title: An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use.
abstract: Data suggest psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may hold therapeutic potential in the treatment of addictions, including tobacco dependence. This retrospective cross-sectional anonymous online survey characterized 358 individuals (52 females) who reported having quit or reduced smoking after ingesting a psychedelic in a non-laboratory setting ⩾1 year ago. On average, participants smoked 14 cigarettes/day for 8 years, and had five previous quit attempts before their psychedelic experience. Of the 358 participants, 38% reported continuous smoking cessation after psychedelic use (quitters). Among quitters, 74% reported >2 years' abstinence. Of the 358 participants, 28% reported a persisting reduction in smoking (reducers), from a mode of 300 cigarettes/month before, to a mode of 1 cigarette/month after the experience. Among reducers, 62% reported >2 years of reduced smoking. Finally, 34% of the 358 participants (relapsers) reported a temporary smoking reduction before returning to baseline smoking levels, with a mode time range to relapse of 3-6 months. Relapsers rated their psychedelic experience significantly lower in personal meaning and spiritual significance than both other groups. Participants across all groups reported less severe affective withdrawal symptoms (e.g. depression, craving) after psychedelic use compared with previous quit attempts, suggesting a potential mechanism of action for psychedelic-associated smoking cessation/reduction. Changes in life priorities/values were endorsed as the most important psychological factor associated with smoking cessation/reduction. Results suggest psychedelics may hold promise in treating tobacco addiction as potentially mediated by spiritual experience, changed priorities/values, and improved emotional regulation.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia-Romeu
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Psychology, California State University, Chico, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.|3 Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Roland R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074264:Smoking Reduction / Q000379:methods*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens
keywords: Hallucinogen; addiction; mystical experience; nicotine; psilocybin; psychedelic; smoking cessation; tobacco