title: An EMG-driven biomechanical model of the canine cervical spine.
abstract: Due to the frequency of cervical spine injuries in canines, the purpose of this effort was to develop an EMG-driven dynamic model of the canine cervical spine to assess a biomechanical understanding that enables one to investigate the risk of neck disorders. A canine subject was recruited in this investigation in order to collect subject specific data. Reflective markers and a motion capture system were used for kinematic measurement; surface electrodes were used to record electromyography signals, and with the aid of force plate kinetics were recorded. A 3D model of the canine subject was reconstructed from an MRI dataset. Muscles lines of action were defined through a new technique with the aid of 3D white light scanner. The model performed well with a 0.73 weighted R2value in all three planes. The weighted average absolute error of the predicted moment was less than 10% of the external moment. The proposed model is a canine specific forward-dynamics model that precisely tracks the canine subject head and neck motion, calculates the muscle force generated from the twelve major moment producing muscles, and estimates resulting loads on specific spinal tissues.
authors.affiliation: Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 520 Baker Systems, 1971 Neil Avenue., Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Electronic address: Alizadeh.3@osu.edu.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alizadeh
authors.affiliation: Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 520 Baker Systems, 1971 Neil Avenue., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Knapik
authors.affiliation: Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 520 Baker Systems, 1971 Neil Avenue., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dufour
authors.affiliation: Surgical Discovery Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zindl
authors.affiliation: Surgical Discovery Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bertran
authors.affiliation: Fitzpatrick Referrals, Eashing, Surrey GU7 2QQ, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 520 Baker Systems, 1971 Neil Avenue., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Marras
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004285:Dogs; D004576:Electromyography; D009068:Movement; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Dog; Dynamic; Electromyography; Kinematics; Neck