title: Predicting brain metastases for non-small cell lung cancer based on magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: In this study the relationship between brain structure and brain metastases (BM) occurrence was analyzed. A model for predicting the time of BM onset in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was proposed. Twenty patients were used to develop the model, whereas the remaining 69 were used for independent validation and verification of the model. Magnetic resonance images were segmented into cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter (GM), and white matter using voxel-based morphometry. Automatic anatomic labeling template was used to extract 116 brain regions from the GM volume. The elapsed time between the MRI acquisitions and BM diagnosed was analyzed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method. The model was validated using the leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) and permutation test. The GM volume of the extracted 11 regions of interest increased with the progression of BM from NSCLC. LOOCV test on the model indicated that the measured and predicted BM onset were highly correlated (r = 0.834, P = 0.0000). For the 69 independent validating patients, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the model for predicting BM occurrence were 70, 75, and 66%, respectively, in 6 months and 74, 82, and 60%, respectively, in 1 year. The extracted brain GM volumes and interval times for BM occurrence were correlated. The established model based on MRI data may reliably predict BM in 6 months or 1 year. Further studies with larger sample size are needed to validate the findings in a clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.55, the 4th Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.55, the 4th Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Churong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.55, the 4th Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Yangkun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.55, the 4th Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Lucia Clara
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Orlandini
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.55, the 4th Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. dengwangpei@163.com.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.55, the 4th Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. langjy610@163.com.
authors.forename: Jinyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009929:Organ Size; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D066127:White Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: Brain metastases; Gray matter; LASSO; Non-small cell lung cancer; Voxel-based morphometry