title: From Genomes to Phenotypes: Traitar, the Microbial Trait Analyzer.
abstract: The number of sequenced genomes is growing exponentially, profoundly shifting the bottleneck from data generation to genome interpretation. Traits are often used to characterize and distinguish bacteria and are likely a driving factor in microbial community composition, yet little is known about the traits of most microbes. We describe Traitar, the microbial trait analyzer, which is a fully automated software package for deriving phenotypes from a genome sequence. Traitar provides phenotype classifiers to predict 67 traits related to the use of various substrates as carbon and energy sources, oxygen requirement, morphology, antibiotic susceptibility, proteolysis, and enzymatic activities. Furthermore, it suggests protein families associated with the presence of particular phenotypes. Our method uses L1-regularized L2-loss support vector machines for phenotype assignments based on phyletic patterns of protein families and their evolutionary histories across a diverse set of microbial species. We demonstrate reliable phenotype assignment for Traitar to bacterial genomes from 572 species of eight phyla, also based on incomplete single-cell genomes and simulated draft genomes. We also showcase its application in metagenomics by verifying and complementing a manual metabolic reconstruction of two novelClostridialesspecies based on draft genomes recovered from commercial biogas reactors. Traitar is available at https://github.com/hzi-bifo/traitar.IMPORTANCEBacteria are ubiquitous in our ecosystem and have a major impact on human health, e.g., by supporting digestion in the human gut. Bacterial communities can also aid in biotechnological processes such as wastewater treatment or decontamination of polluted soils. Diverse bacteria contribute with their unique capabilities to the functioning of such ecosystems, but lab experiments to investigate those capabilities are labor-intensive. Major advances in sequencing techniques open up the opportunity to study bacteria by their genome sequences. For this purpose, we have developed Traitar, software that predicts traits of bacteria on the basis of their genomes. It is applicable to studies with tens or hundreds of bacterial genomes. Traitar may help researchers in microbiology to pinpoint the traits of interest, reducing the amount of wet lab work required.
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Department for Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weimann
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Department for Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Kyra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mooren
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Phillip B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bremges
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Department for Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Alice C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: McHardy
keywords: ancestral trait reconstruction; genotype-phenotype inference; metagenomics; microbial traits; phenotypes; phyletic patterns; single-cell genomics; support vector machines