title: Citrate and albumin facilitate transferrin iron loading in the presence of phosphate.
abstract: Labile plasma iron (LPI) is redox active, exchangeable iron that catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species. Serum transferrin binds iron in a non-exchangeable form and delivers iron to cells. In several inflammatory diseases serum LPI increases but the reason LPI forms is unknown. This work evaluates possible pathways leading to LPI and examines potential mediators of apo transferrin iron loading to prevent LPI. Previously phosphate was shown to inhibit iron loading into apo transferrin by competitively binding free Fe3+. The reaction of Fe3+with phosphate produced a soluble ferric phosphate complex. In this study we evaluate iron loading into transferrin under physiologically relevant phosphate conditions to evaluate the roles of citrate and albumin in mediating iron delivery into apo transferrin. We report that preformed Fe3+-citrate was loaded into apo transferrin and was not inhibited by phosphate. A competition study evaluated reactions when Fe3+was added to a solution with citrate, phosphate and apo transferrin. The results showed citrate marginally improved the delivery of Fe3+to apo transferrin. Studies adding Fe3+to a solution with phosphate, albumin and apo transferrin showed that albumin improved Fe3+loading into apo transferrin. The most efficient Fe3+loading into apo transferrin in a phosphate solution occurred when both citrate and albumin were present at physiological concentrations. Citrate and albumin overcame phosphate inhibition and loaded apo transferrin equal to the control of Fe3+added to apo transferrin. Our results suggest a physiologically important role for albumin and citrate for apo transferrin iron loading.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matias
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States.
authors.forename: Devin W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Belnap
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States.
authors.forename: Isaac F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States. Electronic address: agross1@roseman.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States. Electronic address: rwatt@chem.byu.edu.
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Watt
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014168:Transferrin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D014168:Transferrin; D019343:Citric Acid; D007501:Iron; C035885:ferric phosphate
keywords: Diabetes; Inflammation; Kidney disease; Labile plasma iron; Non-transferrin bound iron; Oxidative stress