title: Mechanical and microbiological properties and drug release modeling of an etch-and-rinse adhesive containing copper nanoparticles.
abstract: To evaluate the effect of addition of copper nanoparticles (CN) at different concentrations into a two-step etch-and-rinse (2-ER) adhesive on antimicrobial activity (AMA), copper release (CR), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (WS), solubility (SO), as well as the immediate (IM) and 1-year resin-dentin bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL).
  
  
  
  Seven adhesives were formulated according to the addition of CN (0, 0.0075, 0.015, 0.06, 0.1, 0.5 and 1wt%) in adhesive. The AMA was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans using agar diffusion assay. For CR, WS and SO, specimens were constructed and tested for 28 days. For UTS, specimens were tested after 24h and 28 days. For DC, specimens were constructed and tested after 24h by FTIR. After enamel removal, the ER was applied to dentin. After composite resin build-ups, specimens were sectioned to obtain resin-dentin sticks. For μTBS and NL, specimens were tested after 24h and 1-year periods. All data were submitted to statistical analysis (α=0.05).
  
  
  
  The addition of CN provided AMA to the adhesives at all concentrations. Higher CR was observed in adhesives with higher concentration of CN. UTS, DC, WS and SO were not influenced. For μTBS an increase was observed in 0.1 and 0.5% copper group. For NL, a significant decrease was observed in all groups in comparison with control group. After 1-year, no significant reductions of μTBS and no significant increases of NL were observed for copper containing adhesives compared to the control group.
  
  
  
  The addition of CN in concentrations up to 1wt% in the 2-ER adhesive may be an alternative to provide AMA and preserve the bonding to dentin, without reducing adhesives' mechanical properties evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil; Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malaquias
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szesz
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bermudez
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil. Electronic address: aloguercio@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Loguercio
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil.
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Farago
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins; D003300:Copper; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements; D003804:Dentin; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D065546:Drug Liberation; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D019279:Resin Cements; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D019279:Resin Cements; D003300:Copper
keywords: Adhesive system; Antimicrobial activity; Copper nanoparticles; Copper release; Degree of conversion; Microtensile bond strength; Nanoleakage; Solubility; Ultimate tensile strength; Water sorption