title: Translation of a tailored nutrition and resistance exercise intervention for elderly people to a real-life setting: adaptation process and pilot study.
abstract: Combining increased dietary protein intake and resistance exercise training for elderly people is a promising strategy to prevent or counteract the loss of muscle mass and decrease the risk of disabilities. Using findings from controlled interventions in a real-life setting requires adaptations to the intervention and working procedures of healthcare professionals (HCPs). The aim of this study is to adapt an efficacious intervention for elderly people to a real-life setting (phase one) and test the feasibility and potential impact of this prototype intervention in practice in a pilot study (phase two).
  
  
  
  The Intervention Mapping approach was used to guide the adaptation in phase one. Qualitative data were collected from the original researchers, target group, and HCPs, and information was used to decide whether and how specified intervention elements needed to be adapted. In phase two, a one-group pre-test post-test pilot study was conducted (n = 25 community-dwelling elderly), to elicit further improvements to the prototype intervention. The evaluation included participant questionnaires and measurements at baseline (T0) and follow-up (T1), registration forms, interviews, and focus group discussions (T1). Qualitative data for both phases were analysed using an inductive approach. Outcome measures included physical functioning, strength, body composition, and dietary intake. Change in outcomes was assessed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.
  
  
  
  The most important adaptations to the original intervention were the design of HCP training and extending the original protein supplementation with a broader nutrition programme aimed at increasing protein intake, facilitated by a dietician. Although the prototype intervention was appreciated by participants and professionals, and perceived applicable for implementation, the pilot study process evaluation resulted in further adaptations, mostly concerning recruitment, training session guidance, and the nutrition programme. Pilot study outcome measures showed significant improvements in muscle strength and functioning, but no change in lean body mass.
  
  
  
  The combined nutrition and exercise intervention was successfully adapted to the real-life setting and seems to have included the most important effective intervention elements. After adaptation of the intervention using insights from the pilot study, a larger, controlled trial should be conducted to assess cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  
  Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov NL51834.081.14 (April 22, 2015).
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Ellen.vandongen@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Ellen Ji
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van Dongen
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joanne N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Leerlooijer
authors.affiliation: FrieslandCampina Institute, P.O. Box 1551, 3800 BN, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Steijns
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tieland
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lisette Cpgm
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haveman-Nies
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D044623:Nutrition Therapy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D055070:Resistance Training; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Adaptation; Elderly; Feasibility; Protein-rich products; Real-life setting; Resistance exercise