title: Regenerative endodontics: a true paradigm shift or a bandwagon about to be derailed?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regenerative endodontic techniques (RETs) have been hailed as a paradigm shift for the management of traumatised non-vital immature permanent anterior teeth. In this article the aim was to critically appraise the literature with regards to the outcome of regenerative endodontics on root development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critical review of the literature where regenerative endodontic techniques have been used in the management of immature non-vital teeth with continuation of root development as the main outcome reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most studies published were in the form of case reports and series with very few randomised controlled trials with a high risk of bias. Continuation of root development following the use of RET has been shown to be unpredictable at best with lower success in those teeth losing vitality as a result of dental trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the high success of regenerative endodontics in terms of periodontal healing including resolution of clinical and radiographic signs and symptoms of infection, continuation of root development remains an unpredictable outcome. The use of a blood clot as a scaffold in regenerative endodontics should be reviewed carefully as that might offer an environment for repair rather than regeneration. In addition, preservation of structures, such as Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, may have an important bearing on the success of this approach and should be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Leeds School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK. haninazzal@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6220-8873
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nazzal
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Leeds School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Duggal
mesh_terms: D056624:Apexification / Q000379:methods*; D004708:Endodontics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012038:Regeneration; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Non-vital immature teeth; Regenerative endodontics; Revascularisation