title: Repeated mild traumatic brain injury causes focal response in lateral septum and hippocampus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To advance our understanding of regional and temporal cellular responses to repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI), we used a mouse model of rmTBI that incorporated acceleration, deceleration and rotational forces.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified weight-drop method was used to compare two inter-injury intervals, rmTBI-short (five hits delivered over 3 days) and rmTBI-long (five hits delivered over 15 days). Regional investigations of forebrain and midbrain histological alterations were performed at three post-injury time points (immediate, 2 weeks and 6 weeks).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rmTBI-short protocol generated an immediate, localized microglial and astroglial response in the dorsolateral septum and hippocampus, with the astroglial response persisting in the dorsolateral septum. The rmTBI-long protocol showed only a transitory astroglial response in the dorsolateral septum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the lateral septum and hippocampus are particularly vulnerable regions in rmTBI, possibly contributing to memory and emotional impairments associated with repeated concussions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Acabchuk
authors.affiliation: John D Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Denise I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.affiliation: John D Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Angoa-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolferz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soloway
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Lillian R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.affiliation: John D Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA ; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Conover
keywords: concussion; gliosis; hippocampus; microglia; mouse model; rmTBI; rotational force; septum