title: Factors Associated with Hookah Use among Male High School Students: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Hookah User and Non-User Prototypes.
abstract: As students' hookah use has become a widespread problem in the developing countries, it is time to understand the cognitive determinants of students' decisions to do so. This study aimed to investigate the roles of psychological and demographic factors associated with hookah use among male high school students.
  
  
  
  This descriptive-analytical study was performed among 601 high school male students, recruited through multistage sampling method in the Kermanshah City, west of Iran in 2016. The data-gathering tool consisted of a self-administered questionnaire with questions about hookah use behavior and demographic, behavioral and psychological variables. Data were analyzed using SPSS-18 software using chi-square and logistic regression.
  
  
  
  36.1% of the participants reported ever hookah use and 17.1% mentioned using hookah in the past month. Pleasure (28.1%) and sensation seeking (22.5%) were common reasons of hookah use. In comparison to non-users, hookah users evaluated a typical hookah user as more clever, less immature, more popular, more attractive, more self-confident, more independent, and less selfish (P<0.001).
  
  
  
  The results revealed the importance of psychological factors when examining students' hookah use status. Thus, design and implementation of interventions might be effective in prevention of hookah use among students.
authors.affiliation: Social Determinants of Health Research Center and Department of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bashirian
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center and Department of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barati
authors.affiliation: Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Younes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mostafaei
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001290:Attitude; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003710:Demography; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D057181:Pleasure; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012574:Schools; D012649:Self Concept; D057566:Self Report; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Adolescent; Prototype; Smoking; Students