title: Hepatocyte Toll-Like Receptor 5 Promotes Bacterial Clearance and Protects Mice Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Liver Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Innate immune dysfunction can promote chronic inflammatory diseases of the liver. For example, mice lacking the flagellin receptor Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) show microbial dysbiosis and predisposition to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis. The extent to which hepatocytes play a direct role in detecting bacterial products in general, or flagellin in particular, is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of hepatocyte TLR5 in recognizing flagellin, policing bacteria, and protecting against liver disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were engineered to lack TLR5 specifically in hepatocytes (TLR5ΔHep) and analyzed relative to sibling controls (TLR5fl/fl). TLR5 messenger RNA levels, responses to exogenous flagellin, elimination of circulating motile bacteria, and susceptibility of liver injury (concanavalin A, carbon tetrachloride, methionine- and choline-deficient diet, and HFD) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLR5ΔHepexpressed similar levels of TLR5 as TLR5fl/flin all organs examined, except in the liver, which showed a 90% reduction in TLR5 levels, indicating that hepatocytes accounted for the major portion of TLR5 expression in this organ. TLR5ΔHepshowed impairment in responding to purified flagellin and clearing flagellated bacteria from the liver. Although TLR5ΔHepmice did not differ markedly from sibling controls in concanavalin A or carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury models, they showed exacerbated disease in response to a methionine- and choline-deficient diet and HFD. Such predisposition of TLR5ΔHepto diet-induced liver pathology was associated with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which was dependent on the Nod-like-receptor C4 inflammasome and rescued by microbiota ablation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatocyte TLR5 plays a critical role in protecting liver against circulating gut bacteria and against diet-induced liver disease.
authors.affiliation: Center for Inflammation Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Etienne-Mesmin
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Matam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vijay-Kumar
authors.affiliation: Center for Inflammation Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Gewirtz
authors.affiliation: Center for Inflammation Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chassaing
keywords: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CCL4, carbon tetrachloride; CFU, colony-forming unit; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1; ConA, concanavalin A; DC, dendritic cell; HFD, high-fat diet; Hep, hepatocyte; Hepatocytes; IEC, intestinal epithelial cell; IL, interleukin; Inflammation; Innate Immunity; KO, knock-out; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MCD, methionine- and choline-deficient diet; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; NLR, nod-like receptor; NPC, nonparenchymal cell; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; Steatosis; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TLR5; WT, wild-type; mRNA, messenger RNA