title: A phantom study for ground-glass nodule detectability using chest digital tomosynthesis with iterative reconstruction algorithm by ten observers: association with radiation dose and nodular characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare detectability of simulated ground-glass nodules (GGNs) on chest digital tomosynthesis (CDT) among 12 images obtained at 6 radiation doses using 2 reconstruction algorithms and to analyze its association with nodular size and density.
  
  
  METHODS
  74 simulated GGNs [5, 8 and 10 mm in diameter/-630 and -800 Hounsfield units (HU) in density] were placed in a chest phantom in 14 nodular distribution patterns. 12 sets of coronal images were obtained using CDT at 6 radiation doses: 120 kV-10 mA/20 mA/80 mA/160 mA, 100 kV-80 mA and 80 kV-320 mA with and without iterative reconstruction (IR). 10 radiologists recorded GGN presence and locations by continuously distributed rating. GGN detectability was compared by receiver operating characteristic analysis among 12 images and detection sensitivities (DS) were compared among 12 images in subgroups classified by nodular diameters and densities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GGN detectability at 120 kV-160 mA with IR was similar to that at 120 kV-80 mA with IR (0.614 mSv), as area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.798 ± 0.024 and 0.788 ± 0.025, respectively, and higher than six images acquired at 120 kV (p < 0.05). For nodules of -630 HU/8 mm, DS at 120 kV-10 mA without IR was 73.5 ± 6.0% and was similar to that by the other 11 data acquisition methods (p = 0.157). For nodules of -800 HU/10 mm, DS both at 120 kV-80 mA and 120 kV-160 mA without IR was improved by IR (56.3 ± 11.9%) (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDT demonstrated sufficient detectability for larger more-attenuated GGNs (>8 mm) even in the lowest radiation dose (0.17 mSv) and improved detectability for less-attenuated GGNs with the diameter of 10 mm at submillisievert with IR. Advances in knowledge: IR improved detectability for larger less-attenuated simulated GGNs on CDT.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagatani
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiological Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Science, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.|3 Department of Radiology, Yujin-Yamazaki Hospital, Hikone, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nitta
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Radiological Technology, Kyoto College of Medical Science, Nantan, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideji
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nitta-Seko
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Akitoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Radiology, Ijinkai-Takeda General Hospital, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Misaki
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Radiology, EMC-KENKO Hospital, Health Science University of Mongolia, Orkhon, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Khishigdorj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erdenee
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murata
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*