title: Investigating the inhibitory activity and mechanism differences between norartocarpetin and luteolin for tyrosinase: A combinatory kinetic study and computational simulation analysis.
abstract: Flavonoids are an important type of natural tyrosinase inhibitor, but their inhibitory activity and mechanism against tyrosinase are very different because of their different structures. In this study, the inhibitory activity and mechanism differences between norartocarpetin and luteolin for tyrosinase were investigated by a combination of kinetic studies and computational simulations. The kinetic analysis showed that norartocarpetin reversibly inhibited tyrosinase in a competitive manner, whereas luteolin caused reversible noncompetitive inhibition. Both norartocarpetin and luteolin showed a single type of quenching and a static-type quenching mechanism. A computational simulation indicated that the hydroxyl groups of the B ring of norartocarpetin interacted with tyrosinase residues Asn81 and His85 in the active pocket, while the hydroxyl groups of the B ring of luteolin bound residues Asn81 and Cys83. HPLC and UPLC-MS/MS further confirmed that luteolin acted as a substrate or a suicide inhibitor, yet norartocarpetin acted as an inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Bioengineering, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guan-Jun
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: zzpsea@jiangnan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zong-Ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D031622:Artocarpus / Q000201:enzymology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007700:Kinetics; D047311:Luteolin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation / Q000379:methods*; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D047311:Luteolin
keywords: Computational simulation; DMSO (PubChem CID: 679); Kinetic study; Kojic acid (PubChem CID: 3840); Luteolin; Luteolin (PubChem CID: 5280445); Norartocarpetin; Tyrosinase; l-DOPA (PubChem CID: 6047)