title: DoesNosema ceranaeWipe OutNosema apisin Turkey?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of theNosema ceranaeandNosema apisamong apiaries using both spore counts and multiplex PCR and the replacement ofN. apisbyN. ceranaein some regions of Turkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hundred honey bee samples were collected from 99 apiaries in 11 different locations in 2011-2012 in Turkey.Nosemainfection degree from collected samples was determined using light microscope and molecular detection ofNosemaspp. (N. ceranaeandN. apis) was performed using specific primers by multiplex PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  N. ceranaewas only found spores in sampling areas using molecular diagnosis.N. apiswas not detected in whole sampling areas using both techniques. There are noNosemaspores detected in Konya one location using two techniques. The nucleotide sequences from amplification products of theNosemainfested honeybee samples were (98%) identical with the sequence ofN. ceranaefor many countries deposited in the GenBank database in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study illustrated thatN. ceranaeis the only spores for sampled areas in 2011-2012. The study could also indicate thatN. ceranaehas been replaced instead of N. apisin Turkey. In addition, the prevalence ofN. ceranaeand two microsporodia spores effects on honey bee colonies in Turkey were needed to determine with intensive sampling, periodically.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Plant and Animal Breeding, Ula Ali Kocman Vocational School, Muğla Sitki Kocman University, Muğla, Turkey.
authors.forename: Rahşan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ivgin Tunca
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
authors.forename: Devrim
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oskay
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gosterit
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Olgay Kaan
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Tekin
keywords: Honey bees; Molecular diagnosis; Nosema apis; Nosema ceranae; Turkey