title: Multiple lifestyle behaviours and mortality, findings from a large population-based Norwegian cohort study - The HUNT Study.
abstract: Lifestyle risk behaviours are responsible for a large proportion of disease burden and premature mortality worldwide. Risk behaviours tend to cluster in populations. We developed a new lifestyle risk index by including emerging risk factors (sleep, sitting time, and social participation) and examine unique risk combinations and their associations with all-cause and cardio-metabolic mortality.
  
  
  
  Data are from a large population-based cohort study in a Norway, the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), with an average follow-up time of 14.1 years. Baseline data from 1995-97 were linked to the Norwegian Causes of Death Registry. The analytic sample comprised 36 911 adults aged 20-69 years. Cox regression models were first fitted for seven risk factors (poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption, current smoking, physical inactivity, excessive sitting, too much/too little sleep, and poor social participation) separately and then adjusted for socio-demographic covariates. Based on these results, a lifestyle risk index was developed. Finally, we explored common combinations of the risk factors in relation to all-cause and cardio-metabolic mortality outcomes.
  
  
  
  All single risk factors, except for diet, were significantly associated with both mortality outcomes, and were therefore selected to form a lifestyle risk index. Risk of mortality increased as the index score increased. The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality increased from 1.37 (1.15-1.62) to 6.15 (3.56-10.63) as the number of index risk factors increased from one to six respectively. Among the most common risk factor combinations the association with mortality was particularly strong when smoking and/or social participation were included.
  
  
  
  This study adds to previous research on multiple risk behaviours by incorporating emerging risk factors. Findings regarding social participation and prolonged sitting suggest new components of healthy lifestyles and potential new directions for population health interventions.
authors.affiliation: HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Forskningsveien 2, 7600, Levanger, Norway. steinar.krokstad@ntnu.no.|Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway. steinar.krokstad@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Steinar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krokstad
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.|Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Ding
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Grunseit
authors.affiliation: HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Forskningsveien 2, 7600, Levanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Erik R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Sund
authors.affiliation: HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Forskningsveien 2, 7600, Levanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Turid Lingaas
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Holmen
authors.affiliation: HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Forskningsveien 2, 7600, Levanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Vegar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rangul
authors.affiliation: HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Forskningsveien 2, 7600, Levanger, Norway.|Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012890:Sleep; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: All-cause mortality; Cardiovascular disease; Cohort study; Lifestyle behaviour; Metabolic disease; Risk factors