title: Contact Isolation Precautions in Trauma Patients: An Analysis of Infectious Complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Victims of traumatic injuries represent a population at risk for a wide variety of complications. Contact isolation (CI) is a set of restrictions designed to help prevent the transmission of medically significant organisms in the healthcare setting. A growing body of literature demonstrates that CI can have significant implications for the individual isolated patient. Our goal was to characterize the use of contact isolation at our Level I trauma center and investigate the association of CI with infectious complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  An existing trauma database containing data on patients admitted at our Level I trauma center between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2012, along with their contact isolation status, was queried. Demographics, injuries, and the presence of infections were collected. Diagnosis of pneumonia or UTI was based on clinical documentation in the patient's medical record. A chart review was performed to ascertain the reason for CI including specific organisms. Because of differences in patient demographics between the CI and non-CI groups, linear regression was performed to adjust for the effects of different variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4,423 patients were admitted over this period. Of these, 4,318 (97.6%) had complete records and were included in the subsequent analysis. The CI was in place in 249 (5.8%) patients; 4,069 (94.2%) were not isolated. The number who had CI initiated for MRSA nasal colonization was 173 (69.5%). Twenty-two (8.9%) had no reason for CI documented. Pneumonia occurred in 190 (4.4%), 54 (21.7) in the CI group versus 136 (3.3%) in the non-CI group. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was diagnosed in 166 (3.8%), 48 (19.3%) in the CI group versus 118 (2.9%) in the non-CI group. Using logistic regression and excluding patients placed on contact isolation for the development of a new resistant nosocomial infection, CI, Injury Severity Score, gender, length of stay, and mechanical ventilation were identified as common covariates for pneumonia (PNA) and UTI. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD was specifically identified for PNA. Spinal cord injury, vertebral column injury and pelvic-urogenital injury were also significant for UTI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of pneumonia and UTI in patients with trauma was significantly associated with the use of CI. Because the majority of these patients had CI precautions in place for asymptomatic colonization, the CI provided them no direct benefit. Because the use of CI is associated with multiple negative outcomes, its use in the trauma population needs to be carefully re-evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke, Virginia.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hamill
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke, Virginia.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke, Virginia.
authors.forename: Sandy L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke, Virginia.
authors.forename: Eric H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Bradburn
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke, Virginia.
authors.forename: Kinga A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke, Virginia.
authors.forename: Katie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Love
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke, Virginia.
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke, Virginia.
authors.forename: Bryan R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Collier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010356:Patient Isolation; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications*
keywords: hospital acquired infection; hospital-acquired pneumonia; infection control; trauma