title: Post-treatment control or treated controllers? Viral remission in treated and untreated primary HIV infection.
abstract: An HIV cure will impose aviraemia that is sustained following the withdrawal of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Understanding the efficacy of novel interventions aimed at curing HIV requires characterization of both natural viral control and the effect of ART on viral control after treatment interruption.
  
  
  
  Analysis of transient viral control in recent seroconverters in the Short Pulse AntiRetroviral Therapy at Acute Seroconversion trial.
  
  
  
  We compared untreated and treated HIV seroconverters (n = 292) and identified periods of control (plasma HIV RNA < 400 copies/ml for ≥16 weeks off therapy) in 7.9% of ART-naive participants, and in 12.0% overall. HIV DNA was measured by qPCR, and HIV-specific CD8 responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISpot). T-cell activation and exhaustion were measured by flow cytometry.
  
  
  
  At baseline, future controllers had lower HIV DNA, lower plasma HIV RNA, higher CD4 : CD8 ratios (all P < 0.001) and higher CD4 cell counts (P < 0.05) than noncontrollers. Among controllers, the only difference between the untreated and those who received ART was higher baseline HIV RNA in the latter (P = 0.003), supporting an added ART effect.
  
  
  
  Consideration of spontaneous remission in untreated individuals will be critical to avoid overestimating the effect size of new interventions used in HIV cure studies.
authors.affiliation: aNuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford bMRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London cDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK dHarvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA eHIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa fResearch Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London gDivision of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London hThe Oxford Martin School iOxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Genevieve E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Morgane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gossez
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stöhr
authors.forename: Jodi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyerowitz
authors.forename: Ellen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Leitman
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goulder
authors.forename: Kholoud
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fidler
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frater
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D058501:Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral