title: Impaired olfactory function is related to the presence of neuropathy in adults with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Olfactory dysfunction is suggested to be a clinical manifestation of central diabetic neuropathy. The aim of the study was to assess olfactory function in adult patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  
  A total of 106 patients with type 1 diabetes and 30 healthy subjects were included in the study. We evaluated the metabolic control of diabetes and the presence of chronic complications. Olfactory function was assessed with Sniffin' Sticks.
  
  
  
  We found a negative correlation between olfactory identification scores and body mass index ( Rs -0.2; p = 0.04) and triglycerides ( Rs = -0.2; p = 0.04). We showed lower olfactory identification scores in neuropathy group versus non-neuropathy group [8 (interquartile range, 7-9) vs 10 (interquartile range, 9-11) points; p = 0.005]. In multivariate linear regression, impaired olfaction was independently associated with neuropathy (beta, -0.3; p = 0.005). In multivariate logistic regression, diabetes duration (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.11; p = 0.04) and olfactory identification score (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.85; p = 0.003) were independently associated with neuropathy.
  
  
  
  Olfactory dysfunction is observed in patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duda-Sobczak
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Araszkiewicz
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Raszeja City Hospital, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urbas
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Raszeja City Hospital, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borucki
authors.affiliation: 3 Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kulas
authors.affiliation: 3 Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chudzinski
authors.affiliation: 3 Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suwalska
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D016017:Odds Ratio; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012903:Smell
keywords: Type 1 diabetes; chronic complications; neuropathy; olfactory function