title: Comprehensive estimate of the theoretical maximum daily intake of pesticide residues for chronic dietary risk assessment in Argentina.
abstract: A chronic dietary risk assessment for pesticide residues was conducted for four age groups of the Argentinian population following the procedure recommended by the WHO. The National Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (NTMDI) for 308 pesticides was calculated for the first time, using the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) from several Argentinean regulations and food consumption data from a comprehensive National Nutrition and Health Survey. The risk was estimated by comparing the TMDI with the Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI) identified by various sources. Furthermore, for each of the compounds with a TMDI >65% of the ADI, a probabilistic analysis was conducted to quantify the probability of exceeding the ADI. In this study 27, 22, 10, and 6 active ingredients (a.i.) were estimated to exceed the 100% of the ADI for the different population groups: 6-23 month-old children, 2-5 year-old children, pregnant women, and 10-49 year-old women, respectively. Some of these ADI-exceeding compounds (carbofuran, diazinon, dichlorvos, dimethoate, oxydemeton-methyl and methyl bromide) were found in all four of these groups. Milk, apples, potatoes, and tomatoes were the foods that contributed most to the intake of these pesticides. The study is of primary importance for the improvement of risk assessment, regulations, and monitoring activities.
authors.affiliation: a Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and Contaminants (PRINARC), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Littoral , Santa Fe , Argentina.
authors.forename: Darío A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Maggioni
authors.affiliation: b Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, EEA Rafaela , Santa Fe , Argentina.
authors.forename: Marcelo L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Signorini
authors.affiliation: a Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and Contaminants (PRINARC), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Littoral , Santa Fe , Argentina.
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Michlig
authors.affiliation: a Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and Contaminants (PRINARC), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Littoral , Santa Fe , Argentina.
authors.forename: María R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Repetti
authors.affiliation: a Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and Contaminants (PRINARC), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Littoral , Santa Fe , Argentina.
authors.forename: Mirna E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sigrist
authors.affiliation: a Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and Contaminants (PRINARC), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Littoral , Santa Fe , Argentina.
authors.forename: Horacio R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Beldomenico
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001118:Argentina; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues
keywords: MRL; Pesticides; TMDI; dietary risk assessment; food consumption