title: Tenacious D:Symbiodiniumin clade D remain in reef corals at both high and low temperature extremes despite impairment.
abstract: Reef corals are sensitive to thermal stress, which induces coral bleaching (the loss of algal symbionts), often leading to coral mortality. However, corals hosting certain symbionts (notably some members ofSymbiodiniumclade D) resist bleaching when exposed to high temperatures. To determine whether these symbionts are also cold tolerant, we exposed corals hosting eitherSymbiodiniumC3 or D1a to incremental warming (+1°C week-1to 35°C) and cooling (-1°C week-1to 15°C), and measured photodamage and symbiont loss. During warming to 33°C, C3 corals were photodamaged and lost >99% of symbionts, while D1a corals experienced photodamage but did not bleach. During cooling, D1a corals suffered more photodamage than C3 corals but still did not bleach, while C3 corals lost 94% of symbionts. These results indicate that photodamage does not always lead to bleaching, suggesting alternate mechanisms exist by which symbionts resist bleaching, and helping explain the persistence of D1a symbionts on recently bleached reefs, with implications for the future of these ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.|Miami Waterkeeper, 12568 N. Kendall Drive, Miami, FL 33186, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Silverstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA ross.cunning@gmail.com.|Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7241-1181
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cunning
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D057231:Climate Change; D003080:Cold Temperature; D057894:Coral Reefs; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013559:Symbiosis
keywords: Coral bleaching; Montastraea cavernosa; Symbiodinium; Symbiosis