title: Stakeholder Dialogue as Deliberation for Decision Making in Health Policy and Systems: The Approach from Argumentation Theory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The literature on knowledge translation and dissemination in health care highlights the value of the stakeholder dialogue, namely, a structured process where stakeholders interact to identify the best solution to a given problem. By analyzing the stakeholder dialogue as a form of deliberative argumentation, this article identifies those factors that may hinder or facilitate reaching agreement among stakeholders on options to target problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conceptual analysis based on the descriptive and evaluation methods of argumentation theory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When stakeholders have a difference of opinion, confrontation alone does not lead to agreement. A normative model of critical discussion is needed to facilitate stakeholders in reaching this agreement and to prevent barriers to it that can result from personal factors (e.g., attitude and beliefs) or communication moves. This type of dialogue requires a training of stakeholders about the preconditions of argumentation and its different stages. The figure of the moderator is crucial in ensuring that the dialogue fulfills standards of reasonableness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article offers a reading of the stakeholder dialogue rooted in the tradition of critical thinking. It instructs on how to promote a collaborative exchange among stakeholders as a way to go beyond any expression of views.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Lucerne and Swiss Paraplegic Research, Lucerne; and Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubinelli
authors.forename: Per Maximilian
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: von Groote
mesh_terms: D003256:Community Participation; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D006291:Health Policy; D006292:Health Priorities / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D011050:Policy Making