title: Four-year retrospective look for acute scrotal pathologies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A group of diseases in the scrotum setting forth by the sudden swelling and redness and pain consist of acute scrotal pathologies. The most common causes of acute scrotum in children are epididymitis, epididymo-orchitis, orchitis, testicular torsion, torsion of the appendix testis, incarcerated inguinal hernia and traumatic hydro/hematocele. In this study; we aim to evaulate patients with acute scrotal pathologies who were interned in our department.
  
  
  METHODS
  All hospital data of cases who were interned at our deparment due to acute scrotum in between June 2010-June 2014 were evaluated retrospectively. Cases with incarcerated inguinal herni were excluded in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a 4-year-period 114 cases were interned in our department with acute scrotum. Mean age of the patients was 7.6±4.577 years (min: 1m-max: 18yrs). Doppler US was performed in 112 patients to evaluate the blood flow while in 2 patients applied after normal office hours were evaluated without Doppler US and operated under emergency conditions. The patients had received diagnosis of epididymitis/epididymo-orchitis/orchitis (n=83 cases; 72.8%), testicular torsion (n=24; 21.1%), torsion of the appendix testis (n=2; 1.8%) with and traumatic hydrocele/ hematocele (n=5; 4.4%). While detorsion was performed in 18 (75%) cases with testicular torsion and orchiectomy in 6 (25%) cases. Histopathological evaluation of orchiectomy specimens revealed hemorrhagic necrosis and hemorrhagic infarction or ischemic changes. Normal testicular size and vascularity were detected in 11 (61.1%) cases with detorsioned testis as detected by follow-up Doppler US. Late orchiectomy was performed in 7 cases (38.9%) with complete atrophy due to lack of blood supply.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although Doppler US is very helpful for differential diagnosis of patients with acute scrotum who applied early period, if Doppler US will lead to a waste of time, direct surgery without delay will reduce the risk of testicular loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zeynep Kamil Obstetrics and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Olga Devrim
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Ayvaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zeynep Kamil Obstetrics and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aysenur Cerrah
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Celayir
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zeynep Kamil Obstetrics and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moralioglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zeynep Kamil Obstetrics and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oktav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bosnali
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zeynep Kamil Obstetrics and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Osman Zeki
authors.initials: OZ
authors.lastname: Pektas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zeynep Kamil Obstetrics and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet Koray
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pelin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zeynep Kamil Obstetrics and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sefik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caman
keywords: Acute scrotum; Doppler ultrasound; testicular loss; testicular torsion