title: Surface modification of copolymerized films from three-armed biodegradable macromers - An analytical platform for modified tissue engineering scaffolds.
abstract: The concept of macromers allows for a broad adjustment of biomaterial properties by macromer chemistry or copolymerization. Copolymerization strategies can also be used to introduce reactive sites for subsequent surface modification. Control over surface features enables adjustment of cellular reactions with regard to site and object of implantation. We designed macromer-derived polymer films which function as non-implantable analytical substrates for the investigation of surface properties of equally composed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. To this end, a toolbox of nine different biodegradable, three-armed macromers was thermally cross-copolymerized with poly(ethylene glycol)-methacrylate (PEG-MA) to films. Subsequent activation of PEG-hydroxyl groups with succinic anhydride and N-hydroxysuccinimid allowed for covalent surface modification. We quantified the capacity to immobilize analytes of low (amino-functionalized fluorescent dye, Fcad, and RGD-peptides) and high (alkaline phosphatase, ALP) molecular weight. Fcad grafting level was controlled by macromer chemistry, content and molecular weight of PEG-MA, but also the solvent used for film synthesis. Fcad molar amount per surface area was twentyfive times higher on high-swelling compared to low-swelling films, but differences became smaller when large ALP (appr. 2:1) were employed. Similarly, small differences were observed on RGD peptide functionalized films that were investigated by cell adhesion studies. Presentation of PEG-derivatives on surfaces was visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) which unraveled composition-dependent domain formation influencing fluorescent dye immobilization. Surface wetting characteristics were investigated via static water contact angle. We conclude that macromer ethoxylation and lactic acid content determined film swelling, PEG domain formation and eventually efficiency of surface decoration.
  
  
  
  Surfaces of implantable biomaterials are the site of interaction with a host tissue. Accordingly, modifications in the composition of the surface will determine cellular response towards the material which is crucial for the success of innovations and control of tissue regeneration. We employed a macromer approach which is most flexible for the design of biomaterials with a broad spectrum of physicochemical characteristics. For ideal analytical accessibility of the material platform, we cross-copolymerized films on solid supports. Films allowed for the covalent immobilization of fluorescent labels, peptides and enzymes and thorough analytical characterization revealed that macromer hydrophilicity is the most relevant design parameter for surface analyte presentation in these materials. All analytical results were combined in a model describing PEG linker domain formation and ligand presentation.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Straße 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany. Electronic address: benno.mueller@uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Benno M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Straße 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany. Electronic address: loth.rudi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loth
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Straße 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany. Electronic address: petergeorg.hoffmeister@uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Peter-Georg
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Hoffmeister
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Straße 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany. Electronic address: friederike.zuehl@yahoo.de.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zühl
authors.affiliation: Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, Leipzig 04103, Germany. Electronic address: liv.kalbitzer@uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Liv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kalbitzer
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Straße 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany. Electronic address: mhacker@uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Straße 15a, Leipzig 04317, Germany. Electronic address: schulz@rz.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schulz-Siegmund
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008689:Methacrylates; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D058105:Polymerization; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008689:Methacrylates; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011108:Polymers; D012997:Solvents; C524499:polyethylene glycol methacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
keywords: Analyte density; Cell adhesion; Macromer; Polymer film; Surface functionalization; Surface topography; Swelling properties