title: Does patient coaching make a difference in patient-physician communication during specialist consultations? A systematic review.
abstract: To systematically review the literature on the effectiveness of a patient coach intervention on patient - physician communication in specialists consultations.
  
  
  
  PubMed, Cochrane, PsycInfo, Cinahl and Embase were searched until November 2015. Included were papers describing interventions directed at adult outpatients in secondary care with a variety of somatic diseases. Outcomes had to be measured in communication effectivity from a patient's perspective.
  
  
  
  Seventeen publications met the inclusion criteria (involving 3787 patients), describing 13 unique interventions. Most interventions were single one-on-one sessions taking between 20 and 40min before consultation. Research quality in ten studies was high. These studies showed significant improvement on immediate, intermediate and long term patient - physician communication.
  
  
  
  We found limited evidence suggesting an improvement of patient - physician communication by having multiple patient coaching encounters during which questions are prepared and rehearsed and consultations are evaluated and reflected upon, sometimes supported by audio recording the consultation.
  
  
  
  The results of this review contribute to the (re-)design of an effective model for patient coaching, a profile and training approach of patient coaches. Future research should aim at determining which patients will benefit most from coaching interventions.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Research Group Innovation with Older Adults, Windesheim, University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, the Netherlands. Electronic address: iren.alders@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Irèn
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alders
authors.affiliation: Research Group Innovation with Older Adults, Windesheim, University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carolien
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.affiliation: Amalia Children's Centre Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands; University Medical Centre Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; NIVEL (Netherlands institute for health services research), Utrecht, the Netherlands; Faculty of Health Sciences, University College of Southeast Norway, Drammen, Norway.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Dulmen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D037001:Directive Counseling; D006801:Humans; D000071252:Mentoring; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013038:Specialization
keywords: Medical specialists; Patient coaching; Patient support; Patient-physician communication; Review; Secondary care