title: EpideMiology and control measures of outBreaks due to Antibiotic-Resistant orGanisms in EurOpe (EMBARGO): a systematic review protocol.
abstract: Improving our understanding of outbreaks due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and their control is critical in the current public health scenario. The threat of outbreaks due to ARB requires multifaceted efforts. However, a global overview of epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks due to ARB and effective infection control measures is missing. In this paper, we describe the protocol of a systematic review aimed at mapping and characterising the epidemiological aspects of outbreaks due to ARB and infection control measures in European countries.
  
  
  
  The databases MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge and Cochrane library will be searched using a 3-step search strategy. Selection of articles for inclusion will be performed by 2 reviewers using predefined eligibility criteria. All study designs will be included if they report an outbreak and define the microbiological methods used for microorganism identification. The target bacteria will be methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, ceftazidime-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, ceftazidime-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant and carbapenamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Data will be extracted using a tailored pilot tested form and the quality of reporting will be assessed using the ORION (Outbreak Reports and Intervention Studies Of Nosocomial infections) tool. Data will be synthesised and reported by the type of ARB, setting and country. Infection control measures and bundles of measures will be described. The effectiveness will be reported as defined by the authors. Regression analysis will be used to define independent factors associated with outbreaks' control. Heterogeneity between studies will be assessed by forest plots and I² statistics.
  
  
  
  Ethical approval is not applicable for this study. Findings will be disseminated through journal publication and conference presentations and talks.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine 1, DZIF Partner Centre, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nithya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Babu Rajendran
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine 1, DZIF Partner Centre, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Beryl Primrose
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Gladstone
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Baño
authors.affiliation: AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Frangiscos
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sifakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.affiliation: National Center for Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Carmeli
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine 1, DZIF Partner Centre, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Francesco Robert
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Burkert
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine 1, DZIF Partner Centre, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Panagiota
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gkolia
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine 1, DZIF Partner Centre, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Evelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tacconelli
mesh_terms: D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015780:Carbapenems; D002442:Ceftazidime; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000201:enzymology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa; D012107:Research Design; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic; D065507:Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015780:Carbapenems; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D002442:Ceftazidime; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; antimicrobial resistance; outbreak