title: Procedure to describe clavicular motion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For many years, researchers have attempted to describe shoulder motions by using different mathematical methods. The aim of this study was to describe a procedure to quantify clavicular motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The procedure proposed for the kinematic analysis consists of 4 main processes: 3 transcortical pins in the clavicle, motion capture, obtaining 3-dimensional bone models, and data processing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clavicular motion by abduction (30° to 150°) and flexion (55° to 165°) were characterized by an increment of retraction of 27° to 33°, elevation of 25° to 28°, and posterior rotation of 14° to 15°, respectively. In circumduction, clavicular movement described an ellipse, which was reflected by retraction and elevation. Kinematic analysis shows that the articular surfaces move by simultaneously rolling and sliding on the convex surface of the sternum for the 3 movements of abduction, flexion, and circumduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of 3 body landmarks in the clavicle and the direct measurement of bone allowed description of the osteokinematic and arthrokinematic movement of the clavicle.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Gráfica de Ingeniería, Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría (ISPJAE), Havana, Cuba. Electronic address: guivey11@yahoo.es.
authors.forename: Guivey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gutierrez Delgado
authors.affiliation: IBiTech-bioMMeda, iMinds Medical IT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Beule
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Gráfica de Ingeniería, Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría (ISPJAE), Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Dolgis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Ortega Cardentey
authors.affiliation: IBiTech-bioMMeda, iMinds Medical IT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Segers
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Gráfica de Ingeniería, Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría (ISPJAE), Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Arsenio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Iznaga Benítez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Gráfica de Ingeniería, Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría (ISPJAE), Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rodríguez Moliner
authors.affiliation: IBiTech-bioMMeda, iMinds Medical IT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Benedict
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verhegghe
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tanneke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Palmans
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Hoof
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Tongel
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D002102:Cadaver; D002968:Clavicle / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012540:Scapula / Q000502:physiology; D013249:Sternum / Q000502:physiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: 3D kinematics; biomechanics; clavicle; clavicular motion; local coordinate systems; shoulder kinematics; sternoclavicular joint