title: Electrochemical Analysis of Some Toxic Metals by Ion-Selective Electrodes.
abstract: An overview of potentiometric sensors that are capable of detecting toxic heavy metal ions in environmental samples is presented and discussed. Notwithstanding the tremendous work performed so far, it is obvious that still several limitations do exist in terms of selectivity, limits of detection, dynamic ranges, applicability to specific problems, and reversibility. A survey on important advances in potentiometric sensors with regard to high selectivity, lower detection limit, fast response time, and on-line environmental analysis is presented in this review article. [Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry to view the free supplemental file.].
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , India.|b Chemistry Department , King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Vinod K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: c Centre of Excellence in Electrochemistry , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ganjali
authors.affiliation: c Centre of Excellence in Electrochemistry , University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Norouzi
authors.affiliation: d Iranian Research and Development Center for Chemical Industries, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khani
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , India.
authors.forename: Arunima
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , India.
authors.forename: Shilpi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
keywords: Cations; chemical sensors; drugs; potentiometric sensors; sensors