title: Ethnoracial differences in PTSD symptoms and trauma-related cognitions in treatment-seeking active duty military personnel for PTSD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is uncertain whether ethnoracial factors should be considered by clinicians assessing and treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among service members. The purpose of this study was to shed light on ethnoracial variation in the presentation of PTSD symptoms, trauma-related cognitions, and emotions among treatment-seeking active duty military personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 303 male active duty military members with PTSD participating in a clinical trial (60% were self-identified as White, 19% as African American, and 21% as Hispanic/Latino). In the parent study, participants completed a baseline assessment that included clinician-administered and self-report measures of PTSD, trauma-related cognitions, and emotions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate hierarchical regression models were used to examine ethnoracial differences in these variables, covarying age, education, military grade, combat exposure, and exposure to other potentially traumatic events. Hispanic/Latino and African American participants reported more reexperiencing symptoms, more fear, and more guilt and numbing than White participants. All effect sizes were in the small to medium range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest ethnoracial variation in PTSD symptom burden and posttraumatic cognitions among treatment-seeking service members with PTSD. Attending to cultural factors related to differences in PTSD presentation and cognitive coping strategies during the assessment and treatment process could increase rapport and lead to more comprehensive trauma processing. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
authors.forename: Brittany N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Hall-Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Antonia N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kaczkurkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asnaani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: Headquarters, Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yarvis
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin.
authors.forename: Elisa V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Borah
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dondanville
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hembree
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiological Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System.
authors.forename: Brett T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Litz
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Young-McCaughan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Edna B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Foa
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D017281:Cost of Illness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012044:Regression Analysis; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D000067453:War Exposure