title: An Epistaxis Emergency Associated with Multiple Pollutants in Elementary Students.
abstract: Emergencies of epistaxis in students caused by environmental pollution have rarely been reported to date. This study aimed to explore the cause of an emergency of epistaxis in elementary students by using a field epidemiological investigation. Twenty-two epistaxis cases from a single school with differences in gender, age, and classroom, were diagnosed within a period of 7 days. The air concentration of chromic acid mist (Cr6+) in the electroplating factory area, new campus, and residential area exceeded the limit of uncontrolled emissions. The emission of HCL and H2SO4 was also observed. Formaldehyde levels in the classrooms exceeded the limits of indoor air quality. Abnormal nasal mucosa was significantly more frequent in the case group (93.3%) and control group 1 (of the same school) (66.7%) than in control group 2 (from a mountainous area with no industrial zone) (34.8%; P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). On the basis of the pre-existing local nasal mucosal lesions, excessive chromic acid mist in the school's surrounding areas and formaldehyde in the classrooms were considered to have acutely irritated the nasal mucosa, causing epistaxis. Several lessons regarding factory site selection, eradication of chemical emissions, and indoor air quality in newly decorated classrooms, should be learned from this emergency.
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Wei Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yuan Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang International Travel Healthcare Center, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Sheng Liang
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Wen Yuan
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Mei Bian
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004630:Emergencies / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants