title: Intraoperative ultrasound control of surgical margins during partial nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a simple and fast technique to ensure negative surgical margins on partial nephrectomies, while correlating margin statuses with the final pathology report.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted for patients undergoing partial nephrectomy (PN) with T1-T2 renal tumors from January 2010 to the end of December 2015. Before tumor removal, intraoperative ultrasound (US) localization was performed. After tumor removal and before performing hemostasis of the kidney, the specimens were placed in a saline solution and a US was performed to evaluate if the tumor's capsule were intact, and then compared to the final pathology results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 177 PN(s) (147 open procedures and 30 laparoscopic procedures) were performed on 147 patients. Arterial clamping was done for 32 patients and the mean warm ischemia time was 19 ± 6 min. The mean US examination time was 41 ± 7 s. The US analysis of surgical margins was negative in 172 cases, positive in four, and in only one case it was not possible to conclude. The final pathology results revealed one false positive surgical margin and one false negative surgical margin, while all other margins were in concert with US results. The mean tumor size was 3.53 ± 1.43 cm, and the mean surgical margin was 2.8 ± 1.5 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intraoperative US control of resection margins in PN is a simple, efficient, and effective method for ensuring negative surgical margins with a small increase in warm ischemia time and can be conducted by the operating urologist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Transplantation, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Feras M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Alharbi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Transplantation, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Charles K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chahwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Transplantation, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Sophie G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Le Gal
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Transplantation, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Kerem M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Guleryuz
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Transplantation, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Xavier P
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Tillou
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Transplantation, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Arnaud P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Doerfler
keywords: Kidney cancer; nephron-sparing surgery; partial nephrectomy; surgical margins; ultrasound