title: Surveillance and response for high-risk populations: what can malaria elimination programmes learn from the experience of HIV?
abstract: To eliminate malaria, malaria programmes need to develop new strategies for surveillance and response appropriate for the changing epidemiology that accompanies transmission decline, in which transmission is increasingly driven by population subgroups whose behaviours place them at increased exposure. Conventional tools of malaria surveillance and response are likely not sufficient in many elimination settings for accessing high-risk population subgroups, such as mobile and migrant populations (MMPs), given their greater likelihood of asymptomatic infections, illegal risk behaviours, limited access to public health facilities, and high mobility including extended periods travelling away from home. More adaptive, targeted strategies are needed to monitor transmission and intervention coverage effectively in these groups. Much can be learned from HIV programmes' experience with "second generation surveillance", including how to rapidly adapt surveillance and response strategies to changing transmission patterns, biological and behavioural surveys that utilize targeted sampling methods for specific behavioural subgroups, and methods for population size estimation. This paper reviews the strategies employed effectively for HIV programmes and offers considerations and recommendations for adapting them to the malaria elimination context.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cueto
authors.affiliation: Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.|US President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Jimee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Roly
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gosling
authors.affiliation: Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. Adam.Bennett@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials
keywords: HIV; High risk populations; Malaria; Surveillance