title: Social-ecological outcomes in recreational fisheries: the interaction of lakeshore development and stocking.
abstract: Many ecosystems continue to experience rapid transformations due to processes like land use change and resource extraction. A systems approach to maintaining natural resources focuses on how interactions and feedbacks among components of complex social-ecological systems generate social and ecological outcomes. In recreational fisheries, residential shoreline development and fish stocking are two widespread human behaviors that influence fisheries, yet emergent social-ecological outcomes from these potentially interacting behaviors remain under explored. We applied a social-ecological systems framework using a simulation model and empirical data to determine whether lakeshore development is likely to promote stocking through its adverse effects on coarse woody habitat and thereby also on survival of juvenile and adult fish. We demonstrate that high lakeshore development is likely to generate dependency of the ecosystem on the social system, in the form of stocking. Further, lakeshore development can interact with social-ecological processes to create deficits for state-level governments, which threatens the ability to fund further ecosystem subsidies. Our results highlight the value of a social-ecological framework for maintaining ecosystem services like recreational fisheries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.|Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie (GRIL).
authors.forename: Jacob P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 264 Galvin, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Golebie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 264 Galvin, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Stuart E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: United States Geological Survey, Lake St W and 3rd St, Oswego, NY, 13126, USA.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Weidel
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.|Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie (GRIL).|Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005398:Fisheries; D060106:Lakes; D011998:Recreation; D012931:Social Environment; D014922:Wisconsin
keywords: coarse woody habitat; lakeshore development; natural recruitment; recreational fisheries; refuge; social-ecological systems; stocking