title: Noradrenergic transmission in the central medial thalamic nucleus modulates the electroencephalographic activity and emergence from propofol anesthesia in rats.
abstract: At present, the mechanisms by which general anesthetics causing loss of consciousness remain unclear. The central medial thalamic nucleus (CMT) is a rarely studied component of the midline thalamic complex, which is deemed to be a part of the nonspecific arousal system. Although the CMT participates in modulating arousal and receives excitatory noradrenergic projections from locus coeruleus, it remains unknown whether the noradrenergic pathway in the CMT takes part in modulating the arousal system. Therefore, we hypothesized that noradrenergic transmission in the CMT is involved in modulating induction and emergence of propofol anesthesia. First, we infused norepinephrine (NE) into the CMT to observe the role of CMT noradrenergic pathway in modulating the anesthetic state induced by propofol. The results showed that microinjection of NE into the CMT accelerated emergence from propofol anesthesia, but had no impact on the induction of or sensitivity to propofol anesthesia in rats. In addition, infusion of NE into the CMT caused electroencephalography changes in the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, we used a whole-cell patch clamp to examine the effects of NE on neuronal excitability and GABAergic transmission in the CMT. In the CMT slices, propofol suppressed neuronal excitability and enhanced GABAergic transmission, while application of NE partly reversed these effects. These findings support the hypothesis that the CMT noradrenergic pathway plays an important role in modulating the emergence from general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xingrui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Mazhong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D059331:Adrenergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000639:trends*; D000818:Animals; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects / Q000639:trends*; D059330:GABAergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D057967:Infusions, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D020645:Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine; D015742:Propofol
keywords: 
  EEG
  ; anesthesia; central medial thalamic nucleus; emergence; norepinephrine; propofol