title: Happily (n)ever after: Aging in the context of oxidative stress, proteostasis loss and cellular senescence.
abstract: Aging is a complex phenomenon and its impact is becoming more relevant due to the rising life expectancy and because aging itself is the basis for the development of age-related diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and type 2 diabetes. Recent years of scientific research have brought up different theories that attempt to explain the aging process. So far, there is no single theory that fully explains all facets of aging. The damage accumulation theory is one of the most accepted theories due to the large body of evidence found over the years. Damage accumulation is thought to be driven, among others, by oxidative stress. This condition results in an excess attack of oxidants on biomolecules, which lead to damage accumulation over time and contribute to the functional involution of cells, tissues and organisms. If oxidative stress persists, cellular senescence is a likely outcome and an important hallmark of aging. Therefore, it becomes crucial to understand how senescent cells function and how they contribute to the aging process. This review will cover cellular senescence features related to the protein pool such as morphological and molecular hallmarks, how oxidative stress promotes protein modifications, how senescent cells cope with them by proteostasis mechanisms, including antioxidant enzymes and proteolytic systems. We will also highlight the nutritional status of senescent cells and aged organisms (including human clinical studies) by exploring trace elements and micronutrients and on their importance to develop strategies that might increase both, life and health span and postpone aging onset.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Höhn
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; NutriAct - Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hugo
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; NutriAct - Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Bastian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kochlik
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kehm
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: König
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 10117 Berlin, Germany; NutriAct - Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grune
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Portugal; Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), Aging and Stress Group, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: jose.castro@dife.de.
authors.forename: José Pedro
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016877:Oxidants
keywords: Aging; Antioxidants; Micronutrients; Protein oxidation; Proteostasis; Senescence; Trace elements