title: Forty years of shunt surgery at Rigshospitalet, Denmark: a retrospective study comparing past and present rates and causes of revision and infection.
abstract: The objective of this study is to review our experience of shunt surgery by investigating 40 years of development in terms of rates of revision and infection, shunt survival and risk factors.
  
  
  
  Medical records and operative reports were reviewed retrospectively for all patients who underwent primary shunt surgery at our department in the years 2010 to 2012. All results were compared with a previous study from our department. A mixed population consisting of 434 patients was included. Adults (≥15 years) accounted for 89.9% of all patients and the mean follow-up time was 1.71 years.
  
  
  
  Overall, 42.6% had a revision of which 65.4% fell within 6 months postoperatively. Low age, high-risk diagnoses and less severe brain injury were associated with a higher risk of revision. One and 5-year shunt survival probabilities were 66.2% (61.5-70.9) and 48.0% (41.1-54.9). Within 4 weeks postoperatively, 3.2% had an infection and overall infection rate was 5.5%. Short duration of surgery and the use of antibiotic prophylaxis were associated with a lower risk of infection. The most frequent causes of revision were valve defects (18.4%) and proximal defects or obstructions (15.7%). Compared to the previous study, no convincing improvement was found with regard to the revision rate (42.6% vs 48.3%, p 0.060) or overall infection rate (5.5% vs 7.4%, p 0.261).
  
  
  
  Regardless of changes in patient demographics, techniques and equipment, risk of revision and infection still constitutes a major challenge in shunt surgery. The absence of convincing improvements calls for more studies concerning strategies to reduce complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kofoed Månsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ziebell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juhler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Hydrocephalus; NEUROSURGERY