title: Chitosan as a vehicle for growth factor delivery: Various preparations and their applications in bone tissue regeneration.
abstract: The replacement of conventional autografts and allografts by bone fragments constructed from alternate materials, cells, and molecules (growth factors, drugs, etc.) is an exciting prospect in the field of bone tissue engineering. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor that has been extensively studied from this point of view. This review analyzes the relevance of chitosan and its derivatives and composites with various materials such as ceramics, heparin, silica, stem cells, titanium implants, etc., in terms of delivering BMP-2 for the purpose of bone regeneration. Chitosan offers the versatility to be modified into any shapes or sizes including conversion to nanoparticles, microspheres, nanofibers, porous scaffolds, and films. The results presented in this review clearly demonstrate that chitosan-based materials are biocompatible and have the potential to systematically and sustainably release BMP-2 where required. This release results in enhanced cell proliferation levels, enhancement of alkaline phosphatase activity, increased differentiation as well as increased mineralization under in vitro and in vivo conditions. This review also shines a spotlight on the currently developed chitosan-based products that are being used for BMP-2 delivery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jayachandran
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Venkatesan
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 153, AIkharj, 11942, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sukumaran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anil
authors.affiliation: Institute for Life Science of Seogo (ILSS), Kolmar Korea Co, Seoul 137-876, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: sknkim@pknu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Se-Kwon
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: msshim@inu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Min Suk
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D004337:Drug Carriers; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D048271:Chitosan; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Bone morphogenetic protein-2; Chitosan; Growth factor; Hydroxyapatite; Mesenchymal stem cells; Silica; Titanium implant