title: Physiological and biochemical impacts of graphene oxide in polychaetes: The case of Diopatra neapolitana.
abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) is an important carbon nanomaterial (NM) that has been used, but limited literature is available regarding the impacts induced in aquatic organisms by this pollutant and, in particular in invertebrate species. The polychaete Diopatra neapolitana has frequently been used to evaluate the effects of environmental disturbances in estuarine systems due to its ecological and socio-economic importance but to our knowledge no information is available on D. neapolitana physiological and biochemical alterations due to GO exposure. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the toxic effects of different concentrations of GO (0.01; 0.10 and 1.00mg/L) in D. neapolitana physiological (regenerative capacity) and biochemical (energy reserves, metabolic activity and oxidative stress related biomarkers) performance, after 28days of exposure. The results obtained revealed that the exposure to GO induced negative effects on the regenerative capacity of D. neapolitana, with organisms exposed to higher concentrations regenerating less segments and taking longer periods to completely regenerate. GO also seemed to alter energy-related responses, especially glycogen content, with higher values in polychaetes exposed to GO which may result from a decreased metabolism (measured by electron transport system activity), when exposed to GO. Furthermore, under GO contamination D. neapolitana presented cellular damage, despite higher activities of antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes in individuals exposed to GO.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal; Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Marchi
authors.affiliation: Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pretti
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
authors.forename: Etelvina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Figueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno Pisano, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Jesus
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Douton
authors.affiliation: NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, 57127 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossella
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tommasini
authors.affiliation: Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, CDTN, Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clascídia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Furtado
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal. Electronic address: rosafreitas@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freitas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000187:drug effects; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006108:Graphite / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011077:Polychaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D010087:Oxides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D006108:Graphite; D006003:Glycogen
keywords: Body regeneration; Graphene oxide; Invertebrates; Nanomaterials; Oxidative stress