title: An Integrated View of the Effects of Wine Polyphenols and Their Relevant Metabolites on Gut and Host Health.
abstract: Over the last few decades, polyphenols, and flavonoids in particular, have attracted the interest of researchers, as they have been associated with the health-promoting effects derived from diets rich in vegetables and fruits, including moderate wine consumption. Recent scientific evidence suggests that wine polyphenols exert their effects through interactions with the gut microbiota, as they seem to modulate microbiota and, at the same time, are metabolized by intestinal bacteria into specific bioavailable metabolites. Microbial metabolites are better absorbed than their precursors and may be responsible for positive health activities in the digestive system (local effects) and, after being absorbed, in tissues and organs (systemic effects). Differences in gut microbiota composition and functionality among individuals can affect polyphenol activity and, therefore, their health effects. The aim of this review is to integrate the understanding of the metabolism and mechanisms of action of wine polyphenols at both local and systemic levels, underlining their impact on the gut microbiome and the inter-individual variability associated with polyphenols' metabolism and further physiological effects. The advent of promising dietary approaches linked to wine polyphenols beyond the gut microbiota community and metabolism are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. carolina.cueva@csic.es.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cueva
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. irene.gil.sanchez@cial.uam-csic.es.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gil-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain. Bego_Ayuda@usal.es.
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ayuda-Durán
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain. susanagm@usal.es.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: González-Manzano
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain. paramas@usal.es.
authors.forename: Ana María
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: González-Paramás
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain. csb@usal.es.
authors.forename: Celestino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santos-Buelga
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. b.bartolome@csic.es.
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bartolomé
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. victoria.moreno@csic.es.
authors.forename: M Victoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Moreno-Arribas
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005419:Flavonoids; D059808:Polyphenols
keywords: flavonoids; gut microbiota; inter-individual variability; microbial phenolic metabolites; wine polyphenols