title: Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Elemental Carbon in Bakersfield, California.
abstract: Despite increasing evidence that airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposures contribute to adverse health outcomes for sensitive populations, limited data are available on short-term intraurban spatial distributions for use in epidemiologic research. Exposure assessments for airborne PAHs are uncommon because air sampling for PAHs is a labor-, equipment-, and time-intensive task. To address this gap we measured wintertime PAH concentrations during 2010-2011 in Bakersfield, California, USA, a major city in the Southern San Joaquin Valley. Specifically, 58 96-hour integrated PAH samples were collected during 4 time periods at 14 locations from November 2010 to January 2011; duplicates were collected at two sites. We also collected elemental carbon (EC) at the same 14 sites and analyzed the two time periods with the highest ambient PAH pollution. We used linear regression models to quantify the relationship between potential spatial and temporal predictors of PAH concentrations. We found that wintertime PAH concentrations in Bakersfield, CA, are best predicted by meteorological variables and traffic proximity. Our model explains a moderate amount of the variability in the data (R2=0.58), likely reflecting the major sources of PAHs in Bakersfield. We also observed that PAH concentrations were more spatially variable than EC concentrations. Comparing our data to historical monitoring data at one location in Bakersfield showed that the relatively low PAH concentrations during the 2010-2011 winter in Bakersfield is part of a long-term trend in decreasing PAH concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Noth
authors.affiliation: Sonoma Technology, Inc., 1455 N. McDowell Blvd., Petaluma, CA 94954-6503.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lurmann
authors.affiliation: Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave, NW 7th Floor, Washington, DC 20052.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Northcross
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perrino
authors.affiliation: Sonoma Technology, Inc., 1455 N. McDowell Blvd., Petaluma, CA 94954-6503.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 USA.
authors.forename: S Katharine
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hammond
keywords: Air pollution; Bakersfield; California; Elemental Carbon; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; San Joaquin Valley