title: Ambivalent stereotypes link to peace, conflict, and inequality across 38 nations.
abstract: A cross-national study, 49 samples in 38 nations (n = 4,344), investigates whether national peace and conflict reflect ambivalent warmth and competence stereotypes: High-conflict societies (Pakistan) may need clearcut, unambivalent group images distinguishing friends from foes. Highly peaceful countries (Denmark) also may need less ambivalence because most groups occupy the shared national identity, with only a few outcasts. Finally, nations with intermediate conflict (United States) may need ambivalence to justify more complex intergroup-system stability. Using the Global Peace Index to measure conflict, a curvilinear (quadratic) relationship between ambivalence and conflict highlights how both extremely peaceful and extremely conflictual countries display lower stereotype ambivalence, whereas countries intermediate on peace-conflict present higher ambivalence. These data also replicated a linear inequality-ambivalence relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; sfiske@princeton.edu federica.durante@unimib.it.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Durante
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; sfiske@princeton.edu federica.durante@unimib.it.
authors.forename: Susan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Fiske
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.
authors.forename: Michele J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gelfand
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Franca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suttora
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stillwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Asbrock
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Faculty of Management, Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aycan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Hege H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Bye
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rickard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Björklund
authors.affiliation: Independent Institute for Administration and Civil Society Studies (IACSS), Amman 11941, Jordan.
authors.forename: Munqith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dagher
authors.affiliation: Scensei, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.affiliation: Centre for Comparative Welfare Studies, Department of Political Science, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian Albrekt
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: The Egyptian Research and Training Center, 11341 Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Abdel-Hamid Abdel
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Latif
authors.affiliation: Open University, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helskini, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuuli Anna
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mähönen
authors.affiliation: Open University, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helskini, Finland.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jasinskaja-Lahti
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre (Inserm U1219), University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bourdeaux, France.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teymoori
keywords: ambivalence; conflict; inequality; peace; stereotypes