title: Multiple Activities of Punica granatum Linne against Acne Vulgaris.
abstract: Acne is a common skin condition with sebum overproduction, hyperkeratosis,Propionibacterium acnes(P.acnes) andStaphylococcus aureus, and inflammation.Punica granatum(pomegranate) is well-known for its anti-inflammatory effects; however, few studies have discussed the anti-acne effects of pomegranate. In this study, we found that pomegranate extract (PG-E) significantly reducedP.acnes-induced edema in Wistar rat ears. Therefore, an evaluation platform using multiple pathogenic mechanisms of acne was established to explore the anti-acne effects of pomegranate. Results showed that PG-E inhibited bacterial growth and lipase activity. Through a bioguided-fractionation-isolation system, four hydrolysable tannins, punicalagin (1), punicalin (2), strictinin A (3), and granatin B (4), were isolated. Compounds1and2had greater anti-bacterial activities and anti-testosterone-induced HaCaT proliferative effects than the others. Compounds1,3, and4displayed lipase inhibitory effects. Compound4decreased cyclooxygenase-2 expression and downregulated prostaglandin E₂ production in heat-killedP.acnes-treated RAW 246.7 cells. In conclusion, PG-E is abundant in hydrolysable tannins that display multiple anti-acne capacities, including anti-bacterial, anti-lipase, anti-keratinocyte proliferation, and anti-inflammatory actions. Hence, PG-E has great potential in the application of anti-acne and skin-care products, and punicalagin (1), the most effective component in PG-E, can be employed as a quality control marker.
authors.affiliation: PhD Program for Clinical Drug Discovery of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. cjlee@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chia-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan. lgchen@mail.ncyu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Lih-Geeng
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. wenlee@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Wen-Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: PhD Program for Clinical Drug Discovery of Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. crystal@tmu.edu.tw.|School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. crystal@tmu.edu.tw.|Orthopedics Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan. crystal@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ching-Chiung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004423:Ear / Q000473:pathology; D004487:Edema / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008049:Lipase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011425:Propionibacterium acnes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013634:Tannins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D013634:Tannins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D008049:Lipase; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Punica granatum; acne; anti-inflammation