title: Mapping the Parameter Space of tDCS and Cognitive Control via Manipulation of Current Polarity and Intensity.
abstract: In the cognitive domain, enormous variation in methodological approach prompts questions about the generalizability of behavioral findings obtained from studies of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). To determine the impact of common variations in approach, we systematically manipulated two key stimulation parameters-current polarity and intensity-and assessed their impact on a task of inhibitory control (the Eriksen Flanker). Ninety participants were randomly assigned to one of nine experimental groups: three stimulation conditions (anode, sham, cathode) crossed with three intensity levels (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mA). As participants performed the Flanker task, stimulation was applied over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; electrode montage: F3-RSO). The behavioral impact of these manipulations was examined using mixed effects linear regression. Results indicate a significant effect of stimulation condition (current polarity) on the magnitude of the interference effect during the Flanker; however, this effect was specific to the comparison between anodal and sham stimulation. Inhibitory control was therefore improved by anodal stimulation over the DLPFC. In the present experimental context, no reliable effect of stimulation intensity was observed, and we found no evidence that inhibitory control was impeded by cathodal stimulation. Continued exploration of the stimulation parameter space, particularly with more robustly powered sample sizes, is essential to facilitating cross-study comparison and ultimately working toward a reliable model of tDCS effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA.
authors.forename: Elisabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Karuza
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA.
authors.forename: Zuzanna Z
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Balewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA.
authors.forename: Roy H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Medaglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tardiff
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Thompson-Schill
keywords: Flanker task; cognitive control; neurostimulation; prefrontal cortex; tDCS