title: Macroautophagy and Selective Mitophagy Ameliorate Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential in Adipose Stem Cells of Equine Metabolic Syndrome: New Findings in the Field of Progenitor Cells Differentiation.
abstract: Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is mainly characterized by insulin resistance, obesity, and local or systemic inflammation. That unfriendly environment of adipose tissue has huge impact on stem cells population (ASC) residing within. In the present study, using molecular biology techniques and multiple imaging techniques (SEM, FIB-SEM, and confocal microscopy), we evaluated the impact of EMS on ASC viability and chondrogenic differentiation. Moreover, we visualized the mitochondrial network and dynamics in ASCCTRLand ASCEMSduring control and chondrogenic conditions. In control conditions, ASCEMSwere characterized by increased mitochondrial fission in comparison to ASCCTRL. We found that extensive remodeling of mitochondrial network including fusion and fission occurs during early step of differentiation. Moreover, we observed mitochondria morphology deterioration in ASCEMS. These conditions seem to cause autophagic shift in ASCEMS, as we observed increased accumulation of LAMP2 and formation of multiple autophagosomes in those cells, some of which contained dysfunctional mitochondria. "Autophagic" switch may be a rescue mechanism allowing ASCEMSto clear impaired by ROS proteins and mitochondria. Moreover it provides a precursors-to-macromolecules synthesis, especially during chondrogenesis. Our data indicates that autophagy in ASCEMSwould be crucial for the quality control mechanisms and maintenance of cellular homeostasis ASCEMSallowing them to be in "stemness" status.
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland; Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3676-796X
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marycz
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland; Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2311-5789
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kornicka
authors.affiliation: Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0012-1227
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grzesiak
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7314-9821
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Śmieszek
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szłapka
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000235:genetics; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006736:Horses; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D063306:Mitophagy / Q000235:genetics*; D039902:Multipotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D035683:MicroRNAs; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase