title: Noise Exposure Questionnaire: A Tool for Quantifying Annual Noise Exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to both occupational and nonoccupational noise is recognized as a risk factor for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Although audiologists routinely inquire regarding history of noise exposure, there are limited tools available for quantifying this history or for identifying those individuals who are at highest risk for NIHL. Identifying those at highest risk would allow hearing conservation activities to be focused on those individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a detailed, task-based questionnaire for quantifying an individual's annual noise exposure (ANE) arising from both occupational and nonoccupational sources (aim 1) and to develop a short screening tool that could be used to identify individuals at high risk of NIHL (aim 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of relevant literature for questionnaire development followed by a cross-sectional descriptive and correlational investigation of the newly developed questionnaire and screening tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fourteen college freshmen completed the detailed questionnaire for estimating ANE (aim 1) and answered the potential screening questions (aim 2). An additional 59 adults participated in data collection where the accuracy of the screening tool was evaluated (aim 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  In study aim 1, all participants completed the detailed questionnaire and the potential screening questions. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify participant participation in various noisy activities and their associated ANE estimates. In study aim 2, linear regression techniques were used to identify screening questions that could be used to predict a participant's estimated ANE. Clinical decision theory was then used to assess the accuracy with which the screening tool predicted high and low risk of NIHL in a new group of participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses on the detailed questionnaire indicated that our sample of college freshmen reported high rates of participation in a variety of occupational and nonoccupational activities associated with high sound levels. Although participation rates were high, ANE estimates were below highest-risk levels for many participants because the frequency of participation in these activities was low in many cases. These data illustrate how the Noise Exposure Questionnaire (NEQ) could be used to provide detailed and specific information regarding an individual's exposure to noise. The results of aim 2 suggest that the screening tool, the 1-Minute Noise Screen, can be used to identify those participants with high- and low-risk noise exposure, allowing more in-depth assessment of noise exposure history to be targeted at those most at risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NEQ can be used to estimate an individual's ANE and the 1-Minute Noise Screen can be used to identify those participants at highest risk of NIHL. These tools allow audiologists to focus hearing conservation efforts on those individuals who are most in need of those services.
authors.affiliation: Hearing and Speech Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.
authors.forename: Tiffany A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: CavCom, Inc., Walker, MN.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL.
authors.forename: Greta C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Stamper
authors.affiliation: Hearing and Speech Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chertoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009622:Noise; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult