title: Molecular Modeling Evaluation of the Enantiomers of a Novel Adenylyl Cyclase 2 Inhibitor.
abstract: Adenylyl cyclase 2 (AC2) is one of nine membrane-bound isoforms of adenylyl cyclase that converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP), an important second messenger molecule. Upregulation of AC2 is linked to cancers like pancreatic and small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The structures of the various isoforms of adenylyl cyclases are highly homologous, posing a significant challenge to drug discovery efforts for an effective, isoform-selective modulator of AC2. In a previous study, a screen identified a potential isoform-selective and noncompetitive inhibitor of AC2, SKF83566. In the present study, molecular modeling is used to explore the mode of inhibition of AC2 by SKF83566 and to investigate the active enantiomer of SKF83566. Homology models of hAC2 were built based on canine AC5-C1a and rat AC2-C2a templates. With these models, a combination of flexible docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and free energy calculations using the MM/GBSA methodology suggested an allosteric mechanism in which (S)-SKF83566 binds to an allosteric site near ATP and alters the protein conformation of the ATP binding site, potentially preventing the adenosine moiety of ATP from forming an archlike shape to form cAMP. The predicted binding preference for the (S)-SKF83566 enantiomer and the predicted free energy are consistent with the experimental data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soto-Velasquez
authors.affiliation: Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5064-2381
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: León
authors.affiliation: Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi , Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Val J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Markus A
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3023-5188
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lill
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; C100622:adenylyl cyclase 2