title: Nutrient Patterns Associated with Fasting Glucose and Glycated Haemoglobin Levels in a Black South African Population.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) burden is increasing globally. However, evidence regarding nutrient patterns associated with the biomarkers of T2D is limited. This study set out to determine the nutrient patterns associated with fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin the biomarkers of T2D. Factor analysis was used to derive nutrient patterns of 2010 participants stratified by urban/rural status and gender. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to 25 nutrients, computed from the quantified food frequency questionnaires (QFFQ). Three nutrient patterns per stratum, which accounted for 73% of the variation of the selected nutrients, were identified. Multivariate linear regression models adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, education attained, alcohol intake, seasonality and total energy intake were computed. Starch, dietary fibre and B vitamins driven nutrient pattern was significantly associated with fasting glucose (β = -0.236 (-0.458; -0.014);p= 0.037) and glycated haemoglobin levels (β = -0.175 (-0.303; -0.047);p= 0.007) in rural women. Thiamine, zinc and plant protein driven nutrient pattern was associated with significant reductions in glycated haemoglobin and fasting glucose ((β = -0.288 (-0.543; -0.033);p= 0.027) and (β = -0.382 (-0.752; -0.012);p= 0.043), respectively) in rural men. Our results indicate that plant driven nutrient patterns are associated with low fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin levels.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Excellence in Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, North West Province, South Africa. tinashedoc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tinashe
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chikowore
authors.affiliation: Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa. ppisa@wrhi.ac.za.
authors.forename: Pedro T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Pisa
authors.affiliation: Centre for Excellence in Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, North West Province, South Africa. tertia.vanzyl@nwu.ac.za.
authors.forename: Tertia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Zyl
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. edith.feskens@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Edith J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feskens
authors.affiliation: Centre for Excellence in Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, North West Province, South Africa. edelweiss-wentzel-viljoen@nwu.ac.za.|Medical Research Council Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. edelweiss-wentzel-viljoen@nwu.ac.za.
authors.forename: Edelweiss
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wentzel-Viljoen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Excellence in Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, North West Province, South Africa. karin.conradie@nwu.ac.za.
authors.forename: Karin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Conradie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D044383:Black People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D019456:Health Transition; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health / Q000208:ethnology; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: T2D; dietary patterns; fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin; plant based