title: Proton pump inhibitors: Risks of long-term use.
abstract: Proton pump inhibitors are among the most commonly prescribed classes of drugs, and their use is increasing, in particular for long-term treatment, often being over-prescribed and used for inappropriate conditions. In recent years, considerable attention has been directed towards a wide range of adverse effects, and even when a potential underlying biological mechanism is plausible, the clinical evidence of the adverse effect is often weak. Several long-term side effects have been investigated ranging from interaction with other drugs, increased risk of infection, reduced intestinal absorption of vitamins and minerals, and more recently kidney damage and dementia. The most recent literature regarding these adverse effects and their association with long-term proton pump inhibitor treatment is reviewed, and the mechanisms through which these possible complications might develop are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.|HPB Diseases, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Leonardo Henry
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3323-7744
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Eusebi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rabitti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Laura
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Artesiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Dania
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montagnani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco Maurizio
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zagari
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bazzoli
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003704:Dementia / Q000139:chemically induced; D004347:Drug Interactions; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012306:Risk; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013997:Time Factors; D014815:Vitamins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D014815:Vitamins; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D002118:Calcium
keywords: complications; long-term risk; proton pump inhibitor