title: <Original Article>Drug delivery and transmission of lidocaine using iontophoresis in combination with direct and alternating currents.
abstract: The present study investigates how effectively lidocaine ions are transported across a cellophane membrane through the application of either a direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). The cellophane membrane was set on a parallelplate- type acrylic cell with platinum electrodes at both ends, filled with a donor cell of a 1 % aqueous solution of lidocaine and a receptor cell with distilled water. Lidocaine concentrations were measured for 60 min while the following voltages were applied, with changes every 10 min: 3 V DC and 7.5 V sine wave AC; frequency at 1 kHz. As a result, lidocaine concentrations in the receptor cell increased in a time-dependent manner. Significant increases in lidocaine concentrations were observed in groups where the voltage combination consisted of DC 30 min/AC 30 min, DC 50 min/AC 10 min, DC 60 min and AC 10 min/DC 50 min, compared with the passive diffusion group or in groups where voltage application was performed for 20, 30 , 40, 50 and 60 min. Significant increases were also observed in groups where the voltage combination consisted of A C 6 0 min, D C 10 min/AC 5 0 min, AC 3 0 min/ DC 30 min and AC 50 min/DC 10 min, compared with the passive diffusion group or in groups where voltage application was performed for 40, 50 and 60 min. These results suggest that lidocaine was delivered more rapidly with DC than with AC, and that its ions are transported faster when voltage is switched from DC to AC than from AC to DC, which is presumably due to the contribution of electrorepulsion by DC voltage application and the vibration energy infiltration mechanism owning to AC. Iontophoresis in combination with DC and AC was found to enable highly efficient drug delivery that shares the benefits of both forms of current application.
authors.affiliation: Section of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.
authors.forename: Takutoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikoma
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimazu
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wakita
authors.forename: Haruhisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukayama
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D002476:Cellophane / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004560:Electricity; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D008566:Membranes / Q000737:chemistry; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D014867:Water; D002476:Cellophane; D008012:Lidocaine