title: Angiostoma norvegicum n. sp. (Nematoda: Angiostomatidae) a parasite of arionid slugs in Norway.
abstract: Angiostoma norvegicum n. sp. (Angiostomatidae) is described from the oesophagus, crop and the buccal mass of five species of slugs of the family Arionidae, Arion vulgaris (Moquin-Tandon), Arion ater (L.), Arion fasciatus (Nilsson), Arion fuscus (Müller) and Arion rufus/Arion ater hybrid), collected throughout Norway. Angiostoma norvegicum n. sp. was found parasitising arionids at seven of the 30 sample sites examined (23.3%), and 9.9% of all Arion spp. were infected with this nematode. The new species is characterised by its large size (4.0-8.6 mm long) and in having: lateral alae; 6 + 6 papillae at the cephalic end; a large circular mouth aperture; a spacious stoma; a pharyngeal basal bulb without valvular apparatus; an excretory pore near the base of bulb; a distal part of posterior ovary always outstretched; an anterior ovary distally nearly always outstretched; a vulva situated anterior to mid-body; long, nearly straight spicules and a small gubernaculum; three circumcloacal papillae and caudal genital papillae (GP) arranged in a pattern 1+2/3+3 with GP 5 and GP 8 opened on dorsal side of narrow bursa not reaching tail tip; short conical tails in both sexes with tips supplied by 4 short, unequal denticles. Morphologically, A. norvegicum n. sp. is similar to Angiostoma limacis Dujardin, 1845, which diagnostic characteristics are given based on examination of specimens from Norway and the UK. Conversely, the phylogenetic analyses based on D2D3 large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene sequences performed in the present study did not support the morphological affinity of these two species. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that although Angiostoma spp. cluster together, A. norvegicum n. sp. forms a tight monophyletic clade with the milacid nematode parasites Angiostoma margaretae Ross, Malan & Ivanova, 2011 and Angiostoma milacis Ivanova & Wilson, 2009.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa. jenna.ross@abdn.ac.uk.|Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK. jenna.ross@abdn.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jenna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: ICIPE, African Insect Science for Food and Health, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.|Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Pb 115, 1431, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Solveig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haukeland
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020, Bergen, Norway.|Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Plant Health and Biotechnology, NIBIO Ullensvang, 5781, Lofthus, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørn A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hatteland
authors.affiliation: Centre of Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Leninskii Prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ivanova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000469:parasitology*; D009664:Norway; D010802:Phylogeny; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D017172:Rhabditoidea / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D012335:RNA, Ribosomal