title: Extra virgin olive oil in maternal diet increases osteogenic genes expression, but high amounts have deleterious effects on bones in mice offspring at adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal high-fat diet has been shown to have deleterious effects on the offspring bones. However, there is no study to assess the effects of type and amount of maternal dietary oil in an isocaloric diet, with focus on extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). The objective of the current study was to test the hypothesis that type of maternal dietary oil has more effects than its amount in an isocaloric diet during gestation and lactation on bone genes expression in offspring in adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Virgin female C57BL/6 mice were impregnated and fed either the AIN 93G diet (received 16% of calories as soybean oil, as a control diet, or EVOO) or a high fat AIN 93G diet (received 45% of calories as soybean oil or EVOO) from the time of vaginal plug confirmation until offspring's weaning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for the amount of oils, osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor NF-κB ligand (OPG/RANK-L) and OPG expressions were 6.1- and 2.8-folds higher in offspring born to EVOO compared with soybean oil-fed mothers. OPG, beta-catenin, and OPG/RANK-L expression were 88%, 94%, and 70% lower in offspring born to the 45% oil-fed mothers compared with the 16% group. In contrast, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 (PPARγ2) gene expression was higher in the 45% oil group, adjusted for the types of oil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal EVOO consumption, but not soybean oil increased osteoblastic gene expression, and high amounts of both oils decreased osteoblastic and increased adipogenic genes expression in adolescent offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyedeh Neda
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Mousavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Koohdani
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohamadreza Baghaban
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Eslaminejad
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Pantea
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Izadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohamadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eshraghian
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Forough Azam
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Sayahpour
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Physiology, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Leila Shafiei
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Neek
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Colorectal Research Center, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shidfar
keywords: Dietary oil; Fetal programming; Gestation; Lactation; Mouse; Olive oil; Osteoblastogenesis