title: Conflict monitoring and adaptation as reflected by N2 amplitude in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Feelings of doubt and perseverative behaviours are key symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and have been linked to hyperactive error and conflict signals in the brain. While enhanced neural correlates of error monitoring have been robustly shown, far less is known about conflict processing and adaptation in OCD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined event-related potentials during conflict processing in 70 patients with OCD and 70 matched healthy comparison participants, focusing on the stimulus-locked N2 elicited in a flanker task. Conflict adaptation was evaluated by analysing sequential adjustments in N2 and behaviour, i.e. current conflict effects as a function of preceding conflict.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with OCD showed enhanced N2 amplitudes compared with healthy controls. Further, patients showed stronger conflict adaptation effects on reaction times and N2 amplitude. Thus, the effect of previous compatibility was larger in patients than in healthy participants as indicated by greater N2 adjustments in change trials (i.e. iC, cI). As a result of stronger conflict adaptation in patients, N2 amplitudes were comparable between groups in incompatible trials following incompatible trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Larger N2 amplitudes and greater conflict adaptation in OCD point to enhanced conflict monitoring leading to increased recruitment of cognitive control in patients. This was most pronounced in change trials and was associated with stronger conflict adjustment in N2 and behaviour. Thus, hyperactive conflict monitoring in OCD may be beneficial in situations that require a high amount of control to resolve conflict, but may also reflect an effortful process that is linked to distress and symptoms of OCD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,Berlin,Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riesel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,Berlin,Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klawohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,Berlin,Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kathmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,Berlin,Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endrass
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Conflict adaptation; N2; conflict monitoring; error-related negativity; obsessive–compulsive disorder