title: Additive toxic effect of deltamethrin and cadmium on hepatic, hematological, and immunological parameters in mice.
abstract: Exposure to natural and man-made environmental toxins concurrently can pose a greater threat to multiple organs. In the present work, we investigated interactions between deltamethrin (DM) and cadmium (Cd), whose mechanisms of action in humans are poorly understood. Albino mice were randomly divided into four groups, each containing six mice: saline as control, DM-treated, cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-treated, and CdCl2plus DM treated. After 2 weeks of treatment biochemical and hematological effects, total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count, humoral-mediated immune responses, and histopathological studies were conducted. Mice exposed to DM and Cd showed a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Also, DM and Cd administration resulted in suppression of humoral immunity, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and TLC. Histopathological evidence revealed hepatic damage, supporting the AST and ALT findings. Cd and DM exhibited an additive type of toxicity. It could be concluded that these toxins either target different cellular pathways, or the individual amounts used in this study were not enough to saturate the toxicological target, thus producing additive effects.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hasibur
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Al Thbiani
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saggu
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: VanWert
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Home Economics and Nutrition, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.|4 Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Specific Education, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt.
authors.forename: Nahla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zidan
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sundeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saggu
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D019256:Cadmium Chloride
keywords: Deltamethrin; cadmium intoxication; hematology; immunosuppression; oxidative stress