title: Incidence, Development, and Prognosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease in China: Design and Methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although that glomerulonephritis is the major cause of end-stage renal disease in developing countries such as China, the increasing prevalence of diabetes has contributed to the changing spectrum of predialysis chronic kidney disease. Recent studies have revealed an increased proportion of patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in hemodialysis populations in large cities in China. However, studies regarding the clinical phenotype of DKD in China are extremely limited. The incidence, development, and prognosis of diabetic kidney disease (INDEED) study aims to investigate the incidence, progression, and prognosis of DKD, as well as the associated genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors and biomarkers in patients with DKD in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  INDEED study is a prospective cohort study based on all participants with diabetes in the Kailuan study, which is a general population-based cohort study in northern China. Altogether, over 10,000 participants with diabetes will be followed biennially. Questionnaires documenting general characteristics, behavioral and environmental factors, and medical history will be administrated. Anthropometric measurements and a series of laboratory tests will be performed in one central laboratory. The DNA, plasma, and urine samples of every participant will be stored in a biobank for future research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  INDEED study will provide essential information regarding the clinical phenotype and prognosis of patients with DKD in China and will be valuable to identify factors and biomarkers associated with patients with DKD in China.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Yao-Zheng
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Wei
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Lu-Xia
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China.
authors.forename: Shou-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zha
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers