title: Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma functionalized dental implant for enhancement of bacterial resistance and osseointegration.
abstract: Even though roughened titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys have been clinically used as dental implant, they encourage bacterial adhesion, leading to failure of the initial stability. Here, the non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet (NTAPPJ) functionalized Ti and Ti alloy were investigated to promote cellular activities but inhibit the initial attachment of the adherent pioneer bacterium, Streptococcus sanguinis, without topographical changes.
  
  
  
  After the produced radicals from NTAPPJ were characterized, bacterial adhesion to specimens was assessed by PrestoBlue assay and live-dead staining with or without the NTAPPJ functionalizing. After the surface was characterized using optical profilometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle analysis, the ions released from the specimens were investigated. In vitro initial cell attachment (4h or 24h) with adhesion images and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP, 14 days) measurements were performed using rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
  
  
  
  The initial bacterial adhesion to the Ti and Ti alloy was significantly inhibited after NTAPPJ functionalizing (p<0.05) compared to those without NTAPPJ functionalizing. The bacterial adhesion-resistance effect was induced by carbon cleaning, which was dependent on the working gas used on the Ti specimens (nitrogen>ammonia and air, p<0.05). The initial cell adhesion with well-developed vinculin localization and consequent ALP activity at 14days to the NTAPPJ-functionalized specimens were superior to the non-treated specimens.
  
  
  
  For the promising success of dental implants, NTAPPJ functionalizing is suggested as a novel surface modification technique; this technique can help ensure the success of integration between the dental implants and bone tissues with less concern of inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; The Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Seok
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seog-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hae-Won
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung-Nam
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro 20, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Ha
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kmkim@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Kwang-Mahn
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D015921:Dental Implants; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration; D058626:Plasma Gases; D051381:Rats; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015921:Dental Implants; D058626:Plasma Gases; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Bacterial resistance; Dental implant; Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma; Osseointegration; Streptococcus sanguinis