title: Mineral Intake in Urban Pregnant Women from Base Diet, Fortified Foods, and Food Supplements: Focus on Calcium, Iron, and Zinc.
abstract: In the Chinese national nutrition surveys, fortified foods were not investigated separately from the base diet, and the contribution of fortified foods to micronutrients intake is not very clear. This study investigated the diet, including fortified foods and food supplements, of urban pregnant women and analyzed the intake of calcium, iron, and zinc to assess the corresponding contributions of fortified foods, food supplements, and the base diet. The results demonstrated that the base diet was the major source of calcium, iron, and zinc, and was recommended to be the first choice for micronutrients intake. Furthermore, consumption of fortified foods and food supplements offered effective approaches to improve the dietary intake of calcium, iron, and zinc in Chinese urban pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China.
authors.forename: Hai Xian
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
authors.forename: Jun Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
authors.forename: Hu Zhong
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
authors.forename: Tao Tao
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: United Nations Children's Fund, Beijing 100600, China.
authors.forename: Su Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients; D008903:Minerals; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Base diet; Food Supplements; Fortified food; Mineral intake