title: Urinary Incontinence in Alzheimer's Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary incontinence (UI) is more prevalent in the elderly populations with dementia than without dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Urinary incontinence may complicate AD morbidity and mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and annual incidence and determine the risk possibility of UI, which is the main type of incontinence in patients with AD in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 933 patients with AD were included in the study cohort, and a total of 2799 patients without AD by 1:3 proportion compared to the study cohort were used as a matched cohort. All participants were selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database in 2000 sample population. We utilize Cox proportional hazard regression to evaluate the risk of UI and cumulative incidence ratio curve to analyze the cumulative incidence function. Prevalence and annual incidence rate are calculated in individual medication including rivastigmine, donepezil, galantamine, and memantine only being initiated in patients with AD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of UI is higher in AD cohort (hazard ratio: 1.54, 95% confidence interval: 1.13-2.09). The cumulative incidence ratio of UI event between AD cohort and matched cohort presents statistical significance ( P < .001). Annual incidence and prevalence of UI in patients with AD are 6.2% and 4.2%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggest that the risk of UI is higher in patients with AD than in the general population.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|2 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiang-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|2 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|3 Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|4 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Chia
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|4 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|5 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yung-Shun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Juan
authors.affiliation: 6 Management Office, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|2 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|3 Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|4 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Chih
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|2 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|2 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuang-Shun
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chueh
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|2 Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|3 Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|4 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Jeng
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 7 Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.|8 Department of and Master's Program in Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|9 Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; cholinesterase inhibitors; dementia; urge incontinence; urinary incontinence