title: Characterization of Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions From Carpet Cushions.
abstract: The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is investigating chemical emissions from carpet systems in order to determine whether the emissions may be responsible for the numerous health complaints associated with carpet installation. As part of this effort, a study was conducted to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released into the air by five major product types of new carpet cushions. Cushion samples were tested in small-volume dynamic chambers over a six-hour exposure period. Airborne VOCs collected on multisorbent samplers were identified using sensitive gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The emissions of selected VOCs were quantitated with the small-scale chamber method and further characterized in larger environmental chambers conducted over a 96-hour period under conditions more representative of indoor environments. A separate chamber method was developed to screen polyurethane cushions for emissions of toluene diisocyanates (TDI). Over 100 VOCs, spanning a broad range of chemical classes, were emitted from 17 carpet cushions. The pattern of emitted VOCs varied between and among product types, which reflects probable differences in manufacturing processes and ingredients. No significant quantities of TDI or formaldehyde were released by any cushions. Emission profiles were characterized for total VOCs and for the predominant individual VOCs. As a group, the synthetic fiber cushion samples emitted the lowest quantities of VOCs. Cushion samples purchased from carpet retailers released lesser amounts of VOCs than samples of the same cushion types obtained directly from the manufacturing mills, suggesting that chemical losses from the bulk material may ensue as a result of transport, handling, and storage prior to installation. The data suggest that placement of carpet on top of a carpet cushion, as would occur in a residential installation, reduced the rate of some VOC emissions when compared to the cushion alone.
authors.forename: Val H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.forename: Bharat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhooshan
authors.forename: Shing-Bong
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission , Washington , D.C.
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sonenthal
authors.affiliation: b E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California.
authors.forename: Alfred J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hodgson