title: Euterpe oleracea Mart. seed extract protects against renal injury in diabetic and spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of inflammation and oxidative stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí) seed extract (ASE), through its anti-hypertensive, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, may be useful to treat or prevent human diseases. Several evidences suggest that oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy; therefore, we tested the hypothesis that ASE (200 mg/kg-1day-1) prevents diabetes and hypertension-related oxidative stress and inflammation, attenuating renal injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes (D), and spontaneously hypertensive rats with STZ-induced diabetes (DH) were treated daily with tap water or ASE (D + ASE and DH + ASE, respectively) for 45 days. The control (C) and hypertensive (H) animals received water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The elevated serum levels of urea and creatinine in D and DH, and increased albumin excretion in HD were reduced by ASE. Total glomeruli number in D and DH, were increased by ASE that also reduced renal fibrosis in both groups by decreasing collagen IV and TGF-β1 expression. ASE improved biomarkers of renal filtration barrier (podocin and nephrin) in D and DH groups and prevented the increased expression of caspase-3, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 in both groups. ASE reduced oxidative damage markers (TBARS, carbonyl levels and 8-isoprostane) in D and DH associated with a decrease in Nox 4 and p47 subunit expression and increase in antioxidant enzyme activity in both groups (SOD, catalase and GPx).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ASE substantially reduced renal injury and prevented renal dysfunction by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and improving the renal filtration barrier, providing a nutritional resource for prevention of diabetic and hypertensive-related nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: da Silva Cristino Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Graziele Freitas
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: de Bem
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiane Aguiar
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Izabelle Barcellos
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lenize Costa Reis Marins
authors.initials: LCRM
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dayane Teixeira
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Ognibene
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Machado
authors.initials: APM
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jorge José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto Soares
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: de Moura
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20551-030, Brazil. angelacr@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Angela Castro
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Resende
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000276:immunology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D065748:Euterpe / Q000737:chemistry*; D005355:Fibrosis; D060730:Glomerular Filtration Barrier / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Diabetes; Euterpe oleracea Mart; Hypertension; Inflammation; Nephropathy; Oxidative stress