title: Association between Grape Yeast Communities and the Vineyard Ecosystems.
abstract: The grape yeast biota from several wine-producing areas, with distinct soil types and grapevine training systems, was assessed on five islands of Azores Archipelago, and differences in yeast communities composition associated with the geographic origin of the grapes were explored. Fifty-seven grape samples belonging to the Vitis vinifera grapevine cultivars Verdelho dos Açores (Verdelho), Arinto da Terceira (Arinto) and Terrantez do Pico (Terrantez) were collected in two consecutive years and 40 spontaneous fermentations were achieved. A total of 1710 yeast isolates were obtained from freshly crushed grapes and 1200 from final stage of fermentations. Twenty-eight species were identified, Hanseniaspura uvarum, Pichia terricola and Metschnikowia pulcherrima being the three most representative species isolated. Candida carpophila was encountered for the first time as an inhabitant of grape or wine-associated environments. In both sampling years, a higher proportion of H. uvarum in fresh grapes from Verdelho cultivar was observed, in comparison with Arinto cultivar. Qualitatively significant differences were found among yeast communities from several locations on five islands of the Archipelago, particularly in locations with distinctive agro-ecological compositions. Our results are in agreement with the statement that grape-associated microbial biogeography is non-randomly associated with interactions of climate, soil, cultivar, and vine training systems in vineyard ecosystems. Our observations strongly support a possible linkage between grape yeast and wine typicality, reinforcing the statement that different viticultural terroirs harbor distinctive yeast biota, in particular in vineyards with very distinctive environmental conditions.
authors.affiliation: CITAA-Research Center for Agricultural Technology of Azores, University of Azores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal.|Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drumonde-Neves
authors.affiliation: Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2333-6127
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franco-Duarte
authors.affiliation: CITAA-Research Center for Agricultural Technology of Azores, University of Azores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schuller
authors.affiliation: Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Célia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pais
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods; D012340:RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D027843:Vitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D014920:Wine / Q000382:microbiology*; D015003:Yeasts / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D012340:RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S