title: Acute and chronic dietary exposure to domoic acid in recreational harvesters: A survey of shellfish consumption behavior.
abstract: Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin that is naturally produced by phytoplankton and accumulates in seafood during harmful algal blooms. As the prevalence of DA increases in the marine environment, there is a critical need to identify seafood consumers at risk of DA poisoning. DA exposure was estimated in recreational razor clam (Siliqua patula) harvesters to determine if exposures above current regulatory guidelines occur and/or if harvesters are chronically exposed to low levels of DA. Human consumption rates of razor clams were determined by distributing 1523 surveys to recreational razor clam harvesters in spring 2015 and winter 2016, in Washington, USA. These consumption rate data were combined with DA measurements in razor clams, collected by a state monitoring program, to estimate human DA exposure. Approximately 7% of total acute exposures calculated (including the same individuals at different times) exceeded the current regulatory reference dose (0.075mgDA·kgbodyweight-1·d-1) due to higher than previously reported consumption rates, lower bodyweights, and/or by consumption of clams at the upper range of legal DA levels (maximum 20mg·kg-1wet weight for whole tissue). Three percent of survey respondents were potentially at risk of chronic DA exposure by consuming a minimum of 15 clams per month for at 12 consecutive months. These insights into DA consumption will provide an additional tool for razor clam fishery management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: ferriss@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Bridget E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Ferriss
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Pathology, and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Marcinek
authors.affiliation: WA State Department of Fish and Wildlife, 48 Devonshire Road, Montesano, WA 98563, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.affiliation: WA State Department of Health, 243 Israel Road SE, Tumwater, WA 98501, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borchert
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
authors.forename: Kathi A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002648:Child; D000074341:Dietary Exposure; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning; D008297:Male; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000506:poisoning; D008875:Middle Aged; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000506:poisoning; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D011998:Recreation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D009498:Neurotoxins; C012301:domoic acid; D007608:Kainic Acid
keywords: Acute reference dose; Chronic; Consumption rate; Domoic acid; Razor clam; Siliqua patula