title: Low Adherence to Dietary Guidelines in Spain, Especially in the Overweight/Obese Population: The ANIBES Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to analyze the dietary intake of the Spanish population according to ponderal status and body fat distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from ANIBES (Anthropometry, Intake, and Energy Balance in Spain), a cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample (1013 men, 996 women) of the Spanish population (18-64 years). The final fieldwork was carried out from mid-September to November (three months) 2013. A 3-day dietary record provided information about food and beverage consumption. Height, weight, and waist circumference were assessed, and body mass index (BMI) and waist-height ratio (WHtR) calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Spanish population had a low consumption of fruits and vegetables, cereals, whole cereals, and dairy and high consumption of meat products. Individuals with overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and abdominal adiposity (WHtR ≥ 0.5) showed lower compliance with dietary guidelines. In the male group, adjusting by age, inadequate consumption of cereals (<4 servings/day) and vegetables and fruit (<5 servings/day) was associated with higher risk of overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 1.704, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.187-2.447, p = 0.001, for cereals and OR = 3.816, 95% CI, 1.947-7.480, p = 0.001, for vegetables and fruits) and abdominal adiposity (OR = 2.081, 95% CI, 1.419-3.053, p = 0.000 and OR = 4.289, 95% CI, 2.108-8.726, p = 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nutritional campaigns should be conducted to improve the dietary habits of the Spanish population in general, especially men, who have poorer ponderal status and abdominal adiposity, due to their lower adherence to dietary guidelines.
authors.affiliation: a VALORNUT Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: a VALORNUT Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Aránzazu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aparicio
authors.affiliation: b Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health , University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aranceta-Bartrina
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II , and Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada , Armilla , Granada , Spain.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: d ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance , Technical University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.affiliation: e Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Trasera del Hospital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Spain.
authors.forename: Lluis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serra-Majem
authors.affiliation: f Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , CEU San Pablo University , Boadilla del Monte , Madrid , Spain.|g Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN) , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Gregorio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Varela-Moreiras
authors.affiliation: a VALORNUT Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ortega
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight; D013030:Spain; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dietary guidelines; adults; nutrition; obesity; overweight