title: The trajectories of overall disability in the first 5 years after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury.
abstract: To assess longitudinal trajectories of overall disability after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to examine whether those trajectories could be predicted by socio-demographic and injury characteristics.
  
  
  
  Demographics and injury characteristics of 105 individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI were extracted from medical records. At the 1-, 2-, and 5-year follow-ups, TBI-related disability was assessed by the GOSE. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) was used to examine functional outcomes up to 5 years following injury and whether those outcomes could be predicted by: time, gender, age, relationship, education, employment pre-injury, occupation, GCS, cause of injury, length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), CT findings and injury severity score, as well as the interactions between each of these predictors and time.
  
  
  
  Higher GOSE trajectories (lower disability) were predicted by younger age at injury and shorter PTA, as well as by the interaction terms of time*PTA and time*employment. Those who had been employed at injury decreased in disability over time, while those who had been unemployed increased in disability.
  
  
  
  The study results support the view that individual factors generally outweigh injury-related factors as predictors of disability after TBI, except for PTA.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Marit V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Forslund
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.|b Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.affiliation: d CHARM (Research Centre for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Models and Services), Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.|e Department of Research , Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital , Nesoddtangen , Norway.
authors.forename: Solrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sigurdardottir
authors.affiliation: f Department of Epidemiology and Community Health , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: g Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Sørlandet Hospital , Kristiansand , Norway.
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berntsen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.|d CHARM (Research Centre for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Models and Services), Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andelic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: GOSE; Traumatic brain injury; disability; outcome measures