title: Quality assurance phantoms for cone beam computed tomography: a systematic literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To undertake a systematic review on quality assurance (QA) phantoms for CBCT imaging, including studies on the development and application of phantoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE (PubMed) bibliographic database was searched until May 2016 for studies evaluating the development and use of phantoms in CBCT image QA. The search strategy was restricted to English language publications using the following combined terms: (Cone Beam CT) OR (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) OR (Cone-Beam Computed Tomography) OR (CBCT) AND (quality OR phantom). It was assessed which of the six image quality parameters stated by the European Commission could be evaluated with each phantom and which of them actually were.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search strategy yielded 37 studies, which had developed and used (25 studies) or only used (12 studies) a phantom in CBCT image QA. According to the literature, in 7 phantoms, it is possible to evaluate 4 or more image quality parameters while in 11 phantoms, merely 1 parameter can be evaluated. Only two phantoms permit the evaluation of the six image quality parameters stated by the European Commission. The parameters, which can most often be evaluated using a phantom, are image density values, spatial resolution and geometric accuracy. The SEDENTEXCT phantom was used most frequently. In two studies, all quality parameters suggested by the European Commission were evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QA phantoms rarely allow all image quality parameters stated by the European Commission to be evaluated. Furthermore, alternative phantoms, which allow all image quality parameters to be evaluated in a single exposure, even for a small field of view, should be developed.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Health Technology and Biology, Federal Institute of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.|2 Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Interactive, Processes of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcus V L
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: 3 Oral Radiology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wenzel
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Interactive, Processes of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo S F
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: 3 Oral Radiology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spin-Neto
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000592:standards*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011786:Quality Control
keywords: CBCT; image quality; quality assurance; quality control