title: Endemicity of the cosmopolitan mesophilic chemolithoautotroph Sulfurimonas at deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
abstract: Rich animal and microbial communities have been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Although the biogeography of vent macrofauna is well understood, the corresponding knowledge about vent microbial biogeography is lacking. Here, we apply the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) to assess the genetic variation of 109 Sulfurimonas strains with ⩾98% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, which were isolated from four different geographical regions (Okinawa Trough (OT), Mariana Volcanic Arc and Trough (MVAT), Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR)). Sequence typing based on 11 protein-coding genes revealed high genetic variation, including some allele types that are widespread within regions, resulting in 102 nucleotide sequence types (STs). This genetic variation was predominantly due to mutation rather than recombination. Phylogenetic analysis of the 11 concatenated genes showed a clear geographical isolation corresponding to the hydrothermal regions they originated from, suggesting limited dispersal. Genetic differentiation among Sulfurimonas populations was primarily influenced by geographical distance rather than gas composition of vent fluid or habitat, although in situ environmental conditions of each microhabitat could not be examined. Nevertheless, Sulfurimonas may possess a higher dispersal capability compared with deep-sea hydrothermal vent thermophiles. This is the first report on MLSA of deep-sea hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria, which is indicative of allopatric speciation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mino
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Marine Environmental Microbiology, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.|Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makita
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toki
authors.affiliation: Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan.
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sievert
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Martin F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Polz
authors.affiliation: Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, JAMSTEC, Nankoku, Japan.|Research and Development Center for Ocean Drilling Science (ODS), JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2887-6525
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, UMR6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Godfroy
authors.affiliation: Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Center for Marine Biosciences, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2323-0880
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nunoura
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomo-O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Watsuji
authors.affiliation: Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.affiliation: Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D020565:Epsilonproteobacteria / Q000145:classification*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D060086:Hydrothermal Vents / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S