title: Association between sleep apnea and low bone mass in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: We performed a systematic review of the literature to assess the association between sleep apnea and bone metabolism diseases including osteoporosis in adult population. Results from clinical trials suggest that the association between sleep apnea and low bone mass in adults is possible.
  
  
  
  This study aimed to synthesize existing evidence on the potential association between sleep apnea and low bone mass in adults.
  
  
  
  Electronic searches of five databases were performed. The inclusion criteria consisted of studies in humans that assessed potential associations between sleep apnea and bone metabolic diseases in an adult population. For diagnosis of sleep apnea overnight polysomnography, home polygraphy, or validated records from healthcare databases were considered. Reduced bone density, osteoporosis, serum/urinary levels for markers of bone formation and resorption, or risk of fractures caused without history of trauma were considered indicators of low bone mass. A random-effects model meta-analysis was applied when possible.
  
  
  
  Of the 963 relevant references, 12 studies met our inclusion criteria and were assessed to be of medium to low bias. Nine out of 12 studies reported an association between sleep apnea and low bone mass (increased bone resorption markers, reduced bone density, and higher risk of osteoporosis). Two studies did not report a significant association, whereas one study reported an increase of bone density in sleep apnea patients compared to non-sleep apnea patients. Meta-analysis of 2 studies (n = 112,258 patients) showed that sleep apnea was a significant risk factor for osteoporosis (odds ratio (OR), 1.92; 95%CI, 1.24 to 2.97; I2= 66%); females only had an OR of 2.56 (95% CI, 1.96 to 3.34; I2= 0%) while the OR in males was 2.03 (95% CI, 1.24 to 3.35; I2= 38%).
  
  
  
  An association between sleep apnea and low bone mass in adults is plausible, but supporting evidence has a risk of bias and is inconsistent.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada. Eimar@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eimar
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saltaji
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghorashi
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Isfeld
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: MacLean
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gozal
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flores-Mir
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Bone density; Meta-analysis; Osteoporosis; Sleep apnea; Systematic review