title: Wearable Sensors for Personal Monitoring and Estimation of Inhaled Traffic-Related Air Pollution: Evaluation of Methods.
abstract: Physical activity and ventilation rates have an effect on an individual's dose and may be important to consider in exposure-response relationships; however, these factors are often ignored in environmental epidemiology studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate methods of estimating the inhaled dose of air pollution and understand variability in the absence of a true gold standard metric. Five types of methods were identified: (1) methods using (physical) activity types, (2) methods based on energy expenditure, METs (metabolic equivalents of task), and oxygen consumption, (3) methods based on heart rate or (4) breathing rate, and (5) methods that combine heart and breathing rate. Methods were compared using a real-life data set of 122 adults who wore devices to track movement, black carbon air pollution, and physiological health markers for 3 weeks in three European cities. Different methods for estimating minute ventilation performed well in relative terms with high correlations among different methods, but in absolute terms, ignoring increased ventilation during day-to-day activities could lead to an underestimation of the daily dose by a factor of 0.08-1.78. There is no single best method, and a multitude of methods are currently being used to approximate the dose. The choice of a suitable method for determining the dose in future studies will depend on both the size and the objectives of the study.
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.|Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University , Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
authors.forename: Evi
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6745-7246
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dons
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.|Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University , Wetenschapspark 5/6, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laeremans
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
authors.forename: Juan Pablo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Orjuela
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal , Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.|Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) , C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ione
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Avila-Palencia
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal , Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.|Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) , C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Glòria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Turigas
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal , Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.|Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) , C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.|Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cole-Hunter
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anaya-Boig
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: Arnout
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Standaert
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.|Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University , Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Boever
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University , Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nawrot
authors.affiliation: Physical Activity and Health Unit, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich , Seilergraben 49, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Götschi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1092-3971
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Nazelle
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal , Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.|Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) , C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.|Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University , Wetenschapspark 5/6, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Int Panis
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001336:Automobiles; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions