title: A New Neurocognitive Interpretation of Shoulder Position Sense during Reaching: Unexpected Competence in the Measurement of Extracorporeal Space.
abstract: Background. The position sense of the shoulder joint is important during reaching.Objective. To examine the existence of additional competence of the shoulder with regard to the ability to measure extracorporeal space, through a novel approach, using the shoulder proprioceptive rehabilitation tool (SPRT), during reaching.Design. Observational case-control study.Methods. We examined 50 subjects: 25 healthy and 25 with impingement syndrome with a mean age [years] of 64.52 +/- 6.98 and 68.36 +/- 6.54, respectively. Two parameters were evaluated using the SPRT: the integration of visual information and the proprioceptive afferents of the shoulder (Test 1) and the discriminative proprioceptive capacity of the shoulder, with the subject blindfolded (Test 2). These tasks assessed the spatial error (in centimeters) by the shoulder joint in reaching movements on the sagittal plane.ResultsThe shoulder had proprioceptive features that allowed it to memorize a reaching position and reproduce it (error of 0.62 cm ± 0.57 cm in healthy subjects) [corrected]. This ability was lower in the impingement group, with a statistically significant difference compared to the healthy group (p< 0.05 by Mann-Whitney test).Conclusions. The shoulder has specific expertise in the measurement of the extracorporeal space during reaching movements that gradually decreases in impingement syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Complex Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8694-1404
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paolucci
authors.affiliation: Complex Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8960-0429
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zangrando
authors.affiliation: Complex Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1633-2950
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piccinini
authors.affiliation: Complex Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sciarra
authors.affiliation: Complex Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pallotta
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8527-6940
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mannocci
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: la Torre
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabiano
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bini
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4872-2980
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marinozzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gumina
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Division of Neurophysiopathology, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2570-9326
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Padua
authors.affiliation: Complex Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo Maria
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0600-9749
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Saraceni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011434:Proprioception; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*