title: Green chemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles by using Penicillium aculeatum and their scolicidal activity against hydatid cyst protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus.
abstract: Hydatid disease is a helminth infection with various clinical complications caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The scolicidal agents have been broadly applied for inactivation of the fertile cysts up to now, but these scolicidal agents have several side effects on patients. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the scolicidal activity of green synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) utilizing mycelia-free culture filtrate of Penicillium aculeatum against hydatid cyst protoscolices of E. granulosus. The size and morphology of AuNPs were affirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis of AuNPs showed the presence of possible functional groups responsible for the bioreduction and capping. The AuNPs were formed relatively uniform with spherical shape and superior monodispersity with the average diameter of 60 nm. Consequently, various concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/mL) of green synthesized AuNPs and different exposure times (10, 30, 60, and 120 min) were used against hydatid cyst protoscolices. Statistically, the difference between the scolicidal effects of AuNPs were seen extremely significant for all four concentrations and at various exposure times in comparison to the control group (P < 0.0001). The most mean protoscolex elimination ratio was 94% (0.3 mg/mL AuNPs and 120-min exposure time). The current investigation indicated that applying biogenic AuNPs may be considered as a potential scolicidal agent for cystic hydatid disease. However, further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of AuNPs in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barabadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. shonary@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Soheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honary
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Milad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ahmadpour
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Taghi
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health at Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alizadeh
authors.affiliation: School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naghibi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia. bioinfosaran@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Muthupandian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saravanan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004443:Echinococcosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D048209:Echinococcus granulosus; D006046:Gold; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010407:Penicillium; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D006046:Gold
keywords: Echinococcus granulosus; Gold nanoparticles; Green synthesis; Scolicidal activity