title: A lifestyle intervention among elderly men on active surveillance for non-aggressive prostate cancer: a randomised feasibility study with whole-grain rye and exercise.
abstract: The prognosis for men with non-aggressive prostate cancer is good, and several studies have investigated the impact of lifestyle changes including physical activity and diet on the prognosis. Despite positive results in animal studies and a few human interventions with whole-grain rye on markers of prostate cancer progression, the feasibility of trials investigating such dietary changes in combination with physical activity remains largely unstudied. The primary aim was to investigate the feasibility of an intervention with high whole-grain rye intake and vigorous physical activity for 6 months in men diagnosed with prostate cancer.
  
  
  
  In total, 26 men (53-72 years) recently diagnosed with non-aggressive prostate cancer and on active surveillance, were enrolled in 2011-2012 and randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. The intervention included 170 g/day of whole-grain rye and 3 × 45 minutes/week of vigorous physical activity. The duration of the intervention was 6 months and end of follow-up 12 months after baseline. Clinic visits were scheduled at baseline and 3, 6 and 12 months after baseline. Compliance with the intervention was evaluated by diaries, food frequency questionnaires, biomarkers, and heart rate monitor data. The effect of the intervention was evaluated by linear multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  
  In the intervention group, the mean daily intake of whole-grain rye measured from diaries was 146 g (SD: 19) for the first 3 months and 125 g (SD: 40) for the last 3 months of the intervention. The median level (5thand 95thpercentiles) of vigorous physical activity was 91 (17, 193) min/week for the first 3 months and 66 (13, 259) min/week for the last 3 months. No recordings of physical activity were done for the control group. Aerobic fitness (VO2peak) increased in the intervention group compared to the control group after the intervention. No effects were found on other cardio-metabolic outcomes or prostate cancer progression.
  
  
  
  The lifestyle intervention appeared feasible for 6 months among Danish men and the results are encouraging for conducting full-scale studies, where the impact of whole-grain rye and vigorous physical activity on prostate cancer progression and metabolic parameters can be evaluated.
  
  
  
  ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01300104 . Registered on 18 February 2011.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. ake@cancer.dk.
authors.forename: Anne Kirstine
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke Dalgaard
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Medicine - Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borre
authors.affiliation: Physical Activity and Performance Group, SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ryan Godsk
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jeppe Munthe
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borre
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kyrø
authors.affiliation: Food and Health, Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas Allé 5, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.|Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rikard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landberg
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003718:Denmark; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D000070497:Healthy Lifestyle; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012434:Secale; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D057832:Watchful Waiting; D000067348:Whole Grains
keywords: Feasibility; Intervention; Physical activity; Prostate cancer; Whole-grain rye