title: Presence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium scrofarum, Giardia duodenalis assemblage A and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in captive Eurasian wild boars (Sus scrofa) in China: potential for zoonotic transmission.
abstract: Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are the main causal pathogens of gastrointestinal disease. However, there are limited reports about the prevalence of these organisms in captive Eurasian wild boars worldwide. Therefore, we examined the occurrence and identified the species/assemblages/genotypes of these pathogens in captive Eurasian wild boars, and estimated the zoonotic potential.
  
  
  
  Of 357 fecal samples collected from captive Eurasian wild boars in China, 155 (43.4%) were infected with Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and/or E. bieneusi. The infection rates significantly differed in different areas, but did not differ between wild boars kept indoors and outdoors. Three (0.8%), 11 (3.1%) and 147 (41.2%) fecal samples were positive for Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi, respectively. Sequence analysis of SSU rRNA gene revealed that all of the Cryptosporidium strains belonged to C. scrofarum. Based on the sequence analysis of the β-giardia gene of G. duodenalis, assemblages E and A were characterized. Fourteen E. bieneusi genotypes comprising five novel (WildBoar 7-11) and eight known (EbpC, F, CHG19, CHC5, PigEBITS5, D, RWSH4, SC02) genotypes were identified by ITS sequencing. EbpC was the most frequent genotype, detected in 85 specimens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 14 genotypes belonged to Group 1.
  
  
  
  This first report on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in captive wild boars in China indicates that the presence of zoonotic species/assemblages/genotypes poses a threat to public health. The findings suggest that wild boars could be a significant source of human infection and water pollution.
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, 610081, China.
authors.forename: Kongju
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, 610081, China.
authors.forename: Xiangming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Huaiyi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Yanchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Hualin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China. pgn.sicau@163.com.
authors.forename: Guangneng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D021862:Enterocytozoon / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D016881:Microsporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000469:parasitology*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D015047:Zoonoses
keywords: China; Cryptosporidium spp.; Enterocytozoon bieneusi; Eurasian wild boar; Giardia duodenalis; Zoonotic pathogens