title: Effects of Metmyoglobin Reducing Activity and Thermal Stability of NADH-Dependent Reductase and Lactate Dehydrogenase on Premature Browning in Ground Beef.
abstract: Premature browning is a condition wherein ground beef exhibits a well-done appearance before reaching the USDA recommended internal cooked meat temperature of 71.1 °C; however, the mechanism is unclear. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the effects of packaging and temperature on metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA) of cooked ground beef patties and (2) to assess the effects of temperature and pH on thermal stability of NADH-dependent reductase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and oxymyoglobin (OxyMb) in-vitro. Beef patties (lean: fat = 85:15) were packaged in high-oxygen modified atmosphere (HiOX-MAP) or vacuum (VP) and cooked to either 65 or 71 °C. Internal meat color and MRA of both raw and cooked patties were determined. Purified NADH-dependent reductase and LDH were used to determine the effects of pH and temperature on enzyme activity. MRA of cooked patties was temperature and packaging dependent (P < 0.05). Vacuum packaged patties cooked to 71 °C had greater (P < 0.05) MRA than HiOX-MAP counterparts. Thermal stability of OxyMb, NADH-dependent reductase, and LDH were different and pH-dependent. LDH was able to generate NADH at 84 °C; whereas NADH-dependent reductase was least stable to heat. The results suggest that patties have MRA at cooking temperatures, which can influence cooked meat color.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Animal Science, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK, 74078, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Blanchefort A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Djimsa
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Animal Science, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK, 74078, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Anupam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Animal Science, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK, 74078, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Gretchen G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Mafi
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Animal Science, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK, 74078, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: VanOverbeke
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Animal Science, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK, 74078, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Ranjith
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001272:Atmosphere; D002417:Cattle; D003116:Color; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D008786:Metmyoglobin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D009243:NAD / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009243:NAD; D008786:Metmyoglobin; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
keywords: NADH-dependent reductase; beef color; metmyoglobin reducing activity; myoglobin; premature browning