title: Loss of laforin or malin results in increased Drp1 level and concomitant mitochondrial fragmentation in Lafora disease mouse models.
abstract: Lafora disease (LD) is an autosomal recessive form of a fatal disorder characterized by the myoclonus epilepsy, ataxia, psychosis, dementia, and dysarthria. A hallmark of LD is the presence of abnormal glycogen inclusions called Lafora bodies in the affected tissues including the neurons. LD can be caused by defects either in the laforin phosphatase coded by the EPM2A gene or in the malin E3 ubiquitin ligase coded by the NHLRC1 gene. The mouse models of LD, created by the targeted disruption of the LD genes, display several neurodegenerative changes. Prominent among them are the autophagic defects, abnormally large lysosomes, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid beta deposits, and abnormal mitochondria. However, whether or not such neurodegenerative changes are a direct effect of the loss of laforin/malin was not unequivocally established. Here, we show that laforin- or malin-deficient neurons and fibroblasts display a significantly higher number of fragmented mitochondria. Loss of laforin or malin resulted in increased levels of the mitochondrial fission GTPase Drp1, its enhanced mitochondrial targeting, and increased intracellular calcium levels. Intriguingly, laforin and malin display opposite effects on the cellular level of parkin, an ubiquitin ligase of Drp1; loss of laforin led to reduced levels of parkin while the loss of malin resulted in increased parkin levels. Laforin and malin, however, interact with and positively regulate the activity of parkin, thus explaining the molecular basis of increased Drp1 levels in LD tissues. Our results suggest that laforin and malin are novel regulators of mitochondrial quality control pathway and that the mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from the increased Drp1 levels could underlie neuropathology in LD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India. Electronic address: mamta.biochem@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mamta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India. Electronic address: asaloni@iitk.ac.in.
authors.forename: Saloni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India. Electronic address: pratibhazera@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pratibha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhadauriya
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India. Electronic address: sganesh@iitk.ac.in.
authors.forename: Subramaniam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganesh
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D054637:Dual-Specificity Phosphatases / Q000172:deficiency*; D034281:Dynamins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002479:Inclusion Bodies / Q000378:metabolism; D020192:Lafora Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D054558:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Non-Receptor; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; C572596:NHLRC1 protein, mouse; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D054637:Dual-Specificity Phosphatases; C491989:Epm2a protein, mouse; D054558:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Non-Receptor; C486391:Dnm1l protein, mouse; D034281:Dynamins
keywords: Epilepsy; Mitochondrial quality control; Neurodegeneration; Parkin; Post-translational modification