title: Bright conjugated polymer nanoparticles containing a biodegradable shell produced at high yields and with tuneable optical properties by a scalable microfluidic device.
abstract: This study compares the performance of a microfluidic technique and a conventional bulk method to manufacture conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) embedded within a biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PEG5K-PLGA55K) matrix. The influence of PEG5K-PLGA55Kand conjugated polymers cyano-substituted poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (CN-PPV) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) on the physicochemical properties of the CPNs was also evaluated. Both techniques enabled CPN production with high end product yields (∼70-95%). However, while the bulk technique (solvent displacement) under optimal conditions generated small nanoparticles (∼70-100 nm) with similar optical properties (quantum yields ∼35%), the microfluidic approach produced larger CPNs (140-260 nm) with significantly superior quantum yields (49-55%) and tailored emission spectra. CPNs containing CN-PPV showed smaller size distributions and tuneable emission spectra compared to F8BT systems prepared under the same conditions. The presence of PEG5K-PLGA55Kdid not affect the size or optical properties of the CPNs and provided a neutral net electric charge as is often required for biomedical applications. The microfluidics flow-based device was successfully used for the continuous preparation of CPNs over a 24 hour period. On the basis of the results presented here, it can be concluded that the microfluidic device used in this study can be used to optimize the production of bright CPNs with tailored properties with good reproducibility.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Waterloo Campus, SE1 9NH, London, UK.
authors.forename: T F
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8272-3696
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Abelha
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
authors.forename: T W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-9063
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bannock
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Waterloo Campus, SE1 9NH, London, UK.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dreiss
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Department of Physics, Strand Campus, WC2R 2LS, London, UK. mark.a.green@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kemal
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Waterloo Campus, SE1 9NH, London, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8524-3359
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Urbano
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: deMello
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Department of Physics, Strand Campus, WC2R 2LS, London, UK. mark.a.green@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. lea.dailey@pharmazie.uni-halle.de.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dailey