title: Structural data and immunomodulatory properties of a water-soluble heteroglycan extracted from the mycelium of an Italian isolate of Ganoderma lucidum.
abstract: Mushrooms produce a wide range of bioactive polysaccharides, different from each other in chemical structure and biological effects. In the last years, the idea to develop functional foods or drugs containing fungal polysaccharides is attracting great attention. Fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes Ganoderma lucidum are commonly used in Oriental medicine to treat several disorders. G. lucidum polysaccharides - mainly β-glucans and heteroglycans - have numerous biological properties such as antitumour and immunomodulatory activities. This report shows, by gene expression analyses and bioenergetic assays, immunomodulatory properties and capacity to improve glucose metabolism of a water-soluble heteroglycan extracted from mycelium of an Italian isolate of G. lucidum. The findings suggest the use of the heteroglycan as probiotic or ingredient in functional foods, being easy to produce and disperse in a food matrix thanks to its water-solubility. Heteroglycan could exert protective effects in pro-inflammatory conditions and benefits for people characterised by suppressed immune response.
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Colture Industriali , Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) , Caserta , Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carrieri
authors.affiliation: b Dipartimento di Agraria , University of Naples Federico II , Portici, Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manco
authors.affiliation: b Dipartimento di Agraria , University of Naples Federico II , Portici, Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sapio
authors.affiliation: b Dipartimento di Agraria , University of Naples Federico II , Portici, Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iannaccone
authors.affiliation: b Dipartimento di Agraria , University of Naples Federico II , Portici, Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fulgione
authors.affiliation: b Dipartimento di Agraria , University of Naples Federico II , Portici, Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papaianni
authors.affiliation: b Dipartimento di Agraria , University of Naples Federico II , Portici, Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Falco
authors.affiliation: c Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn" , Villa Comunale, Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grauso
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Colture Industriali , Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) , Caserta , Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tarantino
authors.affiliation: b Dipartimento di Agraria , University of Naples Federico II , Portici, Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ianniello
authors.affiliation: b Dipartimento di Agraria , University of Naples Federico II , Portici, Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lanzotti
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Colture Industriali , Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) , Caserta , Italy.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lahoz
authors.affiliation: b Dipartimento di Agraria , University of Naples Federico II , Portici, Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capparelli
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D062610:Fungal Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005936:Glucans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007558:Italy; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008518:Medicine, East Asian Traditional; D025282:Mycelium / Q000737:chemistry; D020940:Reishi / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D062610:Fungal Polysaccharides; D005936:Glucans; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D014867:Water; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Ganoderma lucidum; Mushrooms; heteroglycans; immunomodulation; probiotics; relative gene expression