title: Strain development in bulk-filled cavities of different depths characterized using a non-destructive acoustic emission approach.
abstract: (1) To evaluate the effect of cavity depth and composite type on the interfacial debonding in bulk-filled cavities. (2) To correlate the theoretical shrinkage stress and the level of interfacial debonding determined by acoustic emission (AE).
  
  
  
  80 sound molars were divided in two groups to receive a Class-I cavity (3.5×3.5mm) with 2.5- or 4.0-mm depth. The cavities were restored with either a conventional paste-like (Filtek Z100, 3M ESPE), a conventional flowable (G-ænial Universal Flo, GC), a bulk-fill paste-like (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, Ivoclar Vivadent) or a bulk-fill flowable (SDR, Dentsply) composite (n=10). AE signals were recorded from the start of curing for 20min. The cumulative number of AE events was correlated with the theoretical maximum shrinkage stress induced by each composite. Two samples from each group were scanned using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and qualitatively evaluated.
  
  
  
  Both composite type and cavity depth had a significant influence on the number of AE. The conventional paste-like composite generated significantly more AE than the other composites. The AE number increased sigmoidally in function of time, with a more rapid increase after a few seconds for the conventional composites than for the bulk-fill composites. A strong linear correlation was found between the predicted shrinkage stress values and the total number of AE events for both cavities depth. Representative μCT images showed larger de-bonding areas for 4.0-mm cavities and for conventional composites.
  
  
  
  Premature interfacial or cohesive cracks can already develop during placement/curing of the composite. This might compromise the restoration integrity and in turn affect its survival in the long term. The amount AE events increased linearly with the theoretical maximum shrinkage stress of the composites.
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Ende
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Diogo Pedrollo
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Lise
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Munck
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Materials Engineering, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanhulst
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Materials Engineering, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wevers
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: bart.vanmeerbeek@kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Meerbeek
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D003188:Composite Resins; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003731:Dental Caries; D006801:Humans; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins
keywords: Acoustic emission; Bulk fill; Composite strain; De-bonding; Interface; Shrinkage stress