title: An in vitro evaluation of various irrigation techniques for the removal of double antibiotic paste from root canal surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of conventional syringe irrigations, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Vibringe, CanalBrush, XP-endo Finisher, and laser-activated irrigation (LAI) systems in removing double antibiotic paste (DAP) from root canals.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred five extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented. The roots were split longitudinally. Three standard grooves were created and covered with DAP. The roots were distributed into seven groups: Group 1, beveled needle irrigation; Group 2, double side-vented needle irrigation; Group 3, CanalBrush; Group 4, XP-endo Finisher; Group 5, Vibringe; Group 6, PUI; Group 7, LAI. The amount of remaining DAP was scored under a stereomicroscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 4, Group 6, and Group 7 removed significantly more DAP than the other protocols in the coronal region. Group 7 was more efficient in the middle region; however, no significant difference was found between Group 7 and Group 6. No differences were found between groups in the apical region either, except for the comparisons between groups 7 and 2, and groups 2 and 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of the investigated protocols were able to completely remove the DAP from the grooves. The Vibringe and XP-endo Finisher systems showed results similar to those of conventional needle irrigation.
authors.affiliation: - Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gokturk
authors.affiliation: - Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ozkocak
authors.affiliation: - Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fevzi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buyukgebiz
authors.affiliation: - Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Demir
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects*; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods; D009339:Needles; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000737:chemistry*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000737:chemistry; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D004492:Edetic Acid; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite