title: Skeletal muscle inflammation and atrophy in heart failure.
abstract: Heart failure represents a systemic disease with profound effects on multiple peripheral tissues including skeletal muscle. Within the context of heart failure, perturbations in skeletal muscle physiology, structure, and function strongly contribute to exercise intolerance and the morbidity of this devastating disease. There is growing evidence that chronic heart failure imparts specific pathological changes within skeletal muscle beds resulting in muscle dysfunction and tissue atrophy. Mechanistically, systemic and local inflammatory responses drive critical aspects of this pathology. In this review, we will discuss pathological mechanisms that drive skeletal muscle inflammation and highlight emerging roles for distinct innate immune subsets that reside within damage muscle tissue focusing on the recently described embryonic and monocyte-derived macrophage lineages. Within this context, we will discuss how immune mechanisms can be differentially targeted to stimulate skeletal muscle inflammation, catabolism, fiber atrophy, and regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. klavine@dom.wustl.edu.|Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. klavine@dom.wustl.edu.|Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. klavine@dom.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Kory J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lavine
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8086, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Oscar L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Sierra
mesh_terms: D001284:Atrophy; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009220:Myositis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress
keywords: Heart failure; Inflammation; Macrophage; Skeletal muscle