title: A real-time PCR approach to identify anthelmintic-resistant nematodes in sheep farms.
abstract: Resistance to fenbendazole, ivermectin, and moxidectin was explored by a fecal egg count reduction test in four meat sheep flocks in southwestern France where anthelmintic resistance was suspected. The FECR test results of the present study confirmed the presence of benzimidazole resistance in three out of the four farms and the presence of ivermectin resistance in one flock. In addition, a suspicion of moxidectin resistance was shown in this latter farm. Both conventional morphological and molecular identifications were performed on larval cultures before and after the treatment in the studied farms. A high positive correlation was found between the number of larvae counted under binocular microscope and the number of larvae estimated by the qPCR analysis (R2= 0.88) and a high Cohen's Kappa value (0.91) in the detection of strongylid larvae in larval cultures. According to qPCR results, Trichostrongylus species demonstrated high levels of BZ resistance and Teladorsagia circumcincta was involved in the IVM resistance in one farm. The molecular procedures used in this study have the potential to be beneficial for anthelmintic resistance surveillance in sheep industry.
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA/DGER 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milhes
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA/DGER 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guillerm
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA/DGER 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robin
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA/DGER 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eichstadt
authors.affiliation: Groupement Corrézien de Défense Sanitaire (GCDS), 19001, Tulle Cedex, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA/DGER 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grisez
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA/DGER 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prévot
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA/DGER 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liénard
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA/DGER 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouhsira
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA/DGER 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franc
authors.affiliation: UMR INRA/DGER 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, UMT Santé des Petits Ruminants, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France. p.jacquiet@envt.fr.
authors.forename: P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5384-2904
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacquiet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D000072480:Farms; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005273:Fenbendazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D005602:France; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007814:Larva / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009348:Nematoda / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D034561:Sheep, Domestic
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D018942:Macrolides; D005273:Fenbendazole; D007559:Ivermectin; C031000:benzimidazole; C027837:moxidectin
keywords: Anthelmintic resistance; Diagnosis; Gastrointestinal nematodes; Larval culture; PCR; Sheep