title: Classical swine fever vaccines-State-of-the-art.
abstract: Due to its impact on animal health and pig industry, classical swine fever (CSF) is still one of the most important viral diseases of pigs. To control the disease, safe and highly efficacious live attenuated vaccines exist for decades. These vaccines have usually outstanding efficacy and safety but lack differentiability of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA or marker strategy). In contrast, the first generation of E2 subunit marker vaccines shows constraints in efficacy, application, and production. To overcome these limitations, new generations of marker vaccines are developed. A wide range of approaches have been tried including recombinant vaccines, recombinant inactivated vaccines or subunit vaccines, vector vaccines, and DNA/RNA vaccines. During the last years, especially attenuated deletion vaccines or chimeric constructs have shown potential. At present, especially two new constructs have been intensively tested, the adenovirus-delivered, Semliki Forest virus replicon-vectored marker vaccine candidate "rAdV-SFV-E2" and the pestivirus chimera "CP7_E2alf". The later was recently licensed by the European Medicines Agency. Under field conditions, all marker vaccines have to be accompanied by a potent test system. Particularly this point shows still weaknesses and it is important to embed vaccination in a well-established vaccination strategy and a suitable diagnostic workflow. In summary, conventional vaccines are a standard in terms of efficacy. However, only vaccines with DIVA will allow improved eradication strategies e.g. also under emergency vaccination conditions in free regions. To answer this demand, new generations of marker vaccines have been developed and add now to the tool box of CSF control.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blome
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moß
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reimann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: König
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany. Electronic address: martin.beer@fli.de.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beer
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D006691:Classical Swine Fever / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D006692:Classical Swine Fever Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D012093:Replicon; D012672:Semliki forest virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013552:Swine; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology; D022581:Vaccines, Marker / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D022581:Vaccines, Marker; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Classical swine fever; Efficacy; Limitations; Marker concepts; Safety; Vaccines