title: Abnormal lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle tissue of patients with muscular dystrophy: In vitro, high-resolution NMR spectroscopy based observation in early phase of the disease.
abstract: Qualitative (assignment of lipid components) and quantitative (quantification of lipid components) analysis of lipid components were performed in skeletal muscle tissue of patients with muscular dystrophy in early phase of the disease as compared to control/normal subjects.
  
  
  
  Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy based experiment was performed on the lipid extract of skeletal muscle tissue of patients with muscular dystrophy in early phase of the disease and normal individuals for the analysis of lipid components [triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic, linolenic and linoleic acid)]. Specimens of muscle tissue were obtained from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) [n=11; Age, Mean±SD; 9.2±1.4years; all were males], Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) [n=12; Age, Mean±SD; 21.4±5.0years; all were males], facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) [n=11; Age, Mean±SD; 23.7±7.5years; all were males] and limb girdle muscular dystrophy-2B (LGMD-2B) [n=18; Age, Mean±SD; 24.2±4.1years; all were males]. Muscle specimens were also obtained from [n=30; Mean age±SD 23.1±6.0years; all were males] normal/control subjects.
  
  
  
  Assigned lipid components in skeletal muscle tissue were triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), total cholesterol (CHOL) and unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic, linolenic and linoleic acid)]. Quantity of lipid components was observed in skeletal muscle tissue of DMD, BMD, FSHD and LGMD-2B patients as compared to control/normal subjects. TG was significantly elevated in muscle tissue of DMD, BMD and LGMD-2B patients. Increase level of CHOL was found only in muscle of DMD patients. Level of PL was found insignificant for DMD, BMD and LGMD-2B patients. Quantity of TG, PL and CHOL was unaltered in the muscle of patients with FSHD as compared to control/normal subjects. Linoleic acids were significantly reduced in muscle tissue of DMD, BMD, FSHD and LGMD-2B as compared to normal/control individuals.
  
  
  
  Results clearly indicate alteration of lipid metabolism in patients with muscular dystrophy in early phase of the disease. Moreover, further evaluation is required to understand whether these changes are primary or secondary to muscular dystrophy. In future, these findings may prove an additional and improved approach for the diagnosis of different forms of muscular dystrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India. Electronic address: nirajsuprabhat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Niraj Kumar
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.
authors.forename: Ramakant
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.
authors.forename: Somnath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D049288:Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020391:Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: BMD; Cholesterol; DMD; Essential fatty acids; FSHD; LGMD-2B; Muscular dystrophy; NMR spectroscopy; Phospholipids; Triglycerides