title: Diet-Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids Stimulate Intestinal Epithelial Cells To Induce Mucosal Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells.
abstract: The gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to many environmental factors that influence intestinal epithelial cells and the underlying mucosal immune system. In this article, we demonstrate that dietary fiber and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) induced the expression of the vitamin A-converting enzyme RALDH1 in intestinal epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Furthermore, our data showed that the expression levels of RALDH1 in small intestinal epithelial cells correlated with the activity of vitamin A-converting enzymes in mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells, along with increased numbers of intestinal regulatory T cells and a higher production of luminal IgA. Moreover, we show that the consumption of dietary fiber can alter the composition of SCFA-producing microbiota and SCFA production in the small intestines. In conclusion, our data illustrate that dietary adjustments affect small intestinal epithelial cells and can be used to modulate the mucosal immune system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gera
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goverse
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rosalie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Molenaar
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Macia
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martje N
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9467-8693
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Erkelens
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Konijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9834-7202
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knippenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Emma C L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1415-4049
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5902-1127
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hanekamp
authors.affiliation: Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1478-9562
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veldhoen
authors.affiliation: Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.|Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; and.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartog
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, 3704 HE Zeist, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Guus
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4725-6105
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roeselers
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6338-7340
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; r.mebius@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Reina E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mebius
mesh_terms: D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D004032:Diet; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D064307:Microbiota; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; C506481:Ffar2 protein, mouse; C473652:Hcar2 protein, mouse; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007527:Isoenzymes; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D014801:Vitamin A; D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; C515028:ALDH1A1 protein, mouse; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase