title: Characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5based on error estimation from EPA PMF 5.0 model at a medium city in China.
abstract: Heze city, a medium-size city in Shandong province, Eastern China. Ambient PM2.5samples were collected in urban area of Heze from August 2015 to April 2016, and chemical species and sources of PM2.5were investigated in this paper. The results indicated that the average concentration of PM2.5was 100.9 μg/m3during the sampling period, and the water-soluble ions, carbonaceous species included elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), as well as elements contributed 32.7-51.7%, 16.3% and 12.5%, respectively, to PM2.5. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the existing form of NH4+was more complex and diverse in spring/summer, and ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium hydrogen sulfate might be major form of NH4+in autumn/winter. Correlation analysis between PM2.5and SO42-/NO3-, PM2.5and OC/EC during different seasons suggested that mobile sources might make an important impact on the increase of PM2.5concentrations in spring/summer, and stationary sources might play a critical role on the increase of PM2.5concentrations in autumn/winter. Seven factors were selected in Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) models analysis based on the Error Estimation (EE) diagnostics during different seasons. Secondary source had the highest contribution to PM2.5in Heze for the whole year, and followed by coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, soil dust, construction dust, biomass burning and metal manufacturing, and their annual contributions to PM2.5were 26.5%, 17.2%, 16.5%, 11.5%, 7.7%, 7.0% and 3.8%, respectively. The air masses that were originated from Mongolia reflected the features of large-scale and long-distance air transport; while the air masses that began in Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan showed the features of small-scale and short-distance. Shandong, Henan and Jiangsu were identified as the major potential sources-areas of PM2.5by using potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) models.
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
authors.forename: Baoshuang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China. Electronic address: envwujh@nankai.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jianhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
authors.forename: Jiaying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
authors.forename: Jiamei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
authors.forename: Danni
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
authors.forename: Qili
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
authors.forename: Yinchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
authors.forename: Yufen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Heze Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Heze, 274000, China.
authors.forename: Qinxun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D015983:Selection Bias; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D009566:Nitrates; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002244:Carbon
keywords: CWT; Chemical species; Error estimation; PMF; PSCF; Source apportionment