title: Latitude affects Morningness-Eveningness: evidence for the environment hypothesis based on a systematic review.
abstract: Morningness-eveningness (M/E) is an individual trait related to a person's sleep-wake cycle and preference for morning or evening hours. The "environment hypothesis" suggests that M/E is dependent on environmental factors, such as latitude, mean average temperature and photoperiod. We here analyzed a large number of datasets to assess this effect based on a systematic review. Data were from a total of 87 datasets and 35,589 individuals based on 28 countries. Partial correlations correcting for age revealed significant relationships between M/E and latitude, mean yearly temperature, photoperiod and sunset. Evening orientation was related to higher latitude, longer days and later sunset. Morning orientation was related to higher average temperatures. Percentage of females and sunrise time had no significant influence. These variables (sunset, temperature, photoperiod) were then input in a general linear model. The full model showed an influence of age and of sunset on CSM scores, but not of photoperiod and average temperature. Sunset, therefore, seems to be the most important statistical predictor for the observed latitudinal gradient.
authors.affiliation: University of Tubingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 24, D-70726 Tubingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Randler
authors.affiliation: University of Tubingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 24, D-70726 Tubingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahafar
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D017440:Photoperiod; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature