title: The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: A Revision Integrating Existential and Spiritual Change.
abstract: Spiritual Change (SC) is one of 5 domains of posttraumatic growth (PTG). The current Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) assesses this area of growth with only 2 items, one focusing on religiosity and the other focusing on spiritual understanding. The addition of 4 newly developed spiritual-existential change (SEC) items, creating an expanded PTGI (Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-X), reflects a diversity of perspectives on spiritual-existential experiences that are represented in different cultures. Samples were obtained from 3 countries: the United States (n = 250), Turkey (n = 502), and Japan (n = 314). Analyses indicated that the newly added items capture additional experiences of growth outside traditional religious concepts, yet still are correlated with the original SC items, especially in the U.S. and Turkish samples. Relationships of the PTGI-X to established predictors of PTG, event-related rumination, and core beliefs, were as predicted in all 3 countries. The new 6-item SEC factor demonstrated high internal reliability, and the 5-factor structure of the expanded scale was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The resulting 25-item PTGI-X can be used as a validated instrument in a wide range of samples in which traditional religious beliefs are less dominant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Tedeschi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Arnie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taku
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emre
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Senol-Durak
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Calhoun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005086:Existentialism / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012067:Religion; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D029181:Spirituality; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D014421:Turkey; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult