title: Efficacy of PermaNet® 3.0 and PermaNet® 2.0 nets against laboratory-reared and wild Anopheles gambiae sensu lato populations in northern Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mosquitoes have developed resistance against pyrethroids, the only class of insecticides approved for use on long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). The present study sought to evaluate the efficacy of the pyrethroid synergist PermaNet® 3.0 LLIN versus the pyrethroid-only PermaNet® 2.0 LLIN, in an East African hut design in Lower Moshi, northern Tanzania. In this setting, resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has been identified in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard World Health Organization bioefficacy evaluations were conducted in both laboratory and experimental huts. Experimental hut evaluations were conducted in an area where there was presence of a population of highly pyrethroid-resistant An. arabiensis mosquitoes. All nets used were subjected to cone bioassays and then to experimental hut trials. Mosquito mortality, blood-feeding inhibition and personal protection rate were compared between untreated nets, unwashed LLINs and LLINs that were washed 20 times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both washed and unwashed PermaNet® 2.0 and PermaNet® 3.0 LLINs had knockdown and mortality rates of 100% against a susceptible strain of An. gambiae sensu stricto. The adjusted mortality rate of the wild mosquito population after use of the unwashed PermaNet® 3.0 and PermaNet® 2.0 nets was found to be higher than after use of the washed PermaNet® 2.0 and PermaNet® 3.0 nets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the increasing incidence of pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae mosquitoes in Tanzania, we recommend that consideration is given to its distribution in areas with pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors within the framework of a national insecticide-resistance management plan.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania. pat.kweka@gmail.com.|Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. pat.kweka@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eliningaya J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kweka
authors.affiliation: Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Lucile J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lyaruu
authors.affiliation: Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mabogini field station, Moshi, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Aneth M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mahande
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000592:standards*; D007306:Insecticides; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins
keywords: Anopheles gambiae; Exophily; Experimental hut; Long-lasting insecticidal nets; Mortality; Personal protection rate; Resistance; Tanzania