title: The stability of gadolinium-based contrast agents in human serum: A reanalysis of literature data and association with clinical outcomes.
abstract: To reanalyze literature data of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in plasma with a kinetic model of dissociation to provide a comprehensive assessment of equilibrium conditions for linear GBCAs.
  
  
  
  Data for the release of Gd from GBCAs in human serum was extracted from a previous report in the literature and fit to a kinetic dissociation/association model. The conditional stabilities (logKcond) and percent intact over time were calculated using the model rate constants. The correlations between clinical outcomes and logKcondor other stability indices were determined.
  
  
  
  The release curves for Omniscan®, gadodiamide, OptiMARK®, gadoversetamide Magnevist® and Multihance® were extracted and all fit well to the kinetic model. The logKconds calculated from the rate constants were on the order of ~4-6, and were not significantly altered by excess ligand or phosphate. The stability constant based on the amount intact by the initial elimination half-life of GBCAs in plasma provided good correlation with outcomes observed in patients.
  
  
  
  Estimation of the kinetic constants for GBCA dissociation/association revealed that their stability in physiological fluid is much lower than previous approaches would suggest, which correlates well with deposition and pharmacokinetic observations of GBCAs in human patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, United States.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Prybylski
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2001 Old Clinic Bldg., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, United States.
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Semelka
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, United States. Electronic address: mjay@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jay
mesh_terms: D002614:Chelating Agents; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004355:Drug Stability; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000097:blood*; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008536:Meglumine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C064572:gadobenic acid; D008536:Meglumine; C064925:gadodiamide; D005682:Gadolinium; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; C112666:gadoversetamide
keywords: Contrast agents; Gadolinium; Kinetics; Magnetic resonance imaging; Stability