title: Training interventions for improving telephone consultation skills in clinicians.
abstract: Since 1879, the year of the first documented medical telephone consultation, the ability to consult by telephone has become an integral part of modern patient-centred healthcare systems. Nowadays, upwards of a quarter of all care consultations are conducted by telephone. Studies have quantified the impact of medical telephone consultation on clinicians' workload and detected the need for quality improvement. While doctors routinely receive training in communication and consultation skills, this does not necessarily include the specificities of telephone communication and consultation. Several studies assessed the short-term effect of interventions aimed at improving clinicians' telephone consultation skills, but there is no systematic review reporting patient-oriented outcomes or outcomes of interest to clinicians.
  
  
  
  To assess the effects of training interventions for clinicians' telephone consultation skills and patient outcomes.
  
  
  
  We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, five other electronic databases and two trial registers up to 19 May 2016, and we handsearched references, checked citations and contacted study authors to identify additional studies and data.
  
  
  
  We considered randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, controlled before-after studies and interrupted time series studies evaluating training interventions compared with any control intervention, including no intervention, for improving clinicians' telephone consultation skills with patients and their impact on patient outcomes.
  
  
  
  Two review authors independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of eligible studies using standard Cochrane and EPOC guidance and the certainty of evidence using GRADE. We contacted study authors where additional information was needed. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane for data analysis.
  
  
  
  We identified one very small controlled before-after study performed in 1989: this study used a validated tool to assess the effects of a training intervention on paediatric residents' history-taking and case management skills. It reported no difference compared to no intervention, but authors did not report any quantitative analyses and could not supply additional data. We rated this study as being at high risk of bias. Based on GRADE, we assessed the certainty of the evidence as very low, and consequently it is uncertain whether this intervention improves clinicians' telephone skills.We did not find any study assessing the effect of training interventions for improving clinicians' telephone communication skills on patient primary outcomes (health outcomes measured by validated tools or biomedical markers or patient behaviours, patient morbidity or mortality, patient satisfaction, urgency assessment accuracy or adverse events).
  
  
  
  Telephone consultation skills are part of a wider set of remote consulting skills whose importance is growing as more and more medical care is delivered from a distance with the support of information technology. Nevertheless, no evidence specifically coming from telephone consultation studies is available, and the training of clinicians at the moment has to be guided by studies and models based on face-to-face communication, which do not consider the differences between these two communicative dimensions. There is an urgent need for more research assessing the effect of different training interventions on clinicians' telephone consultation skills and their effect on patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care, Azienda ULSS 20 - Verona, Ospedale di Marzana, Piazzale Ruggero Lambranzi 1, Verona, Italy, 37142.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaona
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, Bedford, UK, LU1 3JU.
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.affiliation: Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, The Reynolds Building, Charing Cross Campus, St Dunstans Road, London, London, UK, W6 8RP.
authors.forename: Rumant S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, Bedford, UK, LU1 3JU.
authors.forename: Mubasshir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ajaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, The Reynolds Building, Charing Cross Campus, St Dunstan's Road, London, UK, W6 8RP.
authors.forename: Azeem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences (CePHaS), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 3 Fusionopolis Link, #03-08, Nexus@one-north, Singapore, Singapore, 138543.|Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Josip
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Car
mesh_terms: D019090:Case Management; D003142:Communication; D065187:Controlled Before-After Studies; D006801:Humans; D008487:Medical History Taking; D019114:Remote Consultation; D013689:Telephone