title: Pediatric Penile and Glans Anthropometry Nomograms: An Aid in Hypospadias Management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish pediatric penile and glans anthropometry nomograms. This may be used as a reference model for penile assessment while managing hypospadias.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 2012 and September 2013, 263 boys of varying ages (0-16 years) were included in the study. Those with genetic, endocrine disorders, having genital anomaly, undescended testis, neonates, and infants with a nonretractile prepuce, with multiple congenital anomalies and refusal to take part in the study were excluded. Evaluated outcome variables were stretched penile length, glans circumference (GC) at coronal sulcus, glans diameter at coronal sulcus (Gdcl), mid glans diameter, and ventral glans length. Glans ratios were generated by dividing Gdcl by GC. Data were expressed as mean, median, and standard deviation. Correlation between age and variables was evaluated using nonparametric Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were divided in six age groups, namely 0-1 (n= 61), 1-3 (n= 37), 3-5 (n= 36), 5-7 (n= 36), 7-12 (n= 45), and >12 years (n= 48). Gdcl was the maximum transverse glans diameter and based on it small glans size varied widely from 8.9 to 35.04 mm for various age groups. Although glans anthropometry showed age-related changes, glans ratio remained relatively constant between 0.49 and 0.53 (mean: 0.5 ± 0.051, r = 0.29). All the variables except glans ratio showed a significant positive correlation with age (r= 0.954-0.98,P< 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penile anthropometry nomograms provide a reference model for hypospadias. This may aid in (a) objective preoperative assessment of glans size (b) patient selection for preoperative hormonal stimulation (c) provides a yardstick for postoperative cosmesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Satyajit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sikdar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Raghu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prakash
keywords: Glans size; hormonal stimulation; hypospadias; nomograms; penile anthropometry