title: Measurement of electrocardiograms in a bath through tap water utilizing capacitive coupling electrodes placed outside the bathtub wall.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Taking a bath sometimes poses a risk for subjects with chronic cardiopulmonary disorders, due to the thermal effect and water pressure on his/her body. The ECG measurement would be helpful for the early recognition of abnormal cardiac beats and respiratory conditions. This paper describes a new attempt to improve on previous bathtub ECG measurement techniques that had electrodes placed inside the bathtub that were intrusive to the subjects' bathing experience. This study is concerned with the initial development of a method to measure an electrocardiogram (ECG) through tap water without conscious awareness of the presence of electrodes that are placed outside the bathtub wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  A configuration of capacitive coupling electrodes placed outside the bathtub was designed so that the electrodes could be hidden. The capacitive coupling was made from the electrodes to the water through the bathtub wall. Two electrodes with an active shielding amplifier covered further by an electromagnetic shield were fixed to the outside surface of the bathtub wall, near the bather's right scapula and left foot. The potential difference between these two electrodes, similar to the bipolar lead-II ECG, was amplified to obtain raw signals inclusive of ECG/QRS components. Respiration intervals were also derived from ECG/RR intervals. Comparison experiments between this bathtub method and conventional direct methods with spot-electrodes and a chest-band sensor were made using 10 healthy male volunteers (22.2 ± 0.98 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ECG signal was detectable through tap water as well as water with differing conductivity resulting from mixing bathwater additives with the water. ECG signals and respiration curves derived from ECG/RR intervals were successfully obtained in all subjects. The intervals of the ECG/RR and respiration obtained by the bathtub system and by the direct method were respectively agreed well with each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ECG signal, in particular ECG/QRS components, were successfully detected utilizing capacitive coupling electrodes placed outside the bathtub wall. Also, the ECG/RR and respiration intervals were determined with reasonable accuracy as compared with the conventional direct methods.
authors.affiliation: Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Fukuroi, 437-8555, Japan. motoi.kosuke@sist.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Motoi
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido University, Kita 14, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamakoshi
authors.affiliation: Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1 Wajiro-higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 811-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Takehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamakoshi
authors.affiliation: Spinal Injuries Center, 550-4 Igisu, Izuka, Fukuoka, 820-8508, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: NPO Research Institute of Life Benefit, 6-11-7-1 Sumikawa, Minami-ku, Sapporo, 005-0006, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: NPO Research Institute of Life Benefit, 6-11-7-1 Sumikawa, Minami-ku, Sapporo, 005-0006, Japan.|Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.|Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Yamakoshi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001494:Baths; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Bathing; Bathtub wall; Capacitive coupling electrodes; Electrocardiogram (ECG); Home facilities; Non-invasive and non-intrusive health monitoring; RR interval; Respiration