title: Impact of dry chilling on the genetic diversity of Escherichia coli on beef carcasses and on the survival of E. coli and E. coli O157.
abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of dry chilling on the genetic diversity of naturally occurring Escherichia coli on beef carcasses, and to examine whether two populations of E. coli recovered from carcasses during chilling and E. coli O157 differed in their response to desiccation. Isolates of E. coli were obtained from beef carcasses during a 67h dry chilling process and were genotyped using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). Ten E. coli genotypes found only at 0h (group A) and found more than once (group B), as well as five strains of E. coli O157 (group C) were inoculated on stainless steel coupons and their survival was examined after exposure to 75 and 100% relative humidity (RH) at 0 or 35°C for 67h. A total of 450 E. coli isolates were obtained, with 254, 49, 49, 51, 23, 20, and 4 from 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24h of chilling, respectively. No E. coli were recovered at 67h. MLVA of the isolates revealed 173 distinct genotypes. Genetic diversity of E. coli isolates, defined as ratio of the number of isolates to the number of genotypes, remained between 2.3 and 1.3 during the 24h of chilling. All strains inoculated on stainless steel coupons and exposed to 75% RH at 35°C were completely inactivated, irrespective of their groups. Inactivation of E. coli of the three groups was not significantly (P>0.05) different by exposure to 75% RH at 0°C. The findings indicate that the genetic diversity of E. coli on beef carcasses was not affected by dry chilling. In addition, inactivation of E. coli genotypes and E. coli O157 by desiccation on stainless steel simulating dry chilling conditions did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Thus, dry chilling may be used as an effective antimicrobial intervention for beef carcasses.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeyachchandran
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Visvalingam
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada. Electronic address: xianqin.yang@agr.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Xianqin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003080:Cold Temperature; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003890:Desiccation / Q000379:methods*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D059022:Food Safety / Q000379:methods*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D000069466:Red Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel
keywords: Dry chilling; E. coli O157; Escherichia coli; MLVA; Relative humidity