title: Aquatic toxicity of photo-degraded insensitive munition 101 (IMX-101) constituents.
abstract: Insensitive munitions are desirable alternatives to historically used formulations, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), because of their so-called insensitivity to unintended detonation. The insensitive munition IMX-101 is a mixture of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ). Environmental releases of munitions may be from production wastewaters or training; these munitions may be exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Therefore, it is useful to understand the relative toxicity of IMX-101 and its constituents both before and after photodegradation. The intent of the present study was to generate relative hazard information by exposing the standard ecotoxicological model Ceriodaphnia dubia to each insensitive munition constituent individually and to IMX-101 before and after the exposure solution was irradiated in a UV photoreactor. Without photodegradation, DNAN was more toxic (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 43 mg/L) than the other 2 constituents and it contributed predominantly to the toxicity of IMX-101 (LC50 = 206 mg/L) based on toxic units. Toxicity was observed only at high levels of NQ (LC50 = 1174 mg/L) and pH-adjusted NTO (LC50 = 799 mg/L). The toxicity of IMX-101 is lower than literature-reported TNT toxicity. Photodegradation efficiency was greater at lower insensitive munition concentrations. The observed degradation was greatest for NQ (42-99%), which in turn corresponded to the greatest relative increase in toxicity (100-1000-fold). Modest percent of degradation (4-18%) and increases in phototoxicity (2-100-fold) were observed for NTO and DNAN. Photodegraded NQ products were the predominant source of toxicity of photodegraded IMX-101. Future work involves research to enable analytical and computational confirmation of the specific degradation compounds inducing the observed photoenhanced toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2050-2057. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Aimee R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Poda
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolas L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Melby
authors.affiliation: HX5, Ft. Walton Beach, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Lee C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Moores
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Shinita M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Kurt A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gust
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bednar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D033361:Cladocera / Q000187:drug effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D010782:Photolysis; D014230:Triazoles / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000633:toxicity; D014481:United States; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C505897:3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one; D000840:Anisoles; D053834:Explosive Agents; D006146:Guanidines; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D014230:Triazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; C539360:2,4-dinitroanisole; C056179:nitroguanidine
keywords: Dinitroanisole; IMX-101; Insensitive munition; Nitroguanidine; Nitrotrizolone; Phototoxicity; Ultraviolet