title: Early high school engagement in students with attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Students with attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continue to languish behind their peers with regard to academic achievement and education attainment. School engagement is potentially modifiable, and targeting engagement may be a means to improve education outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate school engagement for students with ADHD during the crucial high school transition period and to identify factors associated with low school engagement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants are adolescents (12-15 years) in the first and third year of high school with diagnosed ADHD (n = 130). Participants were recruited from 21 paediatric practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study assessing school engagement. Data were collected through direct assessment and child, parent, and teacher surveys. School engagement is measured as student attitudes to school (cognitive and emotional) and suspension rates (behavioural). Multivariable regression analyses examined student, family, and school factors affecting engagement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with state data, students with ADHD in the first year of high school were less motivated (p < .01) and less connected to peers (p < .01). Overall, there was no discordance in third year attitudes. There were high rates of suspension in both years in comparison to state-wide suspensions (21% vs. 6%, p < .01). Explanatory factors for poor attitudes include adolescent depression, poor adolescent supervision, and devaluing education. Conduct problems and increased hyperactivity were related to increased likelihood of being suspended, whilst higher cognitive ability, family socio-economic status, and independent schools reduced risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potentially modifiable individual and family factors including adolescent depression, behavioural problems, education values, and family supervision could be targeted to better manage the high school transition for students with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Nardia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zendarski
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.|Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sciberras
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mensah
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiscock
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D001290:Attitude; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D011678:Punishment; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000068356:Self-Control
keywords: adolescent; attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder; attitudes; high school; school engagement; suspension