title: Mapping of Malaria Vectors at District Level in India: Changing Scenario and Identified Gaps.
abstract: Malaria is one of the six major vector-borne diseases in India, the endemicity of which changes with changes in ecological, climatic, and sociodevelopmental conditions. The anopheline vectors are greatly affected by ecological conditions such as deforestation, urbanization, climate and lifestyle. Despite the advent of tools such as Geographic Information System (GIS), the updated information on the distribution of anopheline vectors of malaria is not available. In India, the plan for vector control is organized at subcentral level but information about vectors is unavailable even at the district level. Therefore, a systematic presentation of vector distribution has been made to provide maps in respect of major vector species. A search of the literature for major vector species, that is, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles fluviatilis, Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles minimus, and Anopheles dirus sensu lato, since 1927 till 2015 was carried out. Data have been presented as present, absent, and no information about vector species during pre-eradication (1927-1958), posteradication (1959-1999), and current scenario (2000-2015). Vectors' distribution and malaria endemicity were mapped using Arc GIS. Of 630 districts of India, major vectors An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, and An. stephensi were present in 420, 241, and 243 districts, respectively. In 183 districts, there is no information on any major malaria vector species although 27 of them from the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Manipur, and Mizoram are highly endemic for malaria, having incidences of 2-40 cases/1000/year. The identified gaps in vector distribution, particularly in malaria endemic areas, necessitate further surveys so as to generate the missing information.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Epidemiology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Environmental Epidemiology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Mercy Aparna L
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lingala
authors.affiliation: Environmental Epidemiology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Soma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.affiliation: Environmental Epidemiology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Ramesh C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dhiman
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D000072138:Mosquito Vectors / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Anopheles; India; district; malaria; mapping; vectors