title: National guidelines for smoking cessation in primary care: a literature review and evidence analysis.
abstract: National guidelines for smoking cessation in primary care can be effective in improving clinical practice. This study assessed which parties are involved in the development of such guidelines worldwide, which national guidelines address primary care, what recommendations are made for primary care settings, and how these recommendations correlate with each other and with current evidence. We identified national guidelines using an online resource. Only the most recent version of a guideline was included. If an English version was not available, we requested a translation or summary of the recommendations from the authors. Two researchers independently extracted data on funding sources, development methodologies, involved parties, and recommendations made within the guidelines. These recommendations were categorised using the pile-sort method. Each recommendation was cross-checked with the latest evidence and was awarded an evidence-rating. We identified 43 guidelines from 39 countries and after exclusion, we analysed 26 guidelines (22 targeting general population, 4 targeted subpopulations). Twelve categories of recommendations for primary care were identified. There was almost universal agreement regarding the need to identify smokers, advice them to quit and offer behavioural and pharmacological quit smoking support. Discrepancies were greatest for specific recommendations regarding behavioural and pharmacological support, which are likely to be due to different interpretations of evidence and/or differences in contextual health environments. Based on these findings, we developed a universal checklist of guideline recommendations as a practice tool for primary care professionals and future guideline developers.
  
  
  
  UNIVERSAL GUIDELINES SOUGHT: An international team call for a universal guideline for primary-care practitioners who help patients to stop smoking. Although many nations have such guidelines, no studies have examined whether these guidelines are consistent with the current evidence. Marjolein Verbiest at the National Institute for Health Innovation, The University of Auckland, New Zealand, and co-workers of the International Primary Care Respiratory Group and the National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training reviewed, evaluated and compared 26 national guidelines. Almost all guidelines place importance on identifying smokers, advising them to quit and providing behavioural and medication-based support. However, there were discrepancies in the support offered, which could be due to different interpretations of evidence, costs of medication and cultural differences. The authors offer a checklist for primary care that can inform future universal guidelines suitable for primary care.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. m.verbiest@auckland.ac.nz.|Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. m.verbiest@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verbiest
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brakema
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rianne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Kleij
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sheals
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training, London, UK.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allistone
authors.affiliation: International Primary Care Respiratory Group (IPCRG), Westhill, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Siân
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McEwen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chavannes
mesh_terms: D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000073869:Tobacco Smoking / Q000628:therapy*