title: Glycine-alanine dipeptide repeat protein contributes to toxicity in a zebrafish model of C9orf72 associated neurodegeneration.
abstract: The most frequent genetic cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the expansion of a GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in a non-coding region of the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) locus. The pathological hallmarks observed in C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers are the formation of RNA foci and deposition of dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins derived from repeat associated non-ATG (RAN) translation. Currently, it is unclear whether formation of RNA foci, DPR translation products, or partial loss of C9orf72 predominantly drive neurotoxicity in vivo. By using a transgenic approach in zebrafish we address if the most frequently found DPR in human ALS/FTLD brain, the poly-Gly-Ala (poly-GA) protein, is toxic in vivo.
  
  
  
  We generated several transgenic UAS responder lines that express either 80 repeats of GGGGCC alone, or together with a translation initiation ATG codon forcing the translation of GA80-GFP protein upon crossing to a Gal4 driver. The GGGGCC repeat and GA80 were fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) lacking a start codon to monitor protein translation by GFP fluorescence.
  
  
  
  Zebrafish transgenic for the GGGGCC repeat lacking an ATG codon showed very mild toxicity in the absence of poly-GA. However, strong toxicity was induced upon ATG initiated expression of poly-GA, which was rescued by injection of an antisense morpholino interfering with start codon dependent poly-GA translation. This morpholino only interferes with GA80-GFP translation without affecting repeat transcription, indicating that the toxicity is derived from GA80-GFP.
  
  
  
  These novel transgenic C9orf72 associated repeat zebrafish models demonstrate poly-GA toxicity in zebrafish. Reduction of poly-GA protein rescues toxicity validating this therapeutic approach to treat C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers. These novel animal models provide a valuable tool for drug discovery to reduce DPR associated toxicity in ALS/FTLD patients with C9orf72 repeat expansions.
authors.affiliation: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str.17, 81377, Munich, Germany.|Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str.17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohki
authors.affiliation: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str.17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wenninger-Weinzierl
authors.affiliation: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str.17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hruscha
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asakawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str.17, 81377, Munich, Germany.|Biomedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str.17, 81377, Munich, Germany.|Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str.17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haass
authors.affiliation: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str.17, 81377, Munich, Germany.|Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str.17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edbauer
authors.affiliation: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str.17, 81377, Munich, Germany. bettina.schmid@dzne.de.|Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str.17, 81377, Munich, Germany. bettina.schmid@dzne.de.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmid
mesh_terms: D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018900:Dinucleotide Repeats; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D057174:Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010455:Peptides / Q000633:toxicity*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011108:Polymers; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D011108:Polymers; C034500:poly(alanylglycine)
keywords: C9orf72; Zebrafish; poly-GA toxicity