title: Questionnaires used to assess barriers of clinical guideline use among physicians are not comprehensive, reliable, or valid: a scoping review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study described the number and characteristics of questionnaires used to assess barriers of guideline use among physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A scoping review was conducted. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from 2005 to June 2016. English-language studies that administered a questionnaire to assess barriers of guideline use among practicing physicians were eligible. Summary statistics were used to report study and questionnaire characteristics. Questionnaire content was assessed with a checklist of 57 known barriers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each of the 178 included studies administered a unique questionnaire. The number of questionnaires increased yearly from 2005 to 2015. Few were pilot-tested (50, 28.1%) or tested for psychometric properties (3, 1.7%). Two were based on theory. None probed for the full range of known barriers. Ten included a free-text option. The majority assessed professional barriers (177, 99.4%) but few of the 14 factors within this domain. Questionnaire characteristics did not change over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Organizations administered questionnaires that were not reliable or valid and did not comprehensively assess barriers and may have selected interventions unlikely to promote guideline use. Research is needed to construct a questionnaire that is practical, adaptable, and robust and leads to the selection of interventions that support guideline use.
authors.affiliation: Systematic Reviews & Health Technology Assessments, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, K25 - Medical Foundation Building, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Melina L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Willson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Pavelló 18 Planta 0, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Robin W M
authors.initials: RWM
authors.lastname: Vernooij
authors.affiliation: Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G2C4, Canada. Electronic address: anna.gagliardi@uhnresearch.ca.
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
mesh_terms: D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Barriers; Clinical practice guidelines; Implementation; Questionnaire design; Questionnaires; Scoping review