title: Synthesis, characterization, and in-vitro antitumor activity of the polyethylene glycol (350 and 1000) succinate derivatives of the tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers of Vitamin E.
abstract: Vitamin E refers to a group of saturated tocopherol (T) isomers and the biologically more active unsaturated tocotrienol (T3) isomers. PEGylated α-tocopherol, commercially known as Vitamin E TPGS, has been used as an emulsifier and therapeutic agent for children with vitamin E deficiency. Limited information, however, is available about the PEG conjugates of the tocotrienol isomers of vitamin E. The current work was therefore undertaken to synthesize and characterize the water soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG 350 and 1000) derivatives of T and T3. Yield and the identity of the synthesized products were confirmed by1H NMR, mass spectroscopy, HPLC, and thermal analysis. The self-assembly of the PEGylated vitamin E isomers in water at critical micelle concentrations (CMC) was further confirmed by size, zeta, and Cryo-TEM image analysis. While stable at pH 7.4, PEG conjugates were found to rapidly hydrolyze at pH 1.2. Our data showed that PEGylated T3isomers were significantly more active as inhibitors for P-glycoprotein than PEGylated T. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the conjugates was also tested against a large panel of normal and tumorigenic cells. Of the conjugates, γ-T3PGS 1000 and δ-T3PGS 1000 were found to have the least toxicity against non-tumorigenic breast and pancreatic cell lines, which may be advantageous for its use as functional excipients in drug delivery. The results from the current work have demonstrated the feasibility of synthesizing PEGylated conjugates of vitamin E isomers and highlighted the potential use of these conjugates in drug delivery as functional and safer excipients especially for γ-T3PGS 1000 and δ-T3PGS 1000 conjugate.
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abu-Fayyad
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA; College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: nazzal@ulm.edu.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nazzal
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008823:Micelles; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D019802:Succinic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D024508:Tocotrienols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008823:Micelles; D024508:Tocotrienols; D014810:Vitamin E; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D019802:Succinic Acid; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol
keywords: Anti-tumor activity; Characterization; Functional excipient; PEGylation; Tocopherol; Tocotrienols; Vitamin E; Vitamin E TPGS