title: Vascular changes on fluorescein angiography of premature infants with low risk of retinopathy of prematurity after high oxygen exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a wide array of peripheral vascular changes using fluorescein angiography in preterm neonates, without high risk characteristics for developing retinopathy of prematurity, that were exposed to high oxygen concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, two center, case series. Newborns at two different hospitals with ≥1500 g or gestational age of ≥32 weeks, fluorescein angiography performed, and with high oxygen exposure without adequate control were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  294 infants diagnosed with ROP were analyzed. Only 28 eyes from 14 patients with peripheral vascular abnormalities in older and heavier babies were included. Two distinct type of peripheral vascular changes were observed: group 1 or non-proliferative: areas of capillary non-perfusion along with widespread arteriovenous shunting between adjacent primary vessels, tortuosity of primary vessels, abnormal budding of tertiary vessels and capillaries, abnormal capillary tufts and absence of foveal avascular zone; group 2 or proliferative: all of the characteristics of group 1 plus leakage of dye from the boundary between perfused and non-perfused retina and/or optic disc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peripheral vascular abnormalities different from retinopathy of prematurity are observed in older than 32 weeks of gestational age, and heavier than 1500 g babies. This makes the authors classify these patients as having a disease caused solely by oxygen dysregulation at the neonatal intensive care unit similarly to the oxygen induced retinopathy in experimental studies.
authors.affiliation: Retinal Department, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, "Hospital Luis Sanchez Bulnes", IAP, Vicente Garcia Torres No. 46 Coyoacán, 04030 Mexico City, D.F. Mexico.
authors.forename: Maria Ana
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martinez-Castellanos
authors.affiliation: Retinal Department, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, "Hospital Luis Sanchez Bulnes", IAP, Vicente Garcia Torres No. 46 Coyoacán, 04030 Mexico City, D.F. Mexico.
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Velez-Montoya
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10012 USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Retinal Department, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, "Hospital Luis Sanchez Bulnes", IAP, Vicente Garcia Torres No. 46 Coyoacán, 04030 Mexico City, D.F. Mexico.
authors.forename: Andree
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henaine-Berra
authors.affiliation: Retinal Department, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, "Hospital Luis Sanchez Bulnes", IAP, Vicente Garcia Torres No. 46 Coyoacán, 04030 Mexico City, D.F. Mexico.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: García-Aguirre
authors.affiliation: Retinal Department, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, "Hospital Luis Sanchez Bulnes", IAP, Vicente Garcia Torres No. 46 Coyoacán, 04030 Mexico City, D.F. Mexico.
authors.forename: Virgilio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Morales-Canton
authors.affiliation: Retinal Department, Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, "Hospital Luis Sanchez Bulnes", IAP, Vicente Garcia Torres No. 46 Coyoacán, 04030 Mexico City, D.F. Mexico.
authors.forename: Linda Alejandra
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cernichiaro-Espinosa
keywords: Angiography; Oxygen; Retinopathy of prematurity; Toxicity; Vasculogenesis