title: Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals.
abstract: Directed modulation of the colonic bacteria to metabolize lactose effectively is a potentially useful approach to improve lactose digestion and tolerance. A randomized, double-blind, multisite placebo-controlled trial conducted in human subjects demonstrated that administration of a highly purified (>95%) short-chain galactooligosaccharide (GOS), designated "RP-G28," significantly improved clinical outcomes for lactose digestion and tolerance. In these individuals, stool samples were collected pretreatment (day 0), after GOS treatment (day 36), and 30 d after GOS feeding stopped and consumption of dairy products was encouraged (day 66). In this study, changes in the fecal microbiome were investigated using 16S rRNA amplicon pyrosequencing and high-throughput quantitative PCR. At day 36, bifidobacterial populations were increased in 27 of 30 of GOS subjects (90%), demonstrating a bifidogenic response in vivo. Relative abundance of lactose-fermenting Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, and Lactobacillus were significantly increased in response to GOS. When dairy was introduced into the diet, lactose-fermenting Roseburia species increased from day 36 to day 66. The results indicated a definitive change in the fecal microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals, increasing the abundance of lactose-metabolizing bacteria that were responsive to dietary adaptation to GOS. This change correlated with clinical outcomes of improved lactose tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.|Microbiome Core Facility, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.
authors.forename: M Andrea
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Azcarate-Peril
authors.affiliation: Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90067.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Savaiano
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.|Microbiome Core Facility, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monteagudo-Mera
authors.affiliation: Advanced Analytics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.
authors.forename: Carlton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.|Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.|Advanced Analytics Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Magness
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 klaenhammer@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Klaenhammer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000187:drug effects; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000070036:Faecalibacterium / Q000187:drug effects; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000187:drug effects; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C000589718:RP-G28; D007785:Lactose
keywords: GOS; lactose intolerance; microbiome; prebiotic