title: An In Vitro Evaluation of Fracture Reduction Achieved by Inflatable Bone Tamps Under Simulated Physiological Load.
abstract: An in vitro biomechanical study.
  
  
  
  To determine the fracture reduction achieved by a novel inflatable bone tamp under simulated physiological load.
  
  
  
  Previous biomechanical studies have showed that kyphoplasty allows near-total restoration of lost vertebral height in unloaded conditions and partial height restoration under simulated physiological loads. Clinically, loss of reduction has been observed after bone tamp deflation, before cement injection. The present study evaluated fracture reduction achieved by an inflatable bone tamp during kyphoplasty while maintaining physiological load. Comparison to commercially available inflatable bone tamp was also performed.
  
  
  
  Eighteen osteoporotic vertebral bodies (T11-L4) were alternately assigned to one of the 2 treatment groups: group A-AFFIRM (Algea Thearpies, a division of Globus Medical Inc., Audubon, PA); and group B-KYPHON (Kyphon Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). The vertebral bodies were compressed axially on an MTS Bionix 858 machine at a rate of 5 mm/min until compressed to 40% of the initial anterior height. Load versus displacement was recorded. The fractured VBs then underwent kyphoplasty with cement augmentation. The augmented vertebral bodies were then recompressed and anterior vertebral body height (mm) and wedge angle (degrees) was measured initially, after mechanically creating an anterior wedge fracture, and after repairing the compression fracture. Each vertebral body was subjected to 111 N load to simulate in vivo physiological loading during inflation and cement augmentation. The vertebral height, wedge angle, cement volume, and inflation pressures were compared between the treatment groups using an unpaired t test (P<0.05). Failure loads were compared between intact and repaired VBs using a paired t test (P<0.05).
  
  
  
  Average lost height restored in group A was 29%, and 30% in group B compared to the compressed state. Similar trends were observed in the mean changes of vertebral body wedge angle in both the groups. No significant difference in mean inflation pressures (group A 182±33 psi; group B 175±37 psi) were found between the 2 groups. Average percentage increase in failure load was 218% and 241% for groups A and B, respectively. Mean injected cement volume was 6.65±0.65 and 6.73±0.41 mL for groups A and B, respectively.
  
  
  
  Some height restoration was observed using the 2 bone tamps in fractured vertebral bodies under simulated physiological load. The fracture reduction achieved by the 2 inflatable bone tamps was equivalent. No significant difference between mean inflation pressures and failure load was demonstrated between the 2 groups.
authors.affiliation: *Newport Orthopedic Institute, Newport Beach, CA †Pennsylvania Spine Institute, Harrisburg ‡Globus Medical Inc., Audubon, PA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Peppelman
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Beutler
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: OʼHalloran
authors.forename: Suresh R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chinthakunta
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bucklen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001843:Bone Cements; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016268:Internal Fixators; D058498:Kyphoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000628:therapy*; D013131:Spine; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements