title: Quantifying Disparities in Urban Firearm Violence by Race and Place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: A Cartographic Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe variability in the burden of firearm violence by race, income, and place in an urban context.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Philadelphia Police Department data from 2013 to 2014 to calculate firearm assault rates within census block groups for both victim residence and event locations, stratifying by race and block group income. We used cartographic modeling to determine variations in incidence of firearm assault by race, neighborhood income, and place.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall rate of firearm assault was 5.0 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.5, 5.6) for Black people compared with White people. Firearm assault rates were higher among Black people across all victim residence incomes. Relative risk of firearm assault reached 15.8 times higher (95% CI = 10.7, 23.2) for Black residents in the highest-income block groups when compared with high-income White individuals. Firearm assault events tended to occur in low-income areas and were concentrated in several "hot spot" locations with high proportions of Black residents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Profound disparity in exposure to firearm violence by race and place exists in Philadelphia. Black people were substantially more likely than White people to sustain firearm assault, regardless of neighborhood income.
authors.affiliation: Jessica H. Beard, Randi Smith, and Carrie A. Sims are with the Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Christopher N. Morrison, Sara F. Jacoby, Beidi Dong, and Douglas J. Wiebe are with the Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania. Christopher N. Morrison is also with Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Douglas J. Wiebe is also with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jessica H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.affiliation: Jessica H. Beard, Randi Smith, and Carrie A. Sims are with the Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Christopher N. Morrison, Sara F. Jacoby, Beidi Dong, and Douglas J. Wiebe are with the Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania. Christopher N. Morrison is also with Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Douglas J. Wiebe is also with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: Jessica H. Beard, Randi Smith, and Carrie A. Sims are with the Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Christopher N. Morrison, Sara F. Jacoby, Beidi Dong, and Douglas J. Wiebe are with the Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania. Christopher N. Morrison is also with Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Douglas J. Wiebe is also with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Sara F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Jacoby
authors.affiliation: Jessica H. Beard, Randi Smith, and Carrie A. Sims are with the Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Christopher N. Morrison, Sara F. Jacoby, Beidi Dong, and Douglas J. Wiebe are with the Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania. Christopher N. Morrison is also with Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Douglas J. Wiebe is also with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Beidi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Jessica H. Beard, Randi Smith, and Carrie A. Sims are with the Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Christopher N. Morrison, Sara F. Jacoby, Beidi Dong, and Douglas J. Wiebe are with the Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania. Christopher N. Morrison is also with Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Douglas J. Wiebe is also with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Randi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Jessica H. Beard, Randi Smith, and Carrie A. Sims are with the Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Christopher N. Morrison, Sara F. Jacoby, Beidi Dong, and Douglas J. Wiebe are with the Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania. Christopher N. Morrison is also with Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Douglas J. Wiebe is also with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Carrie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.affiliation: Jessica H. Beard, Randi Smith, and Carrie A. Sims are with the Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Christopher N. Morrison, Sara F. Jacoby, Beidi Dong, and Douglas J. Wiebe are with the Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania. Christopher N. Morrison is also with Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Douglas J. Wiebe is also with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wiebe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019352:Censuses; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D014754:Violence / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology