title: Effects of simultaneous supplementation of laying hens with α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid resources on egg quality and n-3 fatty acid profile.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of simultaneous supplementation of laying hens with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) resources (flax, perilla, andEucommia ulmoides[E. ulmoides] seeds) and eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) resources (Schizochytriumsp.) on egg quality and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary treatments were as follows: i) diet C (control diet); ii) diet F (diet C+10% flaxseeds); iii) diet P, (diet C+10% perilla seeds); iv) diet E (diet C+10%E. ulmoidesseeds); v) diet A (diet C+1.5% microalage); vi) diet AF (diet C+10% flaxseeds+1.5% microalage); vii) diet AP (diet C+10% perilla seeds+1.5% microalgae); viii) diet AE (diet C+10%E. ulmoidesseeds+ 1.5% microalage).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Egg weight, yolk weight and production ratio were not significantly affected by either algae or in combination with seeds (p>0.05). No significant difference was observed in ALA and DHA concentration in eggs between flaxseed, perila, andE. ulmodiesseeds supplementation alone (p>0.05). N-3 PUFA in eggs was slightly improved by microalgae supplementation. The best supplementation, a combination of microalgae and perilla seeds, elevated (p<0.05) ALA from 19.7 to 202.5 mg/egg and EPA+DHA from 27.5 to 159.7 mg/egg. Highest n-3 PUFA enrichment (379.6 mg/yolk) was observed with supplementation of a combination of perilla seed and microalgae (362.2 mg/yolk), followed by a combination of flaxseed and microalgae (348.4 mg/yolk). The ALA, EPA, and DHA content obtained with a combination of microalgae and seeds surpassed the total sum of that obtained with microalgae or ALA-seeds alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is feasible to enrich eggs with n-3 PUFAs by perilla orE. ulmodiesseeds instead of flaxseeds. Simultaneous supplementation of microalgae and seeds helped improve the transfer from EPA and docosapentaenoic acid into DHA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, Hanjiang Normal University, Hubei, Shiyan 442000, China.
authors.forename: Pingping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, Hanjiang Normal University, Hubei, Shiyan 442000, China.
authors.forename: Chuanqiu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, Hanjiang Normal University, Hubei, Shiyan 442000, China.
authors.forename: Zongqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, Hanjiang Normal University, Hubei, Shiyan 442000, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
keywords: Egg Yolk; Eucommia ulmodies; Flaxseed; Perilla; Schizochytrium sp.; n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids