title: Educational Material for 3D Visualization of Spine Procedures: Methods for Creation and Dissemination.
abstract: Spine anatomy can be difficult to master and is essential for performing spine procedures. We sought to utilize the rapidly expanding field of 3D technology to create freely available, interactive educational materials for spine procedures. Our secondary goal was to convey lessons learned about 3D modeling and printing. This project involved two parallel processes: the creation of 3D-printed physical models and interactive digital models. We segmented illustrative CT studies of the lumbar and cervical spine to create 3D models and then printed them using a consumer 3D printer and a professional 3D printing service. We also included downloadable versions of the models in an interactive eBook and platform-independent web viewer. We then provided these educational materials to residents with a pretest and posttest to assess efficacy. The "Spine Procedures in 3D" eBook has been downloaded 71 times as of October 5, 2016. All models used in the book are available for download and printing. Regarding test results, the mean exam score improved from 70 to 86%, with the most dramatic improvement seen in the least experienced trainees. Participants reported increased confidence in performing lumbar punctures after exposure to the material. We demonstrate the value of 3D models, both digital and printed, in learning spine procedures. Moreover, 3D printing and modeling is a rapidly expanding field with a large potential role for radiologists. We have detailed our process for creating and sharing 3D educational materials in the hopes of motivating and enabling similar projects.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981045 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68918, USA. jcramer@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0350-184X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.affiliation: University of Utah Hospital, 50 N. Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quigley
authors.affiliation: University of Utah Hospital, 50 N. Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Troy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hutchins
authors.affiliation: University of Utah Hospital, 50 N. Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Lubdha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D001296:Audiovisual Aids; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D012984:Software; D013129:Spinal Puncture; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: 3D printing; Additive manufacturing; Education; Lumbar puncture; Spine procedures