title: Simultaneous Quantitative MRI Mapping of T1, T2* and Magnetic Susceptibility with Multi-Echo MP2RAGE.
abstract: The knowledge of relaxation times is essential for understanding the biophysical mechanisms underlying contrast in magnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative experiments, while offering major advantages in terms of reproducibility, may benefit from simultaneous acquisitions. In this work, we demonstrate the possibility of simultaneously recording relaxation-time and susceptibility maps with a prototype Multi-Echo (ME) Magnetization-Prepared 2 RApid Gradient Echoes (MP2RAGE) sequence. T1 maps can be obtained using the MP2RAGE sequence, which is relatively insensitive to inhomogeneities of the radio-frequency transmit field, [Formula: see text]. As an extension, multiple gradient echoes can be acquired in each of the MP2RAGE readout blocks, which permits the calculation of [Formula: see text] and susceptibility maps. We used computer simulations to explore the effects of the parameters on the precision and accuracy of the mapping. In vivo parameter maps up to 0.6 mm nominal resolution were acquired at 7 T in 19 healthy volunteers. Voxel-by-voxel correlations and the test-retest reproducibility were used to assess the reliability of the results. When using optimized paramenters, T1 maps obtained with ME-MP2RAGE and standard MP2RAGE showed excellent agreement for the whole range of values found in brain tissues. Simultaneously obtained [Formula: see text] and susceptibility maps were of comparable quality as Fast Low-Angle SHot (FLASH) results. The acquisition times were more favorable for the ME-MP2RAGE (≈ 19 min) sequence as opposed to the sum of MP2RAGE (≈ 12 min) and FLASH (≈ 10 min) acquisitions. Without relevant sacrifice in accuracy, precision or flexibility, the multi-echo version may yield advantages in terms of reduced acquisition time and intrinsic co-registration, provided that an appropriate optimization of the acquisition parameters is performed.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1631-3995
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Metere
authors.affiliation: Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare HC CMEA SUI DI BM PI, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Department of Radiology, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.|LTS5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Harald E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.|Diagnostic Imaging-Magnetic Resonance-Research & Development, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schäfer
mesh_terms: D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008962:Models, Theoretical