title: Multicenter Study of Pin Site Infections and Skin Complications Following Pinning of Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures are the most common elbow fractures in pediatric patients. Surgical fixation using pins is the primary treatment for displaced fractures. Pin site infections may follow supracondylar humerus fracture fixation; the previously reported incidence rate in the literature is 2.34%, but there is significant variability in reported incidence rates of pin site infection. This study aims to define the incidence rate and determine pre-, peri-, and postoperative factors that may contribute to pin site infection following operative reduction, pinning, and casting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart analysis was performed over a one-year period on patients that developed pin site infection. A cast care form was added to Nemours' electronic medical records (EMR) system (Epic Systems Corp., Verona, WI) to identify pin site infections for retrospective review. The cast care form noted any inflamed or infected pins. Patients with inflamed or infected pin sites underwent a detailed chart review. Preoperative antibiotic use, number and size of pins used, method of postoperative immobilization, pin dressings, whether postoperative immobilization was changed prior to pin removal, and length of time pins were in place was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 369 patients underwent operative reduction, pinning, and casting. Three patients developed a pin site infection. The pin site infection incidence rate was 3/369=0.81%. Descriptive statistics were reported for the three patients that developed pin site infections and three patients that developed pin site complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pin site infection development is low. Factors that may contribute to the development of pin site infection include preoperative antibiotic use, length of time pins are left in, and changing the cast prior to pin removal.
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Combs
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Surgery, Nemours Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frick
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Surgery, Nemours Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiebzak
keywords: pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture; pin site infection