title: Divergent functional isoforms drive niche specialisation for nutrient acquisition and use in rumen microbiome.
abstract: Many microbes in complex competitive environments share genes for acquiring and utilising nutrients, questioning whether niche specialisation exists and if so, how it is maintained. We investigated the genomic signatures of niche specialisation in the rumen microbiome, a highly competitive, anaerobic environment, with limited nutrient availability determined by the biomass consumed by the host. We generated individual metagenomic libraries from 14 cows fed an ad libitum diet of grass silage and calculated functional isoform diversity for each microbial gene identified. The animal replicates were used to calculate confidence intervals to test for differences in diversity of functional isoforms between microbes that may drive niche specialisation. We identified 153 genes with significant differences in functional isoform diversity between the two most abundant bacterial genera in the rumen (Prevotella and Clostridium). We found Prevotella possesses a more diverse range of isoforms capable of degrading hemicellulose, whereas Clostridium for cellulose. Furthermore, significant differences were observed in key metabolic processes indicating that isoform diversity plays an important role in maintaining their niche specialisation. The methods presented represent a novel approach for untangling complex interactions between microorganisms in natural environments and have resulted in an expanded catalogue of gene targets central to rumen cellulosic biomass degradation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.|Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co., Meath, Ireland.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9090-6794
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rubino
authors.affiliation: Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co., Meath, Ireland.|School of Agriculture, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ciara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carberry
authors.affiliation: Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co., Meath, Ireland.
authors.forename: Sinéad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: M Waters
authors.affiliation: Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co., Meath, Ireland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.affiliation: Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co., Meath, Ireland.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Creevey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D002417:Cattle; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods; D064307:Microbiota / Q000235:genetics*; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*