title: Compassionate Options for Pediatric EMS (COPE): Addressing Communication Skills.
abstract: Each year, 16,000 children suffer cardiopulmonary arrest, and in one urban study, 2% of pediatric EMS calls were attributed to pediatric arrests. This indicates a need for enhanced educational options for prehospital providers that address how to communicate to families in these difficult situations. In response, our team developed a cellular phone digital application (app) designed to assist EMS providers in self-debriefing these events, thereby improving their communication skills. The goal of this study was to pilot the app using a simulation-based investigative methodology.
  
  
  
  Video and didactic app content was generated using themes developed from a series of EMS focus groups and evaluated using volunteer EMS providers assessed during two identical nonaccidental trauma simulations. Intervention groups interacted with the app as a team between assessments, and control groups debriefed during that period as they normally would. Communication performance and gap analyses were measured using the Gap-Kalamazoo Consensus Statement Assessment Form.
  
  
  
  A total of 148 subjects divided into 38 subject groups (18 intervention groups and 20 control groups) were assessed. Comparison of initial intervention group and control group scores showed no statistically significant difference in performance (2.9/5 vs. 3.0/5; p = 0.33). Comparisons made during the second assessment revealed a statistically significant improvement in the intervention group scores, with a moderate to large effect size (3.1/5 control vs. 4.0/5 intervention; p < 0.001, r = 0.69, absolute value). Gap analysis data showed a similar pattern, with gaps of -0.6 and -0.5 (values suggesting team self-over-appraisal of communication abilities) present in both control and intervention groups (p = 0.515) at the initial assessment. This gap persisted in the control group at the time of the second assessment (-0.8), but was significantly reduced (0.04) in the intervention group (p = 0.013, r = 0.41, absolute value).
  
  
  
  These results suggest that an EMS-centric app containing guiding information regarding compassionate communication skills can be effectively used by EMS providers to self-debrief after difficult events in the absence of a live facilitator, significantly altering their near-term communication patterns. Gap analysis data further imply that engaging with the app in a group context positively impacts the accuracy of each team's self-perception.
authors.forename: Aaron W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.forename: Erica R H
authors.initials: ERH
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Anita P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Barbee
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bohnert
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Forest
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Taillac
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fallat
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003142:Communication; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D004645:Empathy; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D063731:Mobile Applications; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology
keywords: cognitive aides; communication skill; difficult conversations; prehospital care; self-debriefing