title: Pharmacological guidelines for schizophrenia: a systematic review and comparison of recommendations for the first episode.
abstract: Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) support the translation of research evidence into clinical practice. Key health questions in CPGs ensure that recommendations will be applicable to the clinical context in which the guideline is used. The objectives of this study were to identify CPGs for the pharmacological treatment of first-episode schizophrenia; assess the quality of these guidelines using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument; and compare recommendations in relation to the key health questions that are relevant to the pharmacological treatment of first-episode schizophrenia.
  
  
  
  A multidisciplinary group identified key health questions that are relevant to the pharmacological treatment of first-episode schizophrenia. The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, websites of professional organisations and international guideline repositories, were searched for CPGs that met the inclusion criteria. The AGREE II instrument was applied by three raters and data were extracted from the guidelines in relation to the key health questions.
  
  
  
  In total, 3299 records were screened. 10 guidelines met the inclusion criteria. 3 guidelines scored well across all domains. Recommendations varied in specificity. Side effect concerns, rather than comparative efficacy benefits, were a key consideration in antipsychotic choice. Antipsychotic medication is recommended for maintenance of remission following a first episode of schizophrenia but there is a paucity of evidence to guide duration of treatment. Clozapine is universally regarded as the medication of choice for treatment resistance. There is less evidence to guide care for those who do not respond to clozapine.
  
  
  
  An individual's experience of using antipsychotic medication for the initial treatment of first-episode schizophrenia may have implications for future engagement, adherence and outcome. While guidelines of good quality exist to assist in medicines optimisation, the evidence base required to answer key health questions relevant to the pharmacological treatment of first-episode schizophrenia is limited.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, Saint John of God Hospital, Co Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.affiliation: Saint John of God Hospital, Co Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McWilliams
authors.affiliation: Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Saint James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, Saint John of God Hospital, Co Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hynes
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Gráinne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cousins
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strawbridge
authors.affiliation: DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: antipsychotic; psychosis