title: Effects of M2000 (D-Mannuronic Acid) on Learning, Memory Retrieval, and Associated Determinants in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
abstract: The d-mannuronic acid (M2000) is a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has immunosuppressive effects together with antioxidant property. M2000 has shown a notable efficacy in experimental models of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and nephrotic syndrome. In this work, the effect of M2000 on the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was performed by Morris water maze experiment, and the immunological assessments were carried out by Western blot, apoptosis (procaspase-3, Bax/Bcl2, P53), enzymatic (superoxide dismutase [SOD]), and nonenzymatic oxidative stress (malondialdehyde [MDA]) tests. We found that pretreatment of AD in the rat model by M2000 had a potent efficacy on rat behavior and also it led to a significant inhibition of amyloid plaque production. Moreover, our data showed that M2000 can reduce the amount of Bax/Bcl2, P53, MDA, and SOD, as well as it normalized the level of procaspase-3. Our results suggest M2000 is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Somayeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Athari Nik Azm
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vafa
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharifzadeh
authors.affiliation: 4 Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, School of Allied Medical Science, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safa
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Anis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barati
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirshafiey
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects*; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C008324:mannuronic acid
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; M2000; MWM model; antioxidant; d-mannuronic acid