title: Occurrence of brassinosteroids in non-flowering land plants, liverwort, moss, lycophyte and fern.
abstract: Endogenous brassinosteroids (BRs) in non-flowering land plants were analyzed. BRs were found in a liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha), a moss (Physcomitrella patens), lycophytes (Selaginella moellendorffii and S. uncinata) and 13 fern species. A biologically active BR, castasterone (CS), was identified in most of these non-flowering plants but another biologically active BR, brassinolide, was not. It may be distinctive that levels of CS in non-flowering plants were orders of magnitude lower than those in flowering plants. 22-Hydroxycampesterol and its metabolites were identified in most of the non-flowering plants suggesting that the biosynthesis of BRs via 22-hydroxylation of campesterol occurs as in flowering plants. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that M. polymorpha, P. patens and S. moellendorffii have cytochrome P450s in the CYP85 clans which harbors BR biosynthesis enzymes, although the P450 profiles are simpler as compared with Arabidopsis and rice. Furthermore, these basal land plants were found to have multiple P450s in the CYP72 clan which harbors enzymes to catabolize BRs. These findings indicate that green plants were able to synthesize and inactivate BRs from the land-transition stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan. Electronic address: yokota@nasu.bio.teikyo-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asahina
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimitsune
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohchi
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000737:chemistry; D060406:Brassinosteroids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D044002:Bryophyta / Q000737:chemistry; D019068:Bryopsida / Q000737:chemistry; D032462:Cycadopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D029624:Ferns / Q000737:chemistry; D035926:Hepatophyta / Q000737:chemistry; D047008:Marchantia / Q000737:chemistry; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D010802:Phylogeny; D032503:Selaginellaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D013260:Steroids, Heterocyclic
chemical_list: D060406:Brassinosteroids; D013260:Steroids, Heterocyclic; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C023623:brassinolide
keywords: 24-epi-Castasterone (PubChem CID: 11812633); 28-homo-Castasterone (PubChem CID: 5487654); 3-epi-6-Deoxocathasterone (PubChem CID: 45480560); 6-Deoxocastasterone (PubChem CID: 13870433); 6-Deoxocathasterone (PubChem CID: 16061344); Biosynthesis and catabolism; Brassinosteroids; CYP72; CYP85; Campesterol (PubChem CID: 173183); Cytochrome P450; Evolution; Ferns; Funariaceae; Marchantia polymorpha; Marchantiaceae; Oryza sativa; Physcomitrella patens; Poaceae; Selaginella moellendorffii and S. uncinata; Selaginellaceae; Zea mays; castasterone (PubChem CID: 133534)