title: Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) in fish: current knowledge and future perspectives.
abstract: Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) -like receptors (RLRs) are found conservatively present in teleost fish. All three members, RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2, together with the downstream molecules such as MITA, TRAF3 and TBK1, have been identified in a range of fish species. However, it is unexpected that RIG-I has not been reported in fish of Acanthopterygii, and it would be important to clarify the presence and role of the RIG-I gene in a broad range of taxa in Teleostei. RLRs in fish can be induced in vivo and in vitro by viral pathogens as well as synthetic dsRNA, poly(I:C), leading to the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Bacterial pathogens, such as Edwardsiella tarda, and their components, such as lipopolysaccharide are also found to induce the expression of RLRs, and whether such induction was mediated through the direct recognition by RLRs or through crosstalk with other pattern recognition receptors recognizing directly bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns awaits to be investigated. On the other hand, RLR-activated type I IFN production can be negatively regulated in fish by molecules, such as TBK-1-like protein and IRF10, which are found to negatively regulate RIG-I and MAVS-activated type I IFN production, and to block MITA or bind ISRE motifs, respectively. It is considered that the evolutionary occurrence of RLRs in fish, and their recognized ligands, especially those from their fish pathogens, as well as the mechanisms involved in the RLR signalling pathways, are of significant interest for further investigation.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Shan Nan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Peng Fei
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Pin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9492-2940
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007239:Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D020365:RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013045:Species Specificity; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007370:Interferon Type I; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C000599980:ddx58 protein, zebrafish; C520569:DHX58 protein, human; C586913:MDA5 protein,zebrafish; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D020365:RNA Helicases
keywords: LGP2; MDA5; RIG-I-like receptor; fish; retinoic acid-inducible gene-I