title: Dynamics of Weight Change and Temperature of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies in a Wintering Building With Controlled Temperature.
abstract: Honey bee wintering in a wintering building (indoors) with controlled microclimate is used in some cold regions to minimize colony losses due to the hard weather conditions. The behavior and possible state of bee colonies in a dark room, isolated from natural environment during winter season, was studied by indirect temperature measurements to analyze the expression of their annual rhythm when it is not affected by ambient temperature, rain, snow, wind, and daylight. Thus, the observed behavior in the wintering building is initiated solely by bee colony internal processes. Experiments were carried out to determine the dynamics of temperature above the upper hive body and weight dynamics of indoors and outdoors wintered honey bee colonies and their brood-rearing performance in spring. We found significantly lower honey consumption-related weight loss of indoor wintered colonies compared with outdoor colonies, while no significant difference in the amount of open or sealed brood was found, suggesting that wintering building saves food and physiological resources without an impact on colony activity in spring. Indoor wintered colonies, with or without thermal insulation, did not have significant differences in food consumption and brood rearing in spring. The thermal behavior and weight dynamics of all experimental groups has changed in the middle of February possibly due to increased brood-rearing activity. Temperature measurement above the upper hive body is a convenient remote monitoring method of wintering process. Predictability of food consumption in a wintering building, with constant temperature, enables wintering without oversupply of wintering honey.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Systems, Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stalidzans
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Systems, Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zacepins
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Systems, Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kviesis
authors.affiliation: Latvia Beekeepers' Association, Jelgava, Latvia.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brusbardis
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Systems, Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia.|Corresponding author.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meitalovs
authors.affiliation: Department of Control Systems, Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paura
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Systems, Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bulipopa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liepniece
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056630:Beekeeping / Q000379:methods*; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis; D007844:Latvia; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature
keywords: bee colony monitoring; bee colony temperature and weight dynamics; indoors wintering; precision apiculture; precision beekeeping