title: Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress Responses in the Pediatric Population.
abstract: Adults demonstrate an upregulation of their pro- and anti-oxidant mechanisms in response to acute exercise while systematic exercise training enhances their antioxidant capacity, thereby leading to a reduced generation of free radicals both at rest and in response to exercise stress. However, less information exists regarding oxidative stress responses and the underlying mechanisms in the pediatric population. Evidence suggests that exercise-induced redox perturbations may be valuable in order to monitor exercise-induced inflammatory responses and as such training overload in children and adolescents as well as monitor optimal growth and development. The purpose of this review was to provide an update on oxidative stress responses to acute and chronic exercise in youth. It has been documented that acute exercise induces age-specific transient alterations in both oxidant and antioxidant markers in children and adolescents. However, these responses seem to be affected by factors such as training phase, training load, fitness level, mode of exercise etc. In relation to chronic adaptation, the role of training on oxidative stress adaptation has not been adequately investigated. The two studies performed so far indicate that children and adolescents exhibit positive adaptations of their antioxidant system, as adults do. More studies are needed in order to shed light on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses, following acute exercise and training adaptations in youth. Available evidence suggests that small amounts of oxidative stress may be necessary for growth whereas the transition to adolescence from childhood may promote maturation of pro- and anti-oxidant mechanisms. Available evidence also suggests that obesity may negatively affect basal and exercise-related antioxidant responses in the peripubertal period during pre- and early-puberty.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece. alavloni@phyed.duth.gr.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avloniti
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece. achatzin@phyed.duth.gr.
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chatzinikolaou
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece. delixar@pe.uth.gr.
authors.forename: Chariklia K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Deli
authors.affiliation: Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK. dv231@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlachopoulos
authors.affiliation: Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK. L.A.Gracia-Marco@exeter.ac.uk.|Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain. L.A.Gracia-Marco@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gracia-Marco
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece. dleontsi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Diamanda
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leontsini
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece. ddraganidis@pe.uth.gr.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Draganidis
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece. ajamurt@pe.uth.gr.
authors.forename: Athanasios Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Jamurtas
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11528, Greece. mastorakg@ath.forthnet.gr.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mastorakos
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece. ifatouros@pe.uth.gr.
authors.forename: Ioannis G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Fatouros
keywords: adolescence; childhood; exercise; inflammation; redox regulation