title: Optimizing maternal and neonatal outcomes with postpartum contraception: impact on breastfeeding and birth spacing.
abstract: Postpartum contraception is important to prevent unintended pregnancies. Assisting women in achieving recommended inter-pregnancy intervals is a significant maternal-child health concern. Short inter-pregnancy intervals are associated with negative perinatal, neonatal, infant, and maternal health outcomes. More than 30% of women experience inter-pregnancy intervals of less than 18 months in the United States. Provision of any contraceptive method after giving birth is associated with improved inter-pregnancy intervals. However, concerns about the impact of hormonal contraceptives on breastfeeding and infant health have limited recommendations for such methods and have led to discrepant recommendations by organizations such as the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this review, we discuss current recommendations for the use of hormonal contraception in the postpartum period. We also discuss details of the lactational amenorrhea method and effects of hormonal contraception on breastfeeding. Given the paucity of high quality evidence on the impact on hormonal contraception on breastfeeding outcomes, and the strong evidence for improved health outcomes with achievement of recommended birth spacing intervals, the real risk of unintended pregnancy and its consequences must not be neglected for fear of theoretical neonatal risks. Women should establish desired hormonal contraception before the risk of pregnancy resumes. With optimization of postpartum contraception provision, we will step closer toward a healthcare system with fewer unintended pregnancies and improved birth outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sridhar
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Hawaii, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salcedo
keywords: Breastfeeding; Contraception; Inter-pregnancy interval; Lactation; Postpartum