title: Short communication: Urea hydrolysis in dairy cattle manure under different temperature, urea, and pH conditions.
abstract: The objective of the study was to quantify the rate of urea hydrolysis in dairy cattle manure under different initial urea concentration, temperature, and pH conditions. In particular, by varying all 3 factors simultaneously, the interactions between them could also be determined. Fresh feces and artificial urine solutions were combined into a slurry to characterize the rate of urea hydrolysis under 2 temperatures (15°C and 35°C), 3 urea concentrations in urine solutions (500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg of urea-N/dL), and 3 pH levels (6, 7, and 8). Urea N concentration in slurry was analyzed at 0.0167, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h after initial mixing. A nonlinear mixed effects model was used to determine the effects of urea concentration, pH, and temperature treatments on the exponential rate of urea hydrolysis and to predict the hydrolysis rate for each treatment combination. We detected a significant interaction between pH and initial urea level. Increasing urea concentration from 1,000 to 1,500 mg of urea-N/dL decreased the rate of urea hydrolysis across all pH levels. Across all pH and initial urea levels, the rate of urea hydrolysis increased with temperature, but the effect of pH was only observed for pH 6 versus pH 8 at the intermediate initial urea concentration. The fast rates of urea hydrolysis indicate that urea was almost completely hydrolyzed within a few hours of urine mixing with feces. The estimated urea hydrolysis rates from this study are likely maximum rates because of the thorough mixing before each sampling. Although considerable mixing of feces and urine occurs on the barn floor of commercial dairy operations from cattle walking through the manure, such mixing may be not as quick and thorough as in this study. Consequently, the urea hydrolysis rates from this study indicate the maximum loss of urea and should be accounted for in management aimed at mitigating ammonia emissions from dairy cattle manure under similar urea concentration, pH, and temperature conditions reported in this experiment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Burgos
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: DePeters
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616. Electronic address: jgfadel@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fadel
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008372:Manure; D013696:Temperature; D014508:Urea
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea
keywords: pH; temperature; urea concentration; urea hydrolysis