title: Mumps Epidemiology and Mumps Virus Genotypes Circulating in Mainland China during 2013-2015.
abstract: With the implementation of mumps virus (MuV) vaccination in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) in mainland China since 2008, the incidence of mumps has decreased, and the natural epidemic pattern of mumps has slightly changed during 2013-2015. The two epidemic peaks (April-July and November-December) became less obvious than those observed from 2004 to 2012. Children and adolescents younger than 15, particularly in the five-to-nine-year-old age group, remain the target group and should be the focus of high-quality immunization activities in mainland China. However, it was also found that the incidence and reported cases of mumps decreased in each age group during 2013-2015, particularly in the five-to-nine-year-old and ten-to-fourteen-year-old age groups. The proportion of mumps cases among adults in some provinces also increased. Unlike the changes in the epidemiological characteristics of mumps affected by vaccination, the data of MuV virology surveillance indicated that most of the MuV transmission chains have not yet been effectively interrupted, and MuV remains a natural epidemic pattern in mainland China. In the MuV virology surveillance, 194 MuV strains during 2013-2015 were isolated from 10 of 31 provinces in mainland China. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene, both genotype F (99.0%) and G (1.0%) were identified, and genotype F was still the predominant genotype continuously circulating in mainland China. Representative genotype F and G strains isolated in China from 1995 to 2012 were selected for further analysis. The results indicated that there were multiple transmission chains within genotype F, with no obvious geographical or time differences. The high genetic diversity of genotype F strains could be a result of the continuous transmission and evolution of the MuV in mainland China. Genotype G was also detected in four provinces in mainland China. Because of the limited epidemiological data, it was uncertain whether the genotype G MuV strains found in 2011 and 2013 were imported from other countries. Therefore, combined high-quality epidemiological and virological surveillance is necessary for mumps control; it can also be used to observe the changes in epidemiological characteristics and viral transmission of mumps over time after mumps-containing vaccine (MuCV) implementation and to provide a comprehensive epidemiological and genetic baseline for mumps elimination in mainland China.
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Aili
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiuying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Heilongjiang Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ha'erbin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhaodan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Naiying
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Songtao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xueqiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Shanxi Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Shannxi Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Si
authors.affiliation: Hubei Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Huanying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Sichuan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jilan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Affiliated hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenbo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009107:Mumps / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D009109:Mumps virus / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D013997:Time Factors; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins