title: A Validation Study of a Novel 3-Dimensional MRI Modeling Technique to Identify the Anatomic Insertions of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anatomic single bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the current gold standard in ACL reconstructive surgery. However, placement of femoral and tibial tunnels at the anatomic center of the ACL insertion sites can be difficult intraoperatively. We developed a "virtual arthroscopy" program that allows users to identify ACL insertions on preoperative knee magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and generates a 3-dimensional (3D) bone model that matches the arthroscopic view to help guide intraoperative tunnel placement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the validity of the ACL insertion sites identified using our 3D modeling program and to determine the accuracy of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction guided by our "virtual arthroscopic" model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen cadaveric knees were prescanned using routine MRI sequences. A trained, blinded observer then identified the center of the ACL insertions using our program. Eight knees were dissected, and the centers of the ACL footprints were marked with a screw. In the remaining 8 knees, arthroscopic ACL tunnels were drilled into the center of the ACL footprints based on landmarks identified using our virtual arthroscopic model. Postprocedural MRI was performed on all 16 knees. The 3D distance between pre- and postoperative 3D centers of the ACL were calculated by 2 trained, blinded observers and a musculoskeletal radiologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With 2 outliers removed, the postoperative femoral and tibial tunnel placements in the open specimens differed by 2.5 ± 0.9 mm and 2.9 ± 0.7 mm from preoperative centers identified on MRI. Postoperative femoral and tibial tunnel centers in the arthroscopic specimens differed by 3.2 ± 0.9 mm and 2.9 ± 0.7 mm, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that MRI-based 3D localization of the ACL and our virtual arthroscopic modeling program is feasible and does not show a statistically significant difference to an open arthrotomy approach. However, additional refinements will be required to improve the accuracy and consistency of our model to make this an effective tool for surgeons performing anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstructions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arthroscopic anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction is the current gold standard for ACL reconstruction; however, the center of the ACL footprint can be difficult to identify arthroscopically. Our novel modeling can improve the identification of this important landmark intraoperatively and decrease the risk of graft malposition and subsequent graft failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology/Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Yeli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology/Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Vimarsha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Swami
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Myles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mabee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology/Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jacob L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jaremko
keywords: anterior cruciate ligament; arthroscopy; footprints; reconstruction