title: Diagnosing Urogenital Schistosomiasis: Dealing with Diminishing Returns.
abstract: Urogenital schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma haematobium, is the most prevalent form of schistosomiasis affecting humans, and can result in severe bladder, kidney, ureteral, and genital pathologies. Chronic infection with S. haematobium has been linked with bladder cancer and increased risk for HIV infection. As mass drug administration with praziquantel increases in an attempt to transition from control to elimination of schistosomiasis, the need for updated, more sensitive diagnostic tools becomes more apparent, especially for use in areas of low infection intensity and for individuals with light infections. Here, we review established and investigational diagnostic tests utilized for urogenital schistosomiasis, highlighting new insights and recent advances.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA. Electronic address: lle@afbr-bri.com.
authors.forename: Loc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA; Division of Urology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA; The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D011223:Praziquantel
keywords: Schistosoma haematobium; diagnosis; female genital schistosomiasis (FGS); neglected tropical diseases (NTDs); urogenital schistosomiasis