title: Genetic and economic benefits of selection based on performance recording and genotyping in lower tiers of multi-tiered sheep breeding schemes.
abstract: Performance recording and genotyping in the multiplier tier of multi-tiered sheep breeding schemes could potentially reduce the difference in the average genetic merit between nucleus and commercial flocks, and create additional economic benefits for the breeding structure.
  
  
  
  The genetic change in a multiple-trait breeding objective was predicted for various selection strategies that included performance recording, parentage testing and genomic selection. A deterministic simulation model was used to predict selection differentials and the flow of genetic superiority through the different tiers. Cumulative discounted economic benefits were calculated based on trait gains achieved in each of the tiers and considering the extra revenue and associated costs of applying recording, genotyping and selection practices in the multiplier tier of the breeding scheme.
  
  
  
  Performance recording combined with genomic or parentage information in the multiplier tier reduced the genetic lag between the nucleus and commercial flock by 2 to 3 years. The overall economic benefits of improved performance in the commercial tier offset the costs of recording the multiplier. However, it took more than 18 years before the cumulative net present value of benefits offset the costs at current test prices. Strategies in which recorded multiplier ewes were selected as replacements for the nucleus flock did modestly increase profitability when compared to a closed nucleus structure. Applying genomic selection is the most beneficial strategy if testing costs can be reduced or by genotyping only a proportion of the selection candidates. When the cost of genotyping was reduced, scenarios that combine performance recording with genomic selection were more profitable and reached breakeven point about 10 years earlier.
  
  
  
  Economic benefits can be generated in multiplier flocks by implementing performance recording in conjunction with either DNA pedigree recording or genomic technology. These recording practices reduce the long genetic lag between the nucleus and commercial flocks in multi-tiered breeding programs. Under current genotyping costs, the time to breakeven was found to be generally very long, although this varied between strategies. Strategies using either genomic selection or DNA pedigree verification were found to be economically viable provided the price paid for the tests is lower than current prices, in the long-term.
authors.affiliation: AbacusBio Limited, PO Box 5585, Dunedin, 9058, New Zealand. bsantos@abacusbio.co.nz.|School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia. bsantos@abacusbio.co.nz.
authors.forename: Bruno F S
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1142-340X
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.|Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Julius H J
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van der Werf
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.affiliation: AbacusBio Limited, PO Box 5585, Dunedin, 9058, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: AbacusBio Limited, PO Box 5585, Dunedin, 9058, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Amer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012756:Sheep / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*