title: New methods for monitoring mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Removal of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and functions. Increasing evidence implicates mitophagy in red blood cell differentiation, neurodegeneration, macrophage-mediated inflammation, ischemia, adipogenesis, drug-induced tissue injury, and cancer. Considerable progress has been made toward understanding the biochemical mechanisms involved in mitophagy regulation. However, few reliable assays to monitor and quantify mitophagy have been developed, particularly in vivo. In this review, we summarize the recent development of three assays, MitoTimer, mt-Keima and mito-QC, for monitoring and quantifying mitophagy in cells and in animal tissues. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of these three assays when using them to monitor and quantify mitophagy. Impact statement Removal of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and functions. However, reliable quantitative assays to monitor mitophagy, particularly in vivo, are just emerging. This review will summarize the current novel quantitative assays to monitor mitophagy in vivo.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Shengkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
authors.forename: Wen-Xing
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D063306:Mitophagy
chemical_list: D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins
keywords: Autophagy; MitoTimer; Mt-Keima; mito-QC; mitophagy