title: Distribution and differential expression of microRNAs in the intestinal mucosal layer of necrotic enteritis induced Fayoumi chickens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite an increasing number of investigations into the pathophysiology of necrotic enteritis (NE) disease, etiology of NE-associated diseases, and gene expression profiling of NE-affected tissues, the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of NE-affected poultry have been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to induce NE disease in the genetically disparate Fayoumi chicken lines, and to perform non-coding RNA sequencing in the intestinal mucosal layer.
  
  
  METHODS
  NE disease was induced in the Fayoumi chicken lines (M5.1 and M15.2), and non-coding RNA sequencing was performed in the intestinal mucosal layer of both NE-affected and uninfected chickens to examine the differential expression of miRNAs. Next, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR) was performed to further examine four miRNAs that showed the highest fold differences. Finally, bioinformatics analyses were performed to examine the four miRNAs target genes involvement in the signaling pathways, and to examine their interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to non-coding RNA sequencing, total 50 upregulated miRNAs and 26 downregulated miRNAs were detected in the NE-induced M5.1 chickens. While 32 upregulated miRNAs and 11 downregulated miRNAs were detected in the NE-induced M15.2 chickens. Results of real-time qPCR analysis on the four miRNAs (gga-miR-9-5p, gga-miR-20b-5p, gga-miR-196-5p, and gga-let-7d) were mostly correlated with the results of RNAseq. Overall, gga-miR-20b-5p was significantly downregulated in the NE-induced M5.1 chickens and this was associated with the upregulation of its top-ranking target gene, mitogen-activated protein kinase, kinase 2. Further bioinformatics analyses revealed that 45 of the gene targets of gga-miR-20b-5p were involved in signal transduction and immune system-related pathways, and 35 of these targets were predicted to interact with each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study is a novel report of miRNA expression in Fayoumi chickens, and could be very useful in understanding the role of differentially expressed miRNAs in a NE disease model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
authors.forename: Deivendran
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rengaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
authors.forename: Anh Duc
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
authors.forename: Jihye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.affiliation: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
authors.forename: Hyun S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lillehoj
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeong Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hong
keywords: Fayoumi Chicken; Intestinal Mucosal Layer; Necrotic Enteritis; microRNA