title: The respiratory microbiome in bronchial mucosa and secretions from severe IgE-mediated asthma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The bronchial microbiome in chronic lung diseases presents an abnormal pattern, but its microbial composition and regional differences in severe asthma have not been sufficiently addressed. The aim of the study was to describe the bacterial community in bronchial mucosa and secretions of patients with severe chronic asthma chronically treated with corticosteroids in addition to usual care according to Global Initiative for Asthma. Bacterial community composition was obtained by 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing, and functional capabilities through PICRUSt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients with severe asthma were included and provided 11 bronchial biopsies (BB) and 12 bronchial aspirates (BA) suitable for sequence analyses. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria showed relative abundances (RAs) over 5% in BB, a cutoff that was reached by Streptococcus and Prevotella at genus level. Legionella genus attained a median RA of 2.7 (interquartile range 1.1-4.7) in BB samples. In BA a higher RA of Fusobacteria was found, when compared with BB [8.7 (5.9-11.4) vs 4.2 (0.8-7.5), p = 0.037], while the RA of Proteobacteria was lower in BA [4.3 (3.7-6.5) vs 17.1 (11.2-33.4), p = 0.005]. RA of the Legionella genus was also significantly lower in BA [0.004 (0.001-0.02) vs. 2.7 (1.1-4.7), p = 0.005]. Beta-diversity analysis confirmed the differences between the microbial communities in BA and BB (R2= 0.20, p = 0.001, Adonis test), and functional analysis revealed also statistically significant differences between both types of sample on Metabolism, Cellular processes, Human diseases, Organismal systems and Genetic information processing pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microbiota in the bronchial mucosa of severe asthma has a specific pattern that is not accurately represented in bronchial secretions, which must be considered a different niche of bacteria growth.
authors.affiliation: Fundació Parc Taulí, Parc Taulí 1, Edificio Santa Fe, planta baja, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. lmillares@tauli.cat.|CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain. lmillares@tauli.cat.|Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Barcelona, Spain. lmillares@tauli.cat.|Fundació Insitut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain. lmillares@tauli.cat.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0242-0274
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Millares
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bermudo
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Health Area, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pérez-Brocal
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain.|Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domingo
authors.affiliation: Fundació Parc Taulí, Parc Taulí 1, Edificio Santa Fe, planta baja, 08208, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain.|Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Barcelona, Spain.|Fundació Insitut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia-Nuñez
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pomares
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Health Area, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moya
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain.|Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Barcelona, Spain.|Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Monsó
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D001706:Biopsy; D001980:Bronchi / Q000382:microbiology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000382:microbiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
keywords: Asthma; Biopsy; Bronchial aspirate; Microbiome