title: Manipulation of the Endocannabinoid System in Colitis: A Comprehensive Review.
abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifelong disease of the gastrointestinal tract whose annual incidence and prevalence is on the rise. Current immunosuppressive therapies available for treatment of IBD offer limited benefits and lose effectiveness, exposing a significant need for the development of novel therapies. In the clinical setting, cannabis has been shown to provide patients with IBD symptomatic relief, although the underlying mechanisms of their anti-inflammatory effects remain unclear.
  
  
  
  This review reflects our current understanding of how targeting the endocannabinoid system, including cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2, endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, atypical cannabinoids, and degrading enzymes including fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase, impacts murine colitis. In addition, the impact of cannabinoids on the human immune system is summarized.
  
  
  
  Cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2, endogenous cannabinoids, and atypical cannabinoids are upregulated in inflammation, and their presence and stimulation attenuate murine colitis, whereas cannabinoid receptor antagonism and cannabinoid receptor deficient models reverse these anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, inhibition of endocannabinoid degradation through monoacylglycerol lipase and fatty acid amide hydrolase blockade can also attenuate colitis development, and is closely linked to cannabinoid receptor expression.
  
  
  
  Although manipulation of the endocannabinoid system in murine colitis has proven to be largely beneficial in attenuating inflammation, there is a paucity of human study data. Further research is essential to clearly elucidate the specific mechanisms driving this anti-inflammatory effect for the development of therapeutics to target inflammatory disease such as IBD.
authors.affiliation: *Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Digestive Health Institute, Aurora, Colorado; †Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and ‡Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Kristina L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Leinwand
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gerich
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hoffenberg
authors.forename: Colm B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism; D003092:Colitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D064086:Medical Marijuana / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002186:Cannabinoids; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D064086:Medical Marijuana; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid