title: Drosophila Preparation and Longitudinal Imaging of Heart Function In Vivo Using Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM).
abstract: Longitudinal study of the heartbeat in small animals contributes to understanding structural and functional changes during heart development. Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) has been demonstrated to be capable of imaging small animal hearts with high spatial resolution and ultrahigh imaging speed. The high image contrast and noninvasive properties make OCM ideal for performing longitudinal studies without requiring tissue dissections or staining. Drosophila has been widely used as a model organism in cardiac developmental studies due to its high number of orthologous human disease genes, its similarity of molecular mechanisms and genetic pathways with vertebrates, its short life cycle, and its low culture cost. Here, the experimental protocols are described for the preparation of Drosophila and optical imaging of the heartbeat with a custom OCM system throughout the life cycle of the specimen. By following the steps provided in this report, transverse M-mode and 3D OCM images can be acquired to conduct longitudinal studies of the Drosophila cardiac morphology and function. The en face and axial sectional OCM images and the heart rate (HR) and cardiac activity period (CAP) histograms, were also shown to analyze the heart structural changes and to quantify the heart dynamics during Drosophila metamorphosis, combined with the videos constructed with M-mode images to trace cardiac activity intuitively. Due to the genetic similarity between Drosophila and vertebrates, longitudinal study of heart morphology and dynamics in fruit flies could help reveal the origins of human heart diseases. The protocol here would provide an effective method to perform a wide range of studies to understand the mechanisms of cardiac diseases in humans.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University; Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Men
authors.affiliation: Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jerwick
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University; Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University.
authors.forename: Penghe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University; State Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Wuhan University.
authors.forename: Mingming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University.
authors.forename: Aneesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alex
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Wuhan University.
authors.forename: Yutao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Rudolph E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tanzi
authors.affiliation: Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Airong
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University; Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University; chaozhou@lehigh.edu.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004330:Drosophila; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009206:Myocardium / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence