title: Use of Mixed Methods Research in Research on Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension: A Scoping Review.
abstract: Mixed methods research, the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods within 1 program of study, is becoming increasingly popular to allow investigators to explore patient experiences (qualitative) and also measure outcomes (quantitative). Coronary artery disease and its risk factors are some of the most studied conditions; however, the extent to which mixed methods studies are being conducted in these content areas is unknown. We sought to comprehensively describe the characteristics of published mixed methods studies on coronary artery disease and major risk factors (diabetes mellitus and hypertension).
  
  
  
  We conducted a scoping review of the literature indexed in PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and CINAHL. We identified 811 abstracts for screening, of which 254 articles underwent full-text review and 97 reports of 81 studies met criteria for inclusion. The majority of studies in this area were conducted in the past 10 years by nurse researchers from the United States and United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus was the most common content area for mixed methods investigation (compared with coronary artery disease and hypertension). Most authors described their rationale for using mixed methods as complementarity and did not describe study priority or how they reconciled differences in methodological paradigms. Some mixed methods study designs were more commonly used than others, including concurrent timing and integration at the interpretation stage. Qualitative strands were most commonly descriptive studies using interviews for data collection. Quantitative strands were most commonly cross-sectional observational studies, which relied heavily on self-report data such as surveys and scales.
  
  
  
  Although mixed methods research is becoming increasingly popular in the area of coronary artery disease and its risk factors, many of the more advanced mixed methods, qualitative, and quantitative techniques have not been commonly used in these areas.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H., C.S., K.K.-S.), Interdisciplinary Chronic Disease Collaboration (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Faculty of Nursing (K.K.D., K.K.-S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.), and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.); and Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (C.S.). dcampbel@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: David J T
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H., C.S., K.K.-S.), Interdisciplinary Chronic Disease Collaboration (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Faculty of Nursing (K.K.D., K.K.-S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.), and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.); and Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (C.S.).
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tam-Tham
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H., C.S., K.K.-S.), Interdisciplinary Chronic Disease Collaboration (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Faculty of Nursing (K.K.D., K.K.-S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.), and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.); and Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (C.S.).
authors.forename: Kirnvir K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H., C.S., K.K.-S.), Interdisciplinary Chronic Disease Collaboration (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Faculty of Nursing (K.K.D., K.K.-S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.), and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.); and Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (C.S.).
authors.forename: Braden J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H., C.S., K.K.-S.), Interdisciplinary Chronic Disease Collaboration (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Faculty of Nursing (K.K.D., K.K.-S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.), and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.); and Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (C.S.).
authors.forename: Brenda R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hemmelgarn
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H., C.S., K.K.-S.), Interdisciplinary Chronic Disease Collaboration (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Faculty of Nursing (K.K.D., K.K.-S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.), and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.); and Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (C.S.).
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sanmartin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H., C.S., K.K.-S.), Interdisciplinary Chronic Disease Collaboration (D.J.T.C., H.T.-T., B.J.M., B.R.H.), Faculty of Nursing (K.K.D., K.K.-S.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.), and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (B.J.M., B.R.H., K.K.-S.); and Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (C.S.).
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: King-Shier
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D000068598:Data Accuracy; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D036301:Qualitative Research
keywords: cardiovascular diseases; coronary artery disease; diabetes mellitus; hypertension; mixed methods research; qualitative research; research design