title: Assessing circumstances and causes of dairy cow death in Italian dairy farms through a veterinary practice survey (2013-2014).
abstract: A questionnaire survey about on farm dairy cow mortality was carried out among veterinary practitioners in Italy between January 2013 and May 2014. The study aimed at investigating the main circumstances of death in dairy cows (euthanasia, emergency slaughter or unassisted death), the primary causes and the risk factors of death. Out of 251 dead cows involved (across 137 farms), 54.6% died assisted and 45.4% were found dead. The main causes of death were metabolic/digestive disorders (22.3%) and mastitis/udder problems (17.1%), while in 14.7% of all cases, reasons of death were unknown. From the univariable generalised linear mixed models, dry cows showed a significantly higher odds to die unassisted compared to lactating cows (OR=3.2); dry cows also had higher odds of dying from unknown reasons (OR=11.7). Season was not significantly related to the risk of dying unassisted and for unknown reasons, but during the summer (characterised by hot and muggy weather in Northern Italy) cows died mostly for problems at calving. 54.2% of cows died during the first 30days in milk (DIM). Half of the multiparous cows that died, died in the first 29.5 DIM, while half of the primiparous cows that died, died in the first 50 DIM. Results pointed out that, especially in dry cows, around calving and during the summer, some failure in management practices and daily inspections may occur. Improvements should be done in monitoring activities and in recognising early symptoms of diseases among stockperson. In addition, in case of diagnosed diseases with poor prognosis, euthanasia procedures should be implemented to prevent cows from dying unassisted.
authors.affiliation: Italian National Animal Welfare Reference Centre (CReNBA), Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), via Antonio Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy. Electronic address: francesca_fusi@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fusi
authors.affiliation: Italian National Animal Welfare Reference Centre (CReNBA), Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), via Antonio Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy. Electronic address: alessandra.angelucci@izsler.it.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angelucci
authors.affiliation: Italian National Animal Welfare Reference Centre (CReNBA), Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), via Antonio Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy. Electronic address: valentina.lorenzi@izsler.it.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lorenzi
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), via dei Mercati, 13/A, 43100 Parma, Italy. Electronic address: luca.bolzoni@izsler.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bolzoni
authors.affiliation: Italian National Animal Welfare Reference Centre (CReNBA), Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), via Antonio Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy. Electronic address: luigi.bertocchi@izsler.it.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertocchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D003612:Dairying / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D037901:Euthanasia, Animal; D005260:Female; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Dairy cow death causes; Emergency slaughtering; Euthanasia; Italy; On-farm dairy cow death; Unassisted death