title: Effect of sole or combined administration of nitrate and 3-nitro-1-propionic acid on fermentation and Salmonella survivability in alfalfa-fed rumen cultures in vitro.
abstract: Ruminal methanogenesis is a digestive inefficiency resulting in the loss of dietary energy consumed by the host and contributing to environmental methane emission. Nitrate is being investigated as a feed supplement to reduce rumen methane emissions but safety and efficacy concerns persist. To assess potential synergies of co-administering sub-toxic amounts of nitrate and 3-nitro-1-propionate (NPA) on fermentation and Salmonella survivability with an alfalfa-based diet, ruminal microbes were cultured with additions of 8 or 16mM nitrate, 4 or 12mM NPA or their combinations. All treatments decreased methanogenesis compared to untreated controls but volatile fatty acid production and fermentation of hexose were also decreased. Nitrate was converted to nitrite, which accumulated to levels inhibitory to digestion. Salmonella populations were enriched in nitrate only-treated cultures but not in cultures co- or solely treated with NPA. These results reveal a need for dose optimization to safely reduce methane production with forage-based diets.
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada km 1, Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31453, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandro Castañeda
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trachsel
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
authors.forename: Heather K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada km 1, Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31453, Mexico.
authors.forename: Agustin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corral-Luna
authors.affiliation: Unidad Academica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autonoma de, Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98500, Mexico.
authors.forename: Hector
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Bañuelos
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada km 1, Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31453, Mexico.
authors.forename: Pedro Antonia
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ochoa-Garcia
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico Francisco R. Almada km 1, Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31453, Mexico.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Barrera
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hume
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Roger B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Ross C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Beier
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA. Electronic address: robin.anderson@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nisbet
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000737:chemistry*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011422:Propionates; C015392:3-nitropropionic acid
keywords: 3-Nitro-1-propionate; Methane; Nitrate; Ruminal fermentation