title: Impact of birth weight and postnatal diet on the gut microbiota of young adult guinea pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota is essential to metabolic health, and the prevalence of the Western diet (WD) high in fat and sugar is increasing, with evidence highlighting a negative interaction between the GIT and WD, resulting in liver dysfunction. Additionally, an adversein uteroenvironment such as placental insufficiency resulting in low birth weight (LBW) offspring, contributes to an increased risk of metabolic diseases such as fatty liver infiltration and liver dysfunction in later life. We sought to understand the potential interactive effects of exposure to a WD upon growing LBW offspring. We postulated that LBW offspring when challenged with a poor postnatal diet, would display an altered microbiota and more severe liver metabolic dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fecal microbiota of normal birth weight (NBW) and LBW young guinea pig offspring, weaned onto either a control diet (CD) or WD was determined with 16S rRNA gene next generation sequencing at young adulthood following the early rapid growth phase after weaning. A liver blood chemistry profile was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The life-long consumption of WD following weaning into young adulthood resulted in increased total cholesterol, triglycerides and alanine aminotransferase levels in association with an altered GIT microbiota when compared to offspring consuming CD. Neither birth weight nor sex were associated with any significant changes in microbiota alpha diversity, by measuring the Shannon's diversity index. One hundred forty-eight operational taxonomic units were statistically distinct between the diet groups, independent of birth weight. In the WD group, significant decreases were detected inBarnesiella, Methanobrevibacter smithiiand relatives ofOscillospira guillermondii, whileButyricimonasandBacteroides spp.were increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results describe the GIT microbiota in a guinea pig model of LBW and WD associated metabolic syndrome and highlight several WD specific GIT alterations associated with human metabolic disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kait
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al
authors.affiliation: Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ousseynou
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sarr
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kristyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dunlop
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada.
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Gloor
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.affiliation: Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Timothy R H
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Regnault
keywords: Microbiome