title: Correlations of atrial diameter and frontooccipital horn ratio with ventricle size in fetal ventriculomegaly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Fetal ventriculomegaly (FV), or enlarged cerebral ventricles in utero, is defined in fetal studies as an atrial diameter (AD) greater than 10 mm. In postnatal studies, the frontooccipital horn ratio (FOHR) is commonly used as a proxy for ventricle size (VS); however, its role in FV has not been assessed. Using image analysis techniques to quantify VS on fetal MR images, authors of the present study examined correlations between linear measures (AD and FOHR) and VS in patients with FV. METHODS The authors performed a cross-sectional study using fetal MR images to measure AD in the axial plane at the level of the atria of the lateral ventricles and to calculate FOHR as the average of the frontal and occipital horn diameters divided by the biparietal distance. Computer software was used to separately segment and measure the area of the ventricle and the ventricle plus the subarachnoid space in 2 dimensions. Segmentation was performed on axial slices 3 above and 3 below the slice used to measure AD, and measurements for each slice were combined to yield a volume, or 3D VS. The VS was expressed as the absolute number of voxels (non-normalized) and as the number of voxels divided by intracranial size (normalized). A Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure the strength of the relationships between the linear measures and the size of segmented regions in 2 and 3 dimensions and over various gestational ages (GAs). Differences between correlations were compared using Steiger's z-test. RESULTS Fifty FV patients who had undergone fetal MRI between 2008 and 2014 were included in the study. The mean GA was 26.3 ± 5.4 weeks. The mean AD was 18.1 ± 8.3 mm, and the mean FOHR was 0.49 ± 0.11. When using absolute VS, the correlation between AD and 3D VS (r = 0.844, p < 0.0001) was significantly higher than that between FOHR and 3D VS (r = 0.668, p < 0.0001; p = 0.0004, Steiger's z-test). However, when VS was normalized, correlations were not significantly different between AD and 3D VS (r = 0.830, p < 0.0001) or FOHR and 3D VS (r = 0.842, p < 0.0001; p = 0.8, Steiger's z-test). For GAs of 24 weeks or earlier, AD correlated more strongly with normalized 3D VS (r = 0.902, p < 0.0001) than with FOHR (r = 0.674, p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001, Steiger's z-test). After 24 weeks, there was no difference in correlations between linear measures (AD or FOHR) and 3D VS (r > 0.9). Correlations of linear measures with VS in 2 and 3 dimensions were similar, and inclusion of the subarachnoid space did not significantly alter results. CONCLUSIONS Findings in the study support the use of AD as a measure of VS in fetal studies as it correlates highly with both absolute and relative VS, especially at early GAs, and captures the preferential dilation of the occipital horns in patients with FV. Compared with AD, FOHR similarly correlates with normalized VS and, after a GA of 24 weeks, can be reported in fetal studies to provide continuity with postnatal monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery.|Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jared M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pisapia
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rozycki
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akbari
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakas
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Jayesh P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Thawani
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Special Delivery Unit; and.
authors.forename: Julie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Moldenhauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery.|Divisions of 4 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Phillip B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.affiliation: Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Zarnow
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davatzikos
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery.|Divisions of 4 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Heuer
mesh_terms: D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014695:Cerebral Ventriculography / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009929:Organ Size; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: AD = atrial diameter; CHOP = Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; FOHR = frontooccipital horn ratio; FV = fetal ventriculomegaly; GA = gestational age; VS = ventricle size; atrial diameter; correlation; fetal magnetic resonance imaging; fetal ventriculomegaly; frontooccipital horn ratio; hydrocephalus