title: The composite water and solute transport of barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots: effect of suberized barriers.
abstract: Roots have complex anatomical structures, and certain localized cell layers develop suberized apoplastic barriers. The size and tightness of these barriers depend on the growth conditions and on the age of the root. Such complex anatomical structures result in a composite water and solute transport in roots.
  
  
  
  Development of apoplastic barriers along barley seminal roots was detected using various staining methods, and the suberin amounts in the apical and basal zones were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectometry (GC-MS). The hydraulic conductivity of roots ( Lp r ) and of cortical cells ( Lp c ) was measured using root and cell pressure probes.
  
  
  
  When grown in hydroponics, barley roots did not form an exodermis, even at their basal zones. However, they developed an endodermis. Endodermal Casparian bands first appeared as 'dots' as early as at 20 mm from the apex, whereas a patchy suberin lamellae appeared at 60 mm. The endodermal suberin accounted for the total suberin of the roots. The absolute amount in the basal zone was significantly higher than in the apical zone, which was inversely proportional to the Lp r . Comparison of Lp r and Lp c suggested that cell to cell pathways dominate for water transport in roots. However, the calculation of Lp r from Lp c showed that at least 26 % of water transport occurs through the apoplast. Roots had different solute permeabilities ( P sr ) and reflection coefficients ( σ sr ) for the solutes used. The σ sr was below unity for the solutes, which have virtually zero permeability for semi-permeable membranes.
  
  
  
  Suberized endodermis significantly reduces Lp r of seminal roots. The water and solute transport across barley roots is composite in nature and they do not behave like ideal osmometers. The composite transport model should be extended by adding components arranged in series (cortex, endodermis) in addition to the currently included components arranged in parallel (apoplastic, cell to cell pathways).
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Kosala
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ranathunge
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Hydrology, George-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077?Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Yangmin X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wassmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Tino
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kreszies
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Viktoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zeisler
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schreiber
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D001467:Hordeum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018527:Hydroponics; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Apoplast; barley; composite transport; hydraulic conductivity; osmometer model; reflection coefficient; solute permeability