title: Novel Analysis of Immune Cells from Nasal Microbiopsy Demonstrates Reliable, Reproducible Data for Immune Populations, and Superior Cytokine Detection Compared to Nasal Wash.
abstract: The morbidity and mortality related to respiratory tract diseases is enormous, with hundreds of millions of individuals afflicted and four million people dying each year. Understanding the immunological processes in the mucosa that govern outcome following pathogenic encounter could lead to novel therapies. There is a need to study responses at mucosal surfaces in humans for two reasons: (i) Immunological findings in mice, or other animals, often fail to translate to humans. (ii) Compartmentalization of the immune system dictates a need to study sites where pathogens reside. In this manuscript, we describe two novel non-invasive nasal mucosal microsampling techniques and their use for measuring immunological parameters: 1) using nasal curettes to collect cells from the inferior turbinate and; 2) absorptive matrices to collect nasal lining fluid. Both techniques were well tolerated and yielded reproducible and robust data. We demonstrated differences in immune populations and activation state in nasal mucosa compared to blood as well as compared to nasopharyngeal lumen in healthy adults. We also found superior cytokine detection with absorptive matrices compared to nasal wash. These techniques are promising new tools that will facilitate studies of the immunological signatures underlying susceptibility and resistance to respiratory infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Jochems
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Piddock
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.|Department of Respiratory Medicine, Aintree University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rylance
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Beatriz F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Carniel
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jenna F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gritzfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reiné
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seddon
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Solórzano
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Syba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sunny
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ashleigh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trimble
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.|Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.|National Institute of Health and Research Clinical Research Network, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Seher
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.affiliation: Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniela M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines