title: Breastfeeding, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Colostrum and Child Intelligence Quotient at Age 5-6 Years.
abstract: To examine the relationship of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in breast milk with children's IQ.
  
  
  
  In the French Etude des Déterminants pré- et postnatals précoces du développement et de la santé de l'Enfant (EDEN) mother-child cohort, colostrum samples were collected at the maternity unit. Colostrum omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA were analyzed by gas chromatography. At age 5-6 years, the IQs of 1080 children were assessed using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III. The relationships of breastfeeding duration and PUFA levels with children's IQs were examined by linear regression.
  
  
  
  Full scale IQ of ever breastfed children was 4.5 (95% CI: 2.7, 6.2) higher than never breastfed children in the unadjusted model, but this was not statistically significant in the adjusted model (1.3 points higher [-0.4, 3.0]). Any breastfeeding duration was associated with full scale (0.20 [0.00, 0.41] points/month) and verbal (0.31 [0.09, 0.52]) IQ. Colostrum linoleic acid (LA) levels were negatively associated with Verbal IQ (-0.6 [-1.1, 0.0] points per 1% level increase). Children exposed to colostrum high in LA and low in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had lower IQs than those exposed to colostrum high in DHA (3.0 [0.5, 5.5] points) and those exposed to colostrum low in LA and DHA (4.4 [1.6, 7.3] points). Finally, the association between breastfeeding duration and child IQ was stronger when LA levels were high.
  
  
  
  Duration of breastfeeding and colostrum PUFA levels were associated with children's IQs in the EDEN cohort. These data support breastfeeding and add evidence for the role of early PUFA exposure on childhood cognition.
authors.affiliation: UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Centre (CRESS), Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (ORCHAD) Team, Inserm, Villejuif, France; Paris Descartes University, France. Electronic address: jonathan.bernard@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: Jonathan Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Center for Magnetic Resonance in Biology and Medicine UMR 7339, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Armand
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cognitive Sciences and Psycholinguistics (École Normale Supérieure, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peyre
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Center for Magnetic Resonance in Biology and Medicine UMR 7339, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Cyrielle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Centre (CRESS), Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (ORCHAD) Team, Inserm, Villejuif, France; Paris Descartes University, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forhan
authors.affiliation: UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Centre (CRESS), Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (ORCHAD) Team, Inserm, Villejuif, France; Paris Descartes University, France.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Agostini
authors.affiliation: UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Centre (CRESS), Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (ORCHAD) Team, Inserm, Villejuif, France; Paris Descartes University, France; Fondation PremUP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Aline
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.affiliation: UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Centre (CRESS), Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (ORCHAD) Team, Inserm, Villejuif, France; Paris Descartes University, France.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heude
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
keywords: breast milk; cognitive development; early life nutrition; maternal and child health epidemiology