title: Korean mistletoe (Viscum album coloratum) extract regulates gene expression related to muscle atrophy and muscle hypertrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Korean mistletoe (Viscum album coloratum) is a semi-parasitic plant that grows on various trees and has a diverse range of effects on biological functions, being implicated in having anti-tumor, immunostimulatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity properties. Recently, we also reported that Korean mistletoe extract (KME) improves endurance exercise in mice, suggesting its beneficial roles in enhancing the capacity of skeletal muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the expression pattern of several genes concerned with muscle physiology in C2C12 myotubes cells to identify whether KME inhibits muscle atrophy or promotes muscle hypertrophy. We also investigated these effects of KME in denervated mice model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interestingly, KME induced the mRNA expression of SREBP-1c, PGC-1α, and GLUT4, known positive regulators of muscle hypertrophy, in C2C12 cells. On the contrary, KME reduced the expression of Atrogin-1, which is directly involved in the induction of muscle atrophy. In animal models, KME mitigated the decrease of muscle weight in denervated mice. The expression of Atrogin-1 was also diminished in those mice. Moreover, KME enhanced the grip strength and muscle weight in long-term feeding mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that KME has beneficial effects on muscle atrophy and muscle hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, 37544, Korea.
authors.forename: Juseong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Mistle Biotech Co., Ltd., Pohang, 37668, Korea.
authors.forename: Choon-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, 37544, Korea.|Mistle Biotech Co., Ltd., Pohang, 37668, Korea.
authors.forename: Inbo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Food R&D Center, Samyang Corporation, Incheon, 22826, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Food R&D Center, Samyang Corporation, Incheon, 22826, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Food R&D Center, Samyang Corporation, Incheon, 22826, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang-Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, 37544, Korea. i1948@naver.com.|Mistle Biotech Co., Ltd., Pohang, 37668, Korea. i1948@naver.com.
authors.forename: Jong-Bae
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009121:Muscle Denervation; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D056910:Republic of Korea; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome; D028182:Viscum album / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009124:Muscle Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; C486691:Fbxo32 protein, mouse; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases