title: Estimation of Benchmark Dose of Lifetime Cadmium Intake for Adverse Renal Effects Using Hybrid Approach in Inhabitants of an Environmentally Exposed River Basin in Japan.
abstract: The aim of this study is to estimate the reference level of lifetime cadmium intake (LCd) as the benchmark doses (BMDs) and their 95% lower confidence limits (BMDLs) for various renal effects by applying a hybrid approach. The participants comprised 3,013 (1,362 men and 1,651 women) and 278 (129 men and 149 women) inhabitants of the Cd-polluted and nonpolluted areas, respectively, in the environmentally exposed Kakehashi River basin. Glucose, protein, aminonitrogen, metallothionein, and β2-microglobulin in urine were measured as indicators of renal dysfunction. The BMD and BMDL that corresponded to an additional risk of 5% were calculated with background risk at zero exposure set at 5%. The obtained BMDLs of LCd were 3.7 g (glucose), 3.2 g (protein), 3.7 g (aminonitrogen), 1.7 g (metallothionein), and 1.8 g (β2-microglobulin) in men and 2.9 g (glucose), 2.5 g (protein), 2.0 g (aminonitrogen), 1.6 g (metallothionein), and 1.3 g (β2-microglobulin) in women. The lowest BMDL was 1.7 g (metallothionein) and 1.3 g (β2-microglobulin) in men and women, respectively. The lowest BMDL of LCd (1.3 g) was somewhat lower than the representative threshold LCd (2.0 g) calculated in the previous studies. The obtained BMDLs may contribute to further discussion on the health risk assessment of cadmium exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nogawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Nursing, Kanazawa University School of Health Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Muneko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishijo
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suwazono
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000652:urine; D011507:Proteinuria; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D045483:Rivers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein; D005947:Glucose; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Benchmark dose; continuous data; environmental exposure; lifetime cadmium intake