title: Skin- and Plasmaautofluorescence in hemodialysis with glucose-free or glucose-containing dialysate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haemodialysis (HD) patients suffer from an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Skin autofluorescence (SAF) is a strong marker for CVD. SAF indirectly measures tissue advanced glycation end products (AGE) being cumulative metabolites of oxidative stress and cytokine-driven inflammatory reactions. The dialysates often contain glucose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Autofluorescence of skin and plasma (PAF) were measured in patients on HD during standard treatment (ST) with a glucose-containing dialysate (n = 24). After that the patients were switched to a glucose-free dialysate (GFD) for a 2-week period. New measurements were performed on PAF and SAF after 1 week (M1) and 2 weeks (M2) using GFD. Nonparametric paired statistical analyses were performed between each two periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAF after HD increased non-significantly by 1.2% while when a GFD was used during HD at M1, a decrease of SAF by 5.2% (p = 0.002) was found. One week later (M2) the reduction of 1.6% after the HD was not significant (p = 0.33). PAF was significantly reduced during all HD sessions. Free and protein-bound PAF decreased similarly whether glucose containing or GFD was used. The HD resulted in a reduction of the total PAF of approximately 15%, the free compound of 20% and the protein bound of 10%. The protein bound part of PAF corresponded to approximately 56% of the total reduction. The protein bound concentrations after each HD showed the lowest value after 2 weeks using glucose-free dialysate (p < 0.05). The change in SAF could not be related to a change in PAF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When changing to a GFD, SAF was reduced by HD indicating that such measure may hamper the accumulation and progression of deposits of AGEs to protein in tissue, and thereby also the development of CVD. Glucose-free dialysate needs further attention. Protein binding seems firm but not irreversible.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN13837553 . Registered 16/11/2016 (retrospectively registered).
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden. bernd.ramsauer@vgregion.se.|Department of Nephrology, Skaraborgs Hospital, 541 58, Skövde, Sweden. bernd.ramsauer@vgregion.se.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5872-0583
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ramsauer
authors.affiliation: HaemoScan BV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerwin Erik
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.affiliation: UMC Staff and Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Reindert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graaff
authors.affiliation: University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Hospital of Nephrology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sikole
authors.affiliation: University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Institute for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arsov
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000032:analysis*; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D015312:Hemodialysis Solutions; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Glucose free dialysate; Haemodialysis; Plasma autofluorescence; Skin autofluorescence