title: What Are Effective Psychological Interventions for Veterans With Sleep Disturbances? A Rapid Evidence Assessment.
abstract: Insomnia and related sleep disturbances commonly occur in veterans, with prevalence rates as high as 90% reported in some studies. Military-specific factors such as sleep disturbances during military training and deployment, as well as a higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is known to poorly impact sleep, may contribute to higher insomnia rates in veterans. Although evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of insomnia exist, the unique nature of veterans sleep problems means they may differ in their response to treatment. The aim of this study was to review the evidence for interventions for veterans with sleep disturbances.
  
  
  
  This literature review used a rapid evidence assessment methodology, also known as rapid review. The rapid evidence assessment methodology involves rigorously locating, appraising, and synthesising the evidence while making concessions to the breadth or the depth of the process in order to significantly decrease the length of the process. EMBASE, MEDLINE (PubMed), PsychINFO, Cochrane, Clinical Guidelines Portal (Australia), and the National Guideline Clearinghouse (United States) were searched for peer-reviewed literature and guidelines published from 2004 to August 2015 that investigated psychological interventions for veterans with sleep disturbances. The literature was assessed in terms of strength (quality, quantity, and level of evidence), direction, and the consistency, generalizability, and applicability of the findings to the population of interest. These assessments were then collated to determine an overall ranking of level of support for each intervention: "Supported" (clear, consistent evidence of a beneficial effect), "Promising" (evidence suggestive of a beneficial effect but further research is required), "Unknown" (insufficient evidence of beneficial effect and further research is required), and "Not Supported" (clear consistent evidence of no effect or negative harmful effect).
  
  
  
  From an initial yield of 1,131 articles, 18 studies met the inclusion criteria for review. The majority of the studies investigated the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi; n = 10). Five studies investigated CBTi with an adjunctive psychotherapy, typically for PTSD-related sleep disturbances. One further study investigated sleep hygiene education (a component of CBTi) with pharmacotherapy. Two final studies investigated hypnotherapy and mind-body bridging, respectively. Overall, the quality of the studies was mixed, with some high and some poor quality studies.
  
  
  
  There was sufficient evidence to support CBTi with adjunctive psychotherapy for veterans with PTSD-related sleep disturbances, although the evidence for CBTi in the treatment of general sleep disturbance for veterans was ranked as "promising." This indicates a beneficial effect, but more research is needed to confidently establish efficacy in a veteran population. There is currently insufficient evidence to support the use of sleep hygiene education and pharmacotherapy, hypnotherapy, or mind-body bridging. Further research dismantling the components of CBTi is needed to identify which are the critical components. Such research has the potential to lead to brief, targeted, and accessible treatments that overcome the time and stigma-related barriers to care that veterans often face.
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, Victoria, Australia 3053.
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, Victoria, Australia 3053.
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Varker
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, Victoria, Australia 3053.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Australia-Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, Victoria, Australia 3053.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dell
mesh_terms: D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis / Q000379:methods*; D026441:Mind-Body Therapies / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*