title: Population genetic analysis of Giardia duodenalis: genetic diversity and haplotype sharing between clinical and environmental sources.
abstract: Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated intestinal protozoan responsible for infections in various hosts including humans and several wild and domestic animals. Few studies have correlated environmental contamination and clinical infections in the same region. The aim of this study was to compare groups of Giardia duodenalis from clinical and environmental sources through population genetic analyses to verify haplotype sharing and the degree of genetic similarity among populations from clinical and environmental sources in the metropolitan region of Campinas. The results showed high diversity of haplotypes and substantial genetic similarity between clinical and environmental groups of G. duodenalis. We demonstrated sharing of Giardia genotypes among the different populations studied. The comparison between veterinary and human sequences led us to identify new zoonotic genotypes, including human isolates from genetic assemblage C. The application of a population genetic analysis in epidemiological studies allows quantification of the degree of genetic similarity among populations of Giardia duodenalis from different sources of contamination. The genetic similarity of Giardia isolates among human, veterinary, and environmental groups reinforced the correlation between clinical and environmental isolates in this region, which is of great importance for public health.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durigan
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia - ESALQ - Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciampi-Guillardi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo C A
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Greinert-Goulart
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabel C V
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Siqueira-Castro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego A G
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamashiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Taís R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Bonatti
authors.affiliation: APTA - Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Pólo Regional Centro Sul, Piracicaba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Zucchi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Regina M B
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.|Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anete P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: de Souza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population; D018503:Genome, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics*; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan
keywords: 
  Giardia duodenalis
  ; clinical samples; environmental sources; genetic diversity; haplotype sharing; population genetics