title: Efficacy of chlorhexidine for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in cancer patients: a systematic review with meta-analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral mucositis occurs in patients undergoing chemoradiation for cancer treatment. It is believed that colonization of ulcerated mucosa by bacteria, fungi, and virus results in secondary infections. The effect of chlorhexidine on the incidence and severity of oral mucositis in patients with cancer was evaluated in this review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were limited to randomized placebo-controlled trials. Three databases were searched: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library up to May 25, 2016.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-eight abstracts were evaluated by three independent reviewers. Twelve studies met the criteria for inclusion. Four of these studies were assessed at unclear risk of bias and eight of them at high risk. Of the 12 studies, nine were included in two meta-analyses. Pooled results showed that chlorhexidine did not significantly reduce incidence of mucositis compared to placebo (P = 0.129), nor chlorhexidine did significantly reduce the severity of mucositis (P = 0.127), although subgroup analysis in the chemotherapy group showed a trend toward significance (P = 0.054). Side effects reported in the included studies were teeth staining and altered taste perception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review found that chlorhexidine is not significantly effective in reducing the severity of mucositis (moderate quality of evidence) nor in preventing the incidence of mucositis (low quality of evidence). However, more studies are needed in patients receiving chemotherapy only, as a positive trend toward significance was found (P = 0.054).
authors.affiliation: Master of Science Program in Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.affiliation: Master of Science Program in Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balouch
authors.affiliation: Master of Science Program in Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Moiz Mohammed
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Abdul
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Parish P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Sedghizadeh
authors.affiliation: Division of Dental Public Health and Pediatric Dentistry, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Reyes
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1751-3286
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Enciso
mesh_terms: D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: cancer; chemoradiation; chemotherapy; head and neck; meta-analysis; mucositis; oral; radiotherapy