title: Taste Quality Confusions: Influences of Age, Smoking, PTC Taster Status, and other Subject Characteristics.
abstract: Many persons misidentify the quality of taste stimuli, a phenomenon termed "taste confusion." In this study of 1000 persons, we examined the influences of age, sex, causes of chemosensory disturbances, and genetically determined phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taster status on taste quality confusions for four tastants (sucrose, citric acid, sodium chloride, caffeine). Overall, sour-bitter confusions were most common (19.3%), followed by bitter-sour (11.4%), salty-bitter (7.3%), salty-sour (7.0%), bitter-salty (3.5%), bitter-sweet (3.4), and sour-salty (2.4%) confusions. Confusions for sweet were <1%. Asymmetries were common (e.g., bitter-sour confusions were less frequent than sour-bitter confusions). Women had fewer salty-bitter confusions than did men (5.7% vs. 11.4%). Overall, PTC tasters had fewer confusions than non-tasters except for salty-bitter confusions. Confusions typically increased monotonically with age. Current smokers exhibited more sour-bitter confusions than never smokers (48.9% vs. 32.2%), whereas past smokers had more bitter-sour confusions than never smokers (23.8% vs. 14.2%). Previous head trauma was associated with higher bitter-salty and salty-bitter confusions relative to those of some other etiologies. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that multiple subject factors influence taste confusions and, along with literature accounts, supports the view that there are both biological and psychological determinants of taste quality confusions.
authors.affiliation: Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Doty
authors.affiliation: Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overend
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003221:Confusion / Q000523:psychology*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010670:Phenylthiourea / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013395:Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology; D055697:Taste Perception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019343:Citric Acid; D002110:Caffeine; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013395:Sucrose; D010670:Phenylthiourea
keywords: PROP; PTC; age; confusions; disease; genetics; phenylthiocarbamide; sex differences; smoking; taste