title: Pb-210 and Po-210 atmospheric releases via fly ash from oil shale-fired power plants.
abstract: During high temperature processes in the furnace volatile and semi-volatile elements and radionuclides are partially emitted to the environment, depending on their chemical form in the original fuel, the technological set-up of the combustion system, and the prevailing combustion conditions. Two of the world's largest oil shale-fired power plants (PPs) have been operational in Estonia from the 1960s, during which time creation of significant environmental emissions and waste containing naturally occurring radionuclides has occurred. Pb-210 and210Po are considered natural radionuclides with the highest emission rates from PPs and possess elevated potential radiation exposure risks to humans and the environment. These radionuclides have the highest activity concentration values in fine ash fractions, especially in fractions remaining below 2.5 μm. To determine the activity concentrations of210Pb and210Po in the PPs' outlet, sampling was conducted from boilers operating on pulverized fuel (PF) technology with novel integrated desulphurization (NID) system and bag filters as well as with electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). The210Pb and210Po activity concentrations remained around 300 Bq kg-1for the NID system compared to 60-80 Bq kg-1in the ESP system. The dominant ash fraction in both systems was PM2.5, constituting over 50% of the fly ash mass collected from the outlet. The authors estimate that the total atmospherically emitted activity for the modernized PPs remains dominantly below 1% of the activity that is inserted via fuel. The implementation of higher efficiency purifications systems has significantly reduced the negative effect of these PPs. Based on annually emitted fly ash and boilers' working hours, the210Pb and210Po activity released relative to energy production were up to 68.3 kBq GWhel-1for210Pb and 64.6 kBq GWhel-1for210Po. These values are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower compared to the situation in the 1980s. These findings represent the first publicly available quantitative results estimating the210Po emissions from large oil shale-fired PPs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: taavi.vaasma@ut.ee.
authors.forename: Taavi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vaasma
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Thermal Engineering at Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Jüri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loosaar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gyakwaa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Madis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiisk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Banu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Özden
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Tkaczyk
mesh_terms: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D060729:Coal Ash / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D007856:Lead Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D011059:Polonium / Q000032:analysis*; D011210:Power Plants; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013051:Spectrometry, Gamma
chemical_list: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D060729:Coal Ash; D007856:Lead Radioisotopes; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D011059:Polonium
keywords: Atmospheric emissions; Fossil fuel; Lead-210; NORM; Polonium-210