title: Functional constituents of wild and cultivated Goji (L. barbarum L.) leaves: phytochemical characterization, biological profile, and computational studies.
abstract: Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) leaves are emphasized as a functional tea or as dietary supplements. The phenolic compound profile, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic activities of leaf extracts from two selected cultivars in comparison with wild-growing plants have been evaluated. HPLC-DAD/ESI-ToF-MS analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids with chlorogenic acid and rutin being the dominant compounds in the cultivated plants, whereas rutin and kaempeferol-3-O-rutinoside for wild growing ones. In particular, cv. Erma contained the highest amount of chlorogenic acid and showed a strong tyrosinase-inhibitory effect. Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Penicillium funiculosum were the most sensitive strains when exposed to extracts from cultivated plants. Antimutagenic activity was evaluated by Ames' test. The tested extracts provided high protection against mutagenicity induced by 2-anthramine (2-AA) to Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100 (max. inhibition (%) 88% and 74.2%, respectively). Overall, Goji leaves are a rich source of bioactive compounds with functional properties that need further risk/benefit evaluation when used in foods or health-promoting formulations.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany.|b Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu" , Cluj-Napoca , Romania.
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mocan
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biology, Science Faculty , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zengin
authors.affiliation: d Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simirgiotis
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schafberg
authors.affiliation: e Department of Pharmacy , University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mollica
authors.affiliation: f Department of Food Science , University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Cluj-Napoca , Romania.
authors.forename: Dan C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Vodnar
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu" , Cluj-Napoca , Romania.
authors.forename: Gianina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crişan
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohn
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D032305:Lycium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D000516:alpha-Amylases
keywords: Antibacterial activity; Goji leaves; antimutagenicity; enzyme inhibition; phenolic compounds