title: OX40: Structure and function - What questions remain?
abstract: OX40 is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein, reported nearly 30 years ago as a cell surface antigen expressed on activated T cells. Since its discovery, it has been validated as a bone fide costimulatory molecule for T cells and member of the TNF receptor family. However, many questions still remain relating to its function on different T cell sub-sets and with recent interest in its utility as a target for antibody-mediated immunotherapy, there is a growing need to gain a better understanding of its biology. Here, we review the expression pattern of OX40 and its ligand, discuss the structure of the receptor:ligand interaction, the downstream signalling it can elicit, its function on different T cell subsets and how antibodies might engage with it to provide effective immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willoughby
authors.affiliation: Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK; Biological Sciences, Life Science Building, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Jordana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences, Life Science Building, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, UK; Institute for life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tews
authors.affiliation: Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, UK. Electronic address: msc@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cragg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D053278:OX40 Ligand / Q000276:immunology*; D053262:Receptors, OX40 / Q000276:immunology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D053278:OX40 Ligand; D053262:Receptors, OX40
keywords: Immunotherapy; Monoclonal antibody; OX40; OX40L; Tnfr; Treg