title: Identifications of drug resistance mutations among antiretroviral treatment naive HIV-1 patients in Peninsular Malaysia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine drug resistance mutations and the HIV-1 subtypes among antiretroviral treatment naive HIV-1 patients in Peninsular Malaysia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 45 samples from four hospitals that provide HIV viral load services were subjected to the amplification of the protease and two third of reverse transcriptase regions of the pol gene by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Drug resistance mutation (DRM) interpretation reports the presence of mutations related to protease inhibitors (PIs), Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) based on analysis using Stanford HIV database program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DRMs were identified in 35% of patients, among which 46.7% of them showed minor resistance to protease inhibitor with A71V and L10l were the commonest DRMs detected. About 21.4% and 50.0% of patients had mutations to NRTIs and NNRTIs, respectively. CRF01_AE was found to be the predominant HIV-1 subtype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings have served as an initial crucial data in determining the prevalence of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance for the country. However, more samples from various parts of the country need to be accumulated and analyzed to provide overall HIV-1 drug resistance in the country.
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: rozainanee@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Rozainanee Mohd
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zain
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nabila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Suriani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Jeyanthi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suppiah
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nor Aziyah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Mat Rahim
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ravindran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thayan
keywords: Antiretroviral treatment naive; HIV; Malaysia; Resistance