title: Modification of the Genome of Domestic Animals.
abstract: In the past few years, new technologies have arisen that enable higher efficiency of gene editing. With the increase ease of using gene editing technologies, it is important to consider the best method for transferring new genetic material to livestock animals. Microinjection is a technique that has proven to be effective in mice but is less efficient in large livestock animals. Over the years, a variety of methods have been used for cloning as well as gene transfer including; nuclear transfer, sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT), and liposome-mediated DNA transfer. This review looks at the different success rate of these methods and how they have evolved to become more efficient. As well as gene editing technologies, including Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the most recent clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). Through the advancements in gene-editing technologies, generating transgenic animals is now more accessible and affordable. The goals of producing transgenic animals are to 1) increase our understanding of biology and biomedical science; 2) increase our ability to produce more efficient animals; and 3) produce disease resistant animals. ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPRs combined with gene transfer methods increase the possibility of achieving these goals.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Animal Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Samantha N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Lotti
authors.affiliation: a Department of Animal Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Polkoff
authors.affiliation: b Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois , Urbana , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubessa
authors.affiliation: a Department of Animal Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA.|b Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois , Urbana , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics*; D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems; D000072669:Gene Editing / Q000379:methods*; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D058751:Livestock / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: BLG, β-lactoglobulin; CRISPR; CRISPRs, clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats; EG, embryonic germ; ES, Embryonic stem; ESC, Embryonic stem cell; HDR, homology directed repair; ICM, inner cell mass; ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection; NHEJ, non-homologous end joining; NT, nuclear transfers; OBCT, oocyte bisection technique; PAM, protospacer adjacent motif; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PGCS, primordial germ cells; RVDs, repeat variable diresidues; SMGT; SMGT, sperm mediated gene transfer; SV40, simian virus 40; TALEN; TALENs, transcription activator-like effector nucleases; ZFN; ZFN, Zinc-finger nucleases; gene editing; gene transfer; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells; nuclear transfer; ssODN, single strand oligo nucleotide