title: Anti-inflammatory potential of ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B isolated from Punica granatum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Punica granatum (pomegranate), an edible fruit originating in the Middle East, has been used as a traditional medicine for treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions such as peptic ulcer. The numerous risks associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treatment of pain and inflammation give rise to using medicinal herbs as alternative therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of isolated compounds from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of P. granatum by determination of their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS), stimulated nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxxgenase-2 (COX-2) release from RAW264.7 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The compounds ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B were isolated from EtOAc by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and further identified by mass spectrometry (MS). The inhibitory effect of ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B were evaluated on the production of LPS-induced NO by Griess reagent, PGE-2 and IL-6 by immunoassay kit and prostaglandin E2 competitive ELISA kit, and COX-2 by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B potentially inhibited LPS-induced NO, PGE-2 and IL-6 production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin may be the compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory potential of P. granatum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Malaysia Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Lamees A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: BenSaad
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Malaysia Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia. kimkh@um.edu.my.
authors.forename: Kah Hwi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9662-7139
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Malaysia Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chin Chew
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Quah
authors.affiliation: Malaysia Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wee Ric
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: University College Lincoln, Petaling Jaya, 47301, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahimi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000276:immunology; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010936:Plant Extracts; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D005707:Gallic Acid; C115642:punicalagin; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Cytokines; Cytotoxicity; Ellagic acid; Gallic acid; Inflammation; Punica granatum; Punicalagin