title: Disinhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Changes in [oxy-Hb] on near-infrared spectroscopy during "rock, paper, scissors" task.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is a common developmental disorder. Many reports have suggested that symptoms of AD/HD are related to frontal lobe dysfunctions, particularly disinhibition. However, measuring neurological findings with biomarkers during frontal functional tasks has sometimes been difficult in children with AD/HD. This study aimed to investigate frontal inhibitory function objectively in children with AD/HD during "rock, paper, scissors" (RPS) tasks, as a familiar game for Japanese children, using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen children with AD/HD were compared with 27 typically developing children (TDC). Children from each group were divided into two age groups: younger, 6-10years; and older, 11-16years. Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin [oxy-Hb] were measured in the prefrontal region using NIRS during a 'to lose' RPS task, in which subjects were asked to present the RPS signal that would lose in response to one of the three signals displayed randomly on a computer screen every 2.0s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of correct performance with both TDC and AD/HD increased with age. Only in the older group, the rate of correct performance was significantly higher with TDC than with AD/HD. However, children with AD/HD in both age groups showed significantly lower [oxy-Hb] activity in the prefrontal region during the 'to lose' RPS task, particularly in the dorsolateral area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that prefrontal region activation during the 'to lose' RPS task could offer a biomarker for diagnosing AD/HD, and may help in the early treatment of AD/HD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Kofu Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Kofu Hospital, Japan. Electronic address: yoshi3st@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yoshimi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tando
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kakuro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aoyagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumikazu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanemura
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kanji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugita
authors.affiliation: Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School, University of Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aihara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D010108:Oxyhemoglobins
keywords: AD/HD; Disinhibition; Frontal lobe function; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Rock paper scissors task