title: Patterns and determinants of mammography screening in Lebanese women.
abstract: The associations of ever using and/or repeating a mammography test with psychosocial and socio-demographic factors were surveyed in 2014 among Lebanese women ≥ 40. A sample of 2400 women was selected across Lebanon. Variables with significant bivariate associations with various types of behaviors were entered in multivariate analysis. Of the total, 105 women (4·4%) had never heard of mammography as a tool for early breast cancer detection. Among the remaining 2295, 45% had ever used it, of whom 10% had obtained it for the first time within the 12 months preceding the survey. Repeaters were 67% of 926 women who had the time opportunity to do so (median lifetime frequency: 2). Older age, higher socio-economic status (SES) and living within the Greater Beirut (GB) area were significantly associated with ever-use. Within GB, psychosocial factors such as perceived susceptibility and benefits were most strongly associated with ever-use. Outside GB, socio-economic advantage seemed to mostly affect ever-use. Only 4% reported opposition from husbands to their mammography, and husband's support was significant for adherence to mammography guidelines mostly outside GB. Higher education emerged also as a significant socio-demographic determinant for ever-repeating in all regions. Perceived comfort of the previous test strongly affected the likelihood of repeating it. Providing mammography free-of-charge may alleviate some obstacles among women with socio-economic disadvantage. Stressing that good results one year do not make the cancer less likely or repeating the test less important, as well as improving the comfort of mammography testing could ensure test repeating.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Ibrahim R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Bou-Orm
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Salim M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Adib
keywords: Arab; Breast cancer; Health belief model (HBM); Husband support; Middle-east; Psychosocial factors