title: Immunotoxicity of mercury: Pathological and toxicological effects.
abstract: Mercury (Hg) is toxic and hazardous metal that causes natural disasters in the earth's crust. Exposure to Hg occurs via various routes; like oral (fish), inhalation, dental amalgams, and skin from cosmetics. In this review, we have discussed the sources of Hg and its potential for causing toxicity in humans. In addition, we also review its bio-chemical cycling in the environment; its systemic, immunotoxic, genotoxic/carcinogenic, and teratogenic health effects; and the dietary influences; as well as the important considerations in risk assessment and management of Hg poisoning have been discussed in detail. Many harmful outcomes have been reported, which will provide more awareness.
authors.affiliation: a International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|b Toxicology and Diseases Group , Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Faheem
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maqbool
authors.affiliation: a International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|b Toxicology and Diseases Group , Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niaz
authors.affiliation: a International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|b Toxicology and Diseases Group , Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Fatima Ismail
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: a International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|b Toxicology and Diseases Group , Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Fazlullah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: a International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|b Toxicology and Diseases Group , Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|c Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|d Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center , Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdollahi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003358:Cosmetics; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008628:Mercury / Q000633:toxicity*; D008630:Mercury Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Human; immunotoxicity; mercury; metal; pathology