title: Comparison of the 32-item Hypomania Checklist, the 33-item Hypomania Checklist, and the Mood Disorders Questionnaire for bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bipolar disorder (BD) is frequently misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD) and hence reliable and culturally appropriate screening tools are needed. This study compared the 32-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32), the 33-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-33), and the Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ) for BD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Altogether, 350 depressed patients were included. The HCL-32, HCL-33, and MDQ were completed by patients to identify manic and/or hypomanic symptoms. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the curve among the HCL-32, HCL-33, and MDQ for BD and MDD were calculated and compared, using cut-offs suggested by respective validation studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the three scales, the MDQ had the highest sensitivity and NPV (sensitivity = 0.90, 0.81, and 0.90 for BD vs MDD, BD-I vs MDD, and BD-II vs MDD, respectively; NPV = 0.78, 0.86, and 0.86 for BD vs MDD, BD-I vs MDD, and BD-II vs MDD, respectively), while the HCL-33 had the highest specificity and PPV (specificity = 0.74, 0.69, and 0.66 for BD vs MDD, BD-I vs MDD, and BD-II vs MDD, respectively; PPV = 0.74, 0.55, and 0.56 for BD vs MDD, BD-I vs MDD, and BD-II vs MDD, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to both HCL scales, the MDQ had higher sensitivity and lower specificity in screening for BD. These results contradict previous findings in Western populations. As a screening instrument for BD in Chinese clinical settings, the MDQ appears to be appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|China Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China.|Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.|Department of Psychiatry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harbin First Specialist Hospital, Heilongjiang, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: The University of Notre Dame Australia/Marian Centre, Perth, Australia.|School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Gabor S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ungvari
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Chee H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|China Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China.|Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.|Department of Psychiatry, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D057189:Checklist; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: bipolar disorder; screening; self-report; sensitivity; specificity