title: Concentrations of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in Asian elephant's dung are stable for up to 8 h in a tropical environment.
abstract: The use of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs) has facilitated the development of non-invasive methods to study physiological conditions of endangered wildlife populations. One limitation is that fGCM concentrations are known to change over time and to vary according to different environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to perform a controlled dung decay experiment to understand the impact of time (since defecation) and two common environmental variables (exposure to water and direct sunlight) on fGCM concentrations of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Eighty dung piles from 10 Malaysian elephants were randomly exposed to a 2 × 2 combination of treatments (wet-shade, dry-shade, wet-sun and dry-sun) and repeatedly subsampled from the time of defecation through to 2 days post-defecation (n= 685 faecal subsamples). Overall, the mean concentration of fGCMs was stable in samples of up to 8 h old from defecation time, regardless of environmental treatment (water or direct sunlight); thereafter, the overall mean fGCM concentrations increased, peaking 1 day after defecation (31.8% higher than at defecation time), and subsequently decreased (reaching values 9.2% below defecation time on the second day). Overall, the treatment of sun exposure resulted in higher fGCM concentration compared with shade, whereas water exposure (compared with no water exposure) had no impact on fGCM concentrations. Hence, in field studies we recommend collecting dung samples <8 h old and recording shade conditions (e.g. sun vs. shade) as a covariate for the subsequent interpretation of fGCM measurements. This study has helped to identify the optimal window for sampling in which we can have a higher confidence in interpreting the results as being a genuine reflection of glucocorticoid status in the elephant.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Mindset, Interdisciplinary Centre for Tropical Environmental Studies, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ee Phin
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences , The University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD , UK.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yon
authors.affiliation: Chester Zoo, Upton-by Chester, Chester CH2 1LH , UK.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.affiliation: Chester Zoo, Upton-by Chester, Chester CH2 1LH , UK.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, Km. 10, Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nasharuddin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, Km. 10, Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saaban
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Mindset, Interdisciplinary Centre for Tropical Environmental Studies, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ahimsa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campos-Arceiz
keywords: Adrenal activity; Asian elephant; Elephas maximus; dung decay; faecal glucocorticoid metabolites; non-invasive monitoring