title: An African Origin of the Eurylaimides (Passeriformes) and the Successful Diversification of the Ground-Foraging Pittas (Pittidae).
abstract: The Eurylaimides is one of the few passerine groups with a pantropical distribution. In this study, we generated a multi-calibrated tree with 83% of eurylaimid species diversity based on 30 molecular loci. Particular attention was given to the monotypic Sapayoidae to reconstruct the biogeography of this radiation. We conducted several topological tests including nonoverlapping subsampling of the concatenated alignment and coalescent species tree reconstruction. These tests firmly placed the South American Sapayoidae as the sister group to all other Eurylaimides families (split at ∼28 Ma), with increasing branch support as highly variable sites were removed. This topology is consistent with the breakup of the insular connection between Africa and South America (Atlantogea) that took place between the middle Eocene and the early Oligocene. We recovered Africa as the cradle of the core Eurylaimides, and this result is supported by all African lineages corresponding to the oldest splits within each family in this group. Our timescale suggests that desertification and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau caused a parallel divergence between African and Asian lineages in all major clades in the core Eurylaimides at 22-9 Ma. We also propose that the ground-foraging behavior in the Pittidae ancestor allowed the pitta lineage to thrive and coexist with the older arboreal lineages of the core Eurylaimides. In contrast, the diversification of pittas in Australia was likely hindered by direct competition with the endemic ground-foraging oscines that had been well established in that continent since the Eocene.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Pedro
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Selvatti
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galvão
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anieli Guirro
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pedreira Gonzaga
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Augusta de Moraes
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Russo
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005580:Fossils; D014644:Genetic Variation; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013020:South America
keywords: biogeographical analysis; diversification analysis.; molecular phylogenetics; reproductive biology; time-tree