title: The use of physical restraints in long-term care in Spain: a multi-center cross-sectional study.
abstract: Physical restraint is a procedure used frequently in long-term care. It is a controversial practice because its use is associated with numerous complications and also affects freedom and individual autonomy. The objective of this study was to examine the use of physical restraint of long-term care residents with the ability to move voluntarily.
  
  
  
  We conducted a cross-sectional observational and correlational multi-center study. Nine centers agreed to participate. Of the 1,200 people present at the time of data collection, those without voluntary movement or in the facility for less than a month were excluded. Thus, the final sample was 920 residents. Data on the use of restraints was collected by direct observation. Information about the age, gender, length of stay, falls, mobility, cognition and functional status of residents was gathered by reviewing clinical records and interviewing nursing staff. A descriptive analysis of the data obtained was conducted. The generalized linear model was used, considering only the principal effects of each variable and using the logit link function. The model has been adjusted for clusters and for other possibly confounding factors. For all analyses, a confidence interval (CI) of 95% was estimated.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of residents with at least one physical restraint was 84.9% (95% CI: 81.7-88.1), with variability between centers of 70.3 to 96.6% (p-value Kruskal Wallis test <0.001). Full-enclosure side rails were most often used (84.5; 95% CI: 81.1-87.9), but other types of restraints were also used frequently. Multivariate analysis showed that the degree of functional impairment increased the probability of the use of restraint. A significant association was also found between restraint use and the impaired cognitive status of residents.
  
  
  
  The prevalence was higher than in studies from other countries. The results emphasize the need to improve the training of nursing staff in the care of residents with impairments in functional and cognitive status. The use of alternative devices and nurse consultants need to be evaluated, and the introduction of specific laws considered.
authors.affiliation: Nursing Department, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Tahiche, Spain. gabriel.estevez@ulpgc.es.|Unidad Docente de Enfermería de Lanzarote. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. ULPGC, C/Rafael Alberti 50, Tahiche, 35507, Spain. gabriel.estevez@ulpgc.es.
authors.forename: Gabriel J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9342-3058
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Estévez-Guerra
authors.affiliation: Nursing Department, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Tahiche, Spain.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fariña-López
authors.affiliation: Clinic Sciences Department, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Tahiche, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Núñez-González
authors.affiliation: Nursing Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gandoy-Crego
authors.affiliation: Nursing Department, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calvo-Francés
authors.affiliation: William Randolph Hearst Foundation Chair in Gerontology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Capezuti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009735:Nursing Homes; D015995:Prevalence; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013030:Spain
keywords: Aged; Long-term care; Restraint, physical