title: How Size Determines the Value of Gold: Economic Aspects of Wet Chemical and Laser-Based Metal Colloid Synthesis.
abstract: Gold is one of the most valuable materials, and its monetary value is enhanced by size reduction from bullions to colloidal nanoparticles by a factor of 450. Wet-chemical reduction with subsequent centrifugation and pulsed laser ablation in liquids are frequently used for pure colloidal gold synthesis. Both methods provide similar physicochemical nanoparticle properties, but are very different synthesis techniques. However, the costs inherent to these methods are surprisingly seldom discussed. Both methods have in common that the labor effort poses the majority of synthesis costs. Besides an increase in batch size and mass concentration, especially an increase of the nanoparticle productivity via higher laser power and centrifugation capacity reduces synthesis costs if pilot- or industrial-scale applications are intended. In this case, laser-based synthesis is more economical if its productivity exceeds a break-even value of 550 mg h-1, where the costs arising are limited by the metal costs. In contrast to industrial scale production, wet-chemical synthesis is more feasible for laboratory-scale applications, especially if the advantageous nanoparticle properties provided by laser ablation in liquids are not needed.
authors.affiliation: Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jendrzej
authors.affiliation: Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gökce
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epple
authors.affiliation: Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barcikowski
keywords: colloidal gold nanoparticles; economy; nanoparticle costs; pulsed laser ablation; wet chemical synthesis