title: Childhood trauma perpetrated by close others, psychiatric dysfunction, and urological symptoms in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.
abstract: A psychosocial phenotype of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a urogenital condition without known organic causes, was proposed. While psychosocial variables, including interpersonal maltreatment and negative affect, were studied in association with IC/BPS, the specificities of the relationships between childhood trauma by close others, psychiatric dysfunctions (negative affect and post-traumatic psychopathology), and urogenital symptoms have not been established.
  
  
  
  94 IC/BPS patients were recruited together with 47 patients with acute cystitis who served as clinical controls. Standardized scales were used to assess various potentially traumatizing events in childhood and adulthood as well as psychiatric (dissociation and negative affect) and urogenital symptoms.
  
  
  
  Among the potentially traumatizing events, those perpetrated by close others during childhood were found to be the most salient features discriminating the IC/BPS group from the control group. When divided into 2 subgroups according to their history of childhood trauma by close others, only IC/BPS patients with childhood trauma by close others had more dissociative and anxiety symptoms compared with the control group. These two subgroups did not differ in urogenital symptom severity.
  
  
  
  Childhood trauma by close others, rather than other types of interpersonal trauma, was a differentiating characteristic in IC/BPS patients, and a childhood trauma related psychosocial phenotype with a distinct clinical profile of dissociation and anxiety proneness was identified. Future studies should investigate whether a distinct set of pathogenic factors exists in IC/BPS patients with a history of childhood trauma by close others, even if this subgroup is not readily differentiated by urogenital symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Electronic address: cdchiu@psy.cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Chui-De
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Huei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: wcchen2016@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wei-Chih
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
authors.forename: Hoi Lam
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Huei-Ching
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003556:Cystitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Child abuse; Dissociation; Functional somatic syndrome; Somatization; Trauma