title: Source identification and spatial distribution of heavy metals in tobacco-growing soils in Shandong province of China with multivariate and geostatistical analysis.
abstract: Samples of surface soil from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) fields were analysed for heavy metals and showed the following concentrations (mean of 246 samples, mg/kg): As, 5.10; Cd, 0.11; Cr, 49.49; Cu, 14.72; Hg, 0.08; Ni, 19.28; Pb. 20.20 and Zn, 30.76. The values of the index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) and of the enrichment factor indicated modest enrichment with As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni or Pb. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis correctly allocated each investigated element to its source, whether anthropogenic or natural. The results were consistent with estimated inputs of heavy metals from fertilizers, irrigation water and atmospheric deposition. The variation in the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the soil was mainly due to long-term agricultural practises, and that of Cr and Ni was mainly due to the soil parent material, whereas the source of Hg was industrial activity, which ultimately led to atmospheric deposition. Atmospheric deposition was the main exogenous source of heavy metals, and fertilizers also played an important role in the accumulation of these elements in soil. Identifying the sources of heavy metals in agricultural soils can serve as a basis for appropriate action to control and reduce the addition of heavy metals to cultivated soils.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing (Ministry of Agriculture), Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong province, China.
authors.forename: Haiwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing (Ministry of Agriculture), Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong province, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing (Ministry of Agriculture), Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong province, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing (Ministry of Agriculture), Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong province, China.
authors.forename: Xiuxuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing (Ministry of Agriculture), Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong province, China. shiyi@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Shandong Academy of Tobacco Science, Jinan, Shandong province, China. jialxu2004@163.com.
authors.forename: Jialai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D002681:China; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D007221:Industry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Agricultural soils; Cluster analysis; Geographic information system; Pollution assessment; Principal component analysis