title: Should Enteroviruses Be Monitored in Natural Recreational Waters?
abstract: Enteroviruses (EVs) infections occur worldwide. Although, infections by these viruses are often asymptomatic and go unnoticed, they can be shed in stool for several weeks. The EVs are associated with sporadic outbreaks and a wide range of clinical symptoms, occasionally accompanied with fatal consequences. Presently in the Slovak Republic (SR) recreational waters are tested only for bacterial indicators. Our aim was to monitor EVs in recreational waters. Water samples were collected during the years 2012-2014 from different recreational natural lakes in Central and West regions of SR. The samples were concentrated by centrifugation using the two-phase separation method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) used for EVs surveillance in the treated sewage waste water. Each of the two phases collected from the samples was analysed by polymerase chain reaction for detection of EVs and primary sequencing was done. Our study demonstrated presence of EVs in three localities consecutively for three years, indicating a probability of constant local source of faecal contamination. This is the first monitoring report on the occurrence of EVs in the natural recreational waters in SR.
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Soňa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Šarmírová
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Viera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nagyová
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Darina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Štípalová
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Iveta
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Drastichová
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Danka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Šimonyiová
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sirotná
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Renáta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kissová
authors.affiliation: National Reference Centre for Poliomyelitis, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Katarína
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pastuchová
authors.affiliation: National Transplant Organization, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tirpáková
authors.affiliation: National Transplant Organization, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuba
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic.|National Reference Centre for Poliomyelitis, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klement
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Shubhada
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bopegamage
mesh_terms: D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011998:Recreation; D018154:Slovakia; D014871:Water Microbiology
keywords: enteroviruses; monitoring; natural recreational waters