title: Choroidal Vasculopathy and Retinal Detachment in a Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) With Lead Toxicosis.
abstract: A subadult male bald eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) was presented for severe depression and weakness. Physical examination findings included depressed mentation, dehydration, sternal recumbency, poor body condition, and bilateral, whole-head, horizontal nystagmus. A heavy-metal panel was performed, and blood lead levels were 6.1 ppm. Treatment for lead poisoning was initiated, including subcutaneous fluids and parenteral calcium-disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ceftiofur, and meloxicam. Ophthalmic examination findings included absent menace response, absent dazzle reflex, slow and incomplete direct pupillary light reflex, mild anterior uveitis, incipient cataracts, multifocal retinal tears, and retinal separation in both eyes. Because of poor prognosis for vision and release to the wild, the eagle was euthanatized. No lesions were observed on gross postmortem examination. Histologically, extensive myocardial necrosis and multisystemic arteriolar vasculopathy were identified. The eyes were examined after tissue processing, and the vasculopathy extended into the choriocapillaris and was associated with a secondary, bilateral, exudative, retinal detachment. This is the first report in avian species characterizing the histopathologic ocular lesions of lead poisoning.
authors.forename: Ramzi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eid
authors.forename: David Sanchez-Migallon
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Krista A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: K Tomo
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Wiggans
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Elise E B
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: LaDouceur
authors.forename: M Kevin
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Reilly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015862:Choroid Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D020307:Eagles; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D007854:Lead
keywords: Haliaeetus leucocephalus; avian; bald eagle; ophthalmology; plumbism; raptor; vasculitis