title: Customized compact neutron activation analysis system to quantify manganese (Mn) in bone in vivo.
abstract: In the US alone, millions of workers, including over 300 000 welders, are at high risk of occupational manganese (Mn) exposure. Those who have been chronically exposed to excessive amount of Mn can develop severe neurological disorders similar, but not identical, to the idiopathic Parkinson's disease. One challenge of identifing the health effects of Mn exposure is to find a reliable biomarker for exposure assessment, especially for long-term cumulative exposure.
  
  
  
  Mn's long biological half-life as well as its relatively high concentration in bone makes bone Mn (BnMn) a potentially valuable biomarker for Mn exposure. Our group has been working on the development of a deuterium-deuterium (D-D)-based neutron generator to quantify Mn in bone in vivo. Main results and significance: In this paper, we report the latest advancements in our system. With a customized hand irradiation assembly, a fully characterized high purity germanium (HPGe) detector system, and an acceptable hand dose of 36 mSv, a detection limit of 0.64 µg Mn/g bone (ppm) has been achieved.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yingzi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Farshad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mostafaei
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sowers
authors.forename: Mindy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Linda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Nie
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004867:Equipment Design; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009501:Neutron Activation Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage
chemical_list: D008345:Manganese; D002118:Calcium