title: The association of bacterial C9-based TTX-like compounds with Prorocentrum minimum opens new uncertainties about shellfish seafood safety.
abstract: In 2012, Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was identified in mussels and linked to the presence of Prorocentrum minimum (P. minimum) in Greece. The connexion between TTX and P. minimum was further studied in this paper. First, the presence of TTX-producer bacteria, Vibrio and Pseudomonas spp, was confirmed in Greek mussels. In addition these samples showed high activity as inhibitors of sodium currents (INa). P. minimum was before associated with neurotoxic symptoms, however, the nature and structure of toxins produced by this dinoflagellate remains unknown. Three P. minimum strains, ccmp1529, ccmp2811 and ccmp2956, growing in different conditions of temperature, salinity and light were used to study the production of toxic compounds. Electrophysiological assays showed no effect of ccmp2811 strain on INa, while ccmp1529 and ccmp2956 strains were able to significantly reduce INain the same way as TTX. In these samples two new compounds, m/z 265 and m/z 308, were identified and characterized by liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry. Besides, two TTX-related bacteria, Roseobacter and Vibrio sp, were observed. These results show for the first time that P. minimum produce TTX-like compounds with a similar ion pattern and C9-base to TTX analogues and with the same effect on INa.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología. Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología. Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alfonso
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología. Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología. Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rubiolo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología. Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roel
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología. Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.|National Reference Laboratory on Marine Toxins, Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 3A Limnou street, GR-54627 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Aristidis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vlamis
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory on Marine Toxins, Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 3A Limnou street, GR-54627 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiota
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katikou
authors.affiliation: School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Margassery Lekha
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología. Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Botana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D005506:Food Contamination; D059022:Food Safety; D064088:Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis*; D012758:Shellfish; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013779:Tetrodotoxin