title: 6-Paradol and 6-Shogaol, the Pungent Compounds of Ginger, Promote Glucose Utilization in Adipocytes and Myotubes, and 6-Paradol Reduces Blood Glucose in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice.
abstract: The anti-diabetic activity of ginger powder (Zingiber officinale) has been recently promoted, with the recommendation to be included as one of the dietary supplements for diabetic patients. However, previous studies presented different results, which may be caused by degradation and metabolic changes of ginger components, gingerols, shogaols and paradols. Therefore, we prepared 10 ginger active components, namely 6-, 8-, 10-paradols, 6-, 8-, 10-shogaols, 6-, 8-, 10-gingerols and zingerone, and evaluated their anti-hyperglycemic activity. Among the tested compounds, 6-paradol and 6-shogaol showed potent activity in stimulating glucose utilization by 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. The effects were attributed to the increase in 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 6-Paradol, the major metabolite of 6-shogaol, was utilized in an in vivo assay and significantly reduced blood glucose, cholesterol and body weight in high-fat diet-fed mice.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. weichankai@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Chien-Kei
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. lyph0719@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yi-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. mickorinek@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korinek
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. vean1990@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Pei-Hsuan
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. mohamed.elshazly@pharm.asu.edu.eg.|Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt. mohamed.elshazly@pharm.asu.edu.eg.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Shazly
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. jmb@kmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yuan-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. yachwu@mail.cmu.edu.tw.|School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan. yachwu@mail.cmu.edu.tw.|Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan. yachwu@mail.cmu.edu.tw.|Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan. yachwu@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yang-Chang
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. hsiehjun@kmu.edu.tw.|Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan. hsiehjun@kmu.edu.tw.|Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. hsiehjun@kmu.edu.tw.|Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. hsiehjun@kmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Tusty-Jiuan
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. aaronfrc@kmu.edu.tw.|Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan. aaronfrc@kmu.edu.tw.|Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. aaronfrc@kmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Fang-Rong
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006139:Guaiacol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007659:Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002396:Catechols; D007659:Ketones; D008055:Lipids; D006139:Guaiacol; C040115:shogaol; C421614:6-paradol; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose
keywords: 3T3-L1 adipocytes; 6-paradol; C2C12 myotubes; diabetes mellitus; high-fat diet-fed mice; shogaols