title: Nanosilver as a disinfectant in dental unit waterlines: Assessment of the physicochemical transformations of the AgNPs.
abstract: Dental unit water lines (DUWL) are susceptible to biofilm development and bacterial growth leading to water contamination, causing health and ecological effects. This study monitors the interactions between a commonly used nanosilver disinfectant (ASAP-AGX-32, an antimicrobial cleaner for dental units, 0.0032% Ag) and biofilm development in DUWL. To simulate the disinfection scenario, an in-house DUWL model was assembled and biofilm accumulation was allowed. Subsequent to biofilm development, the disinfection process was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The pristine nanosilver particles in the cleaner measured between 3 and 5 nm in diameter and were surrounded by a stabilizing polymer. However, the polymeric stabilizing agent diminished over the disinfection process, initiating partial AgNPs aggregation. Furthermore, surface speciation of the pristine AgNPs were identified as primarily AgO, and after the disinfection process, transformations to AgCl were observed. The physicochemical characteristics of AgNPs are known to govern their fate, transport and environmental implications. Hence, knowledge of the AgNPs characteristics after the disinfection process (usage scenario) is of significance. This study demonstrates the adsorption of AgNPs onto biofilm surfaces and, therefore, will assist in illustration of the toxicity mechanisms of AgNPs to bacteria and biofilms. This work can be an initial step in better understanding how AgNPs transform depending on the conditions they are exposed to during their lifetime. Until this date, most research has been focused on assessing the impacts of pristine (lab synthesized) nanomaterials on various systems. However, it is our belief that nanoparticles may undergo transformations during usage, which must be taken into consideration. Furthermore, this experiment is unique as it was conducted with a commonly used, commercially available nanosilver suspension leading to more realistic and applicable findings.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical, Chemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gitipour
authors.affiliation: US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Electronic address: al-abed.souhail@epa.gov.
authors.forename: Souhail R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Al-Abed
authors.affiliation: Biomedical, Chemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.affiliation: US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Kirk G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Scheckel
authors.affiliation: US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Thabet
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tolaymat
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D012834:Silver
keywords: Antimicrobial properties; Biofilm; Dentistry; Physicochemical transformations; Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)