title: Evaluation of the Normal Tonsils in Pediatric Patients With Ultrasonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate how well the tonsils can be viewed, in addition to echogenicity, using ultrasound, and to compare these results between children younger and older than the age of 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the tonsils of 99 patients (72.0 ± 59.1 months) by ultrasound. Ultrasound scans of both the left and right side, in both the transverse and longitudinal planes, were obtained. Images were scored with one of four grades according to how well the tonsil border could be distinguished, 0 being the worst and 3 being the best. Grades 2 or 3 (>50% of the tonsil border was detectable) in both tonsils, in either the transverse or longitudinal image, were considered "evaluable." Echogenicity was designated as imperceptible, low echoic, or striated in appearance. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bilateral tonsils were evaluable in 96.0% (96/99) of cases. The mean grades were 2.44 ± 0.65/2.03 ± 0.68 in the right transverse/longitudinal images, and 2.40 ± 0.59/2.12 ± 0.73 in the left transverse/longitudinal images. The grades in children older than the age of 3 were significantly higher than those in younger patients (all P < .05). Echogenicity classification on the right and left side revealed a striated appearance in 97.0% (96/99) and 90.0% (89/99) of cases, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tonsils of almost all pediatric patients could be evaluated by ultrasound, particularly for patients older than 3 years. Additionally, a striated pattern of the tonsils was observed in most cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.affiliation: Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanami
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oguma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: obstructive sleep apnea; pediatric; sonography; tonsil; tonsillitis