title: Evolutionary phylogeography and transmission pattern of echovirus 14: an exploration of spatiotemporal dynamics based on the 26-year acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in Shandong, China.
abstract: Echovirus 14 (E-14) causes various clinical recognized syndromes, mostly with gastrointestinal syndrome and paralysis. The current study summarized the Shandong E-14 strains isolated from a 26-year acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, and elucidated the characterization of phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of E-14 worldwide.
  
  
  
  As a predominant serotype circulating in AFP surveillance, phylogenetic analysis showed that E-14 exhibited both time and geographic subdivision worldwide. In order to know the evolutionary history and spatial temporal dynamics of E-14, evolutionary phylogeography was reconstructed using BEAST and SPREAD software based on the VP1 sequences. The time of the most recent common ancestor of E-14 was estimated around 85 years and evolved with 9.17 × 10-3substitutions/site/year. Phylogeographic analysis suggested that two regional transmissions of E-14 were mainly detected, with one located between Europe and Africa countries and the other was in the Asia-Pacific region.
  
  
  
  Our study investigates the molecular evolution and phylogeographic of E-14, and brings new insight to the dispersal of E-14 worldwide. Regional transmission was mainly detected and Australia may be responsible for the spread of E-14 in recent years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zexin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Suting
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China. aqxuepi@163.com.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention; Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China. aqxuepi@163.com.
authors.forename: Aiqiang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D058974:Phylogeography; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis
keywords: Acute flaccid paralysis; Echovirus 14; Phylogeny; Phylogeography