title: THE EFFICACY OF NALBUPHINE, MEDETOMIDINE, AND AZAPERONE IN IMMOBILIZING AMERICAN BISON (BISON BISON).
abstract: We evaluated a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone (NalMed-A) in 12 American bison ( Bison bison ) during 13 sedation handling events. The mean (SE) dosage was 0.4 (0.02) mg/kg nalbuphine, 0.08 (0.003) mg/kg medetomidine, and 0.08 (0.003) mg/kg azaperone contained in an average delivery volume of 0.8 mL/100 kg. Two animals required a supplemental dose for safe handling (additive dose used in calculating means) and a third animal was not adequately sedated despite a supplemental dose. Bison immobilized with NalMed-A showed good sedation in 12 of 13 handling attempts. Advantages of this drug combination included a relatively low delivery volume, rapid antagonism, and minimal regulatory burden for component drugs. The most consistent disadvantage was hypoxemia, and oxygen supplementation is recommended when using this sedative combination in bison.
authors.affiliation: 1   Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, 4330 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521-2153, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.affiliation: 2   Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 528 S Adams Street, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: 3   US Department of Agriculture, Animal, and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Wildlife Livestock Disease Investigations Team, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nol
authors.affiliation: 3   US Department of Agriculture, Animal, and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Wildlife Livestock Disease Investigations Team, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: McCollum
authors.affiliation: 1   Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, 4330 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521-2153, USA.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: 4   Wildlife Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1230 Ash Street, Windsor, Colorado 80550, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lance
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001376:Azaperone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016164:Bison; D002077:Butorphanol; D006339:Heart Rate; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007093:Imidazoles; D007103:Immobilization; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007093:Imidazoles; D001376:Azaperone; D009266:Nalbuphine; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol
keywords: Azaperone; bison; blood gas; chemical immobilization; medetomidine; nalbuphine