title: Box- or Virtual-Reality Trainer: Which Tool Results in Better Transfer of Laparoscopic Basic Skills?-A Prospective Randomized Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Simulation training improves laparoscopic performance. Laparoscopic basic skills can be learned in simulators as box- or virtual-reality (VR) trainers. However, there is no clear recommendation for either box or VR trainers as the most appropriate tool for the transfer of acquired laparoscopic basic skills into a surgical procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both training tools were compared, using validated and well-established curricula in the acquirement of basic skills, in a prospective randomized trial in a 5-day structured laparoscopic training course. Participants completed either a box- or VR-trainer curriculum and then applied the learned skills performing an ex situ laparoscopic cholecystectomy on a pig liver. The performance was recorded on video and evaluated offline by 4 blinded observers using the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) score. Learning curves of the various exercises included in the training course were compared and the improvement in each exercise was analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical Skills Lab of the Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical novices without prior surgical experience (medical students, n = 36).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Posttraining evaluation showed significant improvement compared with baseline in both groups, indicating acquisition of laparoscopic basic skills. Learning curves showed almost the same progression with no significant differences. In simulated laparoscopic cholecystectomy, total GOALS score was significantly higher for the box-trained group than the VR-trained group (box: 15.31 ± 3.61 vs. VR: 12.92 ± 3.06; p = 0.039; Hedge׳s g* = 0.699), indicating higher technical skill levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite both systems having advantages and disadvantages, they can both be used for simulation training for laparoscopic skills. In the setting with 2 structured, validated and almost identical curricula, the box-trained group appears to be superior in the better transfer of basic skills into an experimental but structured surgical procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pankratius
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bahde
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schlueter
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Senninger
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany. Electronic address: emile.rijcken@ukmuenster.de.
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rijcken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D059032:Learning Curve; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013552:Swine
keywords: GOALS; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; Systems-Based Practice; computer simulation; education; laparoscopy; prospective studies; simulation training