title: The effect of pregabalin and s-ketamine in total knee arthroplasty patients: A randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pain reduction is important for rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty. Intra- and peri-articular infiltration with local anesthetics may be an alternative to commonly used locoregional techniques. Adding pregabalin orally and s-ketamine intravenously may further reduce postoperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared two methods of perioperative analgesia. Control patients received a standardized multimodal postoperative analgesic regime of paracetamol, diclofenac, and piritramide-patient-controlled analgesia, including ropivacaine knee infiltration during surgery. The study group received pregabalin orally and s-ketamine intravenously as an additional medication to the standard multimodal regimen. The control group received placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study group showed lower piritramide consumption during the first 24 h (P: 0.043), but with more side effects such as diplopia and dizziness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of pregabalin and s-ketamine resulted in lower piritramide consumption during the first 24 h postoperatively. However, more investigation on benefits versus side effects of this medication is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lajla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kadic
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: van Haren
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wilder-Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jorgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruhn
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacques J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Driessen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Waal Malefijt
keywords: pregabalin; s-ketamine; total knee arthroplasty