title: Can voluntary pooled procurement reduce the price of antiretroviral drugs? a case study of Efavirenz.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : A number of strategies have aimed to assist countries in procuring antiretroviral therapy (ARV) at lower prices. In 2009, as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) commenced a voluntary pooled procurement scheme, however, the impact of the scheme on ARV prices remains uncertain. This study aims to estimate the effect of VPP on drug prices using Efavirenz as a case study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis uses WHO Global price report mechanism (GPRM) data from 2004 to 2013. Due to the highly skewed distribution of drug Prices, a generalized linear model (GLM) was used to conduct a difference-in-difference estimation of drug price changes over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These analyses found that voluntary pooled procurement reduced both the ex-works price of generic Efavirenz and the incoterms price by 16.2 and 19.1%, respectively ( P <  0.001) in both cases). The year dummies were also statistically significant from 2006 to 2013 ( P <  0.001), indicating a strong decreasing trend in the price of Efavirenz over that period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Voluntary pooled procurement significantly reduced the price of 600 mg generic Efavirenz between 2009 and 2013. Voluntary pooled procurement therefore offers a potentially effective strategy for the reduction in HIV drug prices and the improvement of technical efficiency in HIV programming. Further work is required to establish if these findings hold also for other drugs.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trial Unit, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.|UCL Institute for Global Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sung Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: UCL Institute for Global Health, London, UK.|London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jolene
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skordis-Worrall
mesh_terms: D000480:Alkynes; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D003906:Developing Countries; D016527:Drug Costs; D014943:Global Health; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D019982:Organizational Case Studies
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; C098320:efavirenz
keywords: Difference-in-difference; procurement price; the global fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria (GFATM); voluntary pooled procurement