title: Processes of anticipatory postural adjustment and step movement of gait initiation.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether the anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) and focal step movement of gait initiation are produced as a single process or different processes and whether the APA receives an inhibitory drive from the ongoing stop process of gait initiation. Healthy humans initiated gait in response to a first visual cue that instructed the initial swing leg. In some trials, a switch or stop cue was also provided after the first cue. When the stop cue was provided, participants withheld gait initiation. When the switch cue was provided, participants immediately switched the initial swing leg. In both the stop and switch tasks, the APA in response to the first cue, represented by the S1 period of the displacement of the center of pressure, appeared in more than half of the trials in which the withholding of gait initiation or switching of the initial swing leg was successfully completed. These findings indicate that the APA and focal step movement of gait initiation are produced as a dual process. In trials in which the APA in response to the first cue appeared, the amplitude and duration of the APA were decreased when the participants switched the initial swing leg or withheld gait initiation. This finding indicates that the ongoing stop process of gait initiation produces an inhibitory drive over the APA. The decreases in the amplitude and duration of the APA during the switching of the initial swing leg were similar to those during the withholding of gait initiation; moreover, the decreases during the switching of the initial swing leg were positively correlated with the decreases during the withholding of gait initiation. Thus, the stop processes during switching the initial swing leg and withholding gait initiation likely share a common inhibitory mechanism over the APA.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizusawa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasutomo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jono
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Human Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan. Electronic address: hiraoka@rehab.osakafu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiraoka
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D011597:Psychomotor Performance
keywords: Anticipatory postural adjustment; Gait initiation; Motor command