title: Prediction of neonatal respiratory distress in pregnancies complicated by fetal lung masses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article is to evaluate the utility of fetal lung mass imaging for predicting neonatal respiratory distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancies with fetal lung masses between 2009 and 2014 at a single center were analyzed. Neonatal respiratory distress was defined as intubation and mechanical ventilation at birth, surgery before discharge, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The predictive utility of the initial as well as maximal lung mass volume and congenital pulmonary airway malformation volume ratio by ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven fetal lung mass cases were included; of those, eight (17%) had respiratory distress. The initial US was performed at similar gestational ages in pregnancies with and without respiratory distress (26.4 ± 5.6 vs 22.3 ± 3 weeks, p = 0.09); however, those with respiratory distress had higher congenital volume ratio at that time (1.0 vs 0.3, p = 0.01). The strongest predictors of respiratory distress were maximal volume >24.0 cm3by MRI (100% sensitivity, 91% specificity, 60% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value) and maximal volume >34.0 cm3by US (100% sensitivity, 85% specificity, 54% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound and MRI parameters can predict neonatal respiratory distress, even when obtained before 24 weeks. Third trimester parameters demonstrated the best positive predictive value. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Anna I
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-4243
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Girsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|Fetal and Pregnancy Health Program, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hintz
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine Research Institute, King's College University Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sammour
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Aasim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naqvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|Fetal and Pregnancy Health Program, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Yasser Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sherwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|Fetal and Pregnancy Health Program, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexis S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|Fetal and Pregnancy Health Program, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Valerie Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Chock
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|Fetal and Pregnancy Health Program, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|Fetal and Pregnancy Health Program, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rubesova
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|Fetal and Pregnancy Health Program, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Karl G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Sylvester
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|Fetal and Pregnancy Health Program, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chitkara
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.|Fetal and Pregnancy Health Program, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Yair J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Blumenfeld
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005333:Fetus / Q000473:pathology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009929:Organ Size; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal