title: Pseudozyma and other non-Candida opportunistic yeast bloodstream infections in a large stem cell transplant center.
abstract: Non-Candida opportunistic yeasts are emerging causes of bloodstream infection (BSI) in immunocompromised hosts. However, their clinical presentation, management, and outcomes in stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients are not well described. We report the first case to our knowledge of Pseudozyma BSI in a SCT recipient. He had evidence of cutaneous involvement, which has not been previously described in the literature. He became infected while neutropenic and receiving empiric micafungin, which is notable because Pseudozyma is reported to be resistant to echinocandins. He was successfully treated with the sequential use of liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole. A review of the literature revealed nine reported instances of Pseudozyma fungemia. We performed a retrospective review of 3557 SCT recipients at our institution from January 2000 to June 2015 and identified four additional cases of non-Candida yeast BSIs. These include two with Cryptococcus, one with Trichosporon, and one with Saccharomyces. Pseudozyma and other non-Candida yeasts are emerging pathogens that can cause severe and disseminated infections in SCT recipients and other immunocompromised hosts. Clinicians should have a high degree of suspicion for echinocandin-resistant yeasts, if patients develop breakthrough yeast BSIs while receiving echinocandin therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Anupam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pande
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Lemuel R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Non
authors.affiliation: Bone Marrow Transplantation and Leukemia Section, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Rizwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romee
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos A Q
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001706:Biopsy; D003454:Cryptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D054714:Echinocandins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005076:Exanthema / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005334:Fever / Q000382:microbiology; D016469:Fungemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015255:Idarubicin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000628:therapy; D055666:Lipopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D000077551:Micafungin; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods; D014250:Trichosporon / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014587:Ustilaginales / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014740:Vidarabine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065819:Voriconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015003:Yeasts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D054714:Echinocandins; D055666:Lipopeptides; C068538:liposomal amphotericin B; D003561:Cytarabine; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000666:Amphotericin B; D014740:Vidarabine; D065819:Voriconazole; D000077551:Micafungin; D015255:Idarubicin
keywords: 
  Pseudozyma
  ; stem cell transplant; yeast bloodstream infections