title: Exploring surface cleaning strategies in hospital to prevent contact transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: Cleaning of environmental surfaces in hospitals is important for the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other hospital-acquired infections transmitted by the contact route. Guidance regarding the best approaches for cleaning, however, is limited.
  
  
  
  In this study, a mathematical model based on ordinary differential equations was constructed to study MRSA concentration dynamics on high-touch and low-touch surfaces, and on the hands and noses of two patients (in two hospitals rooms) and a health care worker in a hypothetical hospital environment. Two cleaning interventions - whole room cleaning and wipe cleaning of touched surfaces - were considered. The performance of the cleaning interventions was indicated by a reduction in MRSA on the nose of a susceptible patient, relative to no intervention.
  
  
  
  Whole room cleaning just before first patient care activities of the day was more effective than whole room cleaning at other times, but even with 100% efficiency, whole room cleaning only reduced the number of MRSA transmitted to the susceptible patient by 54%. Frequent wipe cleaning of touched surfaces was shown to be more effective that whole room cleaning because surfaces are rapidly re-contaminated with MRSA after cleaning. Wipe cleaning high-touch surfaces was more effective than wipe cleaning low-touch surfaces for the same frequency of cleaning. For low wipe cleaning frequency (≤3 times per hour), high-touch surfaces should be targeted, but for high wipe cleaning frequency (>3 times per hour), cleaning should target high- and low-touch surfaces in proportion to the surface touch frequency. This study reproduces the observations from a field study of room cleaning, which provides support for the validity of our findings.
  
  
  
  Daily whole room cleaning, even with 100% cleaning efficiency, provides limited reduction in the number of MRSA transmitted to susceptible patients via the contact route; and should be supplemented with frequent targeted cleaning of high-touch surfaces, such as by a wipe or cloth containing disinfectant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China. u3002926@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1850-7040
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Rachael M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yuguo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D006761:Hospitals; D006797:Housekeeping, Hospital / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010362:Patients' Rooms; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission
keywords: High-touch surfaces; Hospital; Mathematical model; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Surface cleaning