title: Implementation of a Pharmacist-Led Patient-Controlled Analgesia Dosing Service.
abstract: The development and implementation of a pharmacist-led patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) dosing service in a large academic institution are described.
  
  
  
  To improve pain management at our institution and expand pharmacy clinical services, a pharmacist-led PCA dosing service was developed and implemented. The service is modeled after established antimicrobial and anticoagulation dosing services at our institution. A core group of pharmacists (service leaders) and a pain physician champion developed a policy and guideline and designed electronic medical record (EMR) tools to support the service. Pharmacists were trained by the service leaders to manage acute pain with fentanyl, hydromorphone, or morphine PCA therapy. Cultural and operational barriers to service implementation were identified and resolved.
  
  
  
  After implementation of the pharmacist-led PCA dosing service, pharmacists at our institution provide PCA pain management services as part of our pharmacy department's standard practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Alen L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dezia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Baccus
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, U.S.A.|Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Allycia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Natavio
authors.affiliation: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Beaumont Health, Troy, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Conroy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, U.S.A.|Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Levi M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010595:Pharmacists; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: hospital; opioid analgesic; pain; patient-controlled analgesia; pharmacist-led patient-controlled analgesia; pharmacy; service development