title: Polyphenolic enriched extract of Cassia glauca Lamk, improves streptozotocin-induced type-1 diabetes linked with partial insulin resistance in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally Cassia glauca (CG) has been used to treat diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken to evaluate anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity of polyphenolic enriched extract of CG in standardized streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of ethanol (CGE) and water (CGW) extracts of CG (200 and 400mg/kg) treatment were evaluated in STZ (50mg/kg, iv) induced diabetic rats. On 10thday, oral glucose tolerance test and degree of insulin resistance was calculated. On 13thday, insulin tolerance test was performed to know the peripheral utilization of glucose. On 15thday, blood glucose, lipid profiles and endogenous antioxidant levels were estimated. In addition, the effects on oral glucose/sucrose tolerance test in normal rats. Further, HPLC fingerprinting profile of CGE and simultaneous quantification of biomarkers were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supplementation with CGE and CGW significantly reduced STZ-induced deleterious effects and improved glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance. In addition, supplementation also decreased oxidative stress by improving endogenous antioxidant levels. Furthermore, administration significantly improves sucrose tolerance suggesting that extract possess inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme. Further, HPLC studies revealed that CGE contains three bioactive polyphenolic compounds viz., rutin (0.10±0.01mg/g), luteolin-7-glucoside (0.06±0.01mg/g) and isorhoifolin (0.7±0.05mg/g).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observed beneficial outcome of CG might be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds and mediated by interacting with multiple targets of diabetes and oxidative stress. Taken together, this study provided the scientific evidence for the traditional use of CG.
authors.affiliation: SET's College of Pharmacy, S.R Nagar, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, India; Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, B.H Road, Tumkur 572102, Karnataka, India. Electronic address: veeresh36@gmail.com.
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Veerapur
authors.affiliation: SET's College of Pharmacy, S.R Nagar, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pratap
authors.affiliation: SET's College of Pharmacy, S.R Nagar, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, India; College of Pharmacy, Al-Dawadmi, Shaqra University, Ministry of Higher Education, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Thippeswamy
authors.affiliation: SET's College of Pharmacy, S.R Nagar, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marietta
authors.affiliation: Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Punit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.affiliation: SET's College of Pharmacy, S.R Nagar, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: SET's College of Pharmacy, S.R Nagar, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: V H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002366:Cassia / Q000737:chemistry*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013311:Streptozocin
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D013311:Streptozocin
keywords: Caesalpiniacea; Cassia glauca; Flavonoids; Insulin resistance; Streptozotocin; Type-1 diabetes; in vitro antioxidant