title: Functional morphology of tegmina-based stridulation in the relict speciesCyphoderris monstrosa(Orthoptera: Ensifera: Prophalangopsidae).
abstract: Male grigs, bush crickets and crickets produce mating calls by tegminal stridulation: the scraping together of modified forewings functioning as sound generators. Bush crickets (Tettigoniidae) and crickets (Gryllinae) diverged some 240 million years ago, with each lineage developing unique characteristics in wing morphology and the associated mechanics of stridulation. The grigs (Prophalangopsidae), a relict lineage more closely related to bush crickets than to crickets, are believed to retain plesiomorphic features of wing morphology. The wing cells widely involved in sound production, such as the harp and mirror, are comparatively small, poorly delimited and/or partially filled with cross-veins. Such morphology is similarly observed in the earliest stridulating ensiferans, for which stridulatory mechanics remains poorly understood. The grigs, therefore, are of major importance to investigate the early evolutionary stages of tegminal stridulation, a critical innovation in the evolution of the Orthoptera. The aim of this study is to appreciate the degree of specialization on grig forewings, through identification of sound radiating areas and their properties. For well-grounded comparisons, homologies in wing venation (and associated areas) of grigs and bush crickets are re-evaluated. Then, using direct evidence, this study confirms the mirror cell, in association with two other areas (termed 'neck' and 'pre-mirror'), as the acoustic resonator in the grigCyphoderris monstrosaDespite the use of largely symmetrical resonators, as found in field crickets, analogous features of stridulatory mechanics are observed betweenC. monstrosaand bush crickets. Both morphology and function in grigs represents transitional stages between unspecialized forewings and derived conditions observed in modern species.
authors.affiliation: Bioacoustics and Sensory Biology Lab, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK.
authors.forename: Benedict D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Chivers
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements (CR2P), 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 38, Paris 75005, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Béthoux
authors.affiliation: Bioacoustics and Sensory Biology Lab, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK.
authors.forename: Fabio A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Sarria-S
authors.affiliation: Bioacoustics and Sensory Biology Lab, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK.
authors.forename: Thorin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.affiliation: Integrative Behaviour and Neuroscience, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada, M1C 1A4.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: Bioacoustics and Sensory Biology Lab, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK fmontealegrez@lincoln.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5186-2186
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montealegre-Z
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005260:Female; D006135:Gryllidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D013016:Sound; D014828:Vocalization, Animal; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Bioacoustics; Homology; Laser vibrometry; Sound generation; Stridulation; Wing venation