title: A derivatization-enhanced detection strategy in mass spectrometry: analysis of 4-hydroxybenzoates and their metabolites after keratinocytes are exposed to UV radiation.
abstract: 4-Hydroxybenzoate is a phenolic derivative of alkyl benzoates and is a widely used preservative in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. The presence of 4-hydroxybenzoates in the human body may result from the use of pharmaceutical and personal care products. These compounds are also known to exhibit estrogenic and genotoxic activities. The potential adverse effects of these compounds include endocrine disruption, oxidative and DNA damage, contact dermatitis, and allergic reactions. This study used two mass spectrometry methods that are applicable when using a derivatization-enhanced detection strategy (DEDS) to screen 4-hydroxybenzoates and their metabolites. Chemical derivatization was used to enhance the detection of these compounds. To evaluate the metabolic process triggered by UV radiation, human keratinocyte HaCaT cells treated with these 4-hydroxybenzoates were further exposed to UVA, UVB and UVC radiation. Metabolites transformed by human keratinocytes in the chemical derivatization procedure were identified by a nano ultra-performance liquid chromatographic system (nanoUPLC) coupled with LTQ Orbitrap. The experiments confirmed the feasibility of this method for identifying 4-hydroxybenzoate metabolites and for high-throughput screening of 4-hydroxybenzoate in commercial products (50 samples) by the DEDS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Hsuan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ying-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Lung
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.|Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.|Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D010226:Parabens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D010226:Parabens; C038193:4-hydroxybenzoic acid