title: Main meal quality in Brazil and United Kingdom: Similarities and differences.
abstract: Consumption of fast food and ready-to-eat meals has been positively associated with obesity. In the UK, ready-made meals are more often consumed than in Brazil, a country in which nutrition transition is relatively low. This study aimed to compare the nutritional quality of the main meal consumed by adults in Brazil and UK. Food record data was obtained from representative samples from UK and Brazil databases. The Main Meal Quality Index (MMQI) was applied to estimate the quality of the main meal consumed in Brazil and UK. Differences in food groups consumed in the main meal in Brazil and UK were observed using classification decision tree. Meals with higher average energy content were lunch for Brazil, and dinner for the UK. On average, the Brazilian main meal had better nutritional quality (4.42 times higher), independently of sex, age, family income, nutritional status and energy consumed, with higher scores of fiber, carbohydrate, total fat, saturated fat and energy density. However, UK's main meal included more fruits and vegetables. Food preparations combined with rice and beans were classified as Brazilian main meal, while combinations with fast food items, as fried potatoes, sandwiches and sugary beverages, were classified as UK main meals. In Brazil, the main meal quality was lower among women and obese individuals, presenting significant positive association with age, and negative association with energy intake and family income; while in UK, only age was positively associated with MMQI. Although main meals in Brazil had higher nutritional quality compared to the UK, main meals consumed in both countries need nutritional improvement.
authors.affiliation: Departament of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: bartira.gorgulho@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bartira Mendes
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gorgulho
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, United Kingdom; Vrije University Amsterdam, Section Health and Life, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerda Karolien
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Pot
authors.affiliation: Departament of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil; School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flavia Mori
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sarti
authors.affiliation: Departament of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: marchioni@usp.br.
authors.forename: Dirce Maria
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Marchioni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology; D004435:Eating / Q000208:ethnology*; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D063427:Food Quality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals / Q000208:ethnology*; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Brazil; Main meal; Meal; Meal quality; Meal score; UK