title: Rapid Palatal Expansion in the absence of posterior cross-bite to intercept maxillary incisor crowding in the mixed dentition: a CBCT evaluation of spontaneous changes of untouched permanent molars.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the reaction of untouched permanent molars following RPE, anchored on deciduous teeth in the early mixed dentition, aimed to solve maxillary anterior crowding in the absence of posterior cross-bite.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective clinical trial comprised 35 consecutive patients (20 males and 15 females) treated by the same orthodontist (MR). All patients showed crowding of the upper permanent incisors in the early mixed dentition in the absence of posterior cross-bite. RPE was anchored on second deciduous molars and on the deciduous canines. CBCT was taken before and after the removal of the RPE appliance. The transverse linear changes in width and the variation in the torque of the permanent molars were measured in the coronal plane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relief of incisor crowding was found in all patients. The transverse width between permanent molars increased significantly. The apices of the upper permanent molars spontaneously expanded more than the crowns, while the opposite happened on the lower permanent molars. Moreover, the untouched upper permanent molars spontaneously uprighted palatally, while the lower permanent molars spontaneously uprighted buccally. The variation in the torque of the permanent molars mirrored transverse normal growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the early mixed dentition and in the absence of posterior cross-bite, it is possible to expand transversally the palate while uprighting the upper permanent molars in the opposite direction. RPE anchored on the deciduous teeth in the early mixed dentition, in the absence of posterior cross-bite, provides an "anticipation of transverse growth" and could be indicated to expand the anterior portion of the maxillary arch perimeter to solve upper incisor crowding.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lucchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manti
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caprioglio
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003818:Dentition, Mixed; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D008963:Molar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome