title: Novel circulating biomarkers for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review.
abstract: Currently, a liver biopsy remains the only reliable way to precisely diagnose non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and establish the severity of liver injury, presence of fibrosis, and architecture remodeling. However, the cost and the intrinsic invasive procedure of a liver biopsy rules it out as a gold standard diagnostic test, and the imaging test are not the best choice due to the price, and currently is being refined. The lack of a biomarker of NAFLD pushes to develop this new line of research. The aim of the present systematic review is to clarify and update all the NAFLD biomarkers described in the literature until recently. We highlight α-ketoglutarate and CK18-F as currently the best potential biomarker of NAFLD. However, due to methodological differences, we propose the implementation of international, multicenter, multiethnic studies with larger population size, and biopsy proven NAFLD diagnosis to analyze and compare α-ketoglutarate and CK18-F as potential biomarkers of the silent evolution of NAFLD.
authors.affiliation: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad, Iran.|University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Metabolic Research Centre, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Amirhossein
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-1444
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahebkar
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sancho
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abelló
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camps
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Carrer Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joven
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D053538:Keratin-18 / Q000097:blood*; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000097:blood*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C488421:KRT18 protein, human; D053538:Keratin-18; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids
keywords: CK18-F; biomarker; diagnosis; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; α-ketoglutarate