title: Direct measurement of hypoxia in a xenograft multiple myeloma model by optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy.
abstract: Using photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), we evaluated non-invasively oxygenation and vascularization in vivo due to multiple myeloma (MM) progression. Mice injected with MM.1S-GFP were monitored with a fluorescence microscope for tumor progression. In vivo PAM of the cerebral bone marrow quantified the total oxygen saturation (sO2). At 28 days after the MM cell injection, the total sO2had decreased by half in the developing tumor regions, while in the non-tumor regions it had decreased by 20% compared with the value at one day post MM injection. The blood vessel density was reduced by 35% in the developing tumor regions, while in the non-tumor regions it was reduced by 8% compared with the value at one day post MM injection. Hence, PAM corroborated the development of hypoxia due to MM progression and demonstrated decreased vascularization surrounding the tumor areas.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.affiliation: b Department of Radiation Oncology , Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Muz
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Cheng-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Ruiying
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: b Department of Radiation Oncology , Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Abdel Kareem
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Azab
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
keywords: Angiogenesis; hypoxia; multiple myeloma; oxygenation; photoacoustic imaging