title: Endogenous and Antipsychotic-Related Risks for Diabetes Mellitus in Young People With Schizophrenia: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus contributes to excessive cardiovascular deaths and reduced life expectancy in schizophrenia. This population-based cohort study investigated the endogenous risk for diabetes in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia and evaluated the risks added by starting antipsychotic treatment in people with schizophrenia.
  
  
  
  The study followed all people born in Denmark on or after Jan. 1, 1977, until Jan. 1, 2013 (N=2,736,510). The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register ascertained schizophrenia diagnoses. The Danish National Prescription Registry provided data on prescriptions of antipsychotics. Diabetes was ascertained from the Danish National Patient Register and Danish National Prescription Registry. The authors estimated the endogenous and antipsychotic-related risks for diabetes by using Cox proportional hazards regression models, while accounting for potential confounders.
  
  
  
  Of the cohort members, 14,118 (0.52%) developed diabetes, and 8,945 (0.33%) developed schizophrenia during follow-up (49,582,279 person-years). The adjusted hazard ratio for diabetes was 3.07 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.71-5.41) in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia compared with the general population. The risk for diabetes after starting antipsychotic treatment was significantly higher (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.64; 95% CI, 1.95-6.82) than the risk in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia, after adjustment for family history of diabetes and other potential confounders. First-line treatment with either first-generation antipsychotics (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.32-7.05) or second-generation antipsychotics (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.73-6.83) increased the risk for diabetes without a statistically significant difference. Appropriate sensitivity analyses limited to type 2 diabetes corroborated these results.
  
  
  
  Schizophrenia confers a high endogenous risk for diabetes, and the risk is further increased by both first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics. Early detection and effective treatment of diabetes should be an integral part of multidisciplinary management of schizophrenia regardless of antipsychotic drug exposure.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London; the Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London; the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark; the Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; the National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, the Centre for Integrative Sequencing, the Department of Biomedicine, and the Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and the Department of Community Psychiatry, Mental Health Care North-Holland North, Heerhugowaard, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anto P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rajkumar
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London; the Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London; the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark; the Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; the National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, the Centre for Integrative Sequencing, the Department of Biomedicine, and the Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and the Department of Community Psychiatry, Mental Health Care North-Holland North, Heerhugowaard, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henriette Thisted
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Horsdal
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London; the Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London; the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark; the Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; the National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, the Centre for Integrative Sequencing, the Department of Biomedicine, and the Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and the Department of Community Psychiatry, Mental Health Care North-Holland North, Heerhugowaard, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wimberley
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London; the Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London; the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark; the Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; the National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, the Centre for Integrative Sequencing, the Department of Biomedicine, and the Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and the Department of Community Psychiatry, Mental Health Care North-Holland North, Heerhugowaard, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London; the Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London; the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark; the Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; the National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, the Centre for Integrative Sequencing, the Department of Biomedicine, and the Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and the Department of Community Psychiatry, Mental Health Care North-Holland North, Heerhugowaard, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mors
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London; the Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London; the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark; the Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; the National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, the Centre for Integrative Sequencing, the Department of Biomedicine, and the Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and the Department of Community Psychiatry, Mental Health Care North-Holland North, Heerhugowaard, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anders D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Børglum
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London; the Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London, and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London; the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark; the Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; the National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, the Centre for Integrative Sequencing, the Department of Biomedicine, and the Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and the Department of Community Psychiatry, Mental Health Care North-Holland North, Heerhugowaard, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gasse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D061345:Early Medical Intervention; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: Antipsychotics; Diabetes; Drug Side Effects-Other; Epidemiology; Schizophrenia