title: Reversal of Trimethyltin-Induced Learning and Memory Deficits by 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid.
abstract: The antiamnesic effect of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA) as the main phenolic compound inArtemisia argyiH. extract on cognitive dysfunction induced by trimethyltin (TMT) (7.1μg/kg of body weight; intraperitoneal injection) was investigated in order to assess its ameliorating function in mice. In several behavioral tests, namely, the Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze (MWM) test, 3,5-diCQA significantly ameliorated learning and memory deficits. After the behavioral tests, brain tissues from the mice were analyzed to characterize the basis of the neuroprotective effect. Acetylcholine (ACh) levels increased, whereas the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) decreased upon administration of 3,5-diCQA. In addition, 3,5-diCQA effectively protected against an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, an increase in the oxidized glutathione (GSH) ratio, and a decline of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) level. 3,5-diCQA may prevent neuronal apoptosis through the protection of mitochondrial activities and the repression of apoptotic signaling molecules such as p-Akt, BAX, and p-tau (Ser 404).
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seon Kyeong
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tian Jiao
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Su
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Du Sang
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Special Purpose Tree, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Uk
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Ok
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Jin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3560-2007
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Heo
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019306:Artemisia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014298:Trimethyltin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014298:Trimethyltin Compounds; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C046488:trimethyltin; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D005978:Glutathione; C100434:3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid