title: Nitrate in drinking water and risk of colorectal cancer in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
abstract: Nitrate concentration in well water in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and its surroundings tended to increase rapidly from time to time, and it may be associated with an elevated risk for several types of cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between nitrate in drinking water and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk occurrence. A case-control study was conducted in Yogyakarta Special Province. Pathologically confirmed 75 CRC patients and 75 controls were consulted and their individual well water was sampled and examined for nitrate concentrations. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to establish the association between nitrate and CRC risk development. There was a significant correlation between nitrate in drinking water and CRC occurrence, and this value was relatively stable after being adjusted for protein intake, smoking history, age, and family history of cancer. These findings demonstrated that the risk of CRC development was fourfold among those with >10 years of nitrate exposure from well water compared with those with ≤10 years of nitrate exposure. Consequently, a significant association between nitrate in drinking water and occurrence of CRC in Yogyakarta was established.
authors.affiliation: a Doctoral Program , Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta , Indonesia.|b Department of Environmental Health , Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Pontianak , Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Fathmawati
authors.affiliation: c Department of Histology and Cell Biology , Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta , Indonesia.
authors.forename: Jajah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fachiroh
authors.affiliation: d Faculty of Economics and Business , Universitas Sebelas Maret , Surakarta , Indonesia.
authors.forename: Evi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gravitiani
authors.affiliation: e Department of Chemical Engineering , Faculty of Engineering Universitas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta , Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Sarto
authors.affiliation: f Department of Public Health , Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta , Indonesia.
authors.forename: Adi Heru
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Husodo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis*; D012307:Risk Factors; D060986:Water Wells; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D009566:Nitrates