title: Does Periconceptional Fish Consumption by Parents Affect the Incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intelligence Deficiency? A Case-control Study in Tianjin, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to explore the association between periconceptional fish consumption by parents and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intelligence deficiency (ID).
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted through a questionnaire with 108 ASD cases, 79 ID cases, and 108 controls. The ASD and ID cases were students from special educational schools in Tianjin from 2012 to 2014. The age- and sex-matched controls were from a high school, three primary schools, and a kindergarten in Tianjin. Multivariate logistic regression was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paternal habit of eating hairtail before fertilization, maternal preference for fruits during pregnancy, and maternal habit of eating grass carp during pregnancy were preventive factors for ASD. Paternal habit of drinking alcohol before fertilization was a risk factor for ID, whereas maternal preference for fruits during pregnancy and maternal habit of eating crucian carp during pregnancy were protective factors for ID.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental fish consumption is beneficial for the prevention of ASD and ID. Meanwhile, the protective effects of fish consumption on ASD and ID differ. More attention should be paid to the combined effect of other food when eating fish.
authors.affiliation: Dept. Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health of School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Shan Shan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Dept. Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health of School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Dept. Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health of School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Dept. Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health of School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Yuan Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Dept. Maternal, Child & Adolescence Health of School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D018812:Paternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Intelligence deficiency; Parental fish consumption; Periconception