title: Microbial changes linked to the accelerated degradation of the herbicide atrazine in a range of temperate soils.
abstract: Accelerated degradation is the increased breakdown of a pesticide upon its repeated application, which has consequences for the environmental fate of pesticides. The herbicide atrazine was repeatedly applied to soils previously untreated with s-triazines for >5 years. A single application of atrazine, at an agriculturally relevant concentration, was sufficient to induce its rapid dissipation. Soils, with a range of physico-chemical properties and agricultural histories, showed similar degradation kinetics, with the half-life of atrazine decreasing from an average of 25 days after the first application to <2 days after the second. A mathematical model was developed to fit the atrazine-degrading kinetics, which incorporated the exponential growth of atrazine-degrading organisms. Despite the similar rates of degradation, the repertoire of atrazine-degrading genes varied between soils. Only a small portion of the bacterial community had the capacity for atrazine degradation. Overall, the microbial community was not significantly affected by atrazine treatment. One soil, characterised by low pH, did not exhibit accelerated degradation, and atrazine-degrading genes were not detected. Neutralisation of this soil restored accelerated degradation and the atrazine-degrading genes became detectable. This illustrates the potential for accelerated degradation to manifest when conditions become favourable. Additionally, the occurrence of accelerated degradation under agriculturally relevant concentrations supports the consideration of the phenomena in environmental risk assessments.
authors.affiliation: CRD, Mallard House, 3 Peasholme Green, York, YO1 7PX, UK. rachel.yale@hse.gov.uk.|Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK. rachel.yale@hse.gov.uk.|FERA Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK. rachel.yale@hse.gov.uk.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Yale
authors.affiliation: FERA Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK.|Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, NRW, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sapp
authors.affiliation: FERA Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: J W B
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Moir
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006207:Half-Life; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001280:Atrazine
keywords: Adaptation; Atrazine; Fate modelling; Microbial communities; Risk assessment; Soil pH