title: Shunt Surgery in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Aided by Electromagnetic Navigation.
abstract: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and normal or slit ventricles. Lumboperitoneal shunting had been favored by many investigators for CSF diversion in IIH for decades; however, it has been associated with various side effects. Because of the small ventricular size adequate positioning of a ventricular catheter is challenging.
  
  
  
  Here, we investigated the usefulness of electromagnetic (EM)-guided ventricular catheter placement for ventriculoperitoneal shunting in IIH.
  
  
  
  Eighteen patients with IIH were included in this study. The age of patients ranged from 5 to 58 years at the time of surgery (mean age: 31.8 years; median: 29 years). There were 2 children (5 and 11 years old) and 16 adults. Inclusion criteria for the study were an established clinical diagnosis of IIH, lack of improvement with medication, and the presence of small ventricles. In all patients EM-navigated placement of the ventricular catheter was performed using real-time tracking of the catheter tip for exact positioning close to the foramen of Monro. Postoperative CT scans were correlated with intraoperative screen shots to validate the position of the catheter.
  
  
  
  In all patients EM-navigated ventricular catheter placement was achieved with a single pass. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Postoperative imaging confirmed satisfactory positioning of the ventricular catheter. No proximal shunt failure was observed during the follow-up at a mean of 41.5 months (range: 7-90 months, median: 40.5 months).
  
  
  
  EM-navigated ventricular catheter placement in shunting for IIH is a safe and straightforward technique. It obviates the need for sharp head fixation, the head of the patient can be moved during surgery, and it may reduce the revision rate during follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Elvis J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polemikos
authors.forename: Hans E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Heissler
authors.forename: Joachim K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Krauss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D038361:Neuronavigation; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011559:Pseudotumor Cerebri / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult