title: Bio-based degradation of emerging endocrine-disrupting and dye-based pollutants using cross-linked enzyme aggregates.
abstract: In this study, manganese peroxidase (MnP) from an indigenous white-rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum IBL-05 was insolubilized in the form of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) using various aggregating agents, i.e., acetone, ammonium sulfate, ethanol, 2-propanol, and tert-butanol, followed by glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linking. The precipitant type, MnP, and GA concentrations affected the CLEAs activity recovery and aggregation yield. Among precipitants used, acetone appeared to be the most efficient aggregation agent, providing the highest activity recovery and aggregation yield of 31.26 and 73.46%, respectively. Optimal cross-linking was noticed using 2.0% (v/v) GA and 8:1 (v/v) MnP to GA ratio at 3.0 h cross-linking time under continuous agitation at 4 °C. The highest recovered activity and aggregation yield were determined to be 47.57 and 81.26%, respectively. The MnP-CLEAs, thus synthesized, were tested to investigate their bio-catalytic capacity for removing two known endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), e.g., nonylphenol and triclosan in a packed bed reactor system. The insolubilized MnP efficiently catalyzed the biodegradation of both EDCs, transforming over 80% in the presence of MnP-based system. A maximal of 100% decolorization was recorded for Sitara textile (SIT-based) effluent, followed by 95.5% for Crescent textile (CRT-based) effluent, 88.0% for K&N textile (KIT-based) effluent, and 84.2% for Nishat textile (NIT-based) effluent.
authors.affiliation: Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.|State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.affiliation: Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asgher
authors.affiliation: ENCIT-Science, Engineering and Technology School, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico. hafiz.iqbal@my.westminster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hafiz M N
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Hongbo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Xuehong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D032902:Ganoderma / Q000201:enzymology; D005976:Glutaral / Q000494:pharmacology; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D066329:Protein Aggregates / Q000187:drug effects; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D066329:Protein Aggregates; D010544:Peroxidases; C051129:manganese peroxidase; D005976:Glutaral
keywords: Biodegradation; Catalytic activity; Cross-linked enzyme aggregates; Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Insolubilization