title: Prevalence and clinical severity of mood disorders among first-, second- and third-generation migrants.
abstract: The role of migration as a risk factor remains unknown for mood disorders because of poor data. We sought to examine the prevalence and severity of mood disorders (bipolar disorder (BD), unipolar depressive disorder (UDD) and dysthymia) in first, second, and third generation migrants in France.
  
  
  
  The Mental Health in the General Population survey interviewed 38,694 individuals. The prevalence of lifetime mood disorders, comorbidities, and clinical features was compared between migrants and non-migrants and by generation. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex and level of education.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of any lifetime mood disorder was higher in migrants compared with non-migrants (OR = 1.36, 95% CI [1.27 - 1.45]). This increased prevalence was significant for UDD (OR = 1.44, 95% CI [1.34 - 1.54]), but not for BD (OR = 1.15, 95% CI [0.96 - 1.36]) or dysthymia (OR = 1.09, 95% CI [0.94 - 1.27]), although the prevalence of BD was increased in the third generation (OR = 1.27, 95% CI [1.01 - 1.60]). Migrants with BD or UDD were more likely to display a comorbid psychotic disorder compared to non-migrants with BD or UDD. Cannabis-use disorders were more common in migrant groups for the 3 mood disorders, whereas alcohol-use disorders were higher in migrants with UDD. Posttraumatic stress disorder was more frequent among migrants with UDD.
  
  
  
  The study used cross-sectional prevalence data and could be biased by differences in the course of disease according to migrant status. Moreover, this design does not allow causality conclusion or generalization of the main findings.
  
  
  
  Mood disorders are more common among migrants, especially UDD. Moreover, migrants with mood disorders presented with a more severe profile, with increased rates of psychotic and substance-use disorders.
authors.affiliation: Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU LILLE, UMR9193-PsychiC-SCALab, UMR9193-PsychiC-SCALab, Psychiatry Department, F-59000 Lille, France. Electronic address: baptistepignon@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Baptiste
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pignon
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1144, Paris F-75006, France; Paris Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris F-75006, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144, Paris F-75013, France; AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - F. Widal, Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Department, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France.
authors.forename: Pierre Alexis
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Geoffroy
authors.affiliation: Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU LILLE, UMR9193-PsychiC-SCALab, UMR9193-PsychiC-SCALab, Psychiatry Department, F-59000 Lille, France; Federation of Mental Health Research, Lille, France; INSERM 1123, Equipe ECEVE, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization Collaborative Centre (WHO-CC), EPSM Lille-Metropole, Lille, France; INSERM 1123, Equipe ECEVE, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Roelandt
authors.affiliation: Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU LILLE, UMR9193-PsychiC-SCALab, UMR9193-PsychiC-SCALab, Psychiatry Department, F-59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU LILLE, U1171, Department of Addiction Medicine - Addiction Consultation Liaison Unit, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU LILLE, UMR9193-PsychiC-SCALab, UMR9193-PsychiC-SCALab, Psychiatry Department, F-59000 Lille, France; Federation of Mental Health Research, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vaiva
authors.affiliation: Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU LILLE, UMR9193-PsychiC-SCALab, UMR9193-PsychiC-SCALab, Psychiatry Department, F-59000 Lille, France; King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000208:ethnology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000208:ethnology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology; D014171:Transients and Migrants
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Comorbidities; Depressive disorder; Dysthymia; Migration