title: Two new karlotoxins found in Karlodinium veneficum (strain GM2) from the East China Sea.
abstract: The dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum is a harmful algal bloom species with a worldwide distribution. This small athecate dinoflagellate makes a family of polyketide toxins that are hemolytic, cytotoxic and ichthyotoxic. The first chemical structure for karlotoxins from East China Sea (ECS) is reported here. The two new karlotoxins, namely 4,5-dihydro-KmTx 2 (compound 1) and 4,5-dihydro-dechloro-KmTx 2 (compound 2), were isolated and purified from monoalgal cultures of K. veneficum strain GM2. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, including tandem mass spectrometry as well as 1D and 2D NMR experiments. These new karlotoxin congeners feature a saturated polyol arm different from previously reported for KmTx 2 that appears to increase hemolytic activity.
authors.affiliation: LiDakSum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Center for Collaborative Innovation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
authors.forename: Pengjie
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: LiDakSum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Center for Collaborative Innovation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo 315211, China. Electronic address: heshan@nbu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo 315211, China.
authors.forename: Chengxu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Center for Environmental Research, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, 701 E. Pratt, St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
authors.forename: Allen R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Place
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, Baltimore, Graduate School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Saddef
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.affiliation: LiDakSum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
authors.forename: Lijian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Center for Collaborative Innovation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
authors.forename: Haimin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo 315211, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: LiDakSum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
authors.forename: Yaru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: LiDakSum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
authors.forename: Jinrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Center for Collaborative Innovation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo 315211, China. Electronic address: yanxiaojun@nbu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry*; D057097:Harmful Algal Bloom; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins
keywords: Dinoflagellate; East China Sea; Hemolysis; Karlodinium veneficum; Karlotoxin