title: Genotoxic and cytotoxic action potential of Terminalia citrina, a medicinal plant of ethnopharmacological significance.
abstract: Most herbal medicines utilized in complementary and alternative medicine lack safety evaluation setting our lives under unwarranted risks. Present study comprised of genotoxic and cytotoxic appraisal ofTerminalia citrinafruits which are used as a folklore medicine for treatment of various ailments. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts ofT. citrinafruit extracts were evaluated for the presence of different phytochemicals. Genotoxic potential of both the extract ofT. citrinawas assessed through Ames reverse mutagenicity assay in Salmonella TA 100 and 102 strains. Cytotoxic potential ofT. citrinawas determined in baby hamster kidney cell line (BHK-21). Statistical analysis was carried out by ANOVA following post hoc test. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, tannins, catechins and saponins. It was revealed that both the extracts ofT. citrinaexhibited significant mutagenicity in tester strains. Ethanolic extract showed higher mutagenicity in TA 100 strain, whereas aqueous extract ofT. citrinaexhibited higher mutagenicity in TA 102 strain than TA 100. Both the extracts ofT. citrinashowed dose-dependent mutagenicity. Fifty percent cell viability was exhibited by 260 and 545 µg/mL of ethanolic and aqueous extracts respectively. This study concludes that the ethanolic and aqueous fruit extracts ofT. citrinamay not be safe owing to their mutagenic and cytotoxic potential and it necessitates further investigation regarding its safety evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Furqan
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ammara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharif
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Bushra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Maaz Bin
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nasim
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sohaib
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peerzada
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Moosa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hira
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ijaz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shoaib
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shabbir
authors.affiliation: Institute für pharmazeutische Technologie & Biopharmazie, Philipps University Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sajid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zeeshan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Akbar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Saeed
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ul Hassan
keywords: alkaloids; cytotoxicity; ethnomedicine; genotoxicity; herbs; mutagenicity