title: Phenolics profile and anti-proliferative activity ofCyphomandra Betaceafruit in breast and liver cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyphomandra betacea(C.betacea) belongs to the Solanaceae family. This study was aimed to evaluate the anti-proliferative ofC.betaceacrude extract against selected cancer cell lines (breast and liver cancer) and to identify the polyphenolics profile (phenolic acids and flavonoids) ofC.betaceafruits. Anti-proliferative effect of the extracts was examined using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, followed by cell morphology analysis using acridine orange and propidium iodide double staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phenolics profile was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).C.betaceaextract showed a high cytotoxic effect against liver and breast cancer cell lines with the IC50value of 30 and 80 µg/ml, respectively. Phenolics profiling showed thatC.betaceaextract has a wide variety of polyphenolic compounds which are the responsible substances underlying the cytotoxic activity. The microscopic examination analysed by acridine orange and propidium iodide double staining showed that viable cells of the liver and breast cells were well rounded, large and intact green nuclei compared with the treated cells that characterized by apoptotic features (shrunken nuclei with a less quantity of cytoplasm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated that the anti-proliferative properties ofC.betaceafruits were partially attributed to the rich phenolics content. It supports the hypothesis thatC.betaceafruits have potential as an effective agent in cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.
authors.forename: Maisarah Abdul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mutalib
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia ; Haematology Department, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fauziah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramasamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.
authors.forename: Asmah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahmat
keywords: Anti-proliferative activity; Breast cancer cell; Cyphomandra betacea; Liver cancer cell; Phenolics