title: Association Between Facial Length and Width and Fundamental Frequency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the association between facial width and length and fundamental frequency (F0) and habitual frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 50 subjects (35 females;15 males) were included in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric measurements included: facial height (N-Me); widths of the maxilla (J-J), mandible (AG-AG), and face (Zyg-Zyg); ratios J-J to AG-AG, N-Me to Zyg-Zyg, and lower face to total face heights. All subjects underwent acoustic analysis using Visi-Pitch IV. Sample was stratified according to age and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total group (mean age: 14.19±6.49 years; range 6-35 years), a significantly moderate negative correlation existed between Zyg-Zyg, J-J, and AG-AG, and F0 and habitual pitch. Similarly, N-Me moderately correlated with habitual pitch. In males, there was a significant moderate negative correlation between Zyg-Zyg and J-J, and habitual pitch, and between J-J and F0 (-0.571;p=0.026). In females, a significant moderate correlation existed between Zyg-Zyg and AG-AG, and habitual pitch, and between AG-AG and F0 (-0.347;p=0.041). In the prepubertal group (n=25), a negative moderate correlation occurred between J-J and AG-AG, N-Me and habitual frequency, and between J-J and F0 (-0.407;p=0.043). In the postpubertal group, there was a significant moderate correlation only between AG-AG and F0 (-0.403;p=0.046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facial length correlates significantly with habitual frequency, and facial width correlates significantly with both F0 and habitual pitch. A larger sample of adult subjects is needed to substantiate this conclusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Macari
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Ingrid A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Karam
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ziade
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Dollen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tabri
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Doja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarieddine
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Elie S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: ah77@aub.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Abdul-Latif
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hamdan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009970:Orthodontics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D014831:Voice; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Acoustics; Cephalometric; Mandible; Maxilla; Puberty