title: Anti-inflammatory and toxicological evaluation of essential oil from Piper glabratum leaves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although some of the species of the genus Piper exhibit interesting biological properties, studies on Piper glabratum Kunth are very limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity and the toxicological profile of the essential oil from P. glabratum leaves (OEPG) in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The acute toxicity of OEPG was evaluated by oral administration to female mice as single doses of 500, 1000, 2000 or 5000mg/kg/body weight. In the subacute toxicity test, the females received 500 or 1000mg/kg/body weight of OEPG for 28 days. The anti-inflammatory potential of OEPG was evaluated using four models including pleurisy, edema, mechanical hyperalgesia and cold allodynia models in mouse paws.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No clinical signs of toxicity were observed in animals after acute treatment, which suggested that the LD50is greater than 5000mg/kg. The subacute exposure to OEPG produced no significant changes in the hematological or biochemical parameters. Similarly, the histology of the organs and the estrus cycle displayed no marked alterations. OEPG exhibited anti-inflammatory activity as indicated by inhibition of the leukocyte migration (100, 300, 700mg/kg) and the protein extravasation into the pleural exudates (700mg/kg). After intraplantar injection of carrageenan, it was observed that the 700mg/kg dose of OEPG reduced edema formation and decreased the sensitivity to mechanical stimulation and cold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory potential of the essential oil of P. glabratum leaves in the absence of toxicity in female mice.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Electronic address: lid.schultz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lidiane Schultz
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Branquinho
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Electronic address: joycynha_as@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Joyce Alencar
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Mato Grosso do Sul State University (UEMS), Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Electronic address: claudia@uems.br.
authors.forename: Claudia Andrea Lima
authors.initials: CAL
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Mato Grosso do Sul State University (UEMS), Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Electronic address: jonas@uems.br.
authors.forename: Jonas da Silva
authors.initials: JDS
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Electronic address: lanzafarmacologia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ubirajara Lanza
authors.initials: UL
authors.lastname: Junior
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Electronic address: candida2005@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cândida Aparecida Leite
authors.initials: CAL
authors.lastname: Kassuya
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil; Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Electronic address: ariellearena@ibb.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Arielle Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Arena
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D031701:Piper / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D059551:Toxicity Tests, Subacute
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002351:Carrageenan
keywords: Carrageenan; Essential oil; Inflammation; Piper glabratum; Toxicity