title: Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Genotypes and Parenting Influence on Long-Term Executive Functioning After Moderate to Severe Early Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: An Exploratory Study.
abstract: To examine catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) rs4680 genotypes as moderators of the effects of parenting style on postinjury changes in parent behavior ratings of executive dysfunction following moderate to severe early childhood traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  
  Research was conducted in an outpatient setting.
  
  
  
  Participants included children admitted to hospital with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (n = 55) or orthopedic injuries (n = 70) between ages 3 and 7 years.
  
  
  
  Prospective cohort followed over 7 years postinjury.
  
  
  
  Parenting Practices Questionnaire and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning obtained at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months, and 3.5 and 6.8 years postinjury. DNA was collected from saliva samples, purified using the Oragene (DNA Genotek, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) OG-500 self-collection tubes, and analyzed using TaqMan (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts) assay protocols to identify the COMT rs4680 polymorphism.
  
  
  
  Linear mixed models revealed a significant genotype × parenting style × time interaction (F = 5.72, P = .02), which suggested that the adverse effects of authoritarian parenting on postinjury development of executive functioning were buffered by the presence of the COMT AA genotype (lower enzyme activity, higher dopamine levels). There were no significant associations of executive functioning with the interaction between genotype and authoritative or permissive parenting ratings.
  
  
  
  The lower activity COMT rs4680 genotype may buffer the negative effect of authoritarian parenting on long-term executive functioning following injury in early childhood. The findings provide preliminary evidence for associations of parenting style with executive dysfunction in children and for a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors as contributors to decreases in these problems after traumatic injuries in children. Further investigation is warranted to understand the interplay among genetic and environmental factors related to recovery after traumatic brain injury in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio (Drs Kurowski, Treble-Barna, and Wade); Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio (Mr Zang and Dr Zhang); Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr Martin); Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Dr Yeates); and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics and Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Child Development Center, Cleveland, Ohio (Dr Taylor).
authors.forename: Brad G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Kurowski
authors.forename: Amery
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Treble-Barna
authors.forename: Huaiyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: Nanhua
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Keith Owen
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Yeates
authors.forename: H Gerry
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Shari L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wade
mesh_terms: D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase