title: The influence of adding modified zirconium oxide-titanium dioxide nano-particles on mechanical properties of orthodontic adhesive: an in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this in-vitro study was to examine the effect of incorporating different concentrations of Zirconium oxide-Titanium dioxide (ZrO2-TiO2) nanoparticles, which can have antibacterial properties, on the mechanical properties of an orthodontic adhesive.
  
  
  METHODS
  ZrO2-TiO2 (Zirconium oxide, HWNANO, Hongwu International Group Ltd, China) -Titanium dioxide, Nanoshell, USA) nanopowder were incorporated into orthodontic adhesive (Transbond XT, 3 M Unitek, Monrovia, USA) with different concentrations (0.5% weight nonofiller and 1% weight nanofiller). The size of nanoparticle was 70-80 nm for ZrO2 and less than 50 nm for TiO2. For measuring the shear bond strength of the three groups of orthodontic adhesives [Transbond (control), Transbond mixed with 0.5% weight ZrO2-TiO2, and Transbond mixed with 1% weight ZrO2-TiO2], 30 freshly extracted human first premolars were used and bonded with stainless steel metal brackets (Dentaurum®, Discovery®, Deutschland), using the 3 orthodontic adhesives and 3 M Unitek; Transbond TM Plus Self-Etching Primer (10 samples in each group). The recorded values of compressive strength and tensile strength (measured separately on 10 samples of orthodontic adhesives (add the 3 D size of sample, light cured for 40 s on both sides) of each orthodontic adhesives), as well as the shear bond strength in Mega Pascal unit (MPa) were collected and exposed to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  orthodontic adhesive with 1% weight ZrO2-TiO2 showed the highest mean compressive (73.42 ± 1.55 MPa, p: 0.003, F: 12.74), tensile strength (8.65 ± 0.74 MPa, p: 0.001, F: 68.20), and shear bond strength (20.05 ± 0.2 MPa, p: 0.001, F: 0.17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding ZrO2-TiO2 nanoparticle to orthodontic adhesive increased compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear bond strength in vitro, but in vivo studies and randomized clinical trials are needed to validate the present findings.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic department, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia. nfelemban@tudent.edu.sa.|, P.O.B. 4302, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia. nfelemban@tudent.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Nayef H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Felemban
authors.affiliation: Restorative dentistry department, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohamed I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
mesh_terms: D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D053758:Nanoparticles; D019279:Resin Cements; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D019279:Resin Cements; C477790:Transbond XT; C009495:titanium dioxide; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide
keywords: Orthodontic adhesives; Titanium dioxide; Zirconium oxide