title: Friction of sodium alginate hydrogel scaffold fabricated by 3-D printing.
abstract: A rapid prototyping technology, formed by three-dimensional (3-D) printing and then crosslinked by spraying Ca2+solution, is developed to fabricate a sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel scaffold. The porosity, swelling ratio, and compression modulus of the scaffold are investigated. A friction mechanism is developed by studying the reproducible friction behavior. Our results show that the scaffold can have 3-D structure with a porosity of 52%. The degree of swelling of the SA hydrogel scaffold is 8.5, which is nearly the same as bulk SA hydrogel. SA hydrogel exhibits better compressive resilience than bulk hydrogel despite its lower compressive modulus compared to bulk hydrogel. The SA hydrogel scaffold exhibits a higher frictional force at low sliding velocity (10-6to 10-3m/s) compared to bulk SA hydrogel, and they are equal at high sliding velocity (10-2to 1 m/s). For a small pressure (0.3 kPa), the SA hydrogel scaffold shows good friction reproducibility. In contrast, bulk SA hydrogel shows poor reproducibility with respect to friction behavior. The differences in friction behaviors between the SA hydrogel scaffold and bulk SA hydrogel are related to the structure of the scaffold, which can keep a stable hydrated lubrication layer.
authors.affiliation: a Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , PR China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , PR China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , PR China.
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: a Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , PR China.
authors.forename: Shijun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: a Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , PR China.
authors.forename: Xuefeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D017276:Friction; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D016062:Porosity; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012996:Solutions; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020100:Hydrogels; D012996:Solutions; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002119:Calcium Carbonate
keywords: 3-D printing; Sodium alginate; friction; hydrogel; scaffold