title: Intestinal Bacteria Composition and Translocation of Bacteria in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Live commensal intestinal bacteria are present in the peripheral blood where they can induce inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the intestinal bacteria composition and translocation of bacteria in IBD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both blood and tissue biopsy samples were collected from adult patients with active/inactive Crohn's disease (CD), active/inactive ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy individuals. Most of the patients were newly diagnosed and none of them received antibiotics. Using a reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) method, we determined the composition of microbiota. NOD2/CARD15 genotyping was also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total bacterial DNA concentration was increased in tissue and blood samples of IBD patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the active IBD cases had higher total bacterial DNA concentration levels compared to the inactive cases. Three species characterized dysbiosis in IBD, namely an increase of Bacteroides spp in active and inactive IBD samples, and a decrease in Clostridium leptum group (IV), and Faecalibacterium prausnitzi in both active and inactive IBD patients. No significant association between bacterial translocation and NOD2/CARD15 mutations was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The composition of the microbiota in IBD patients differs from that of healthy controls. The high rate of bacterial DNA in the blood samples indicates translocation in inflammatory bowel disease.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Department, Tzaneion General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece.
authors.forename: Spyros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vrakas
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Mountzouris
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Department, Tzaneion General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Michalopoulos
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit, 2nd University Surgical Department Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karamanolis
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Laiko Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Papatheodoridis
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Department, Tzaneion General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece.
authors.forename: Charalampos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tzathas
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3295-6811
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gazouli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003013:Clostridium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000382:microbiology; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D064806:Dysbiosis; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein