title: In vitroeffect of direct current electrical stimulation on rat mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrical stimulation (ES) has been successfully used to treat bone defects clinically. Recently, both cellular and molecular approaches have demonstrated that ES can change cell behavior such as migration, proliferation and differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study we exposed rat bone marrow- (BM-) and adipose tissue- (AT-) derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to direct current electrical stimulation (DC ES) and assessed temporal changes in osteogenic differentiation. We applied 100 mV/mm of DC ES for 1 h per day for three, seven and 14 days to cells cultivated in osteogenic differentiation medium and assessed viability and calcium deposition at the different time points. In addition, expression of osteogenic genes, Runx2, Osteopontin, and Col1A2 was assessed in BM- and AT-derived MSCs at the different time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that ES changed osteogenic gene expression patterns in both BM- and AT-MSCs, and these changes differed between the two groups. In BM-MSCs, ES caused a significant increase in mRNA levels of Runx2, Osteopontin and Col1A2 at day 7, while in AT-MSCs, the increase in Runx2 and Osteopontin expression were observed after 14 days of ES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that rat bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived stem cells react differently to electrical stimuli, an observation that could be important for application of electrical stimulation in tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.|School of Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sahba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mobini
authors.affiliation: Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Liudmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leppik
authors.affiliation: Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Vishnu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thottakkattumana Parameswaran
authors.affiliation: Frankfurt Initiative for Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: John Howard
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barker
keywords: Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells; Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; Bone tissue engineering; Direct current electrical stimulation