title: Traumatic Brain Injury: Preclinical Imaging Diagnostic(s) and Therapeutic Approaches.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the result of an external physical force to the head that harms the brain. TBI is a major public health problem worldwide and mainly results from falls, vehicle accidents and violence. Clinical problem: The management of TBI, causing a wide spectrum of possible health outcomes, has barely changed over the years as encouraging outcomes from many pre-clinical therapeutic and pharmacological studies have only rarely been translated to the clinical situation. New management options: In the last decades management of TBI is rapidly advancing and new innovative imaging modalities with sophisticated treatment options by using nanomedicine based drug delivery systems are under investigation. Nano formulations such as PLGA, exosomes and liposomes have the advantage of a targeted and controlled delivery of their cargo, such as diagnostic probes and/or therapeutic drugs.
  
  
  
  Here we provide an overview of new promising pre-clinical developments in TBI management that may find their way to the clinic in the near future. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine in TBI intervention may establish new platforms for targeted drug delivery to the traumatized brain to improve the quality of life and survival of TBI patients.
authors.affiliation: Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Kaijzel
authors.affiliation: Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ermond R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: van Beek
authors.affiliation: Percuros b.v., Enschede, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marieke A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stammes
authors.affiliation: Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Que
authors.affiliation: Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Clemens W G M
authors.initials: CWGM
authors.lastname: Lowik
authors.affiliation: Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Luis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Cruz
mesh_terms: D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D050997:Nanomedicine; D036103:Nanotechnology
keywords: Traumatic brain injury; molecular imaging; mouse model; nanoparticles; probes