title: Sleep quality in opioid-naive and opioid-dependent patientson methadone maintenance therapy in Malaysia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep disturbances may contribute to poor treatment outcomes in opioid-dependent patients. The extent to which the sleep profiles of opioid-dependent patients differ from those of the general Malaysian population is not documented. This study compared opioid-naive subjects and opioid-dependent patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in terms of their sleep quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants comprised Malay male opioid-naive subjects (n = 159) and opioid-dependent patients (n = 160) from MMT clinics in Kelantan, Malaysia, between March and October 2013. Sleep quality was evaluated using the translated and validated Malay version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The opioid-dependent patients exhibited higher global PSQI scores [adjusted mean (95% CI) = 5.46 (5.02, 5.90)] than the opioid-naive group [4.71 (4.26, 5.15)] [F (1, 313) = 4.77, P = 0.030].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed the poorer sleep quality among opioid-dependent patients on MMT, as manifested by their higher global PSQI scores. The sleep complaints in this patient population are a factor to consider and, when necessary, sleep evaluation and treatment should be undertaken to improve MMT patients' quality of sleep and overall treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.|Pharmacogenetics and Novel Therapeutics Cluster, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zalina
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zahari
authors.affiliation: Pharmacogenetics and Novel Therapeutics Cluster, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.|Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Hawler, Iraq.
authors.forename: Muslih Abdulkarim
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Inrahim
authors.affiliation: Pharmacogenetics and Novel Therapeutics Cluster, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Soo Choon
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Pharmacogenetics and Novel Therapeutics Cluster, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.|Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nasir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.affiliation: Pharmacogenetics and Novel Therapeutics Cluster, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.|Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rusli
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ismail
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone
keywords: Clinical; insomnia; methadone; outcomes; response; sleep; sleep quality; subjective