title: Excito-Repellency of Citrus hystrix DC Leaf and Peel Essential Oils Against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles minimus (Diptera: Culicidae), Vectors of Human Pathogens.
abstract: The essential oils of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC.) at four different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0% v/v) were studied for their repellency, excitation, and knockdown properties against laboratory strains of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles minimus Theobald using an excito-repellency test system. Both contact and noncontact escape responses to leaf- and peel-derived kaffir lime oils were observed. Comparing unadjusted escape responses for An. minimus, leaf oil had strong combined irritant and repellent activity responses at 1-5% concentrations (90.0-96.4% escape) and the strongest spatial repellent activity at 1% and 2% (85.9% and 87.2% escape, respectively). The peel oil exhibited good excitation with repellency at concentrations of 2.5% (89.8% escape) and 5% (96.28% escape), while concentrations 1-5% showed more moderate repellent activity against An. minimus. For Ae. aegypti, 2.5% leaf oil produced the greatest response for both contact (56.1% escape) and noncontact (63.3% escape) trials, while 2.5% produced the strongest response among all concentrations of peel oil, with 46.5% escape. However, after adjusting the contact trial escape (a measure of combined excitation and repellency), the estimated escape due to contact alone was a much weaker response than spatial repellency for both species. Knockdown responses above 50% were only observed in Ae. aegypti exposed to 5% leaf oil. Kaffir lime oils were more active against An. minimus than Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. There were statistically significant differences between leaf (more active) and peel oils at each concentration against An. minimus in contact and noncontact trials, except at the highest (5%) concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand (rgt532@gmail.com; michael_bangs@fmi.com; faasthc@ku.ac.th).
authors.forename: Jirod
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nararak
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand (sunaiyana@yahoo.com).
authors.forename: Sunaiyana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sathantriphop
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand (fagrmtk@ku.ac.th).
authors.forename: Monthathip
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kongmee
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand (rgt532@gmail.com; michael_bangs@fmi.com; faasthc@ku.ac.th).|Public Health & Malaria Control Department, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Jl. Kertajasa, Kuala Kencana, Papua 99920, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bangs
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand (rgt532@gmail.com; michael_bangs@fmi.com; faasthc@ku.ac.th) faasthc@ku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Theeraphap
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chareonviriyaphap
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D007302:Insect Repellents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D009822:Oils, Volatile
keywords: Aedes aegypti; Anopheles minimus; Citrus hystrix DC.; essential oil; excito-repellency