title: An immediate effect of axial neck rotation training with real time visual feedback using a smartphone inclinometer on improvement in axial neck rotation function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate effects of axial neck rotation training (Axi-NRT) with and without real-time visual feedback (VF) using a smartphone inclinometer on the range of motion (ROM) for axial neck rotation and the onset of compensatory neck lateral bending and extension during active neck rotation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty participants with restricted ROM for neck rotation but no neck pain (21.1 ± 1.6 years and 8 males, 12 females) were recruited for Axi-NRT with VF, and twenty age- and gender-matched participants with restricted ROM for neck rotation were recruited for Axi-NRT without VF. Changes in ROM for neck rotation and the onset time of compensatory neck movement during active neck rotation were measured using an electromagnetic tracking system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Axi-NRT with VF was more effective in increasing ROM for neck rotation and decreasing and delaying the onset of compensatory neck movements during active neck rotation compared with Axi-NRT without VF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated Axi-NRT using VF is useful to educate participants in maintaining the axis of the cervical spine and to increase ROM for axial neck rotation with less compensatory neck motion in participants with a restricted range of neck rotations.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , College of Medical Science, Jeonju University , Jeonju , South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyue-Nam
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: b Department of Physical Therapy , College of Health Science, Yonsei University , Wonju , South Korea.
authors.forename: Oh-Yun
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physical Therapy , College of Health Science, Yonsei University , Wonju , South Korea.
authors.forename: Si-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: b Department of Physical Therapy , College of Health Science, Yonsei University , Wonju , South Korea.
authors.forename: In-Cheol
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Jeon
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063731:Mobile Applications; D009333:Neck / Q000502:physiology*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D000068997:Smartphone; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Neck rotation; range of motion; training; visual feedback