title: No clinically relevant effects in children after accidental ingestion of Panaeolina foenisecii (lawn mower's mushroom).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Panaeolina foenisecii is one of the most common and widely distributed lawn mushrooms in Europe and North America, and frequently involved in accidental mushroom ingestion, mainly in children. Nevertheless, there is contradictory information regarding the toxicity profile of P. foenisecii in the literature. Objective of the study was to assess clinical effects with particular attention on psychoactive properties of P. foenisecii in case of accidental oral exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational case series is based on prospectively collected data on mushroom poisoning using a structured data collection form, and it was performed in seven poisons centres in Germany and Switzerland. Inclusion criteria were accidental ingestion of at least one cap of P. foenisecii identified by a mycologist, and a follow up of at least 4 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen cases met all inclusion criteria, and only children were involved with a mean age of 3 years. They ingested 1-2 mushrooms in 14 cases and 3-5 mushrooms in five cases. Three patients received a single dose of activated charcoal. Sixteen out of 19 cases did not develop any symptoms, 2/19 complained of minor abdominal discomfort. One child was temporarily mildly hyperactive, and this was the only patient observed in a hospital for 12 hours. None of the children showed signs of hallucinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This multicentre study demonstrates that the typically small amounts of P. foenisecii ingested by children probably do not lead to clinically significant symptoms.
authors.affiliation: a National Poisons Information Centre Tox Info Suisse, Associated Institute of the University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|b Society for Clinical Toxicology (Gesellschaft für Klinische Toxikologie) GfKT , Mainz , Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Schenk-Jaeger
authors.affiliation: a National Poisons Information Centre Tox Info Suisse, Associated Institute of the University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|b Society for Clinical Toxicology (Gesellschaft für Klinische Toxikologie) GfKT , Mainz , Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hofer-Lentner
authors.affiliation: b Society for Clinical Toxicology (Gesellschaft für Klinische Toxikologie) GfKT , Mainz , Germany.|c Poisons Information Centre Erfurt , Erfurt , Germany.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Plenert
authors.affiliation: b Society for Clinical Toxicology (Gesellschaft für Klinische Toxikologie) GfKT , Mainz , Germany.|d Poisons Center and Clinical Toxicology , Mainz , Germany.
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eckart
authors.affiliation: b Society for Clinical Toxicology (Gesellschaft für Klinische Toxikologie) GfKT , Mainz , Germany.|e Toxikologische Abteilung, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haberl
authors.affiliation: b Society for Clinical Toxicology (Gesellschaft für Klinische Toxikologie) GfKT , Mainz , Germany.|f GIZ - Nord Poisons Center, University Medical Center Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: b Society for Clinical Toxicology (Gesellschaft für Klinische Toxikologie) GfKT , Mainz , Germany.|g Poisons Information Centre Berlin , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borchert-Avalone
authors.affiliation: b Society for Clinical Toxicology (Gesellschaft für Klinische Toxikologie) GfKT , Mainz , Germany.|h Poisons Information Centre, University Medical Centre Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stedtler
authors.affiliation: b Society for Clinical Toxicology (Gesellschaft für Klinische Toxikologie) GfKT , Mainz , Germany.|e Toxikologische Abteilung, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany.
authors.forename: Rudolph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pfab
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales; D000931:Antidotes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002606:Charcoal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009145:Mushroom Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011039:Poison Control Centers; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: Lawn mushroom; Panaeolus; hallucinogenic; mycologist; pediatric; poisoning; psilocybin