title: Subclavian Artery Disease: Diagnosis and Therapy.
abstract: The diagnosis of brachiocephalic disease is often overlooked. Symptoms include arm claudication and vertebrobasilar insufficiency. In patients who have had the use of the internal mammary artery for coronary bypass surgery, the development of symptoms of myocardial ischemia should alert the clinician to the possibility of subclavian artery stenosis. Also, in patients who have had axillofemoral bypass, lower-extremity claudication may occur. Recognition involves physical examination and accurate noninvasive testing. Endovascular therapy has proven to be effective in alleviating symptoms in properly selected patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Electronic address: tisa.saha@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Tisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Syed Yaseen
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Naqvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Omar Abine
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ayah
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D006801:Humans; D015607:Stents; D013348:Subclavian Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D013349:Subclavian Steal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Chronic occlusive disease; Distal cerebral protection subclavian artery stenosis; PTFE; Subclavian steal syndrome