title: Utilising exhaled nitric oxide information to enhance diagnosis and therapy of respiratory disease - current evidence for clinical practice and proposals to improve the methodology.
abstract: A non-invasive tool to diagnose respiratory diseases and to follow treatment has long been looked-for. Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a promising marker of inflammation in asthma but nearly 25-years of research has shown that it works in only certain endotypes of asthma. The modelling of NO dynamics of the lung can give more information than a single FENO value. Areas covered: The estimation of the NO production in the conducting airways and in the gas exchange area has given new insight of the NO production in diseases beyond asthma. In this article, we discuss the importance of methodology for NO measurement in the exhaled breath and the indication of applying this technique to detect respiratory disorders. This narrative review is an attempt to examine and discuss the physiological basis underlying exhaled NO measurements and the clinical evidence of the usefulness of this method in asthma and various other respiratory disorders. Expert commentary: Estimation of the NO parameters would aid in our understanding of the NO dynamics of the lung and thereby give more knowledge how to interpret the measured FENO value in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Sciences, Lung- Allergy- and Sleep Research , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Marieann
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Högman
authors.affiliation: b Allergy Centre , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland.|c Medical School , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.affiliation: d Department of Respiratory Physiology , Cochin Hospital & Paris Descartes University , Paris , France.
authors.forename: Anh Tuan
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Dinh-Xuan
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D015415:Biomarkers; D001944:Breath Tests; D045853:Exhalation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Asthma; COPD; FENO; interstitial lung diseases; modelling; nitric oxide; obstructive sleep apnoea; primary ciliary dyskinesia; systemic sclerosis; two-compartment model