title: Prevalence and Correlates of Misconduct Among Ethnically Diverse Adolescents of Native Hawaiian/Part-Hawaiian and Non-Hawaiian Ancestry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on the prevalence and correlates of adolescent misconduct, arrests, and juvenile delinquency has been greatly neglected for the ethnically diverse adolescent groups in Hawai'i (i.e. Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the present study are three-fold: (1) to determine whether there are differential rates of adolescent misconduct based on ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic (SES) factors; (2) on an exploratory basis, to ascertain the demographic, social-cultural, psychological-psychiatric, and school-related correlates of misconduct, with some focus on cultural identification; and (3) to derive a parsimonious model of the correlates for an ethnically diverse group of adolescents by disentangling cultural identification from other variables including ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed from the Native Hawaiian Mental Health Research Development Program, consisting of 2,732 Asian/Pacific Islander youths. Misconduct was operationally defined as 'was arrested or got in serious trouble with the law' within the past six months via adolescent self-report. Of added importance were the inclusion of a valid measure of Hawaiian cultural identification and actual school data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher rates were obtained for Native Hawaiians, males, and adolescents whose main wage earners' educational attainment was at the high school level or less. Absences may be a more important marker for females than males in the prediction of arrests and serious trouble with the law. The most parsimonious model of self-reported arrests/serious trouble with the law consisted of four variables in the following order of importance: substance use, actual grade-point average, aggressive symptoms, and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is one of the first major studies to examine the prevalence and risk-protective factors of misconduct for adolescents of Asian/Pacific Islander ancestry, and the first to include a valid measure of cultural identification and actual school data. The findings indicated that gender-specific prevention and intervention programs are needed. However, the issues are also complex whereby the use of substances, school performance, and aggression must be taken into account in deriving successful programs. The lack of sustained association between culturally based factors (e.g., ethnicity, Hawaiian cultural identifi-cation) and misconduct in the final parsimonious model suggested that the culturally based variables are not direct causes of misconduct, but rather correlates of misconduct that are over-shadowed by more substantive factors, such as substance use and academic performance, the latter being variables that must be addressed for youths across the United States. The present results reaffirmed the common correlates of misconduct across different ethnic groups. Further research is needed in the causal relationships among these important associations with misconduct.
authors.affiliation: Native Hawaiian Mental Health Research Development Program (NHMHRDP); Department of Psychiatry, 1356 Lusitana St., 4th Floor, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, 96813, USA earlhish@aol.com.
authors.forename: Earl S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hishinuma
authors.affiliation: Native Hawaiian Mental Health Research Development Program (NHMHRDP); Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: S Peter
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Native Hawaiian Mental Health Research Development Program (NHMHRDP); Asian/Pacific Islander Youth Violence Prevention Center (APIYVPC); Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Native Hawaiian Mental Health Research Development Program (NHMHRDP); Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Makini
authors.affiliation: Native Hawaiian Mental Health Research Development Program (NHMHRDP); Asian/Pacific Islander Youth Violence Prevention Center (APIYVPC); Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
authors.forename: Naleen N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Native Hawaiian Mental Health Research Development Program (NHMHRDP); Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
authors.forename: Alayne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: Native Hawaiian Mental Health Research Development Program (NHMHRDP); Asian/Pacific Islander Youth Violence Prevention Center (APIYVPC); Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goebert
authors.forename: Gregory Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Mayeda
authors.affiliation: Asian/Pacific Islander Youth Violence Prevention Center (APIYVPC); Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Revilla