title: Emerging Advances in Nanomedicine as a Nanoscale Pharmacotherapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis: State of the Art.
abstract: There are several significant setbacks including limited bioavailability, high clearance, and further current therapies require higher and frequent dosing to gain desired therapeutic effects. Nanomedicines have been widely investigated for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Though, higher doses also increase the incidence of dreadful adverse effects. Further, nanocarrier properties are tuned by the use of different approaches like varied methods of loading, hydrophilic polymers and targeting ligands, to change the physicochemical properties including higher encapsulation, better penetrating ability to biological barriers, thus preventing the uptake of various nanocarriers by liver and spleen. Along with these they provide longer circulation which enhances drug localization at the inflamed site and selective targeting to enhance the therapeutic index of anti-rheumatic drugs. However, the optimal properties also depend on the route of administration and nanocarrier size, thus larger size show more retention upon local injection and smaller sized ones are more optimal for passive targeting. The present review discusses the emergence of nano-carriers for anti-rheumatic drugs, which delivers drug molecule to the inflamed site by topical, intra-articular (i.a) and intra-venous (i.v) administration to achieve therapeutic efficacy by passive and active drug targeting. Advancements have been made extensively but still better investigations are needed to optimize the risk-benefit ratio for the development of safe and stable targeting nanocarriers for the effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
authors.forename: Mahfoozur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Gajanand
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Kanika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Firoz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Katare
authors.forename: Vijay G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Goni
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Mazin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zamzami
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akhter
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D050997:Nanomedicine