title: Air-kerma strength determination of an HDR192Ir source including a geometric sensitivity study of the seven-distance method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform an in-air air-kerma strength (SK) calibration of the Bebig model Ir2.A85-2 192Ir high-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy source manufactured by Mallinckrodt Medical (Westerduinweg, Germany) with the NIST-traceable seven-distance technique established by the University of Wisconsin. A comparison was made between the reference air-kerma rate (RAKR) reported on a certificate from the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (Berlin, Germany) (PTB) primary laboratory and the SK determined at the University of Wisconsin Madison Radiation Research Center (UWMRRC). A theoretical sensitivity study was performed to investigate the impact that variations in the experimental setup have on the computed SK from the seven-distance algorithm in order to determine if the uncertainty budget for the seven-distance method should be expanded.
  
  
  METHODS
  The manufacturer-reported SK for the source was compared to the SK determined from the University of Wisconsin Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory (UWADCL) transfer standard well chambers and the seven-distance technique. Monte Carlo techniques (MCNP6) were employed to compare the theoretical SK calibration coefficients of a Standard Imaging (Middleton, WI) HDR1000 Plus well chamber using Standard Imaging model 70010 and model 70110 source holders to determine if a holder dependence was present. Radiochromic film (EBT3, Ashland) exposures were performed to assess the dose distribution of the source in phantom. The seven-distance algorithm was coded in MATLAB®(R2013b) and benchmarked with MCNP6 with the capacity to model distance offset behaviors among nominal positions. This offset model was used in a Monte Carlo simulation coded in MATLAB to determine the average uncertainty in the SK calculations from the seven-distance algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measured SK using the seven-distance technique at the UWMRRC agreed with the RAKR reported on the PTB source certificate and the SK on the Mallinckrodt source certificate to within 0.28% and -0.79%, respectively. It was found that the difference between the SK measured from the transfer standard well chambers at the UWADCL and the seven-distance method was between 0.13% and 0.30% at the 95% confidence level. Monte Carlo results showed negligible differences between the simulated SK calibration coefficient for an HDR1000 Plus well chamber using the model 70010 or model 70110 source holder. The autoradiographs from the source in Virtual WaterTM showed that the dose distribution is symmetric. Additionally, the sensitivity study performed in MATLAB showed that the SK calculated with the seven-distance algorithm could deviate by 0.24% from randomly generated distance offsets within 1mm in magnitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences between the SK measurements determined from the seven-distance technique and the accredited UWADCL measurement results were within the k = 2 uncertainty reported for an accredited calibration. Excellent agreement was found between the measured SK and RAKR methods used at the UWMRRC and PTB, respectively. Additionally, the sensitivity study has shown that the seven-distance algorithm accurately determines the SK of a source while having a variable chamber offset among nominal positions; the uncertainty budget for the seven-distance method does not need to be expanded at this time. It has been determined that the current standard used by the UWADCL for well chamber calibrations is valid for the Bebig model Ir2.A85-2 192Ir brachytherapy source.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Blake R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Micka
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Manik
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aima
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: DeWerd
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Wesley S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Culberson
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes
keywords: Monte Carlo; air-kerma strength; brachytherapy; seven distance; well chamber