title: It Pays to Go Off-Track: Practicing with Error-Augmenting Haptic Feedback Facilitates Learning of a Curve-Tracing Task.
abstract: Researchers in the domain of haptic training are now entering the long-standing debate regarding whether or not it is best to learn a skill by experiencing errors. Haptic training paradigms provide fertile ground for exploring how various theories about feedback, errors and physical guidance intersect during motor learning. Our objective was to determine how error minimizing, error augmenting and no haptic feedback while learning a self-paced curve-tracing task impact performance on delayed (1 day) retention and transfer tests, which indicate learning. We assessed performance using movement time and tracing error to calculate a measure of overall performance - the speed accuracy cost function. Our results showed that despite exhibiting the worst performance during skill acquisition, the error augmentation group had significantly better accuracy (but not overall performance) than the error minimization group on delayed retention and transfer tests. The control group's performance fell between that of the two experimental groups but was not significantly different from either on the delayed retention test. We propose that the nature of the task (requiring online feedback to guide performance) coupled with the error augmentation group's frequent off-target experience and rich experience of error-correction promoted information processing related to error-detection and error-correction that are essential for motor learning.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Camille K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's NL, Canada.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carnahan
keywords: augmented feedback; error amplification; error-based learning; guidance; haptic assistance; haptic training; motor learning; path-following