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
authors.forename: Maria Cátira
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bortolini
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canizales-Quinteros
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rothhammer
authors.affiliation: GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedoya
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Antropología. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosique
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.|MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Linares
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva Humana, Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: González-José
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012923:Social Class; D055815:Young Adult