title: Exopolysaccharides Isolated from Milk Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria Prevent Ultraviolet-Induced Skin Damage in Hairless Mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied the mechanism by which fermented milk ameliorates UV-B-induced skin damage and determined the active components in milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria by evaluating erythema formation, dryness, epidermal proliferation, DNA damage and cytokine mRNA levels in hairless mice exposed to acute UV-B irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine week-old hairless mice were given fermented milk (1.3 g/kg BW/day) or exopolysaccharide (EPS) concentrate (70 mg/kg BW/day) orally for ten days. Seven days after fermented milk or EPS administration began, the dorsal skin of the mice was exposed to a single dose of UV-B (20 mJ/cm²).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ingestion of either fermented milk or EPS significantly attenuated UV-B-induced erythema formation, dryness and epidermal proliferation in mouse skin. Both fermented milk and EPS were associated with a significant decrease in cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and upregulated mRNA levels of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA), which is involved in DNA repair. Furthermore, administration of either fermented milk or EPS significantly suppressed increases in the ratio of interleukin (IL)-10/IL-12a and IL-10/interferon-gamma mRNA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these results indicate that EPS isolated from milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria enhanced DNA repair mechanisms and modulated skin immunity to protect skin against UV damage.
authors.affiliation: Food Science Research Labs, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan. masashi.morifuji@meiji.com.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morifuji
authors.affiliation: Food Science Research Labs, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan. masami.kitade@meiji.com.
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitade
authors.affiliation: Food Science Research Labs, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan. tomoyuki.fukasawa@meiji.com.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukasawa
authors.affiliation: Food Science Research Labs, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan. taketo.yamaji@meiji.com.
authors.forename: Taketo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaji
authors.affiliation: Saisei Mirai Clinic Kobe, Kobe Commerce, Industry and Trade Center Building 23F, 5-1-14 Hamabedori, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 651-0083, Japan. mm_ichihashi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Masamitsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ichihashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004890:Erythema / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D008892:Milk; D008954:Models, Biological; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D051760:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011134:Polysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051760:Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein; C497315:Xpa protein, mouse; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: DNA damage; exopolysaccharide; fermented milk; skin damage; ultraviolet