title: Preconditioning to Reduce Decompression Stress in Scuba Divers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using ultrasound imaging, vascular gas emboli (VGE) are observed after asymptomatic scuba dives and are considered a key element in the potential development of decompression sickness (DCS). Diving is also accompanied with vascular dysfunction, as measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Previous studies showed significant intersubject variability to VGE for the same diving exposure and demonstrated that VGE can be reduced with even a single pre-dive intervention. Several preconditioning methods have been reported recently, seemingly acting either on VGE quantity or on endothelial inflammatory markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine male divers who consistently showed VGE postdive performed a standardized deep pool dive (33 m/108 ft, 20 min in 33°C water temperature) to investigate the effect of three different preconditioning interventions: heat exposure (a 30-min session of dry infrared sauna), whole-body vibration (a 30-min session on a vibration mattress), and dark chocolate ingestion (30 g of chocolate containing 86% cocoa). Dives were made one day per week and interventions were administered in a randomized order.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These interventions were shown to selectively reduce VGE, FMD, or both compared to control dives. Vibration had an effect on VGE (39.54%, SEM 16.3%) but not on FMD postdive. Sauna had effects on both parameters (VGE: 26.64%, SEM 10.4%; FMD: 102.7%, SEM 2.1%), whereas chocolate only improved FMD (102.5%, SEM 1.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experiment, which had the same subjects perform all control and preconditioning dives in wet but completely standardized diving conditions, demonstrates that endothelial dysfunction appears to not be solely related to VGE.Germonpré P, Balestra C. Preconditioning to reduce decompression stress in scuba divers. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017; 88(2):114-120.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Germonpré
authors.forename: Costantino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balestra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D000069956:Chocolate; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004242:Diving; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029002:Steam Bath; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014664:Vasodilation; D014732:Vibration / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult