title: Nitric Oxide: Exploring the Contextual Link with Alzheimer's Disease.
abstract: Neuronal inflammation is a systematically organized physiological step often triggered to counteract an invading pathogen or to rid the body of damaged and/or dead cellular debris. At the crux of this inflammatory response is the deployment of nonneuronal cells: microglia, astrocytes, and blood-derived macrophages. Glial cells secrete a host of bioactive molecules, which include proinflammatory factors and nitric oxide (NO). From immunomodulation to neuromodulation, NO is a renowned modulator of vast physiological systems. It essentially mediates these physiological effects by interacting with cyclic GMP (cGMP) leading to the regulation of intracellular calcium ions. NO regulates the release of proinflammatory molecules, interacts with ROS leading to the formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and targets vital organelles such as mitochondria, ultimately causing cellular death, a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. AD is an enervating neurodegenerative disorder with an obscure etiology. Because of accumulating experimental data continually highlighting the role of NO in neuroinflammation and AD progression, we explore the most recent data to highlight in detail newly investigated molecular mechanisms in which NO becomes relevant in neuronal inflammation and oxidative stress-associated neurodegeneration in the CNS as well as lay down up-to-date knowledge regarding therapeutic approaches targeting NO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0484-4481
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Asiimwe
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, H & N Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Geun
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8021-1024
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Sik
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Junyang
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3946-5406
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, 32 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Na Young
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2130-4719
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Jeong
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006152:Cyclic GMP