title: Nonnative fish stocking alters stream ecosystem nutrient dynamics.
abstract: Each year, millions of hatchery-raised fish are stocked into streams and rivers worldwide, yet the effects of hatchery-raised fish on stream nutrient cycles have seldom been examined. We quantified the influence of supplemental nonnative fish stocking, a widespread recreational fishery management practice, on in-stream nutrient storage and cycling. We predicted that supplemental, hatchery-raised brown trout (Salmo trutta) stocking would result in increased N and P supply relative to in-stream biotic demand for those nutrients and that stocked fishes would remineralize and store a significantly greater amount of N and P than the native fish community, due to higher areal biomass. To test these predictions, we measured the biomass, nutrient (NH4+-N and soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP]) remineralization rates, and body carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of the native fish community and trout stocked into four study streams. We then estimated fish growth rates to determine species-specific nutrient sequestration rates in body tissues for both stocked and native fish and measured ammonium and phosphorus uptake rates to determine the relative influence of net fish nutrient remineralization on stream nutrient cycles. When brown trout were stocked in these systems at density levels that were orders of magnitude higher than ambient native fish density, they provided a sizeable source of NH4+-N that could account for up to 85% of demand for that nutrient. Stocked trout had minimal effects on in-stream SRP cycles even at high release densities, likely due to low per capita SRP excretion rates. A unique feature of our study was that we evaluated the temporal component of the stocked trout nutrient subsidy by estimating the number of fish removed from the system through natural mortality and angler harvest, which indicated that the stocked trout subsidy lasted approximately 6-8 weeks after stocking. By combining population models with areal nutrient excretion rates and estimates of biotic nutrient uptake, we showed that trout stocking provided a strong pulsed nutrient subsidy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Alexiades
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Flecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Clifford E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Kraft
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D005398:Fisheries; D058865:Introduced Species; D009518:New York; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D000078622:Nutrients / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014337:Trout / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen; D000078622:Nutrients; D010758:Phosphorus
keywords: bottom up; conservation; fish stocking; fishery management; nitrogen; nonnative species; nutrient cycling; phosphorus; salmonids