title: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treating agitation in dementia (major neurocognitive disorder) - a promising option.
abstract: Agitation in patients with dementia increases caretaker burden, increases healthcare costs, and worsens the patient's quality of life. Antipsychotic medications, commonly used for the treatment of agitation in patients with dementia have a box warning from the FDA for elevated mortality risk. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has made significant advances over the past several years, and is efficacious in treating a wide range of psychiatric conditions. We provide a systematic review of published literature regarding the efficacy of ECT for the treatment of agitation in patients with dementia (major neurocognitive disorder).
  
  
  
  We searched PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, UptoDate, Embase, and Cochrane for literature concerning ECT for treating agitation in dementia using the title search terms "ECT agitation dementia;" "ECT aggression dementia;" "ECT Behavior and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia;" and "ECT BPSD." The term "dementia" was also interchanged with "Major Neurocognitive Disorder." No time frame restriction was placed. We attempted to include all publications that were found to ensure a comprehensive review. We found 11 papers, with a total (N) of 216 patients.
  
  
  
  Limited to case reports, case series, retrospective chart review, retrospective case-control, and an open label prospective study, ECT has demonstrated promising results in decreasing agitation in patients with dementia. Patients who relapsed were found to benefit from maintenance ECT.
  
  
  
  Available studies are often limited by concomitant psychotropic medications, inconsistent use of objective rating scales, short follow-up, lack of a control group, small sample sizes, and publication bias. A future randomized controlled trial will pose ethical and methodological challenges. A randomized controlled trial must carefully consider the definition of usual care as a comparison group. Well-documented prospective studies and/or additional case series with explicit selection criteria, a wide range of outcome measures, and less selection bias of the study sample that may favor treatment response, is warranted. ECT may be a promising option for the treatment of aggression and agitation in patients with severe dementia who are refractory to other treatment options, but the limitations of available studies suggest that a cautious approach to future randomized controlled trials is warranted.
authors.affiliation: East Carolina University and Vidant Medical Center,Greenville,NC,27834,USA.
authors.forename: Oliver M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry McLean Hospital,Behavioral Health Integration,Center for Population Health,Partners HealthCare,Harvard Medical School,Boston,MA,USA.
authors.forename: Brent P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Forester
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science,Geriatric Psychiatry Fellowship,Emory University,Atlanta,Georgia,USA.
authors.forename: Adriana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hermida
mesh_terms: D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D006801:Humans; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: agitation; behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD); dementia; electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); psychogeriatrics