title: Graphic health warnings as activators of social networks: A field experiment among individuals of low socioeconomic position.
abstract: Graphic health warnings (GHWs) on cigarette packages present an important tobacco control opportunity, particularly for vulnerable populations suffering a disproportionate tobacco burden. One mechanism by which GHWs may influence smoking outcomes is by prompting interpersonal discussions within health discussion networks (the set of personal contacts with whom an individual discusses health issues).
  
  
  
  The study examined the association between GHW-prompted conversations within health discussion networks and key tobacco-related outcomes, with attention to valence and content of the discussions.
  
  
  
  Between August 2013 and April 2014, we recruited 1200 individuals from three communities in Massachusetts, emphasizing recruitment of individuals of low socioeconomic position (SEP) and members of other selected vulnerable groups. Respondents were exposed to the nine GHWs proposed by the FDA in 2011, asked a series of questions, and assessed at follow-up a few weeks later.
  
  
  
  A total of 806 individuals were included in this analysis. About 51% of respondents reported having a health discussion network, with significantly lower reports among African-Americans and Hispanics compared to Whites. Around 70% of respondents (smokers and nonsmokers) with health discussion networks reported having one or more conversations about the GHWs with network members, the bulk of which were negative and focused on warning others about smoking. For smokers, we found a small but positive association between the percentage of network conversations that were negative and reports of quit attempts.
  
  
  
  The results point to a potential mechanism by which GHWs may impact tobacco-related outcomes, prompting further inquiry into the role of health discussion networks (and discussion networks, more broadly) in tobacco control among low SEP individuals.
authors.affiliation: Center for Community-based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, LW601, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States. Electronic address: shoba_ramanadhan@dfci.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Shoba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramanadhan
authors.affiliation: School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota, 206 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States. Electronic address: nagle026@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Rebekah H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Nagler
authors.affiliation: Center for Community-based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, LW601, Boston, MA 02215, United States. Electronic address: rachel_faulkenberry@dfci.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McCloud
authors.affiliation: Center for Community-based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, LW601, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States. Electronic address: racquel_kohler@dfci.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Racquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.affiliation: Center for Community-based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, LW601, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States. Electronic address: vish_viswanath@dfci.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Kasisomayajula
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Viswanath
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D060756:Social Networking; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American
keywords: Egocentric; Graphic health warnings; Low socioeconomic position; Social networks; Tobacco