title: In situ morphological assessment of apoptosis induced by Phaleria macrocarpa (Boerl.) fruit ethyl acetate fraction (PMEAF) in MDA-MB-231 cells by microscopy observation.
abstract: Phaleria macrocarpa (Boerl.) is a well-known medicinal plant and have been extensively used as traditional medicine for ages in treatment of various diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the in situ cytotoxicity effect P. macrocarpa fruit ethyl acetate fraction (PMEAF) by using various conventional and modern microscopy techniques. The cytotoxicity of PMEAF treated MDA-MB-231 cells was determined through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay and CyQuant Cell Proliferation Assay after 24h of treatment. Both results were indicated that the PMEAF is a potential anticancer agent with the average IC50values of 18.10μg/mL by inhibiting the MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation. Various conventional and modern microscopy techniques such as light microscopy, holographic microscopy, transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscope were used for the observation of morphological changes in PMEAF treated MDA-MB-231cells for 24h. The characteristic of apoptotic cell death includes cell shrinkage, membrane blebs, chromatin condensation and the formation of apoptotic bodies were observed. PMEAF might be the best candidate for developing more potent anticancer drugs or chemo-preventive supplements.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nowroji
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kavitha
authors.affiliation: Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia.
authors.forename: Jagat R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kanwar
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Electronic address: srisasidharan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sreenivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasidharan
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D029645:Thymelaeaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; C007650:ethyl acetate
keywords: Apoptosis; CyQUANT assay; Electron microscopy; Holography image; MDA-MB-231cells; Medicinal plant