title: Immune responses to in ovo vaccine formulations containing inactivated fowl adenovirus 8b with poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)]phosphazene (PCEP) and avian beta defensin as adjuvants in chickens.
abstract: Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is one of the major viral infections causing substantial economic loss to the global poultry industry. The disease is characterized by a sudden onset of mortality (2-30%) and high morbidity (60-70%). IBH is caused by a number of serotypes of fowl adenovirus with substantially low levels of serotype cross protection. Thus far, there is no effective and safe vaccine commercially available in the North America for the control of IBH in chickens. Poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)]phosphazene (PCEP) is a high molecular weight, biodegradable water soluble polymer that has been well characterized as a safe and effective adjuvant for a number of experimental veterinary vaccines. Similarly, host defence peptides, including β-defensins, have also been shown to exhibit strong adjuvant potential. In this study, we evaluated the adjuvant activity of PCEP and avian beta defensin (ABD) in a vaccine formulation containing inactivated fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotype 8b administered in ovo. Our data showed that a combination of PCEP and inactivated virus is capable of inducing a robust and long lasting antibody response. Moreover, significant enhancement of IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-12(p40) and IL-6 gene expression under the influence of PCEP suggests that as an in ovo adjuvant PCEP has the ability to activate a substantial balanced immune response in chickens. To our knowledge, these are the first studies in which PCEP and ABD have been characterized as adjuvants for the development of an in ovo poultry vaccine. It is expected that these preliminary studies will be helpful in the development of safer and more effective in ovo vaccine against IBH and other infectious diseases affecting chickens.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
authors.forename: Mishal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarfraz
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suleman
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
authors.forename: Suresh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tikoo
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
authors.forename: Colette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wheler
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gerdts
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E3, Canada. Electronic address: Arshud.Dar@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Arshud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dar
mesh_terms: D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D062705:Adenovirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D025681:Fowl adenovirus A / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D065288:Serogroup; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D062705:Adenovirus Vaccines; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D011108:Polymers; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D023083:beta-Defensins; C508285:poly(bis(carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene); D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Adjuvants; Avian beta defensin; Broilers; Cellular immunity; Fowl adenovirus serotype 8b; Humoral immunity; In ovo vaccines; Inclusion body hepatitis; PCEP