title: Updating histological data on crown initiation and crown completion ages in southern Africans.
abstract: To update histological data on crown initiation and completion ages in southern Africans. To evaluate implications of these data for studies that: (a) rely on these data to time linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs), or, (b) use these data for comparison to fossil hominins.
  
  
  
  Initiation ages were calculated on 67 histological sections from southern Africans, with sample sizes ranging from one to 11 per tooth type. Crown completion ages for southern Africans were calculated in two ways. First, actual derived initiation ages were added to crown formation times for each histological section to obtain direct information on the crown completion ages of individuals. Second, average initiation ages from this study were added to average crown formation times of southern Africans from the Reid and coworkers previous studies that were based on larger samples.
  
  
  
  For earlier-initiating tooth types (all anterior teeth and first molars), there is little difference in ages of initiation and crown completion between this and previous studies. Differences increase as a function of initiation age, such that the greatest differences between this and previous studies for both initiation and crown completion ages are for the second and third molars.
  
  
  
  This study documents variation in initiation ages, particularly for later-initiating tooth types. It upholds the use of previously published histological aging charts for LEHs on anterior teeth. However, this study finds that ages of crown initiation and completion in second and third molars for this southern African sample are earlier than previously estimated. These earlier ages reduce differences between modern humans and fossil hominins for these developmental events in second and third molars.
authors.affiliation: The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052.
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1345-5384
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guatelli-Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005580:Fossils; D049690:History, Ancient; D015186:Hominidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D010161:Paleodontology; D013019:South Africa; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development
keywords: dental development; fossil hominins; histology; linear enamel hypoplasia; teeth