title: A Trial of Financial and Social Incentives to Increase Older Adults' Walking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite evidence that regular physical activity confers health benefits, physical activity rates among older adults remain low. Both personal and social goals may enhance older adults' motivation to become active. This study tested the effects of financial incentives, donations to charity, and the combined effects of both interventions on older adults' uptake and retention of increased levels of walking.
  
  
  METHODS
  RCT comparing three interventions to control. Data collection occurred from 2012 to 2013. Analyses were conducted in 2013-2016.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-four adults aged ≥65 years from Philadelphia-area retirement communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants received digital pedometers, walking goals of a 50% increase in daily steps, and weekly feedback on goal attainment. Participants were randomized to one of four groups: (1) Control: received weekly feedback only; (2) Financial Incentives: received payment of $20 each week walking goals were met; (3) Social Goals: received donation of $20 to a charity of choice each week walking goals were met; and (4) Combined: received $20 each week walking goals were met that could be received by participant, donated to a charity of choice, or divided between the participant and charity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean proportion of days walking goals were met during the 16-week intervention and 4-week follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for baseline walking, the proportion of days step goals were met during the 16-week intervention period was higher in all intervention groups versus controls (relative risk, 3.71; 95% CI=1.37, 10.01). During the 4-week follow up period, the proportion of days step goals were met did not differ in intervention groups compared to control (relative risk, 2.91; 95% CI=0.62, 13.64).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incentive schemes that use donations to a charity of choice, personal financial incentives, or a combination of the two can each increase older adults' initial uptake of increased levels of walking.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01643538.
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Kristin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Harkins
authors.affiliation: VA Center for Clinical Management Research and University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kullgren
authors.affiliation: Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Scarlett L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karlawish
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: kglanz@upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Glanz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D015143:Philadelphia; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data