title: Variation in fat globule size in bovine milk and its prediction using mid-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to investigate the sources of variation in milk fat globule (MFG) size in bovine milk and its prediction using mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. Mean MFG size was measured in 2,076 milk samples from 399 Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Holstein, and Jersey cows, and expressed as volume moment mean (D[4,3]) and surface moment mean (D[3,2]). The mid-infrared spectra of the samples and milk performance data were also recorded during routine milk recording and testing. The effects of breed, herd nested within breed, days in milk, season, milking period, age at calving, parity, and individual animal on the variation observed in MFG size were investigated. Breed, herd nested within breed, days in milk, season, and milking period significantly affected mean MFG size. Milk fat globule size was the largest at the beginning of lactation and subsequently decreased. Milk samples with the smallest MFG on average came from Holstein cows, and those with the largest were from Jersey and Brown Swiss cows. Partial least squares regression was used to predict MFG size from MIR spectra of samples with a calibration data set containing 2,034 and 2,032 samples for D[4,3] and D[3,2], respectively. Coefficients of determination of cross validation for D[4,3] and D[3,2] prediction models were 0.51 and 0.54, respectively. The associated ratio of performance deviation values were 1.43 and 1.48 for D[4,3] and D[3,2], respectively. With these models, individual mean MFG size could not be accurately predicted, but results may be sufficient to screen samples for having either small or large MFG on average. Significant but low correlations of D[4,3] and D[3,2] with milk fat yield were estimated (0.16 and 0.21, respectively). Significant and moderate Pearson correlation coefficients for fat percent with D[4,3] and D[3,2] were assessed (0.34 and 0.36, respectively). This correlation was greater between milk fat percentage and predicted MFG size than with measured MFG size with coefficients of 0.47 and 0.49 for D[4,3] and D[3,2], respectively. The MIR prediction equations are potentially overusing the correlation between fat and MFG size and exploiting the strong relationship between the MIR spectra and total milk fat. However, the predictions of MFG size are able to determine variation in mean globule size beyond what would be achieved just by looking at the correlation with fat production.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. Electronic address: fleminga@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Schenkel
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malchiodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mallard
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Semex Alliance, Guelph, ON, N1H 6J2, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sargolzaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corredig
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, N1K 1E5, Canada.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miglior
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: mid-infrared spectroscopy; milk fat globule