title: Repair shielding of platinum-DNA lesions in testicular germ cell tumors by high-mobility group box protein 4 imparts cisplatin hypersensitivity.
abstract: Cisplatin is the most commonly used anticancer drug for the treatment of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). The hypersensitivity of TGCTs to cisplatin is a subject of widespread interest. Here, we show that high-mobility group box protein 4 (HMGB4), a protein preferentially expressed in testes, uniquely blocks excision repair of cisplatin-DNA adducts, 1,2-intrastrand cross-links, to potentiate the sensitivity of TGCTs to cisplatin therapy. We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to knockout the HMGB4 gene in a testicular human embryonic carcinoma and examined cellular responses. We find that loss of HMGB4 elicits resistance to cisplatin as evidenced by cell proliferation and apoptosis assays. We demonstrate that HMGB4 specifically inhibits repair of the major cisplatin-DNA adducts in TGCT cells by using the human TGCT excision repair system. Our findings also reveal characteristic HMGB4-dependent differences in cell cycle progression following cisplatin treatment. Collectively, these data provide convincing evidence that HMGB4 plays a major role in sensitizing TGCTs to cisplatin, consistent with shielding of platinum-DNA adducts from excision repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
authors.forename: Samuel G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Awuah
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
authors.forename: Imogen A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Riddell
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; lippard@mit.edu.|Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lippard
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D000072669:Gene Editing; D024002:HMGB Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000378:metabolism*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D024002:HMGB Proteins; D002945:Cisplatin
keywords: high-mobility group protein; platinum anticancer drug; testicular cancer