title: The consequences of self-reported vision change in later-life: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using longitudinal data, we investigate whether deterioration and improvement in self-reported vision among people aged 50 years and older in England experience subsequent changes in various aspects of economic, psychological and social well-being.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal random effects modelling.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used six waves of the biennial English Longitudinal Study of Ageing spanning 2002-2012. Self-reported vision change was classed as an increase or decrease in self-reported level of vision between each wave and effects on depression, satisfaction with life, quality of life, social engagement and equivalized income were examined. Models were adjusted for health, employment and wealth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All well-being outcomes worsened among respondents experiencing deterioration in self-reported vision, and declined most among individuals with the poorest self-reported vision at baseline and follow-up. Results were significant in fully adjusted models for those deteriorating from optimal to suboptimal vision levels. Improvement in self-reported vision was associated with significantly better satisfaction with life, quality of life and social engagement when the improvement was from suboptimal to optimal vision levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preventing deterioration in vision is the best means of ensuring well-being is not negatively affected by changes to sight. In addition, ensuring vision problems are corrected where possible may lead to improvements in well-being.
authors.affiliation: CMIST, University of Manchester, Humanities Bridgeford Street Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: katey.matthews@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: CMIST, University of Manchester, Humanities Bridgeford Street Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: james.nazroo@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nazroo
authors.affiliation: CMIST, University of Manchester, Humanities Bridgeford Street Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: jennifer.whillans@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whillans
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life; D057566:Self Report; D058992:Social Participation; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Ageing; Health inequalities; Longitudinal study; Mental well-being; Social engagement; Visual impairment