title: Essential Oils Against Pathogen and Spoilage Microorganisms of Fruit Juices: Use of Versatile Antimicrobial Delivery Systems.
abstract: Essential oils (EO) are increasingly used as natural antimicrobial compounds, however the effect of delivery system to enhance their antimicrobial activity has not been widely studied. Limonene (0 to 10 μL/mL) was added to microbial suspensions (∼105CFU/mL) of selected foodborne pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), and spoilage microorganisms (Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida albicans). S. aureus was found to be the most sensitive foodborne pathogen while Salmonella enterica showed continued growth under all concentrations. Stable nanoemulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) (d ∼ 170 nm) were prepared using an alkane carrier oil (n-tetradecane and n-eicosane, respectively). Interfacial effects and homogenous distribution of limonene in nanoemulsions improved its (8 and 12 μL/mL) antimicrobial effect against S. aureus. Higher aqueous concentrations as a result of expulsion from SLN further enhanced the antimicrobial activity pronounced at higher limonene concentrations. Therefore, our findings confirm that the emulsion-based delivery systems are able to effectively distribute limonene inside a microbial suspension to improve its antimicrobial activity.
authors.affiliation: Food Science Inst., Kansas State Univ., 1530 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, Kans., 66506, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trinetta
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, The Univ. of Tennessee, 2605 RiverDrive, Knoxville, Tenn., 37996, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A.
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Coupland
authors.affiliation: Food Science Inst., Kansas State Univ., 1530 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, Kans., 66506, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Umut
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Yucel
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005516:Food Microbiology; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000382:microbiology*; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000187:drug effects; D000077222:Limonene; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000187:drug effects; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013696:Temperature; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D008055:Lipids; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D013729:Terpenes; C024713:n-tetradecane; C050821:eicosane; D000077222:Limonene
keywords: antimicrobial activity; encapsulation; limonene; nanoemulsions; solid lipid nanoparticles