title: Perventricular device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect: effectiveness of symmetric and asymmetric occluders.
abstract: To assess safety and effectiveness of symmetric and asymmetric occluders in perventricular device closure without cardiopulmonary bypass of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (pmVSDs).
  
  
  
  The present retrospective study enrolled 581 patients who underwent perventricular device closure of pmVSDs under transoesophageal echocardiography guidance from May 2011 to April 2016, and outpatient electrocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography assessments at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, and yearly thereafter.
  
  
  
  The overall success rate of device implantation was 92.6% (43 surgical conversions immediately). Between patients receiving symmetric ( n  = 353) and asymmetric ( n  = 185) occluders, there were no significant differences in age, weight and defect diameter distributions; however, both before discharge and at mean 28.6 ± 21.2 (range, 1-60)-month follow-up, the symmetric group had lower rates of trivial residual shunt (5.7% vs 11.4%, P  = 0.018; and 0.8% vs 5.9%, P  = 0.001) and bundle branch block (0.8% vs 5.4%, P  = 0.002; and 0.6% vs 3.8%, P  = 0.009); and at follow-up, the asymmetric group had lower residual shunt (47.6% vs 85.0%, P  = 0.020) and similar branch block (30.0% vs 33.3%, P  = 1.000) disappearance rates. There were no severe complications, i.e. aortic regurgitation, malignant arrhythmias, haemolysis or device dislocation.
  
  
  
  Perventricular device closure of pmVSDs appears safe and effective with symmetric and asymmetric occluders. However, the lower residual shunt disappearance and higher branch block incidence rates for asymmetric occluders would favour more proactive conversion to surgical repair immediately when residual shunt is present intraoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China.|Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wen-Bin
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Ou-Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Innovation Center of Major Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shou-Zheng
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sheng-Shou
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.
authors.forename: Feng-Wen
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Da-Wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China.|Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Kun-Jing
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Gene Oasis Research and Innovation, Singapore Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China.
authors.forename: Liu-Kun
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China.|Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Bin
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Congenital heart disease; Device closure; Hybrid; Ventricular septal defect