title: Inhibitory Effects of γ- and δ-Tocopherols on Estrogen-Stimulated Breast CancerIn VitroandIn Vivo.
abstract: Estrogens have been implicated as complete carcinogens for breast and other tissues through mechanisms involving increased cell proliferation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. Because of their potent antioxidant activity and other effects, tocopherols have been shown to exert antitumor activities in various cancers. However, limited information is available on the effect of different forms of tocopherols in estrogen-mediated breast cancer. To address this, we examined the effects of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols as well as a natural γ-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols, γ-TmT, on estrogen-stimulated MCF-7 cellsin vitroandin vivoFor thein vivostudies, MCF-7 cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of immunodeficient mice previously implanted with estrogen pellets. Mice were then administered diets containing 0.2% α-, γ-, δ-tocopherol, or γ-TmT for 5 weeks. Treatment with α-, γ-, δ-tocopherols, and γ-TmT reduced tumor volumes by 29% (P< 0.05), 45% (P< 0.05), 41% (P< 0.05), and 58% (P< 0.01), as well as tumor weights by 20%, 37% (P< 0.05), 39% (P< 0.05), and 52% (P< 0.05), respectively. γ- and δ-tocopherols and γ-TmT inhibited the expression of cell proliferation-related genes such as cyclin D1 and c-Myc, and estrogen-related genes such as TFF/pS2, cathepsin D, and progesterone receptor in estrogen-stimulated MCF-7 cellsin vitroFurther, γ- and δ-tocopherols decreased the levels of estrogen-induced oxidative stress and nitrosative stress markers, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and nitrotyrosine, as well as the DNA damage marker, γ-H2AX. Our results suggest that γ- and δ-tocopherols and the γ-tocopherol-rich mixture are effective natural agents for the prevention and treatment of estrogen-mediated breast cancer.Cancer Prev Res; 10(3); 188-97. ©2017 AACR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Min Ji
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Soumyasri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wahler
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hong Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Mao-Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.|Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Chung S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey. nsuh@pharmacy.rutgers.edu.|Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Nanjoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004967:Estrogens / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004967:Estrogens; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol; C479072:delta-tocopherol; D024505:Tocopherols