title: Ultrasound-Mediated Delivery of RNA to Colonic Mucosa of Live Mice.
abstract: It is a challenge to deliver nucleic acids to gastrointestinal (GI) tissues due to their size and need for intracellular delivery. They are also extremely susceptible to degradation by nucleases, which are ubiquitous in the GI tract. We investigated whether ultrasound, which can permeabilize tissue through a phenomenon known as transient cavitation, can be used to deliver RNA to the colonic mucosa of living mice.
  
  
  
  We investigated delivery of fluorescently labeled permeants to colon tissues of Yorkshire pigs ex vivo and mice in vivo. Colon tissues were collected and fluorescence was measured by confocal microscopy. We then evaluated whether ultrasound is effective in delivering small interfering (si)RNA to C57BL/6 mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Some mice were given siRNA against tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) mRNA for 6 days; colon tissues were collected and analyzed histologically and TNF protein levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Feces were collected and assessed for consistency and occult bleeding. We delivered mRNA encoding firefly luciferase to colons of healthy C57BL/6 mice.
  
  
  
  Exposure of ex vivo pig colon tissues to 20 kHz ultrasound for 1 minute increased the level of delivery of 3 kDa dextran 7-fold compared with passive diffusion (P = .037); 40 kHz ultrasound application for 0.5 seconds increased the delivery 3.3-fold in living mice (P = .041). Confocal microscopy analyses of colon tissues from pigs revealed regions of punctuated fluorescent dextran signal, indicating intracellular delivery of macromolecules. In mice with colitis, ultrasound delivery of unencapsulated siRNA against Tnf mRNA reduced protein levels of TNF in colon tissues, compared with mice with colitis given siRNA against Tnf mRNA without ultrasound (P ≤ .014), and reduced features of inflammation (P ≤ 4.1 × 10-5). Separately, colons of mice administered an mRNA encoding firefly luciferase with ultrasound and the D-luciferin substrate had levels of bioluminescence 11-fold greater than colons of mice given the mRNA alone (P = .0025). Ultrasound exposures of 40 kHz ultrasound for 0.5 seconds were well tolerated, even in mice with acute colitis.
  
  
  
  Ultrasound can be used to deliver mRNAs and siRNAs to the colonic mucosa of mice and knock down expression of target mRNAs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Carl M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schoellhammer
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Pathology Service, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Gregory Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lauwers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jeremy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Goettel
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Matthias A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oberli
authors.affiliation: The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Cody
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cleveland
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: June Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Minahan
authors.affiliation: The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Yiyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaklenec
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Snapper
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Electronic address: rlanger@mit.edu.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: ctraverso@partners.org.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Traverso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000009:adverse effects; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010539:Permeability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly
keywords: Antisense Therapy; Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Ulcerative Colitis; Ultrasound-Mediated Gastrointestinal Drug Delivery