title: Oral delivery of allopurinol niosomes in treatment of gout in animal model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gout is a painful disorder which does not have an efficient delivery system for its treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Development and in vitro, in vivo evaluation of allopurinol-loaded nonionic surfactant-based niosomes was envisaged.
  
  
  METHODS
  Niosomes were prepared with Span 20 and Tween 20 (1:1 molar ratio) using ether injection method. The formulations were screened for entrapment efficiency, particle size analysis, zeta potential, release kinetics, in vivo activity, and stability studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stable, spherical vesicles of average particle size 304 nm with zeta-potential and entrapment efficiency of 22.2 mV and 79.44 ± 0.02%, respectively, were produced. In vitro release study revealed 82.16 ± 0.04% release of allopurinol within 24 h. The niosomal formulation was further evaluated for its antigout potential in monosodium urate (MSU) crystal induced gout animal model. The formulation demonstrated significant uric acid level reduction and enhanced antigout activity when compared with the pure allopurinol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The better antigout activity displayed by niosomal formulation could be attributed to sustained release of drug, higher drug solubility within biological fluids, better membrane interaction, smaller size, and presence of cholesterol and surfactant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals that niosomes can be an efficient delivery system for the treatment of gout.
authors.affiliation: a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India.
authors.forename: Neelu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India.
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parashar
authors.affiliation: a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India.
authors.forename: Chandra Bhushan
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India.
authors.forename: Jovita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanoujia
authors.affiliation: a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaithwas
authors.affiliation: a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India.
authors.forename: Shubhini A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Saraf
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006073:Gout / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006601:Hexoses / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010316:Particle Size; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011817:Rabbits; D013499:Surface Properties; D014527:Uric Acid
chemical_list: D006601:Hexoses; D008081:Liposomes; D011136:Polysorbates; D014527:Uric Acid; D000493:Allopurinol; C014822:sorbitan monolaurate
keywords: Long circulatory; nanotechnology; sustained release; targeting