title: Development of Combining of Human Bronchial Mucosa Models with XposeALI® for Exposure of Air Pollution Nanoparticles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to agents via inhalation is of great concerns both in workplace environment and in the daily contact with particles in the ambient air. Reliable human airway exposure systems will most likely replace animal experiment in future toxicity assessment studies of inhaled agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we successfully established a combination of an exposure system (XposeALI) with 3D models mimicking both healthy and chronic bronchitis-like mucosa by co-culturing human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) and fibroblast at air-liquid interface (ALI). Light-, confocal microscopy, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement and RT-PCR were performed to identify how the PBEC differentiated under ALI culture condition. Both models were exposed to palladium (Pd) nanoparticles which sized 6-10 nm, analogous to those released from modern car catalysts, at three different concentrations utilizing the XposeALI module of the PreciseInhale® exposure system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposing the 3D models to Pd nanoparticles induced increased secretion of IL-8, yet the chronic bronchitis-like model released significantly more IL-8 than the normal model. The levels of IL-8 in basal medium (BM) and apical lavage medium (AM) were in the same ranges, but the secretion of MMP-9 was significantly higher in the AM compared to the BM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This combination of relevant human bronchial mucosa models and sophisticated exposure system can mimic in vivo conditions and serve as a useful alternative animal testing tool when studying adverse effects in humans exposed to aerosols, air pollutants or particles in an occupational setting.
authors.affiliation: Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hedelin
authors.affiliation: Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden.|Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malmlöf
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Bionanotechnology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Vadim
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Bionanotechnology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gulaim
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seisenbaeva
authors.affiliation: Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden.|Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerde
authors.affiliation: Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palmberg
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010165:Palladium / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010165:Palladium