title: Changes in depressive symptoms and correlates in HIV+ people at An Hoa Clinic in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
abstract: Understanding of depression among Vietnamese people living with HIV (PLWH) is limited. This longitudinal study examines changes in depressive symptoms and identifies its correlates among people living with HIV under antiretroviral therapy at An Hoa Clinic.
  
  
  
  People living with HIV ≥18 years and undergoing antiretroviral therapy for ≥3 months were eligible. Those at final AIDS stage, too ill, or illiterate were excluded due to their inability to complete the self-administered questionnaire. One researcher was present in the clinic for a month inviting PLWH to participate. Data were collected from 242 PLWH at baseline (T1) and 234 after three months (T2). Depressive symptoms was measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). Social relationship was measured using questions created by World Health Organization. Generalized Estimating Equations were used examining changes in depressive symptoms with CESD cut-off <16/≥16 (mild depression) and cut-off <23/≥23 (major depression).
  
  
  
  Model 1 (CESD cut-off <16/≥16) showed that participants were not more likely to have depressive symptoms at T2 compared to T1 (OR = 1.15, p > 0.05). Those with a co-morbidity were more likely to have depressive symptoms than those without a co-morbidity (OR = 1.76, p < 0.05). Those with higher social relationship scores were less likely to have depressive symptoms than those with lower scores (OR = 0.76, p < 0.001). Model 2 (CESD cut-off <23/≥23) showed that participants were more likely to have major depressive symptoms at T2 compared to T1 (OR = 1.6, p < 0.01) and those with higher social relationship score were less likely to have major depressive symptoms than those with lower scores (OR = 0.73, p < 0.001).
  
  
  
  People living with HIV were not more likely to have depressive symptoms (<16/≥16) but were more likely to have major depressive symptoms (<23/≥23) at T2 vs. T1. Social relationship was found to be strongly associated with depressive symptoms. Associations between age, individual income status, and co-morbidity with depressive symptoms were not decisive. Gender, ethnicity, education, religion, marriage, household economy, and adherence were not correlates.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 217 Hong Bang, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Van-Anh N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 217 Hong Bang, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. kiengiato@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kien G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: To
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 217 Hong Bang, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Dung Van
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Do
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia.
authors.forename: Quyen G
authors.initials: QG
authors.lastname: To
authors.affiliation: Center for Preventive Medicine in District 6, A14/1 Ba Hom, cu xa Phu Lam D, P13, Quan 6, Tp.HCM, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Mai T H
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: ART; Correlate; Depression; HIV; Vietnam