title: Mainstream partial nitritation-anammox in municipal wastewater treatment: status, bottlenecks, and further studies.
abstract: Driven by energy neutral/positive of wastewater treatment plants, significant efforts have been made on the research and development of mainstream partial nitritation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) (PN/A) (deammonification) process since the early 2010s. To date, feasibility of mainstream PN/A process has been demonstrated and proven by experimental results at various scales although with the low loading rates and elevated nitrogen concentration in the effluent at low temperatures (15-10 °C). This review paper provides an overview of the current state of research and development of mainstream PN/A process and critically analyzes the bottlenecks for its full-scale application. The paper discusses the following: (i) the current status of research and development of mainstream PN/A process; (ii) the interactions among aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, aerobic nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, anammox bacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria; (iii) the suppression of aerobic nitrite-oxidizing bacteria; (iv) process and bioreactors; and (v) suggested further studies including efficient and robust carbon concentrating pretreatment, deepening of understanding competition between autotrophic nitrogen-converting organisms, intensification of biofilm anammox activity, reactor design, and final polishing.
authors.affiliation: , Blk 6, 41 Tiang Jia Xian, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu Province, China. cao_yeshi1949@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yeshi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0423-2947
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands. M.C.M.vanLoosdrecht@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: Mark C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: van Loosdrecht
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Glen T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Daigger
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Anammox; Autotrophic biological nitrogen removal; Deammonification; Mainstream; Nitritation; Wastewater treatment