title: HCV Induces Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase, Increases Its Catalytic Activity, and Promotes Caspase Degradation in Infected Human Hepatocytes.
abstract: Telomerase repairs the telomeric ends of chromosomes and is active in nearly all malignant cells. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to be oncogenic and potential interactions with the telomerase system require further study. We determined the effects of HCV infection on human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression and enzyme activity in primary human hepatocytes and continuous cell lines.
  
  
  
  Primary human hepatocytes and Huh-7.5 hepatoma cells showed early de novo TERT protein expression 2-4 days after infection and these events coincided with increased TERT promoter activation, TERT mRNA, and telomerase activity. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that NS3-4A protease-helicase, in contrast to core or NS5A, specifically bound to the C-terminal region of TERT through interactions between helicase domain 2 and protease sequences. Increased telomerase activity was noted when NS3-4A was transfected into cells, when added to reconstituted mixtures of TERT and telomerase RNA, and when incubated with high molecular weight telomerase 'holoenzyme' complexes. The NS3-4A catalytic effect on telomerase was inhibited with primuline or danoprevir, agents that are known to inhibit NS3 helicase and protease activities respectively. In HCV infected cells, NS3-4A could be specifically recovered with telomerase holoenzyme complexes in contrast to NS5A or core protein. HCV infection also activated the effector caspase 7 which is known to target TERT. Activation coincided with the appearance of lower molecular weight carboxy-terminal fragment(s) of TERT, chiefly sized at 45 kD, which could be inhibited with pancaspase or caspase 7 inhibitors.
  
  
  
  HCV infection induces TERT expression and stimulates telomerase activity in addition to triggering Caspase activity that leads to increased TERT degradation. These activities suggest multiple points whereby the virus can influence neoplasia. The NS3-4A protease-helicase can directly bind to TERT, increase telomerase activity, and thus potentially influence telomere repair and host cell neoplastic behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States of America.|Department of Internal Medicine Roy G. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zhaowen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine Roy G. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Huy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States of America.
authors.forename: M Meleah
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mathahs
authors.affiliation: Central Microscopy Research Facility Roy G. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Thomas O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Moninger
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States of America.|Department of Internal Medicine Roy G. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Warren N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism*; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; C422952:telomerase RNA; D012313:RNA; C509186:TERT protein, human; D019098:Telomerase