title: A systematic approach to cancer: evolution beyond selection.
abstract: Cancer is typically scrutinized as a pathological process characterized by chromosomal aberrations and clonal expansion subject to stochastic Darwinian selection within adaptive cellular ecosystems. Cognition based evolution is suggested as an alternative approach to cancer development and progression in which neoplastic cells of differing karyotypes and cellular lineages are assessed as self-referential agencies with purposive participation within tissue microenvironments. As distinct self-aware entities, neoplastic cells occupy unique participant/observer status within tissue ecologies. In consequence, neoplastic proliferation by clonal lineages is enhanced by the advantaged utilization of ecological resources through flexible re-connection with progenitor evolutionary stages.
authors.affiliation: Independent Researcher, Paradise Valley, AZ, 85253, USA. wbmiller1@cox.net.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Torday
keywords: Aneuploidy; Cancer; Cellular cognition; Hologenome; Information fields; Niche construction; Phenotype; Self-reference; Stigmergy; Tissue ecology