title: The intrauterine renin-angiotensin system: Sex-specific effects on the prevalence of spontaneous preterm birth.
abstract: Preterm birth (PTB) is the single largest cause of death in infants and young children. The rate of PTB is significantly higher in male infants, particularly those that are born very preterm. Here we present evidence to suggest that the decidual renin-angiotensin system may play a role in inhibiting inflammation and maintaining the integrity of the fetal membranes during pregnancy, and that sex-specific alterations in the intrauterine RAS could contribute to the increased risk of PTB in male babies. Women carrying female fetuses have high levels of expression of decidual prorenin at term. Decidua from 'female' pregnancies also have greater expression of the anti-inflammatory angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) pathway, than decidua from 'male' pregnancies, and have lower levels of the pro-inflammatory Ang II pathway. We propose that in 'female' pregnancies, the very high levels of decidual prorenin drive the anti-inflammatory Ang-(1-7) pathway, thus reducing the likelihood of PTB. In addition, the high levels of prorenin produced by the decidua in 'female' pregnancies are able to diffuse into the amnion and bind to the PRR. We postulate that PRR/prorenin interactions, possibly through both angiotensin dependent and independent pathways, stimulate the production of ECM proteins, inhibit ECM degradation and prevent apoptosis, thus strengthening the amnion. Thus control of the inflammatory signature and the integrity of the fetal membranes prior to parturition may partly depend on the sexually determined activity of the decidual and amniotic renin-angiotensin system pathways.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.|Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.|Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Kirsty G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Pringle
authors.affiliation: Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.|Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.|School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.|Department of Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Tamas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zakar
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.|Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.|Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Eugenie R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Lumbers
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015995:Prevalence; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics
keywords: amnion; decidua; inflammation; preterm birth; renin-angiotensin system; sex differences