title: Mitigating cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms in aquatic ecosystems impacted by climate change and anthropogenic nutrients.
abstract: Mitigating the global expansion of cyanobacterial harmful blooms (CyanoHABs) is a major challenge facing researchers and resource managers. A variety of traditional (e.g., nutrient load reduction) and experimental (e.g., artificial mixing and flushing, omnivorous fish removal) approaches have been used to reduce bloom occurrences. Managers now face the additional effects of climate change on watershed hydrologic and nutrient loading dynamics, lake and estuary temperature, mixing regime, internal nutrient dynamics, and other factors. Those changes favor CyanoHABs over other phytoplankton and could influence the efficacy of control measures. Virtually all mitigation strategies are influenced by climate changes, which may require setting new nutrient input reduction targets and establishing nutrient-bloom thresholds for impacted waters. Physical-forcing mitigation techniques, such as flushing and artificial mixing, will need adjustments to deal with the ramifications of climate change. Here, we examine the suite of current mitigation strategies and the potential options for adapting and optimizing them in a world facing increasing human population pressure and climate change.
authors.affiliation: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA. Electronic address: hpaerl@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Hans W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Paerl
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.affiliation: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and Florida Sea Grant College Program, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Karl E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Havens
authors.affiliation: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.affiliation: Wright State University, College of Science and Mathematics, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: Wright State University, College of Science and Mathematics, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
authors.forename: Silvia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
authors.forename: Boqiang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas, Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
authors.forename: J Thad
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057231:Climate Change; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005068:Eutrophication; D057097:Harmful Algal Bloom; D006801:Humans; D060106:Lakes / Q000382:microbiology; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Climate change; Harmful cyanobacteria; Hydrology; Mitigation strategies; Nitrogen; Nutrient management; Phosphorus