title: A Comparative Approach of Tumor-Associated Inflammation in Mammary Cancer between Humans and Dogs.
abstract: Infiltrating cells of the immune system are widely accepted to be generic constituents of tumor microenvironment. It has been well established that the development of mammary cancer, both in humans and in dogs, is associated with alterations in numbers and functions of immune cells at the sites of tumor progression. These tumor infiltrating immune cells seem to exhibit exclusive phenotypic and functional characteristics and mammary cancer cells can take advantage of signaling molecules released by them. Cancer related inflammation has an important role in mammary carcinogenesis, contributing to the acquisition of core hallmark capabilities that allow cancer cells to survive, proliferate, and disseminate. Indeed, recent studies in human breast cancer and in canine mammary tumors have identified a growing list of signaling molecules released by inflammatory cells that serve as effectors of their tumor-promoting actions. These include the COX-2, the tumor EGF, the angiogenic VEGF, other proangiogenic factors, and a large variety of chemokines and cytokines that amplify the inflammatory state. This review describes the intertwined signaling pathways shared by T-lymphocytic/macrophage infiltrates and important tissue biomarkers in both human and dog mammary carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8755-7826
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silva-Carvalho
authors.affiliation: CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Justina
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3902-5374
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prada
authors.affiliation: The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, The University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bianchini
authors.affiliation: The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, The University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jensen-Jarolim
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal; Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Felisbina L
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6130-8381
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Queiroga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000235:genetics; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000235:genetics