title: Hyperbaric Oxygen Effects on Depression-Like Behavior and Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy causes attenuation of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced depression-like behavior and its associated anti-neuroinflammatory effects after fluid percussion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: sham operation plus normobaric air (NBA) (21% oxygen at 1 absolute atmosphere [ATA]), TBI plus NBA, and TBI plus HBO (100% oxygen at 2.0 ATA). HBO was applied immediately for 60 min/d after TBI for 3 days. Depression-like behavior was tested by a forced swimming test, motor function was tested by an inclined plane test, and infarction volume was tested by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining on days 4, 8, and 15. Neuronal apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay), microglial (marker OX42) activation, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression in microglia in the hippocampus CA3 were measured by immunofluorescence methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the TBI controls, without significant changes in TTC staining or in the motor function test, TBI-induced depression-like behavior was significantly attenuated by HBO therapy by day 15 after TBI. Simultaneously, TBI-induced neuronal apoptosis, microglial (marker OX42) activation, and TNF-α expression in the microglia in the hippocampus CA3 were significantly reduced by HBO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that HBO treatment may ameliorate TBI-induced depression-like behavior in rats by attenuating neuroinflammation, representing one possible mechanism by which depression-like behavior recovery might occur. We also recommend HBO as a potential treatment for TBI-induced depression-like behavior if early intervention is possible.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sher-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuan-Chin
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yow-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Shiue
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Child Care, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Che-Chuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chung-Ching
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chio
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan. Electronic address: kuojinnrung@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jinn-Rung
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D056654:CA3 Region, Hippocampal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Depression-like behavior; Fluid percussion injury; Forced swim; Hippocampus; Microglia; Tumor necrosis factor–α