title: The global incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by subsite in 2012.
abstract: By using data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer publication Cancer Incidence in 5 Continents and GLOBOCAN, this report provides the first consolidated global estimation of the subsite distribution of new cases of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by country, sex, and age for the year 2012. Major geographically based, sex-based, and age-based variations in the incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by subsite were observed. Lip cancers were highly frequent in Australia (associated with solar radiation) and in central and eastern Europe (associated with tobacco smoking). Cancers of the oral cavity and hypopharynx were highly common in south-central Asia, especially in India (associated with smokeless tobacco, bidi, and betel-quid use). Rates of oropharyngeal cancers were elevated in northern America and Europe, notably in Hungary, Slovakia, Germany, and France and were associated with alcohol use, tobacco smoking, and human papillomavirus infection. Nasopharyngeal cancers were most common in northern Africa and eastern/southeast Asia, indicative of genetic susceptibility combined with Epstein-Barr virus infection and early life carcinogenic exposures (nitrosamines and salted foods). The global incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers of 529,500, corresponding to 3.8% of all cancer cases, is predicted to rise by 62% to 856,000 cases by 2035 because of changes in demographics. Given the rising incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers and the variations in incidence by subsites across world regions and countries, there is a need for local, tailored approaches to prevention, screening, and treatment interventions that will optimally reduce the lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancer burden in future decades. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:51-64. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
authors.affiliation: Postdoctoral Researcher, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Shield
authors.affiliation: Informatics Officer, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferlay
authors.affiliation: Vice President, Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Ahmedin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jemal
authors.affiliation: Special Advisor and Group Head, Screening Group, Section of Early Detection and Prevention, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Rengaswamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sankaranarayanan
authors.affiliation: Investigator, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.affiliation: Section Head, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Freddie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.affiliation: Scientist, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Soerjomataram
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008048:Lip Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017678:Sex Distribution
keywords: incidence; lip; mouth; neoplasms; pharynx