title: Unintended impacts of alcohol restrictions on alcohol and other drug use in Indigenous communities in Queensland (Australia).
abstract: 'Alcohol Management Plans' (AMPs) with a focus on alcohol restrictions were implemented in 19 discrete Indigenous communities, in 15 Local Government Areas, by the Queensland Government from 2002. Community residents' perceptions and experiences of the impacts of AMPs on local alcohol and drug use are documented.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study used quantitative and qualitative survey data collected during 2014-2015 in 10 affected communities. Five had some alcohol available. Five had total prohibition. Participant responses were assessed and compared by prohibition status.
  
  
  
  Overall, less than 50% of 1098 participants agreed that: i) the restrictions had reduced alcohol availability in their community and ii) that people were drinking less. Nearly three quarters agreed that binge-drinking had increased, attributed to increased availability of illicit alcohol. There were no statistically significant differences between communities with prohibition and those with some access to alcohol. Participants agreed overall that cannabis use had increased but were more equivocal that new drugs were being used. These views were less frequently reported in prohibition communities.
  
  
  
  Contrary to what was intended, Queensland's alcohol restrictions in Indigenous communities were viewed by community residents as not significantly reducing the availability and use of alcohol. Furthermore, this was compounded by perceived increases in binge drinking and cannabis use; also unintended. There is a need to strengthen resolve at all levels to reduce the supply of illicit alcohol in restricted areas.
authors.affiliation: Community-based Health Promotion and Prevention Studies Group, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia. Electronic address: jan.robertson@jcu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Community-based Health Promotion and Prevention Studies Group, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fitts
authors.affiliation: Community-based Health Promotion and Prevention Studies Group, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Clough
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000600:supply & distribution; D063425:Binge Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol restrictions; Australian; Drug and alcohol use; Indigenous