title: Light field otoscope design for 3D in vivo imaging of the middle ear.
abstract: We present a light field digital otoscope designed to measure three-dimensional shape of the tympanic membrane. This paper describes the optical and anatomical considerations we used to develop the prototype, along with the simulation and experimental measurements of vignetting, field curvature, and lateral resolution. Using an experimental evaluation procedure, we have determined depth accuracy and depth precision of our system to be 0.05-0.07 mm and 0.21-0.44 mm, respectively. To demonstrate the application of our light field otoscope, we present the first three-dimensional reconstructions of tympanic membranes in normal and otitis media conditions, acquired from children who participated in a feasibility study at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
authors.affiliation: Ricoh Innovations Corporation, Cupertino, CA 95014, USA.
authors.forename: Noah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bedard
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shope
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoberman
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Haralam
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kovačević
authors.affiliation: Ricoh Innovations Corporation, Cupertino, CA 95014, USA.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Balram
authors.affiliation: Ricoh Innovations Corporation, Cupertino, CA 95014, USA.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tošić
keywords: (170.0110) Imaging systems; (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging