title: Transitioning to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy Among Adolescents in Copperbelt Province, Zambia: Predictors of Treatment Switching and Adherence to Second-line Regimens.
abstract: Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) experience less favorable antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes than other age groups. First-line treatment failure complicates ART management as second-line regimens can be costlier and have greater pill burdens. Understanding predictors of switching ART regimens and adherence among adolescents on second-line ART may help to prevent poor treatment outcomes.
  
  
  
  A quantitative survey was administered to 309 ALHIV attending 3 ART clinics in the Copperbelt Province, Zambia. Medical chart data, including pharmacy refill data, were abstracted. Associations between being on second-line ART and sociodemographic, psychosocial and ART adherence characteristics were tested. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of baseline ART variables on time to switching.
  
  
  
  Ten percent of participants were on second-line regimens. Compared with ALHIV on first-line ART, adolescents on second-line regimens were older (P = 0.02), out of school due to completion of secondary studies (P = 0.04) and on ART longer (P = 0.03). Adolescents on second-line regimens were more likely to report missing ≥48 consecutive hours of drugs in the last 3 months (P = 0.01). Multivariable analysis showed that adolescents who initiated ART with efavirenz-based regimens were more likely to switch to second-line than those put on nevirapine-based regimens (hazard ratio = 2.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-6.4).
  
  
  
  Greater support is needed for ALHIV who are on second-line regimens. Interventions for older adolescents that bridge the gap between school years and young adulthood would be helpful. More research is needed on why ALHIV who start on efavirenz-based regimens are more likely to switch within this population.
authors.affiliation: From the *Global Health, Population and Nutrition Group, FHI 360, Durham, North Carolina; †Clinical Care Unit, FHI 360, Lusaka, Zambia; ‡FHI 360, Ndola, Zambia; §Arthur Davison Children's Hospital, Ndola, Zambia; and ¶Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Randy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Stalter
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katayamoyo
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Banda
authors.forename: Pai-Lien
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jonathan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mwansa
authors.forename: Donna R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McCarraher
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Denison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents