title: Does Smoking History Confer a Higher Risk for Reconstructive Complications in Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy?
abstract: History of smoking has been implicated as a risk factor for reconstructive complications in nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM), however there have been no direct analyses of outcomes in smokers and nonsmokers. All patients undergoing NSM at New York University Langone Medical Center from 2006 to 2014 were identified. Outcomes were compared for those with and without a smoking history and stratified by pack-year smoking history and years-to-quitting (YTQ). A total of 543 nipple-sparing mastectomies were performed from 2006 to 2014 with a total of 49 in patients with a history of smoking. Reconstructive outcomes in NSM between those with and without a smoking history were equivalent. Those with a smoking history were not significantly more likely to have mastectomy flap necrosis (p = 0.6251), partial (p = 0.8564), or complete (p = 0.3365) nipple-areola complex (NAC) necrosis. Likewise, active smokers alone did not have a higher risk of complications compared to nonsmokers or those with smoking history. Comparing nonsmokers and those with a less or greater than 10 pack-year smoking history, those with a > 10 pack-year history had significantly more complete NAC necrosis (p = 0.0114, <0.0001). Those with <5 YTQ prior to NSM trended toward an increased rate of complete NAC necrosis (p = 0.0752). Outcomes for those with a < 10 pack-year smoking history or >5 YTQ prior to NSM were equivalent to those without a smoking history. We demonstrate that NSM may be safely offered to those with a smoking history although a > 10 pack-year smoking history or <5 YTQ prior to NSM may impart a higher risk of reconstructive complications, including complete NAC necrosis.
authors.affiliation: Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jordan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alperovich
authors.affiliation: Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jamie P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Mihye
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Nolan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Karp
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015414:Mastectomy, Subcutaneous / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis / Q000209:etiology*; D009558:Nipples / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: breast; breast reconstruction; cancer; nipple-sparing mastectomy; smoking