title: Anti-viral role of toll like receptor 4 in hepatitis B virus infection: Anin vitrostudy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Toll like receptors plays a significant anti-viral role in different infections. The aim of this study was to look into the role of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real time PCR was used to analyze the transcription of TLR4 signaling molecules, cell cycle regulators and HBV DNA viral load after triggering the HepG2.2.15 cells with TLR4 specific ligand. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB translocation on TLR4 activation was analyzed using microscopic techniques. Protein and cell cycle analysis was done using Western Blot and FACS respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study shows that TLR4 activation represses HBV infection. As a result of HBV suppression, there are several changes in host factors which include partial release in G1/S cell cycle arrest and changes in host epigenetic marks. Finally, it was observed that anti-viral action of TLR4 takes place through the NF-κB pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows that TLR4 activation in HBV infection brings about changes in hepatocyte microenvironment and can be used for developing a promising therapeutic target in future.
authors.affiliation: Dipanwita Das, Neelakshi Sarkar, Ananya Pal, Debraj Saha, Manikankana Bandopadhyay, Runu Chakravarty, ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID and BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, India.
authors.forename: Dipanwita
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Dipanwita Das, Neelakshi Sarkar, Ananya Pal, Debraj Saha, Manikankana Bandopadhyay, Runu Chakravarty, ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID and BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, India.
authors.forename: Neelakshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.affiliation: Dipanwita Das, Neelakshi Sarkar, Ananya Pal, Debraj Saha, Manikankana Bandopadhyay, Runu Chakravarty, ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID and BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, India.
authors.forename: Isha
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.affiliation: Dipanwita Das, Neelakshi Sarkar, Ananya Pal, Debraj Saha, Manikankana Bandopadhyay, Runu Chakravarty, ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID and BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, India.
authors.forename: Ananya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: Dipanwita Das, Neelakshi Sarkar, Ananya Pal, Debraj Saha, Manikankana Bandopadhyay, Runu Chakravarty, ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID and BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, India.
authors.forename: Debraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: Dipanwita Das, Neelakshi Sarkar, Ananya Pal, Debraj Saha, Manikankana Bandopadhyay, Runu Chakravarty, ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID and BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, India.
authors.forename: Manikankana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bandopadhyay
authors.affiliation: Dipanwita Das, Neelakshi Sarkar, Ananya Pal, Debraj Saha, Manikankana Bandopadhyay, Runu Chakravarty, ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID and BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, India.
authors.forename: Chandrima
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Dipanwita Das, Neelakshi Sarkar, Ananya Pal, Debraj Saha, Manikankana Bandopadhyay, Runu Chakravarty, ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID and BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, India.
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.affiliation: Dipanwita Das, Neelakshi Sarkar, Ananya Pal, Debraj Saha, Manikankana Bandopadhyay, Runu Chakravarty, ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID and BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, India.
authors.forename: Shivram Prasad
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Dipanwita Das, Neelakshi Sarkar, Ananya Pal, Debraj Saha, Manikankana Bandopadhyay, Runu Chakravarty, ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID and BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata 700010, India.
authors.forename: Runu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chakravarty
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D059585:G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D008024:Ligands; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4
keywords: Cell cycle; Epigenetic marks; Hepatitis B virus; Innate immune response; Toll like receptor 4