title: The Effects of Body Mass Index on Second-Trimester Amniotic Fluid Cytokine and Matrix Metalloproteinase Levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the effects of obesity on amniotic fluid (AF) inflammatory markers in second-trimester AF, testing the hypothesis that there is a relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) and fetal inflammatory exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  AF was obtained from 84 singleton pregnant women undergoing elective amniocentesis for karyotype analysis at 16-24 weeks of gestation between April 2014 and May 2016. The cell-free AF was used to analyze interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-6, and MMP-13.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1β levels were significantly higher in class II-III obese patients than in class I obese, overweight, and normal weight patients (14.68 ± 1.37 vs. 13.34 ± 1.86 vs. 13.00 ± 2.22 vs. 10.78 ± 1.92, respectively; p < 0.05). IL-6 levels were lowest in the normal weight group and highest in class II-III obese patients. MMP-1, MMP-6, and MMP-13 levels were also significantly higher in class II-III obese patients than in the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that the fetuses of class II-III obese women are exposed in utero to higher cytokine and MMP levels than fetuses of lean women. Modification of current cutoff levels of intra-amniotic cytokines and MMPs according to the BMI could improve the accuracy of the prenatal diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Inonu, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Rauf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Melekoglu
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ciftci
authors.forename: Sevil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eraslan
authors.forename: Nese
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Basak
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Celik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases
keywords: Body mass index; Cytokines; Interleukins; Matrix metalloproteinases; Obesity; Pregnancy