title: Standing balance in people with trans-tibial amputation due to vascular causes: A literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Balance is an important variable to consider during the rehabilitation process of individuals with trans-tibial amputation. Limited evidence exists on the balance abilities of people with trans-tibial amputation due to vascular causes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to review literature and determine if standing balance is diminished in people with trans-tibial amputation due to vascular causes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, OandP.org , CINHAL, and Science Direct. Studies were selected only if they included standing balance assessment of people with unilateral trans-tibial amputation due to vascular causes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review yielded seven articles that met the inclusion criteria. The general test methodology required participants to stand still on force platforms, with feet together, while center of pressure or postural sway was recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the findings of this review, individuals with trans-tibial amputees due to vascular causes have diminished balance abilities. Limited evidence suggests their balance might be further diminished as compared to individuals with trans-tibial amputation due to trauma. Although the evidence is limited, because of the underlying pathology and presence of comorbidities in individuals with trans-tibial amputation due to vascular causes, one cannot ignore these findings, as even a minor injury from a fall may develop into a non-healing ulcer and affect their health and well-being more severely than individuals with trans-tibial amputation due to trauma. Clinical relevance Individuals with trans-tibial amputation due to vascular causes have diminished balance abilities compared to healthy individuals and individuals with trans-tibial amputation due to trauma. This difference should be considered when designing and fabricating prostheses. Prosthetists and rehabilitation clinicians should consider designing amputation cause-specific rehabilitation interventions, focussing on balance and other functional limitations related to comorbidities of amputation.
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mayank
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lamberg
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Balance; center of pressure; postural sway; stability; trans-tibial amputation; vascular; weight distribution