title: Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
abstract: The aim of this study was to establish a standardized protocol for drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) to differentiate obstruction patterns in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Target-controlled infusion (TCI) of the sedative propofol was combined with real-time monitoring of the depth of sedation using bispectral analysis. In an observational study 57 patients (mean age 44.8 years, ± SD 10.5; mean apnea hypopnea Index (AHI) 30.8/hr, ± SD 21.6, mean BMI 28.2 kg/m2, ± SD 5.3) underwent cardiorespiratory polysomnography followed by DISE with TCI and bispectral analysis. Sleep was induced solely by the intravenous infusion of propofol with a TCI-pump, with an initial target plasma level of 2.0 µg/ml. Under continuous monitoring of the patient's respiration, state of consciousness and value of the bispectral analysis, the target plasma propofol level was raised in steps of 0.2 µg/ml/2 min until the desired depth of sedation was reached. The mean value of the bispectral analysis at the target depth of sedation was determined and the obstruction patterns during DISE-TCI-bispectral analysis then classified according to the VOTE-system. Subsequently the results were analyzed according to polysomnographic and anthropometric data. The occurrence of multilevel obstruction sites across all degrees of severity of OSA clarifies the need for sleep endoscopy prior to upper airway surgery. The advantage of this technique is the reproducibility of the protocol even for heterogeneous groups of patients. In addition, the gradual controlled and standardized increase of the plasma level of propofol with real-time control of the bispectral index leads to a precisely controllable depth of sedation. The DISE-TCI-bispectral analysis procedure is a step towards a required reproducible protocol of sleep endoscopy - capable of standardization. However it is not yet known whether these observed obstruction patterns also correspond to findings in natural sleep.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); maximilian.traxdorf@uk-erlangen.de.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Traxdorf
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU).
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tschaikowsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU).
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scherl
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU).
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU).
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iro
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU).
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Angerer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012890:Sleep; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D015742:Propofol