title: An Experimental Evaluation of Remote Sensing-Based Hydrocarbon Measurements: A Comparison to FID Measurements.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to intercompare hydrocarbon (HC) measurements performed by a number of different instruments: a gas chromatograph (GC), a flame ionization detector (FID), a fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), a commercially produced non-dispersive infrared analyzer (NDIR), and two remote sensors. These instruments were used to measure total HC concentrations in a variety of samples, including (1) ten different individual HC species, (2) 12 different vehicle exhaust samples, and (3) three different volatilized fuel samples. The 12 exhaust samples were generated by operating two different vehicles on a dynamometer. Each vehicle was operated at different times with three different fuels. The vehicles were operated fuel rich, i.e., with low air/fuel ratios to encourage elevated exhaust HC levels. Some of the exhaust samples were obtained while operating each vehicle at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio with one spark plug wire disconnected. To quantify the degree to which the various instruments agreed with the FID, a parameter called the response factor was used, where the response factor was defined as the HC/CO2 ratio measured by each instrument divided by the HC/CO2 ratio measured by the dynamometer bench. Of the various instruments, only the GC yielded response factors that were consistently at or close to one. The other instruments typically had values at or below one. For the ten individual HC species studied, the NDIR and remote sensors obtained response factors between 0.05 and 1.0, with the highest response factors being obtained for the alkanes and the lowest response factors obtained for toluene and ethylene. For the exhaust samples, the NDIR and remote sensors obtained response factors between 0.23 and 0.68. For raw fuel samples, the response factors were between 0.44 and 0.68. NDIR and remote sensor measurements correlated very poorly with total HC in exhaust.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mulawa
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Grobiicki
authors.affiliation: a General Motors NAO Research and Development Center , Warren , Michigan , USA.
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cadle
authors.affiliation: b U. S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Knapp