title: The value of participatory development to support antimicrobial stewardship with a clinical decision support system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) for antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are guideline- or expert-driven. They are focused on (clinical) content, not on supporting real-time workflow. Thus, CDSSs fail to optimally support prudent antimicrobial prescribing in daily practice. Our aim was to demonstrate why and how participatory development (involving end-users and other stakeholders) can contribute to the success of CDSSs in ASPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining scenario-based prototype evaluations (to support verbalization of work processes and out-of-the-box thinking) among 6 medical resident physicians with an online questionnaire (to cross-reference findings of the prototype evaluations) among 54 Dutch physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prototype evaluations resulted in insight into the end-users and their way of working, as well as their needs and expectations. The online questionnaire that was distributed among a larger group of medical specialists, including lung and infection experts, complemented the findings of the prototype evaluations. It revealed a say/do problem concerning the unrecognized need of support for selecting diagnostic tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-fidelity prototypes of a technology allow researchers to get to know the end-users, their way of working, and their work context. Involving experts allows technology developers to continuously check the fit between technology and clinical practice. The combination enables the participatory development of technology to successfully support ASPs.
authors.affiliation: Psychology, Health, and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. Electronic address: n.beerlage-dejong@utwente.nl.
authors.forename: Nienke
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beerlage-de Jong
authors.affiliation: Psychology, Health, and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Media, Communication, and Organisation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jobke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wentzel
authors.affiliation: Clinical Bacteriology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Certe Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hendrix
authors.affiliation: Psychology, Health, and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lisette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Gemert-Pijnen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010820:Physicians; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents
keywords: Information and Communication Technology (ICT); User-driven development; eHealth