title: Typha latifolia as potential phytoremediator of 2,4-dichlorophenol: Analysis of tolerance, uptake and possible transformation processes.
abstract: 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is considered a priority pollutant due to its high toxicity. Therefore, it is urgent to develop technologies for the disposal of this pollutant. Various remediation processes have been proposed for the elimination of 2,4-DCP in contaminated water, however, most of them involve high costs of operation and maintenance. This study aimed to determine the capacity of remediation of 2,4-DCP in water by Typha latifolia L. wild plants. For that, the tolerance, removal, accumulation and biotransformation of 2,4-DCP by T. latifolia were investigated. The plants were exposed to 2,4-DCP solutions with a concentration range from 1.5 to 300 mgL-1for 10 days. They exhibited a reduction in chlorophyll levels and growth rate when 2,4-DCP solutions were ≥30 mgL-1and ≥50 mgL-1, respectively. The removal of contaminant was dose-depended, being 99.7% at 1.5-3 mgL-1, 59-70% at 10-70 mgL-1and 35-42% at 100-300 mgL-1of 2,4-DCP in the solution. Studies indicated that 2,4-DCP was mainly accumulated in root tissue rather than in shoot tissue. Acid hydrolysis of biomass extracts suggests 2,4-DCP bioconjugates formation in root tissue as a response mechanism. Additionally, an increment in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity could indicate a 2,4-DCP conjugation with glutathione as a detoxification mechanism of T. latifolia.
authors.affiliation: Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6 Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6 Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Electronic address: rgarcia@uaslp.mx.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: García De la-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6 Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leyva
authors.affiliation: Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6 Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Navarro-Tovar
mesh_terms: D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism*; D032401:Typhaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D002733:Chlorophenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C004762:2,4-dichlorophenol
keywords: 2,4-Dichlorophenol; Phenolic pollutant; Phytoremediation; Typha latifolia