title: Study of myoblast differentiation using multi-dimensional scaffolds consisting of nano and micropatterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The topographical cue is major influence on skeletal muscle cell culture because the structure is highly organized and consists of long parallel bundles of multinucleated myotubes that are formed by differentiation and fusion of myoblast satellite cells. In this technical report, we fabricated a multiscale scaffold using electrospinning and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel micropatterns to monitor the cell behaviors on nano- and micro-alignment combined scaffolds with different combinations of angles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We fabricated multiscale scaffolds that provide biocompatible and extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic environments via electrospun nanofiber and PEG hydrogel micro patterning. MTT assays demonstrated an almost four-fold increase in the proliferation rate during the 7 days of cell culture for all of the experimental groups. Cell orientation and elongation were measured to confirm the myogenic potential. On the aligned fibrous scaffolds, more than 90% of the cells were dispersed ± 20° of the fiber orientation. To determine cell elongation, we monitored nuclei aspect ratios. On a random nanofiber, the cells demonstrated an aspect ratio of 1.33, but on perpendicular and parallel nanofibers, the aspect ratio was greater than 2. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression was significantly higher i) on parallel compared to random fibers, ii) the 100 μm compared to the 200 μm line pattern. We confirmed the disparate trends of myotube formation that can be provoked through multi-dimensional scaffolds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We studied more favorable environments that induce cell alignment and elongation for myogenesis by combining nano- and micro-scale patterns. The fabricated system can serve as a novel multi-dimensional platform to study in vitro cell behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749 South Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749 South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Jong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749 South Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Gun
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Koh
keywords: Electrospun alignment; Multi-dimensional scaffold; Myogenesis; Poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel pattern; Topographical cue