title: Phylogeography of the Asian rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae (Wood Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Thailand.
abstract: The Asian rice gall midge (RGM) Orseolia oryzae (Wood Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is a major pest of rice, leading to yield losses in Thailand and many Asian countries. Despite an increasing number of reported midge outbreaks and the presence of many susceptible rice varieties, only a few studies have focused on the genetic variation of the midges. Therefore, we analyzed the phylogeography among Thai RGM populations covering north, northeast and central Thailand. Two mitochondrial DNA genes, cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) and 12S, and a non-coding repeat region (RR) situated just before COI were amplified. Overall, the haplotype diversity for COI and 12S genes of the Thai population was high, but the nucleotide diversity was quite low. Altogether, the phylogenetic tree and pairwise Fstvalues indicated that Thai RGM populations recently expanded and were homogeneously distributed throughout the country, except for some populations in the north, which most likely became recently isolated from the main population. Two non-coding repeat motifs, that were recently observed in the mitogenome of RGM in India, were absent in Thai populations and replaced by an 89 bp non-coding sequence. Tandem nucleotide repeats of the sequence TA were also observed. The repeat copy number varied from 2 to 11 and was not correlated with geographical repartition of the midge. Finally, COI barcoding divergence between Indian and Thai populations was high (6.3% in average), giving insights into the potential existence of an RGM species complex in Asia.
authors.affiliation: Animal Systematics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Solene
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janique
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wantana
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sriratanasak
authors.affiliation: Phrae Rice Research Center, P.O. Box 54, Mueang, Phrae, 54000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kulchana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ketsuwan
authors.affiliation: Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center, P.O. Box 65, Mueang, Ubon Ratchathani, 34000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jirapong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jairin
authors.affiliation: Animal Systematics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. ekgachai.jer@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Ekgachai
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-9548
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jeratthitikul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004175:Diptera / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D012275:Oryza / Q000469:parasitology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: DNA barcoding; Mitochondrial DNA; Orseolia oryzae; Phylogeography; Repeated motif; Thailand