title: Mathematical modelling of scanner-specific bowtie filters for Monte Carlo CT dosimetry.
abstract: The purpose of bowtie filters in CT scanners is to homogenize the x-ray intensity measured by the detectors in order to improve the image quality and at the same time to reduce the dose to the patient because of the preferential filtering near the periphery of the fan beam. For CT dosimetry, especially for Monte Carlo calculations of organ and tissue absorbed doses to patients, it is important to take the effect of bowtie filters into account. However, material composition and dimensions of these filters are proprietary. Consequently, a method for bowtie filter simulation independent of access to proprietary data and/or to a specific scanner would be of interest to many researchers involved in CT dosimetry. This study presents such a method based on the weighted computer tomography dose index, CTDIw, defined in two cylindrical PMMA phantoms of 16 cm and 32 cm diameter. With an EGSnrc-based Monte Carlo (MC) code, ratios CTDIw/CTDI100,awere calculated for a specific CT scanner using PMMA bowtie filter models based on sigmoid Boltzmann functions combined with a scanner filter factor (SFF) which is modified during calculations until the calculated MC CTDIw/CTDI100,amatches ratios CTDIw/CTDI100,a, determined by measurements or found in publications for that specific scanner. Once the scanner-specific value for an SFF has been found, the bowtie filter algorithm can be used in any MC code to perform CT dosimetry for that specific scanner. The bowtie filter model proposed here was validated for CTDIw/CTDI100,aconsidering 11 different CT scanners and for CTDI100,c, CTDI100,pand their ratio considering 4 different CT scanners. Additionally, comparisons were made for lateral dose profiles free in air and using computational anthropomorphic phantoms. CTDIw/CTDI100,adetermined with this new method agreed on average within 0.89% (max. 3.4%) and 1.64% (max. 4.5%) with corresponding data published by CTDosimetry (www.impactscan.org) for the CTDI HEAD and BODY phantoms, respectively. Comparison with results calculated using proprietary data for the PHILIPS Brilliance 64 scanner showed agreement on average within 2.5% (max. 5.8%) and with data measured for that scanner within 2.1% (max. 3.7%). Ratios of CTDI100,c/CTDI100,pfor this study and corresponding data published by CTDosimetry (www.impactscan.org) agree on average within about 11% (max. 28.6%). Lateral dose profiles calculated with the proposed bowtie filter and with proprietary data agreed within 2% (max. 5.9%), and both calculated data agreed within 5.4% (max. 11.2%) with measured results. Application of the proposed bowtie filter and of the exactly modelled filter to human phantom Monte Carlo calculations show agreement on the average within less than 5% (max. 7.9%) for organ and tissue absorbed doses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Energy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Prof Luiz Freire, 1000, CEP 50740-540, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Cassola
authors.forename: M E A
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: M W C
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: de Araújo
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Khoury
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed / Q000592:standards*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*