title: The Effect of Acute Stress on Esophageal Motility and Gastroesophageal Reflux in Healthy Humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little research has been done to evaluate the effect of stress in exacerbating the symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux (GER). We aimed to investigate the effect of acute stress on esophageal motility and GER parameters in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 10 (M:F = 8:2, median age 34 years-old) healthy volunteers without any recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms participated in this study. They underwent esophageal high-resolution manometry with 10 wet swallows (Experiment I) and esophageal impedance-pH monitoring (Experiment II) in the basal period and in the stress period. In the stress period, either real stress or sham stress was given in a randomized cross-over design. The stress scores, symptom severity, and pulse rates were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stress scores and the severity of nausea were significantly greater under real stress, compared with sham stress. The percentages of weak, failed, rapid, premature, and hyper-contractile contractions were not significantly altered during real stress and during sham stress, compared with the basal period. The median resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter and distal contractile integral of esophageal contractions did not differ in the stress period, compared with the basal period. Contractile front velocity and distal latency of esophageal peristaltic contractions were significantly changed during real stress, which was not observed during sham stress. GER parameters were not significantly altered during real stress and during sham stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although acute auditory and visual stress seems to affect esophageal body motility, it does not induce significant motor abnormalities or increase GER in healthy humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.|Department of Gastroenterology, Seonam University College of Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Hong Sub
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Chung Kyun
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Jae
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Esophageal motility; Gastroesophageal reflux; Stress