title: Distinct profiles of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents: associations with cognitive and affective empathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aggression comprises a heterogeneous set of behavioral patterns that aim to harm and hurt others. Empathy represents a potential mechanism that inhibits aggressive conduct and enhances prosocial behavior. Nevertheless, research results on the relationship between empathy and aggression are mixed. Subtypes of aggressive behavior, such as reactive and proactive aggression might be differently related to empathy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interrelations of cognitive and affective empathy with reactive and proactive aggression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited a sample of 177 (33% female, M age 15.6) adolescents from socio-educational and juvenile justice institutions and a community sample of 77 (36% female, M age 13.1) adolescents from secondary schools. Using bivariate correlation analysis and hierarchical multiple regression analysis, we firstly investigated associations between cognitive and affective empathy and reactive and proactive aggression. Subsequently, we performed cluster analysis to identify clusters of adolescents with meaningful profiles of aggressive behavior and compared derived clusters on measures of empathy. We applied the Basic Empathy Scale and the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate analysis and hierarchical regression analysis showed that cognitive and affective empathy were negatively associated with proactive aggression, but not with reactive aggression. Cluster-analysis revealed three clusters of adolescents with distinct aggression profiles: a cluster with elevated scores on reactive and proactive aggression, a clusters with high scores on reactive aggression only, and a low aggression cluster. Cluster comparisons revealed that the reactive-proactive aggression cluster showed significantly lower scores on cognitive and affective empathy than both other clusters. Results further indicated that within the reactive-proactive aggression cluster, girls did not differ significantly from boys in empathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study extends previously published findings, and possibly explains conflicting results in prior research. Our results indicated that cognitive and affective empathy are reduced in adolescents with high levels of reactive and proactive aggression. Our study may contribute to the development of tailored clinical interventions for different aggression clusters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Schanzenstrasse 13, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8627-1885
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Euler
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Schanzenstrasse 13, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Célia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steinlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Schanzenstrasse 13, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stadler
keywords: Adolescents; Aggression; Basic Empathy Scale; Empathy; Juvenile detention