title: Polyphenol rich ethanolic extract from Boerhavia diffusa L. mitigates angiotensin II induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in rats.
abstract: Boerhavia diffusa is a renowned edible medicinal plant extensively used against different ailments including heart diseases in the traditional system of medicine in several countries. The present study aims to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of ethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa (BDE) on cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) in male wistar rats and to identify the active components present in it. A substantial increase of hypertrophy markers such as cardiac mass index, concentration of ANP and BNP, cardiac injury markers like CK-MB, LDH and SGOT, has been observed in hypertrophied groups whereas BDE treatment attenuated these changes when compared to hypertrophied rats. Moreover, Ang II induced myocardial oxidative stress was reduced by BDE which was apparent from diminished level of lipid and protein oxidation products, increased activities of membrane bound ATPases and endogenous antioxidant enzymes along with enhanced translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol to nucleus. It appears that BDE evokes its antioxidant effects by attenuating lipid peroxidation, enhancing the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to nucleus as well as by regulating the metabolism of glutathione. The extent of fibrosis during cardiac hypertrophy was determined by histopathology analysis and the results revealed that BDE treatment considerably reduced the fibrosis in the heart. HPLC analysis of BDE leads to the identification of four compounds viz., quercetin, kaempferol, boeravinone B and caffeic acid. The study substantiate the effect of B. diffusa in protecting the heart from pathological hypertrophy and the attenuation of cardiac abnormalities may be partly attributed through the reduction of oxidative stress and cardiac fibrosis. Since the plant is widely used as a green leafy vegetable, incorporation of this plant in diet may be an alternative way for the prevention and better management of heart diseases and associated complications.
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Pappanamcode, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Prathapan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: A
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Mathews V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Abhilash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: S
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Pappanamcode, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Salin Raj
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: P
authors.affiliation: Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Pappanamcode, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Pappanamcode, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Anupama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: R Harikumaran
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Pappanamcode, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Electronic address: raghukgopal2009@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Raghu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: K G
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D039281:Nyctaginaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000431:Ethanol; D011794:Quercetin; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: B-type natriuretic peptide; Cardiac mass index; Collagen; Membrane bound ATPase; Nrf2