title: Three-Dimensional Bioprinting: Toward the Era of Manufacturing Human Organs as Spare Parts for Healthcare and Medicine<sup/>.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been used in industrial worlds for decades. Three-dimensional bioprinting has recently received an increasing attention across the globe among researchers, academicians, students, and even the ordinary people. This emerging technique has a great potential to engineer highly organized functional bioconstructs with complex geometries and tailored components for engineering bioartificial tissues/organs for widespread applications, including transplantation, therapeutic investigation, drug development, bioassay, and disease modeling. Although many specialized 3D printers have been developed and applied to print various types of 3D tissue constructs, bioprinting technologies still have several technical challenges, including high resolution distribution of cells, controlled deposition of bioinks, suitable bioink materials, maturation of cells, and effective vascularization and innervation within engineered complex structures. In this brief review, we discuss about bioprinting approach, current limitations, and possibility of future advancements for producing engineered bioconstructs and bioartificial organs with desired functionalities.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Biomedical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama , Toyama, Japan .|2 Toyama Nanotechnology Manufacturing Cluster , Toyama, Japan .
authors.forename: Tanveer Ahmad
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mir
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Biomedical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama , Toyama, Japan .|2 Toyama Nanotechnology Manufacturing Cluster , Toyama, Japan .
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D021522:Bioartificial Organs; D062028:Bioprinting; D006801:Humans; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D023822:Tissue Engineering
keywords: bioartificial organ; bioassembly; bioink; bioparts; bioprinting