title: Photodynamic therapy using chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine decreases inflammatory response in an experimental rat periodontal disease model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emerging evidence suggests that photodynamic therapy (PDT) can exhibit immunomodulatory activity. The purpose of the present study was to analyse cytokine profiles after application of PDT in gingival tissues of rats with ligature-induced periodontal disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Periodontal disease was induced through the introduction of a cotton thread around the first left mandibular molar, while the right side molars did not receive ligatures. After 7days of PD evolution, ligatures were removed from the left side, and the animals were randomically divided into the following treatment groups: I, rats without treatment; II, rats received chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine (AlClPc); III, rats received low-level laser alone; and IV, rats received AlClPc associated with low-level laser (PDT). The animals were killed 7days after the treatments, and the mandibles were histologically processed to assess morphological and immunohistochemical profile, while gingival tissues were removed for quantification of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL-)1β and IL-10 expression (by ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histomorphological analysis of periodontal tissues demonstrated that PDT-treated animals show tissue necrosis, as well as lower TNF- α expression, compared to ligatured animals treated with AlClPc alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that PDT using AlClPc entrapped in a lipid nanoemulsion may be useful in therapies, because of immunomodulatory effects that decreased the inflammatory response and cause tissue destruction.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Medicine, Rural Federal University of Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte/RN, Brazil. Electronic address: maiaramoraes@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maiara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte/RN, Brazil. Electronic address: r.roseane@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Roseane Carvalho
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília/DF, Brazil. Electronic address: jplongo82@gmail.com.
authors.forename: João Paulo Figueiró
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília/DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Alexandre
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Muehlmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília/DF, Brazil. Electronic address: razevedo@unb.br.
authors.forename: Ricardo Bentes
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: de Azevedo
authors.affiliation: Post Graduation Program in Functional and Structural Biology/Post Graduation Program Health Science/Department of Morphology, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil. Electronic address: araujojr@cb.ufrn.br.
authors.forename: Raimundo Fernandes
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: de Araújo Júnior
authors.affiliation: Postgraduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science/Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil. Electronic address: aurigena@ufrnet.br.
authors.forename: Aurigena Antunes
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte/RN, Brazil. Electronic address: antoniolisboa@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Lisboa Lopes Costa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004655:Emulsions; D005260:Female; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051379:Mice; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D007211:Indoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C044797:chloroaluminum phthalocyanine
keywords: Cytokines; Photochemotherapy; Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitizing agents; Rats