title: Rheology of sediment transported by a laminar flow.
abstract: Understanding the dynamics of fluid-driven sediment transport remains challenging, as it occurs at the interface between a granular material and a fluid flow. Boyer, Guazzelli, and Pouliquen [Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 188301 (2011)]PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.107.188301 proposed a local rheology unifying dense dry-granular and viscous-suspension flows, but it has been validated only for neutrally buoyant particles in a confined and homogeneous system. Here we generalize the Boyer, Guazzelli, and Pouliquen model to account for the weight of a particle by addition of a pressure P_{0} and test the ability of this model to describe sediment transport in an idealized laboratory river. We subject a bed of settling plastic particles to a laminar-shear flow from above, and use refractive-index-matching to track particles' motion and determine local rheology-from the fluid-granular interface to deep in the granular bed. Data from all experiments collapse onto a single curve of friction μ as a function of the viscous number I_{v} over the range 3×10^{-5}≤I_{v}≤2, validating the local rheology model. For I_{v}<3×10^{-5}, however, data do not collapse. Instead of undergoing a jamming transition with μ→μ_{s} as expected, particles transition to a creeping regime where we observe a continuous decay of the friction coefficient μ≤μ_{s} as I_{v} decreases. The rheology of this creep regime cannot be described by the local model, and more work is needed to determine whether a nonlocal rheology model can be modified to account for our findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.|Levich Institute, City College of CUNY, 140th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Houssais
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.|Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Durian
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jerolmack