title: On the development of a VIPARndradiotherapy 3D polymer gel dosimeter.
abstract: This work presents an improvement of the VIPARnd('nd' stands for 'normoxic, double', or VIP) polymer gel dosimeter. The gel composition was altered by increasing the concentration of the monomeric components, N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), in co-solvent solutions. The optimal composition (VIPARCT, where 'CT' stands for computed tomography, or VIC) comprised: 17% NVP, 8% MBA, 12% t-BuOH, 7.5% gelatine, 0.007% ascorbic acid, 0.0008% CuSO4×  5H2O and 0.02% hydroquinone. The following characteristics of VIC were achieved: (i) linear dose range of 0.9_30 Gy, (ii) saturation for radiation doses of over 50 Gy, (iii) threshold dose of about 0.5 Gy, (iv) dose sensitivity of 0.171 Gy-1s-1, which is roughly 2.2 times higher than that of VIP (for nuclear magnetic resonance measurements). It was also found that VIC is dose- rate-independent, and its dose response does not alter if the radiation source is changed from electrons to photons for external beam radiotherapy. The gel responded similarly to irradiation with small changes in radiation energy but was sensitive to larger energy changes. The VIC gel retained temporal stability from 20 h until at least 10 d after irradiation, whereas spatial stability was retained from 20 h until at least 6 d after irradiation. The scheme adopted for VIC manufacturing yields repeatable gels in terms of radiation dose response. The VIC was also shown to perform better than VIP using x-ray computed tomography as a readout method; the dose sensitivity of VIC (0.397 HU Gy-1) was 1.5 times higher than that of VIP. Also, the dose resolution of VIC was better than that of VIP in the whole dose range examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Man-Made Fibres, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland. GeVero Co., Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozicki
authors.forename: Malwina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaszczak
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maras
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dudek
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cłapa
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000528:radiation effects; D004583:Electrons; D005782:Gels / Q000528:radiation effects*; D017785:Photons; D011108:Polymers / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000528:radiation effects; D000072232:Radiation Dosimeters; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D005782:Gels; D011108:Polymers; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; C042670:N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone; C021221:N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide