title: The Relationship Between Pitching Mechanics and Injury: A Review of Current Concepts.
abstract: The overhand pitch is one of the fastest known human motions and places enormous forces and torques on the upper extremity. Shoulder and elbow pain and injury are common in high-level pitchers. A large body of research has been conducted to understand the pitching motion.
  
  
  
  A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to gain a full understanding of all currently available biomechanical and clinical evidence surrounding pitching motion analysis. These motion analysis studies use video motion analysis, electromyography, electromagnetic sensors, and markered motion analysis. This review includes studies performed between 1983 and 2016.
  
  
  
  Clinical review.
  
  
  
  Level 5.
  
  
  
  The pitching motion is a kinetic chain, in which the force generated by the large muscles of the lower extremity and trunk during the wind-up and stride phases are transferred to the ball through the shoulder and elbow during the cocking and acceleration phases. Numerous kinematic factors have been identified that increase shoulder and elbow torques, which are linked to increased risk for injury.
  
  
  
  Altered knee flexion at ball release, early trunk rotation, loss of shoulder rotational range of motion, increased elbow flexion at ball release, high pitch velocity, and increased pitcher fatigue may increase shoulder and elbow torques and risk for injury.
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.forename: Markus A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wimmer
authors.forename: Nikhil N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Cvetanovich
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pearl
mesh_terms: D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004550:Elbow / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000503:physiopathology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012307:Risk Factors; D012399:Rotation; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology; D060726:Torso / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: baseball/softball; biceps tendon; glenoid labrum; motion analysis/kinesiology; superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) tear