title: The Pharmacogenomics Research Network Translational Pharmacogenetics Program: Outcomes and Metrics of Pharmacogenetic Implementations Across Diverse Healthcare Systems.
abstract: Numerous pharmacogenetic clinical guidelines and recommendations have been published, but barriers have hindered the clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics. The Translational Pharmacogenetics Program (TPP) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Pharmacogenomics Research Network was established in 2011 to catalog and contribute to the development of pharmacogenetic implementations at eight US healthcare systems, with the goal to disseminate real-world solutions for the barriers to clinical pharmacogenetic implementation. The TPP collected and normalized pharmacogenetic implementation metrics through June 2015, including gene-drug pairs implemented, interpretations of alleles and diplotypes, numbers of tests performed and actionable results, and workflow diagrams. TPP participant institutions developed diverse solutions to overcome many barriers, but the use of Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines provided some consistency among the institutions. The TPP also collected some pharmacogenetic implementation outcomes (scientific, educational, financial, and informatics), which may inform healthcare systems seeking to implement their own pharmacogenetic testing programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.|Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Luzum
authors.affiliation: Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pakyz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Elsey
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Haidar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.|Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whirl-Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Handelman
authors.affiliation: Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pulley
authors.affiliation: Office of Research Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beller
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schildcrout
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Field
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Weitzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cooper-DeHoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Cavallari
authors.affiliation: Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Altman
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Center for Personalized Therapeutics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ratain
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Roden
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Embi
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.|Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sadee
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Relling
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Weinshilboum
authors.affiliation: Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shuldiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Freimuth
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States