title: Ecotoxicological effects of larvicide used in the control of Aedes aegypti on nontarget organisms: Redefining the use of pyriproxyfen.
abstract: The continued widespread use of larvicides in Aedes aegypti control programs is still a necessary strategy, since there are no apparent efficient vaccines against arboviruses. However, chemical approaches may affect nontarget organisms and produce detrimental effects to environmental health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct toxicity testing for pyriproxyfen at different concentrations using Daphnia magna and Artemia salina as model organisms to evaluate the ecotoxicological parameters. This study describes the toxicological effects of pyriproxyfen on both microcrustaceans, which are widely used in bioassays because of their sensitivity to changes in hydrosphere. Data demonstrated that the calculated EC50-48hvalue of pyriproxyfen was 2.5 μg/for D. magna and A. salina; the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) and the lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) of pyriproxyfen were found to be 0.63 and 1.25 μg/L for Artemia salina and Daphnia magna, respectively. In chronic toxicity and reproduction tests on D. magna, a calculated CL50-7day(lethality on 50% of daphnids after 7 days of chronic test) and an EC50-21day(50% reduction in the reproductive output of parental daphnids after 21 days of exposure) higher than 1.25 μg/L pyriproxyfen were observed. The time of first reproduction was significantly increased in D. magna after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of pyriproxyfen, but other reproduction parameters were not markedly altered. Environmental risk assessment revealed that pyriproxyfen is highly toxic for both branchiopods. Data demonstrated that pyriproxyfen may produce adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem at concentrations required to control Ae. aegypti.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Health , Laboratory of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.|b Department of Biotechnology , Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa Santana
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Vieira Santos
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Health , Laboratory of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
authors.forename: Evelyn Siqueira
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Caixeta
authors.affiliation: c Department of Genetics and Biochemistry , Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
authors.forename: Edimar Olegário de
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Campos Júnior
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Health , Laboratory of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
authors.forename: Boscolli Barbosa
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D009032:Mosquito Control; D011725:Pyridines / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011725:Pyridines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C055613:pyriproxyfen