title: Contrasting morphological and DNA barcode-suggested species boundaries among shallow-water amphipod fauna from the southern European Atlantic coast.
abstract: In this study we compared DNA barcode-suggested species boundaries with morphology-based species identifications in the amphipod fauna of the southern European Atlantic coast. DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I barcode region (COI-5P) were generated for 43 morphospecies (178 specimens) collected along the Portuguese coast which, together with publicly available COI-5P sequences, produced a final dataset comprising 68 morphospecies and 295 sequences. Seventy-five BINs (Barcode Index Numbers) were assigned to these morphospecies, of which 48 were concordant (i.e., 1 BIN = 1 species), 8 were taxonomically discordant, and 19 were singletons. Twelve species had matching sequences (<2% distance) with conspecifics from distant locations (e.g., North Sea). Seven morphospecies were assigned to multiple, and highly divergent, BINs, including specimens of Corophium multisetosum (18% divergence) and Dexamine spiniventris (16% divergence), which originated from sampling locations on the west coast of Portugal (only about 36 and 250 km apart, respectively). We also found deep divergence (4%-22%) among specimens of seven species from Portugal compared to those from the North Sea and Italy. The detection of evolutionarily meaningful divergence among populations of several amphipod species from southern Europe reinforces the need for a comprehensive re-assessment of the diversity of this faunal group.
authors.affiliation: a CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.|b MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.affiliation: a CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: a CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ilisa C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.affiliation: a CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marcos A L
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: a CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.|c L3 Scientific Solutions, Runder Berg 7a, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Luisa M S
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: a CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.|d CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 123, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ronaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.affiliation: a CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: b MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria Helena
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: e Departamento de Biologia & CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marina R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: a CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Filipe O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: Amphipoda; DNA barcode reference library; banque de données de référence de codes à barres de l’ADN; cryptic species; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I; espèces cryptiques; sous-unité I de la cytochrome c oxydase