title: Social Models Enhance Apes' Memory for Novel Events.
abstract: Nonhuman primates are more likely to learn from the actions of a social model than a non-social "ghost display", however the mechanism underlying this effect is still unknown. One possibility is that live models are more engaging, drawing increased attention to social stimuli. However, recent research with humans has suggested that live models fundamentally alter memory, not low-level attention. In the current study, we developed a novel eye-tracking paradigm to disentangle the influence of social context on attention and memory in apes. Tested in two conditions, zoo-housed apes (2 gorillas, 5 chimpanzees) were familiarized to videos of a human hand (social condition) and mechanical claw (non-social condition) constructing a three-block tower. During the memory test, subjects viewed side-by-side pictures of the previously-constructed block tower and a novel block tower. In accordance with looking-time paradigms, increased looking time to the novel block tower was used to measure event memory. Apes evidenced memory for the event featuring a social model, though not for the non-social condition. This effect was not dependent on attention differences to the videos. These findings provide the first evidence that, like humans, social stimuli increase nonhuman primates' event memory, which may aid in information transmission via social learning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Franklin &Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, 17603, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.affiliation: Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA.
authors.forename: Lydia M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hopper
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005260:Female; D015186:Hominidae / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D012919:Social Behavior; D013997:Time Factors