title: Role of Choline in the Modulation of Degenerative Processes: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to examine the nutraceutical potential of choline as an added value to its well-known brain nutrient role. Several toxicity, antitoxicity, genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity, and longevity endpoints were checked in the somatic mutation and recombination test in in vivo Drosophila animal model. Cytotoxicity in human leukemia-60 cell line (HL-60) promyelocytic and NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, proapoptotic DNA fragmentation, comet assay, methylation status, and macroautophagy (MA) activity were tested in in vitro assays. Choline is not only safe but it is also able to protect against the DNA damage caused by an oxidative genotoxin. Moreover, it improves the life extension in the animal model. The in vitro results show that it is able to exhibit genetic damage against leukemia HL-60 cells. Single-strand breaks in DNA are observed at the molecular level in treatments with choline, although only a significant hypermethylation on the long interspersed elements-1 and a hypomethylation on the satellite-alpha DNA repetitive DNA sequences of HL-60 cells at the lowest concentration (0.447 mM) were observed. Besides, choline decreased MA at the lower assayed concentration and the MA response to topoisomerase inhibitor (etoposide) is maintained in the presence of treatment with 0.22 mM choline. Taking into account the hopeful results obtained in the in vivo and in vitro assays, choline could be proposed as a substance with an important nutraceutical value for different purposes.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba , Córdoba, Spain .
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Merinas-Amo
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College , New York, New York, USA .
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tasset-Cuevas
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College , New York, New York, USA .
authors.forename: Antonio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Díaz-Carretero
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba , Córdoba, Spain .
authors.forename: Ángeles
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Alonso-Moraga
authors.affiliation: 3 Faculty of Natural and Environmental Science, Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton , Southampton, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calahorro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002794:Choline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D053960:DNA Breaks / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D002794:Choline
keywords: DNA damage; Drosophila melanogaster; HL-60 and NIH3T3 cell lines; antigenotoxicity; antitoxicity; choline; cytotoxicity; longevity; macroautophagy; methylation status