title: Self-Nanoemulsifying Lyophilized Tablets for Flash Oral Transmucosal Delivery of Vitamin K: Development and Clinical Evaluation.
abstract: Owing to limited solubility, vitamin K undergoes low bioavailability with large inter-individual variability after oral administration. This article aimed to prepare self-nanoemulsifying lyophilized tablets (SNELTs) for the flash oral transmucosal delivery of vitamin K. Twenty-one formulae of vitamin K self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) were prepared using different concentrations of vitamin K, Labrasol, and Transcutol according to mixture design. The SNEDDS was loaded on porous carriers and formulated as lyophilized tablets. The release profile and the pharmacokinetic parameters of vitamin K SNELTs were evaluated in comparison with commercial tablets and ampoules on human volunteers. Results revealed that the optimized SNEDDS showed the smallest and most stable nanoemulsion globules. SNELTs were prepared successfully and showed substantial superiority drug release compared with the commercial tablets. Interestingly, SNELTs enhanced both rate and extent of vitamin K absorption as well as relative bioavailability (169.67%) in healthy subjects compared with the commercial tablets. SNELTs revealed promising no significant difference in the area under the curve compared with the commercial intramuscular injection. SNELTs enhanced dissolution and bioavailability that expected to have the strong impact on the efficiency of vitamin K in the prophylaxis and treatment of bleeding disorders in patients with hepatic dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: kelsay1@kau.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Khalid M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: El-Say
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Tarek A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
authors.forename: Osama A A
authors.initials: OAA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hosny
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Fathy I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Abd-Allah
mesh_terms: D058956:Administration, Mucosal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D005612:Freeze Drying; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013607:Tablets; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D013607:Tablets; D014815:Vitamins; D014812:Vitamin K
keywords: bleeding disorders; hepatic dysfunction; human volunteers; lyophilized tablets; vitamin K