title: Exo-organoplasty interventions: A brief review of past, present and future directions for advance heart failure management.
abstract: Heart failure (HF) is a debilitating disease in which abnormal function of the heart leads to imbalance of blood demand to tissues and organs. The pathogenesis of HF is very complex and various factors can contribute including myocardial infarction, ischemia, hypertension and genetic cardiomyopathies. HF is the leading cause of death and its prevalence is expected to increase in parallel with the population age. Different kind of therapeutic approaches including lifestyle modification, medication and pacemakers are used for HF patients in NYHA I-III functional class. However, for advance stage HF patient's (NYHA IV), ventricle assist devices are clinically use and stem cells are under active investigation. Most of these therapies leads to modest symptoms relief and have no significant role in long-term survival rate. Currently there is no effective treatment for advance HF except heart transplantation, which is still remain clinically insignificant because of donor pool limitation. As HF is a result of multiple etiologies therefore multi-functional therapeutic platform is needed. Exo-organoplasty interventions are studied from almost one century. The major goals of these interventions are to treat various kind of heart disease from outside the heart muscle without having direct contact with blood. Various kind of interventions (devices and techniques) are developed in this arena with the passage of time. The purpose of this review is to describe the theory behind intervention devices, the devices themselves, their clinical results, advantages and limitations. Furthermore, to present a future multi-functional therapeutic platform (ASD) for advance stage HF management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Waqas
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Farhan Ullah
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Muhammad Zahid
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Mengqi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Awais Ullah
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Ihsan
authors.affiliation: The Research Center for Medical Genomics, China Medical University, Shenyang, Beijing, 110122, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Amjad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Worker Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China; Department of Surgery, Nanjing Shuiximen Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, People's Republic of China; Zhongda Hospital, Affiliated with Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210017, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: zhxh@cpu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*
keywords: Active hydraulic ventricular attaching support system (ASD); Direct cardiac compression devices; Exo-organoplasty intervention; Heart failure; Heart patches; Ventricular restraint therapy