title: Serial cytokine alterations and abnormal neuroimaging in newborn infants with encephalopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the final common pathway in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischaemic injury in experimental models. We aimed to profile the systemic pro-and anti-inflammatory response over the first week of life in term infants at risk of neonatal encephalopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a tertiary referral university neonatal intensive care unit, serial blood samples were analysed from 41 term infants (requiring resuscitation at birth) in this prospective observational pilot study. Serum levels of 10 pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated including interleukin(IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulocyte/colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte macrophage/colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants with neonatal encephalopathy and abnormal neuroimaging (n = 15) had significantly elevated granulocyte macrophage/colony-stimulating factor at 0-24 h and interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 at 24-48 hour. Tumour necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were lower at 72-96 hour (p < 0.05). Significantly elevated levels of interleukin-10 were associated with mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum cytokine changes and innate immune dysregulation in the first week of life may be indicators of outcome in neonatal encephalopathy but require validation in larger studies.
authors.affiliation: Paediatrics, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.|UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.|National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: O'Hare
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: R William G
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: UCD CSTAR, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Segurado
authors.affiliation: Paediatrics, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.|National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.|Paediatrics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sweetman
authors.affiliation: Pathology, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Downey
authors.affiliation: Pathology, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Eoghan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.affiliation: Paediatrics, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.|UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.|Paediatrics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Paediatrics, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.|Radiology, Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Donoghue
authors.affiliation: Paediatrics, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.|UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.|Paediatrics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.|Neonatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.|Paediatrics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, National Children's Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.|Paediatrics, Coombe Womens and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Eleanor J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Molloy
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Brain injury; Cytokines; Imaging; Inflammation; Neonate