title: The End-of-Life Experience of Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients.
abstract: Despite advances in therapies, many pediatric heart transplant (Htx) recipients will die prematurely. We characterized the circumstances surrounding death in this cohort, including location of death and interventions performed in the final 24 hours.
  
  
  
  We reviewed all patients who underwent Htx at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, survived hospital discharge, and subsequently died between July 19, 2007 and September 13, 2015. The primary outcome studied was location of death, characterized as inpatient, outpatient, or emergency department. Circumstances of death (withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, death during resuscitation, or death without resuscitation with/without do not resuscitate) and interventions performed in the last 24 hours of life were also analyzed.
  
  
  
  Twenty-three patients met the entry criteria. The median age at death was 12 (range 2-20) years, and the median time between transplant and death was 2.8 (range 0.8-11) years. Four (17%) died at home, and three (13%) died in the emergency department. Sixteen (70%) patients died in the hospital, 14 of 16 (88%) of whom died in an intensive care unit. Five of 23 (22%) patients experienced attempted resuscitation. Interventions performed in the last 24 hours of life included intubation (74%), mechanical support (30%), and dialysis (22%). Most patients had a recent outpatient clinical encounter with normal graft function within 60 days of dying.
  
  
  
  Death in children after Htx often occurs in the inpatient setting, particularly the intensive care unit. Medical interventions, including attempted resuscitation, are common at the end of life. Given the difficulty in anticipating life-threatening events, earlier discussions with patients regarding end-of-life wishes are appropriate, even in those with normal graft function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA. Electronic address: seth.hollander@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Seth A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dykes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Solid Organ Transplant Services, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Lynsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barkoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Palliative Care Services), Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sourkes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Palliative Care Services), Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Beth D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Pediatric; death; interventions; palliative care; transplantation