title: Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Nanotechnologies towards Clinical Application of Stem Cells and Their Secretome in Salivary Gland Regeneration.
abstract: Salivary gland (SG) functional damage and severe dry mouth (or xerostomia) are commonly observed in a wide range of medical conditions from autoimmune to metabolic disorders as well as after radiotherapy to treat specific head and neck cancers. No effective therapy has been developed to completely restore the SG functional damage on the long-term and reverse the poor quality of life of xerostomia patients. Cell- and secretome-based strategies are currently being tested in vitro and in vivo for the repair and/or regeneration of the damaged SG using (1) epithelial SG stem/progenitor cells from salispheres or explant cultures as well as (2) nonepithelial stem cell types and/or their bioactive secretome. These strategies will be the focus of our review. Herein, innovative 3D bioprinting nanotechnologies for the generation of organotypic cultures and SG organoids/mini-glands will also be discussed. These bioprinting technologies will allow researchers to analyze the secretome components and extracellular matrix production, as well as their biofunctional effects in 3D mini-glands ex vivo. Improving our understanding of the SG secretome is critical to develop effective secretome-based therapies towards the regeneration and/or repair of all SG compartments for proper restoration of saliva secretion and flow into the oral cavity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Joao N
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4230-4593
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Preclinical and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sasitorn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rungarunlert
authors.affiliation: Department of Preclinical and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Ganokon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Urkasemsin
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Christabella
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adine
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Nano3D Biosciences (n3D), Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Glauco R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Souza