title: The relationship of community activities with cognitive impairment and depressive mood independent of mobility disorder in Japanese older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine the relationship of participating in community activities (CA) with cognitive impairment and depressive mood independent of mobility disorder (MD) among older Japanese people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elderly residents in institutions or those requiring long-term care insurance services were excluded; questionnaires were mailed to 5401 older adults in 2013. The response rate was 94.3% (n=5094). We used multiple imputation to manage missing data. The questionnaire addressed physical fitness, memory, mood, and CA. Participants were divided into two groups (good and bad) based on the median scores for physical fitness, memory, and mood. We identified items related to periodically performed CA, cognitive impairment, and depressive mood, and examined correlations between scores on these sets of items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 75.9 years; 58.4% of participants were women. The following CA significantly predicted reduced cognitive impairment and depressive mood independent of MD: volunteer activity, community activity, visiting friends at home, pursuing hobbies, paid work, farm work, and daily shopping. These results were corrected for age, sex, and response method (mail or home-visit). Higher CA scores were associated with lower cognitive impairment and lower depressive mood independent of MD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CA is negatively associated with cognitive impairment and depressive mood among community-dwelling elderly independent of MD; promoting CA may protect against cognitive impairment and depressive mood in this population. However, MD, cognitive impairment, and depressive mood may lead to reduced CA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. Electronic address: okura.mika.2e@kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okura
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Kyoto Koka Women's University, 38 Kuzuno-cho, Nishikyougoku, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-0882, Japan. Electronic address: m-ogita@mail.koka.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mihoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogita
authors.affiliation: Kami-cho Municipal Office, Welfare Section, 870-1 Kasumi, Kami-cho, Mikata-gun, Hyogo, 669-6592, Japan. Electronic address: miki_yamamoto@town.mikata-kami.lg.jp.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Kami-cho Municipal Office, Welfare Section, 870-1 Kasumi, Kami-cho, Mikata-gun, Hyogo, 669-6592, Japan. Electronic address: toshimi_nakai@town.mikata-kami.lg.jp.
authors.forename: Toshimi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.affiliation: Kami-cho Municipal Office, Health Section, 870-1 Kasumi, Kami-cho, Mikata-gun, Hyogo, 669-6592, Japan. Electronic address: tomoko_numatai@town.mikata-kami.lg.jp.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Numata
authors.affiliation: National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan. Electronic address: harai@nacgg.go.jp.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D058992:Social Participation
keywords: Cognitive impairment; Community activity; Depressive mood; Mobility disorder; Social role