title: Third-party social evaluations of humans by monkeys and dogs.
abstract: Developmental psychologists are increasingly interested in young children's evaluations of individuals based on third-party interactions. Studies have shown that infants react negatively to agents who display harmful intentions toward others, and to those who behave unfairly. We describe experimental studies of capuchin monkeys' and pet dogs' differential reactions to people who are helpful or unhelpful in third-party contexts, and monkeys' responses to people who behave unfairly in exchanges of objects with a third party. We also present evidence that capuchin monkeys monitor the context of failures to help and violations of reciprocity, and that intentionality is one factor underlying their social evaluations of individuals whom they see interacting with others. We conclude by proposing some questions for studies of nonhuman species' third party-based social evaluations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Letters, Japan. Electronic address: j.r.anderson@psy.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Letters, Japan.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bucher
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Letters, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chijiiwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Letters, Japan.
authors.forename: Hika
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuroshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Letters, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002428:Cebus / Q000523:psychology*; D004285:Dogs / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D012938:Social Perception
keywords: Capuchin monkeys; Dogs; Eavesdropping; Exchange; Fairness; Reciprocity; Social cognition; Social evaluation; Squirrel monkeys