title: Impact of obesity on antiretroviral pharmacokinetics and immuno-virological response in HIV-infected patients: a case-control study.
abstract: Obesity has high prevalence among HIV-infected patients. Increased adipose tissue mass affects the pharmacokinetics of numerous drugs, but few data are available for antiretroviral drugs.
  
  
  
  In this study we aimed to explore the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs and the immuno-virological response in obese patients with HIV infection.
  
  
  
  We examined data from 2009 to 2012 in our hospital's database for HIV-1-infected patients who received an antiretroviral drug (abacavir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, tenofovir, efavirenz, etravirine, nevirapine, atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir or raltegravir). Obese patients were defined as those with BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 and normal-weight patients as those with BMI 19-25 kg/m 2 . Plasma concentrations ( C 12/24 ) were compared for each antiretroviral drug using a Mann-Whitney test. Suboptimal dosing and virological outcome were assessed by logistic regression, adjusting on covariates.
  
  
  
  We enrolled 291 obese and 196 normal-weight patients. Among the 12 analysed antiretroviral drugs, tenofovir, efavirenz and lopinavir C 12 values were significantly lower in obese than normal-weight patients: 66 versus 86 ng/mL, 1498 versus 2034 ng/mL and 4595 versus 6420 ng/mL, respectively ( P  <   0.001). Antiretroviral drug C 12/24 values were more frequently below efficacy thresholds for obese than for normal-weight patients after adjustment for other covariates ( P  <   0.001). Although obese patients showed a higher CD4 count than normal-weight patients (510 versus 444 cells/mm 3 , P  <   0.001), the groups did not differ in virological failure rate.
  
  
  
  This study highlights the impact of obesity on antiretroviral drug plasma exposure, but identifies no consequence of this suboptimal exposure on the immuno-virological control in this population.
authors.affiliation: IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, Paris F-75018, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Toxicologie, Paris F-75018, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Madelain
authors.affiliation: IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, Paris F-75018, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Toxicologie, Paris F-75018, France.
authors.forename: Minh P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, Paris F-75018, France.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Champenois
authors.affiliation: IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, Paris F-75018, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charpentier
authors.affiliation: IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, Paris F-75018, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.affiliation: IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, Paris F-75018, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France.
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Joly
authors.affiliation: IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, Paris F-75018, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yeni
authors.affiliation: IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, Paris F-75018, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris F-75018, France.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Descamps
authors.affiliation: IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, Paris F-75018, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris F-75018, France.
authors.forename: Yazdan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yazdanpanah
authors.affiliation: IAME, UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and INSERM, Paris F-75018, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Toxicologie, Paris F-75018, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peytavin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral