title: Transorbital endoscopic identification of supernumerary ethmoid arteries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries supply the paranasal sinuses, septum, and lateral nasal wall. Precise identification of these arteries is important during anterior skull base procedures, endoscopic sinus surgery, and ligation of ethmoid arteries for epistaxis refractory to standard treatment. There is controversy in the literature regarding the prevalence of supernumerary ethmoid arteries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the prevalence of supernumerary ethmoid arteries by using direct visualization after transorbital endoscopic dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen cadaveric specimens were evaluated by using a superior lid crease (blepharoplasty) incision and an endoscopic approach to the medial orbital wall. Ethmoid arteries were identified as they pierced the lamina papyracea coplanar with the skull base and optic nerve. The distances from the anterior lacrimal crest to the ethmoid arteries and optic nerve were measured with a surgical ruler under endoscopic guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight cadaveric orbits were measured. Overall, there were three or more ethmoid arteries (including anterior and posterior arteries) in 58% of orbits, with 8% of the total sample that contained four or more ethmoid arteries. The average number of ethmoid arteries was 2.7. Bilateral supernumerary ethmoid arteries were noted in 42% of the specimens. The distance between the anterior lacrimal crest and the anterior ethmoid, posterior ethmoid, and optic nerve averaged 20, 35, and 41 mm, respectively. The average distance to the supernumerary or middle ethmoid artery was 29 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found supernumerary ethmoid arteries in 58% of cadaveric specimens, a prevalence much higher than previously reported. Recognition of these additional vessels may improve safety during endoscopic sinus surgery and skull base surgery, and may permit more effective ligation for refractory epistaxis originating from the ethmoid system.
authors.forename: Angelique M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Berens
authors.forename: Greg E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Kris S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Moe