title: Application of 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic Acid as a Forensic Marker of Cyanide Exposure.
abstract: Cyanides are infamous for their highly poisonous properties. Accidental cyanide poisoning occurs frequently, but occasionally, intentional poisonings also occur. Inhalation of fumes generated by fire may also cause cyanide poisoning. There are many limitations in direct analysis of cyanide. 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA), a cyanide metabolite, seems to be the only surrogate that is being used in the detection of cyanide because of its stability and its cyanide-dependent quality in a biological matrix. Unfortunately, toxicokinetic studies on diverse animal models suggest significant interspecies differences; therefore, the attempt to extrapolate animal models to human models may be unsuccessful. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of ATCA as a forensic marker of cyanide exposure. For this purpose, post-mortem materials (blood and organs) from fire victims (n = 32) and cyanide-poisoned persons (n = 3) were collected. The distribution of ATCA in organs and its thermal stability were evaluated. The variability of cyanides in a putrid sample and in the context of their long-term and higher temperature stability was established. The presence of ATCA was detected by using an LC-MS/MS method and that of cyanide was detected spectrofluorimetrically. This is the first report on the endogenous ATCA concentrations and the determination of ATCA distribution in tissues of fire victims and cyanide-poisoned persons. It was found that blood and heart had the highest ATCA concentrations. ATCA was observed to be thermally stable even at 90 °C. Even though the cyanide concentration was not elevated in putrid samples, it was unstable during long-term storage and at higher temperature, as expected. The relationship between ATCA and cyanides was also observed. Higher ATCA concentrations were related to increased levels of cyanide in blood and organs (less prominent). ATCA seems to be a reliable forensic marker of exposure to lethal doses of cyanide.
authors.affiliation: Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw , 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rużycka
authors.affiliation: Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw , 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2567-4453
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giebułtowicz
authors.affiliation: Forensic Medicine Department, Medical University of Warsaw , 1 Oczki Street, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fudalej
authors.affiliation: Forensic Medicine Department, Medical University of Warsaw , 1 Oczki Street, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krajewski
authors.affiliation: Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw , 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wroczyński
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D003486:Cyanides / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003486:Cyanides; D013844:Thiazoles; C015674:2-amino-delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid