title: Adaptive changes in running kinematics as a function of head stability demands and their effect on shock transmission.
abstract: This study aimed to identify adaptive changes in running kinematics and impact shock transmission as a function of head stability requirements. Fifteen strides from twelve recreational runners were collected during preferred speed treadmill running. Head stability demands were manipulated through real-time visual feedback that required head-gaze orientation to maintain within boxes of different sizes, ranging from 21° to 3° of visual angle with 3° decrements. The main outcome measures were tibial and head peak accelerations in the time and frequency domains (impact and active phases), shock transmission from tibia to head, stride parameters, and sagittal plane joint kinematics. Increasing head stability requirements resulted in decreases in the amplitude and integrated power of head acceleration during the active phase of stance. During the impact portion of stance tibial and head acceleration and shock transmission remained similar across visual conditions. In response to increased head stability requirements, participants increased stride frequency approximately 8% above preferred, as well as hip flexion angle at impact; stance time and knee and ankle joint angles at impact did not change. Changes in lower limb joint configurations (smaller hip extension and ankle plantar-flexion and greater knee flexion) occurred at toe-off and likely contributed to reducing the vertical displacement of the center of mass with increased head stability demands. These adaptive changes in the lower limb enabled runners to increase the time that voluntary control is allowed without embedding additional impact loadings, and therefore active control of the head orientation was facilitated in response to different visual task constraints.
authors.affiliation: Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States. Electronic address: jongil@kin.umass.edu.
authors.forename: Jongil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Busa
authors.affiliation: Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Richard E A
authors.initials: REA
authors.lastname: van Emmerik
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamill
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Adaptation; Head stability; Kinematics; Running; Shock transmission