title: Interspecies transfer of vancomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline resistance among Enterococcus species recovered from agrarian sources.
abstract: Enterococci are now well recognised for their ability to transfer antibiotic resistance and for their association with nosocomial infections, but less is known regarding their relevance in the wider environment. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were isolated from a range of agrarian associated sources (low-flow water, septic tank, poultry litter, high flow water, slurry/soil) and were assessed for latent ability to transfer antimicrobial resistance.
  
  
  
  The isolates were tested for phenotypic clumping in the presence of cell-free supernatant from other isolates. Some isolates were identified which demonstrated clumping, indicating that they possessed peptide sex pheromone conjugal machinery. All isolates were also tested for antibiotic resistance phenotypes using both disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. These tests revealed that the enterococci demonstrated both phenotypic clumping and antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Based on these selection criteria, the isolates were identified as having the potential for horizontal gene transfer and were used to investigate the transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance phenotypes was determined using a solid agar mating method followed by a standard antibiotic selection test resulting in different transfer patterns. An interspecies conjugal transfer of vancomycin resistance from E. faecalis to E. faecium was identified while the remaining reactions were within the same species. Transfer efficiencies ranging from 2 × 10-1to 2.3 × 10-5were determined based on the reactions of three donor isolates (MF06036, MF0410 and MF06035) and two recipient isolates (MW01105Rifand ST01109Rif), with the transfer of vancomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes.
  
  
  
  The conjugation reactions and selection conditions used in this study resulted in a variety of co-transferred resistance phenotypes suggesting the presence of different mobile elements in the set of natural isolates. This study highlights the potential for extensive horizontal gene transfer in a previously neglected reservoir for enterococci.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conwell
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK. pj.naughton@ulster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Naughton
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK.
authors.forename: J S G
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dooley
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D003227:Conjugation, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D003428:Cross Infection; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D010641:Phenotype; D012724:Sex Attractants; D013753:Tetracycline Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012724:Sex Attractants
keywords: Conjugation; Enterococci; Erythromycin resistance; Tetracycline resistance; Vancomycin resistance; Water