title: A portable surgical navigation device to display resection planes for bone tumor surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical navigation has been used in musculoskeletal tumor surgical procedures to improve the precision of tumor resection. Despite the favorable attributes of navigation-assisted surgery, conventional systems do not display the resection margin in real time, and preoperative manual input is required. In addition, navigation systems are often expensive and complex, and this has limited their widespread use. In this study, we propose an augmented reality surgical navigation system that uses a tablet personal computer with no external tracking system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We realized a real-time safety margin display based on three-dimensional dilation. The resection plane induced by the safety margin is updated in real time according to the direction of sawing. The minimum separation between the saw and the resection plane is also calculated and displayed. The surgeon can resect bone tumors accurately by referring to the resection plane and the minimum separation updated in real time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effectiveness of the system was demonstrated with experiments on pig pelvises. When the desired resection margin was 10 mm, the measured resection margin was 9.85 ± 1.02 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method exhibits sufficient accuracy and convenience for use in bone tumor resection. It also has favorable practical applicability due to its low cost and portability.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Robotics Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunseok
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: b Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Bundang , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yeongkyoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: a Department of Robotics Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seongpung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Department of Robotics Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hogun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: c Department of Computer Science , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Sungmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: b Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Bundang , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwan Seong
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: a Department of Robotics Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jaesung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000601:surgery; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine
keywords: Augmented reality; bone tumor surgery; resection margin; surgical navigation