title: Host-related factors explaining interindividual variability of carotenoid bioavailability and tissue concentrations in humans.
abstract: Carotenoid dietary intake and their endogenous levels have been associated with a decreased risk of several chronic diseases. There are indications that carotenoid bioavailability depends, in addition to the food matrix, on host factors. These include diseases (e.g. colitis), life-style habits (e.g. smoking), gender and age, as well as genetic variations including single nucleotide polymorphisms that govern carotenoid metabolism. These are expected to explain interindividual differences that contribute to carotenoid uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and therefore possibly also their association with disease risk. For instance, digestion enzymes fostering micellization (PNLIP, CES), expression of uptake/efflux transporters (SR-BI, CD36, NPC1L1), cleavage enzymes (BCO1/2), intracellular transporters (FABP2), secretion into chylomicrons (APOB, MTTP), carotenoid metabolism in the blood and liver (LPL, APO C/E, LDLR), and distribution to target tissues such as adipose tissue or macula (GSTP1, StARD3) depend on the activity of these proteins. In addition, human microbiota, e.g. via altering bile-acid concentrations, may play a role in carotenoid bioavailability. In order to comprehend individual, variable responses to these compounds, an improved knowledge on intra-/interindividual factors determining carotenoid bioavailability, including tissue distribution, is required. Here, we highlight the current knowledge on factors that may explain such intra-/interindividual differences.
authors.affiliation: Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bohn
authors.affiliation: NORT, Aix-Marseille Université, INRA, INSERM, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Desmarchelier
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Dragsted
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Charlotte S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.affiliation: Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary.|MTA-DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rühl
authors.affiliation: Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keijer
authors.affiliation: NORT, Aix-Marseille Université, INRA, INSERM, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borel
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D000076103:Biological Variation, Individual; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004032:Diet; D004063:Digestion; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: Absorption; Biodistribution; Genetic polymorphisms; Intestine; Macula lutea