title: Baccharis trimera inhibits reactive oxygen species production through PKC and down-regulation p47phoxphosphorylation of NADPH oxidase in SK Hep-1 cells.
abstract: Baccharis trimera, popularly known as "carqueja", is a native South-American plant possessing a high concentration of polyphenolic compounds and therefore high antioxidant potential. Despite the antioxidant potential described for B. trimera, there are no reports concerning the signaling pathways involved in this process. So, the aim of the present study was to assess the influence of B. trimera on the modulation of PKC signaling pathway and to characterize the effect of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase enzyme (NOX) on the generation of reactive oxygen species in SK Hep-1 cells. SK-Hep 1 cells were treated with B. trimera, quercetin, or rutin and then stimulated or not with PMA/ionomycin and labeled with carboxy H2DCFDA for detection of reactive oxygen species by flow cytometer. The PKC expression by Western blot and enzyme activity was performed to evaluate the influence of B. trimera and quercetin on PKC signaling pathway. p47phoxand p47phoxphosphorylated expression was performed by Western blot to evaluate the influence of B. trimera on p47phoxphosphorylation. The results showed that cells stimulated with PMA/ionomycin (activators of PKC) showed significantly increased reactive oxygen species production, and this production returned to baseline levels after treatment with DPI (NOX inhibitor). Both B. trimera and quercetin modulated reactive oxygen species production through the inhibition of PKC protein expression and enzymatic activity, also with inhibition of p47phoxphosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that B. trimera has a potential mechanism for inhibiting reactive oxygen species production through the PKC signaling pathway and inhibition subunit p47phoxphosphorylation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase.
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Research in Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Glaucy Rodrigues
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: de Araújo
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina Silveira
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rabelo
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Janaína Serenato
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Meira
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Research in Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joamyr Victor
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Rossoni-Júnior
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Research in Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.|2 Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: William de
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Castro-Borges
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Research in Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.|2 Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerra-Sá
authors.affiliation: 3 Postgraduate Program in Parasitology, Immunology Laboratory and Genomic Parasites, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maurício Azevedo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: 3 Postgraduate Program in Parasitology, Immunology Laboratory and Genomic Parasites, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise da
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Silveira-Lemos
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Research in Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.|4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences - DEFAR, Program Postgraduate Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIPHARMA), School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Henrique Bianco de
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences - DEFAR, Program Postgraduate Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIPHARMA), School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geraldo Célio
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Brandão
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Míriam Martins
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Research in Biological Sciences - NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.|2 Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela Caldeira
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031175:Baccharis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012431:Rutin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D028321:Plant Preparations; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D015759:Ionomycin; D012431:Rutin; D011794:Quercetin; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C060505:neutrophil cytosolic factor 1; D011493:Protein Kinase C
keywords: Baccharis trimera; PKC; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; quercetin; reactive oxygen species; rutin