title: Yellow and the Novel Aposematic Signal, Red, Protect Delias Butterflies from Predators.
abstract: Butterflies of the South Asian and Australian genus Delias possess striking colours on the ventral wings that are presumed to serve as warning signals to predators. However, this has not been shown empirically. Here we experimentally tested whether the colours of one member of this diverse genus, Delias hyparete, function as aposematic signals. We constructed artificial paper models with either a faithful colour representation of D. hyparete, or with all of its colours converted to grey scale. We also produced models where single colours were left intact, while others were converted to grey-scale or removed entirely. We placed all model types simultaneously in the field, attached to a live mealworm, and measured relative attack rates at three separate field sites. Faithful models of D. hyparete, suffered the least amount of attacks, followed by grey-scale models with unaltered red patches, and by grey-scale models with unaltered yellow patches. We conclude that red and yellow colours function as warning signals. By mapping dorsal and ventral colouration onto a phylogeny of Delias, we observed that yellow and red colours appear almost exclusively on the ventral wing surfaces, and that basal lineages have mostly yellow, white, and black wings, whereas derived lineages contain red colour in addition to the other colours. Red appears to be, thus, a novel adaptive trait in this lineage of butterflies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jocelyn Liang Qi
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.|Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Antónia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-459X
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monteiro
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology; D002080:Butterflies / Q000502:physiology*; D003116:Color; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D014921:Wings, Animal