title: The Prevention and Treatment of Retinal Complications in Diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus can cause retino pathy and maculopathy, which can irreversibly damage vision and lead to blindness. The prevalence of retinopathy is 9-16% in patients with type 2 diabetes and 24-27% in patients with type 1 diabetes. 0.2-0.5% of diabetics are blind.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Disease Management Guideline on the prevention and treatment of retinal complications in diabetes was updated according to recommendations developed by seven scientific medical societies and organizations and by patient representatives and then approved in a formal consensus process. These recommendations are based on international guidelines and systematic reviews of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regular ophthalmological examinations enable the detection of retinopathy in early, better treatable stages. The control intervals should be based on the individual risk profile: 2 years for low-risk patients and 1 year for others, or even shorter depending on the severity of retinopathy. General risk factors for retinopathy include the duration of diabetes, the degree of hyperglycemia, hypertension, and diabetic nephropathy. The general, individually adapted treatment strategies are aimed at improving the risk profile. The most important specifically ophthalmological treatment recommendations are for panretinal laser coagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and, in case of clinically significant diabetic macular edema with foveal involvement, for the intravitreal application of medications (mainly, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] inhibitors), if an improvement of vision with this treatment is thought to be possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular, risk-adapted ophthalmological examinations, with standardized documentation of the findings for communication between ophthalmologists and the patients' treating primary care physicians/diabetologists, is essential for the prevention of diabetic retinal complications, and for their optimal treatment if they are already present.
authors.affiliation: German Agency for Quality in Medicine (ÄZQ), Berlin.
authors.forename: Susanne Gabriele
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Schorr
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hammes
authors.forename: Ulrich Alfons
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Heinz-Harald
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Abholz
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landgraf
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bertram
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008269:Macular Edema; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A