title: Targeting the PD-1 pathway: a new hope for gastrointestinal cancers.
abstract: VEGF, HER2 and EGFR targeted agents are currently used in gastric, esophageal and colorectal cancers. However, treatment outcomes are still poor in most gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Immune checkpoints are one of the most promising immunotherapy approaches. In this review article, we aim to discuss the efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies in GI cancers, including gastric, esophageal and colorectal cancer in published or reported recent studies.
  
  
  
  A literature search was made from PubMed and ASCO Annual Meeting abstracts by using the following search keywords: "nivolumab", "pembrolizumab", "avelumab", "GI cancers" "anti-PD1 therapy" and "anti-PD-L1 therapy". The last search was on 2 November 2016. The most important limitation of our review is that most of the data on anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies in GI cancers relies on phase 1 and 2 trials.
  
  
  
  Currently, there are two anti-PD-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and one anti-PDL1 (atezolizumab) agents approved by FDA. After the treatment efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade was shown in melanoma, renal cell cancer and non-squamous lung cancer, trials which evaluate immune checkpoint blockade in GI cancers are ongoing. Early results of trials have been promising and encouraging for patients with advanced stage gastroesophageal cancer. According to early results of published trials, response to anti-PD1/PD-L1 agents appears to be associated with tumor PD-L1 levels. According to two recently published phase 2 trials, the clinical benefits of immune checkpoint blockade with both nivolumab and pembrolizumab were limited in patients with microsatellite instability (MSI) positive advanced colorectal cancer. However, several phase 2/3 trials are still ongoing.
  
  
  
  Both pembrolizumab and nivolumab show promising efficacy with acceptable safety data in published trials in GI cancers, especially in refractory MSI positive metastatic colorectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: a Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bilgin
authors.affiliation: a Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet A N
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sendur
authors.affiliation: a Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bülent Akıncı
authors.affiliation: a Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Didem
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Şener Dede
authors.affiliation: a Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yalçın
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Gastrointestinal cancer; PD-1; PD-L1; immune checkpoint blockade; immunotherapy; nivolumab; pembrolizumab