title: Combined Inkjet Printing and Infrared Sintering of Silver Nanoparticles using a Swathe-by-Swathe and Layer-by-Layer Approach for 3-Dimensional Structures.
abstract: Despite the advancement of additive manufacturing (AM)/3-dimensional (3D) printing, single-step fabrication of multifunctional parts using AM is limited. With the view of enabling multifunctional AM (MFAM), in this study, sintering of metal nanoparticles was performed to obtain conductivity for continuous line inkjet printing of electronics. This was achieved using a bespoke three-dimensional (3D) inkjet-printing machine, JETx, capable of printing a range of materials and utilizing different post processing procedures to print multilayered 3D structures in a single manufacturing step. Multiple layers of silver were printed from an ink containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and infrared sintered using a swathe-by-swathe (SS) and layer-by-layer sintering (LS) regime. The differences in the heat profile for the SS and LS was observed to influence the coalescence of the AgNPs. Void percentage of both SS and LS samples was higher toward the top layer than the bottom layer due to relatively less IR exposure in the top than the bottom. The results depicted a homogeneous microstructure for LS of AgNPs and showed less deformation compared to the SS. Electrical resistivity of the LS tracks (13.6 ± 1 μΩ cm) was lower than the SS tracks (22.5 ± 1 μΩ cm). This study recommends the use of LS method to sinter the AgNPs to obtain a conductive track in 25% less time than SS method for MFAM.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Additive Manufacturing and ‡Manufacturing Metrology Team, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, U.K. , NG7 2RD.
authors.forename: Jayasheelan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5501-5344
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vaithilingam
authors.affiliation: Centre for Additive Manufacturing and ‡Manufacturing Metrology Team, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, U.K. , NG7 2RD.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simonelli
authors.affiliation: Centre for Additive Manufacturing and ‡Manufacturing Metrology Team, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, U.K. , NG7 2RD.
authors.forename: Ehab
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Additive Manufacturing and ‡Manufacturing Metrology Team, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, U.K. , NG7 2RD.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Senin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Additive Manufacturing and ‡Manufacturing Metrology Team, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, U.K. , NG7 2RD.
authors.forename: Ricky D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wildman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Additive Manufacturing and ‡Manufacturing Metrology Team, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, U.K. , NG7 2RD.
authors.forename: Richard J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hague
authors.affiliation: Centre for Additive Manufacturing and ‡Manufacturing Metrology Team, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, U.K. , NG7 2RD.
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.affiliation: Centre for Additive Manufacturing and ‡Manufacturing Metrology Team, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, U.K. , NG7 2RD.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tuck
keywords: 3D-printing; infrared sintering; multifunctional additive manufacturing (MFAM); printed electronics; silver nanoparticle