title: Aortic Atherosclerosis Determines Increased Retrograde Blood Flow as a Potential Mechanism of Retrograde Embolic Stroke.
abstract: Retrograde brain embolization from complex plaques of the proximal descending aorta (DAo) has been identified as a new potential mechanism of stroke. Our purpose was to identify predictors of increased retrograde aortic blood flow indicating an elevated risk of brain embolization from the DAo.
  
  
  
  A total of 485 patients with acute ischemic stroke were prospectively included and underwent transesophageal echocardiography. Blood flow velocities in the proximal DAo were studied using 2D pulse-wave Doppler ultrasound. Velocity-time integrals (VTI) were calculated for antegrade and retrograde velocity directions. The ratio (VTIretrograde/VTIantegrade) was used to estimate retrograde flow extent. Associations between patient demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, echocardiographic parameters, and VTIratio were analyzed using multivariate linear regression.
  
  
  
  Retrograde blood flow in the DAo occurred in all patients. Velocity profiles in the proximal DAo were as follows (mean ± SD): VTIantegrade = 21.1 ± 6.5, VTIretrograde = 11.0 ± 3.6, and VTIratio = 0.54 ± 0.16. Diameter (r = 0.25, p < 0.001), presence of complex plaques (r = 0.12, p = 0.007), and reduced strain of the DAo (r = -0.23, p < 0.001) had significant partial effects in a predictor model based on predefined variables, which predicted 26% (adjusted R2 = 0.26) of the variance in VTIratio. A unit increase in the DAo diameter was associated with a 2% increase in VTIratio (95% CI 1-2.8%, p < 0.001). Presence of complex plaques increased VTIratio by 7% (95% CI 2-13%, p = 0.007) and an increase in strain by 0.1 indicated a decrease in VTIratio by about 11% (95% CI 6.2-15.5%, p < 0.001). Complex atheroma was found in the proximal DAo of 79 subjects, of which 40 (50.6%) had a VTIratio above average (VTIratio ≥0.54) compared to 87 of 261 (33.3%) patients without any complex plaques (p < 0.001). Twenty-five of 79 (31.7%) patients with complex DAo plaques had a VTIratio ≥0.60, which indicates a high likelihood of retrograde pathline length of ≥3 cm and thus increased risk of retrograde cerebral embolization. Stroke etiology of those 25 patients was determined in 13 and cryptogenic in 12 cases.
  
  
  
  Retrograde blood flow in the DAo was found in all stroke patients. However, it increased further in patients with concomitant complex plaques, low strain, and/or large aortic diameter, that is, in those with atherosclerosis of the DAo. Accordingly, such patients may be predisposed to retrograde embolization in case of occurrence of a complex plaque in proximity to a brain-supplying artery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wehrum
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guenther
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vach
authors.forename: Beryl Primrose
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Gladstone
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Kehzong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Christoph Johannes
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harloff
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology