title: A Pilot Study Using Entropy as a Noninvasive Assessment of Running.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Running performance is influenced by the interaction of biomechanical and physiological factors. Miniaturized accelerometers worn by athletes can be used to quantify mechanical aspects of running and as a noninvasive tool to assess training status and progression. The aim of this study was to define and validate a method to assess running regularity and allow the estimation of an individual's oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and/or blood lactate-[La]b-based on data collected with accelerometers and heart rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male adolescent endurance athletes completed an incremental submaximal aerobic stage test where V̇O2and [La]bwere measured. The test was terminated when [La]bconcentration at the end of the stage exceeded 4 mmol/L. Two wireless triaxial accelerometers were placed on participants' right shank and lower back throughout the test. The root mean square (RMS) and sample entropy (SampEn) were calculated for the vertical, mediolateral, and anteroposterior components of acceleration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant positive correlations of acceleration and entropy variables with [La]b and V̇O2, with moderate to high coefficients (r = .43-.87). RMS of the shank acceleration was the most highly related with both physiological variables. When the accelerometer was attached on the trunk, SampEn of the vertical acceleration had the strongest relationship with V̇O2(r = .76, P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described method analyzing running complexity may allow an assessment of gait variability, which noninvasively tracks V̇O2and/or [La]b, allowing monitoring of fatigue or training readiness for trained adolescent individuals.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Joong Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sproule
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graham-Smith
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cardinale
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D000293:Adolescent; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019277:Entropy; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: accelerometry; aerobic; gait; lactate; regularity