title: Dietary exposure to toxic and essential trace elements by consumption of wild and farmed carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) in Iran.
abstract: This study was conducted to determine and compare the concentrations of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), and selenium (Se) in the muscle of wild and farmed carp (Cyprinus carpio) and wild and farmed Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) collected from south-western Caspian Sea areas of Iran between December 2014 and March 2015. In addition, risk assessment of consumers to exposure to metals through fish consumption was estimated. In all the samples, the arsenic concentration was lower than the detection limit. The Pb, Cd, Hg and Mn concentrations were significantly higher in the wild fish samples compared to the farmed fish samples. There was no significant difference in the Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni and Se concentrations of the wild and farmed carp and the wild and farmed Caspian kutum. Iron displayed the highest concentration of all the analysed metals in both the wild and farmed fish, followed by Zn and Cu. The highest Hg, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co and Se concentrations were 0.056, 0.011, 0.065, 0.120, 4.151, 3.792, 2.948, 2.690, 0.037 and 0.162 μg g-1, respectively. The estimated daily intake of all metals was acceptable, and the hazard quotient values showed that consumption of the analysed fish posed no health risk to consumers.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heshmati
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food and Drug Analysis, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karami-Momtaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Electronic address: amirnili54@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nili-Ahmadabadi
authors.affiliation: Students Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Sabah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghadimi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D003035:Cobalt / Q000032:analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis; D012643:Selenium / Q000032:analysis; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D003035:Cobalt; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D007501:Iron; D008628:Mercury; D012643:Selenium; D015032:Zinc; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Caspian Sea; Cyprinus carpio; Essential trace elements; Heavy metals; Rutilus frisii kutum