title: Continuous minimally-invasive alcohol monitoring using microneedle sensor arrays.
abstract: The present work describes an attractive skin-worn microneedle sensing device for the minimally invasive electrochemical monitoring of subcutaneous alcohol. The device consists of an assembly of pyramidal microneedle structures integrated with Pt and Ag wires, each with a microcavity opening. The microneedle aperture was modified by electropolymerizing o-phenylene diamine onto the Pt wire microtransducer, followed by the immobilization of alcohol oxidase (AOx) in an intermediate chitosan layer, along with an outer Nafion layer. The resulting microneedle-based enzyme electrode displays an interference-free ethanol detection in artificial interstitial fluid without compromising its sensitivity, stability and response time. The skin penetration ability and the efficaciousness of the biosensor performance towards subcutaneous alcohol monitoring was substantiated by the ex vivo mice skin model analysis. Our results reveal that the new microneedle sensor holds considerable promise for continuous non-invasive alcohol monitoring in real-life situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: A M Vinu
authors.initials: AMV
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Biolinq inc., 6191 Cornerstone Court East, Suite 109, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua Ray
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Windmiller
authors.affiliation: Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Rupesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Electronic address: josephwang@eng.ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis*; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D009339:Needles; D010984:Platinum / Q000737:chemistry; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers; C040402:perfluorosulfonic acid; D000431:Ethanol; D012834:Silver; D010984:Platinum; D048271:Chitosan; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases
keywords: Alcohol; Biosensor; Microneedle; Minimally-invasive monitoring; Wearable sensor