title: Microbiota Composition and Pulmonary Surfactant Protein Expression as Markers of Death by Drowning.
abstract: Pathological diagnosis of drowning remains a challenge for forensic science, because of a lack of pathognomonic findings. We analyzed microbiota and surfactant protein in the lungs for a novel diagnosis of drowning. All rats were divided into drowning, postmortem submersion, and control groups. The water, lungs, closed organs (kidney and liver), and cardiac blood in rats were assayed by targeting 16S ribosomal RNA of Miseq sequencing. Lung samples were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for surfactant protein A. The closed organs and cardiac blood of drowned group have a lot of aquatic microbes, which have not been detected in postmortem submersion group. Furthermore, intra-alveolar granular staining of surfactant protein A (SP-A) was severely observed in the drowned group than the postmortem submersion and control groups. The findings suggested that the presence of aquatic microbiota in the closed organs and increased expression of SP-A could be markers for a diagnosis of drowning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Korea.
authors.forename: So-Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Kyun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Korea.
authors.forename: So-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Ju
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung-Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: National Research Safety Headquarters, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Hwa
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: National Research Safety Headquarters, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Korea.|Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Eom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004332:Drowning / Q000175:diagnosis*; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D064307:Microbiota; D023421:Models, Animal; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A / Q000032:analysis*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: drowning; forensic science; freshwater; microbial forensics; microbiota; seawater; surfactant protein A