title: Chlorine dioxide as an alternative antifouling biocide for cooling water systems: Toxicity to larval barnacle Amphibalanus reticulatus (Utinomi).
abstract: Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is seen as an effective alternative to chlorine, which is widely used as an antifouling biocide. However, data on its efficacy against marine macrofoulants is scanty. In this study, acute toxicity of ClO2to larval forms of the fouling barnacle Amphibalanus reticulatus was investigated. ClO2treatment at 0.1mg/L for 20min elicited 45-63% reduction in naupliar metamorphosis, 70% inhibition of cyprid settlement and 80% inhibition of metamorphosis to juveniles. Increase in concentration to 0.2mg/L did not result in any significant difference in the settlement inhibition or metamorphosis. Treatment with 0.2mg/L of ClO2elicited substantial reduction in the settlement of barnacle larvae compared to control. The study indicates the possibility of using ClO2as an alternative antifouling biocide in power plant cooling water systems. However, more work needs to be done on the environmental effects of such switchover, which we are currently undertaking.
authors.affiliation: Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Venkatnarayanan
authors.affiliation: Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sriyutha Murthy
authors.affiliation: Marine Biotechnology, ESSO-National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai 600 100, India.
authors.forename: Ramalingam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirubagaran
authors.affiliation: Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India. Electronic address: vpvenu@barc.gov.in.
authors.forename: Vayalam P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Venugopalan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects*; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D001468:Thoracica / Q000187:drug effects*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; D014867:Water; C025109:chlorine dioxide
keywords: Amphibalanus reticulatus; Barnacle; Biofouling control; Chlorine dioxide; Cypris; Larval settlement