title: 3D Modelling on Biodegradable Nanoparticle-Enhanced Cryoablation of Liver Tumor Based on Real Anatomical Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nanoparticle-enhanced freezing is of great importance for developing a conformal targeted cryoablation for liver tumor with complex shape. However, the safety and biocompatibility of nanoparticles should also be of major concerns.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study is to investigate the enhanced cryoablation mediated by the MgO nanoparticles which are nontoxic, biodegradable, and have few side-effects on the human body.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-dimensional numerical model has been developed based on a real geometrical anatomical structure to characterize such nanocryosurgical freezing of liver tumor. The evolutions of temperature field and ablation volume were investigated subject to different concentrations and scopes of the loaded nanoparticles, respectively. Additionally, the results of different probe numbers were also taken into consideration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that the lesion growth was evidently affected by the configurations of both the nanoparticles and cryoprobes. Both ablation and frozen regions were enlarged with the increase of the loading ratio and scope of MgO nanoparticles. It was worth mentioning that thermal-physiological behavior of the adjacent large blood vessels also played an important role in affecting the target temperature field distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study established a feasible way for verisimilarly simulating the physiological manifestation of human liver in the process of nano-freezing modality, which would provide a valuable guidance for future clinical practice of conformal nano-cryoablation on liver tumor.
authors.affiliation: Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing China.
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing China. zzhe@mail.ipc.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Z Z
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing China.
authors.forename: Y X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing China. jliu@mail.ipc.ac.cn.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008277:Magnesium Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D053758:Nanoparticles; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D008277:Magnesium Oxide