title: Predictors of Depression and Musculoskeletal Disorder Related Work Disability Among Young, Middle-Aged, and Aging Employees.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the level and predictors of work disability in different age groups.
  
  
  
  We followed young (18 to 34 years), middle-aged (35 to 50 years), and aging (>50 years) employees (n = 70,417) for 7 years (2005 to 2011) for all-cause and cause-specific work disability (sickness absence and disability pension). Using negative binomial regression, we obtained both relative risk estimates and absolute rates, that is, days of work disability per person-year.
  
  
  
  The greatest relative difference in all-cause, and specifically depression-related work disability, was between young women and young men, and between employees with low versus high levels of education. Aging employees with a low education and chronic somatic disease had the highest levels of musculoskeletal disorder related work disability.
  
  
  
  The predictors of work disability vary by age and diagnosis. These results help target age-specific measures for the prevention of permanent work disability.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (Dr Ervasti, Ms Mattila-Holappa, Dr Joensuu, Ms Pentti, Drs Lallukka, Kivimäki, Virtanen); Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Drs Lallukka, Kivimäki); Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK (Dr Kivimäki); and Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (Dr Vahtera).
authors.forename: Jenni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ervasti
authors.forename: Pauliina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mattila-Holappa
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joensuu
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pentti
authors.forename: Tea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lallukka
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009790:Occupations; D010415:Pensions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014146:Training Support; D014938:Work Capacity Evaluation; D055815:Young Adult