title: The effect of electrical conductivity of myocardium on cardiac pumping efficacy: a computational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The existence of non-excitable cells in the myocardium leads to the increasing conduction non-uniformity and decreasing myocardial electrical conductivity. Slowed myocardial conduction velocity (MCV) believed to enhance the probability of cardiac arryhthmia and alter the cardiac mechanical pumping efficacy, even in sinus rhythm. Though several studies on the correlation between MCV and cardiac electrical instabilities exist, there has been no study concerning correlation or causality between MCV and cardiac mechanical pumping efficacy, due to the limitation in clinical methods to document and evaluate cardiac mechanical responses directly. The goal of this study was to examine quantitatively the cardiac pumping efficacy under various MCV conditions using three-dimensional (3D) electromechanical model of canine's failing ventricle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The electromechanical model used in this study composed of the electrical model coupled with the mechanical contraction model along with a lumped model of the circulatory system. The electrical model consisted of 241,725 nodes and 1,298,751 elements of tetrahedral mesh, whereas the mechanical model consisted of 356 nodes and 172 elements of hexahedral mesh with Hermite basis. First, we performed the electrical simulation for five different MCV conditions, from 30 to 70 cm/s with 10 cm/s interval during sinus pacing. Then, we compared the cardiac electrical and mechanical responses of each MCV condition, such as the electrical activation time (EAT), pressure, volume, and energy consumption of the myocardium. The energy consumption of the myocardium was calculated by integrating ATP consumption rate of each node in myofilament model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result showed that under higher MCV conditions, the EAT, energy consumption, end diastolic and systolic volume are gradually decreased. Meanwhile, the systolic pressure, stroke volume, stroke work, and stroke work to ATP are increased as the MCV values increased. The cardiac functions and performances are more efficient under higher MCV conditions by consuming smaller energy (ATP) while carrying more works.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, this study reveals that MCV has strong correlation with the cardiac pumping efficacy. The obtained results provide useful information to estimate the effect of MCV on the electro-physiology and hemodynamic responses of the ventricle and can be used for further study about arrhythmogeneis and heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi, 39177, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ana Rahma
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Yuniarti
authors.affiliation: Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi, 39177, South Korea. kmlim@kumoh.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ki Moo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6729-8129
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004285:Dogs; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D016276:Ventricular Function
keywords: Cardiac pumping efficacy; Conduction velocity; Electromechanical model