title: Cisplatin and valproate released from the bifunctional [Pt(IV)Cl2(NH3)2(valproato)2] antitumor prodrug or from liposome formulations: who does what?
abstract: The cisplatin-sensitive human ovarian cancer cells A2780 have been challenged with cationic liposomes containing the single drug cisplatin or valproate or their combination with an approximate 1 : 2 molar ratio, i.e. the same ratio present in preformed (OC-6-33)-diamminedichloridobis(valproato)platinum(iv), that releases such metabolites by intracellular Pt(iv) → Pt(ii) reduction. The results of this comparison confirm that valproate barely penetrates cells unless it is transported by liposomes or it is coordinated to a lipophilic Pt(iv) assembly. The two drugs have a synergistic action, cisplatin being the more potent antiproliferative agent. Even if the preformed (OC-6-33)-diamminedichloridobis(valproato)platinum(iv) releases cisplatin and valproate in the same amount as the liposome formulation, the Pt(iv) derivative is more active. This important feature, common to all Pt(iv) complexes having very lipophilic carboxylates, is attributable to their propensity to remain in cells and to continuously bind DNA, unlike cisplatin that is partially removed from cells by efficient efflux pathways.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy. domenico.osella@uniupo.it.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4732-7508
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravera
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy. domenico.osella@uniupo.it.
authors.forename: E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1181-1955
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gabano
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy. domenico.osella@uniupo.it.
authors.forename: I
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2174-508X
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zanellato
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy. domenico.osella@uniupo.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallina
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy. domenico.osella@uniupo.it.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perin
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy. domenico.osella@uniupo.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0279-6180
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arrais
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy. domenico.osella@uniupo.it.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cantamessa
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy. domenico.osella@uniupo.it.
authors.forename: D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6706-9454
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osella
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000378:metabolism*; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D011355:Prodrugs; D014635:Valproic Acid; D002945:Cisplatin