title: A noninvasive cancer detection strategy based on gold nanoparticle surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy of urinary modified nucleosides isolated by affinity chromatography.
abstract: The search for tumor biomarkers in the urine for cancer diagnosis is currently a hot topic in clinical oncology, with potential for cancer screening and diagnosis. Modified nucleosides excreted through the urine are considered to be a general tumor marker for various cancer types. Herein, we explore a new method that utilizes surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy to obtain a complete biochemical profile of urinary modified nucleosides. In our method, modified nucleosides are first isolated from urine sample utilizing the excellent separation ability of affinity chromatography; then supplemented with gold (Au) nanoparticles as substrate for SERS spectroscopy analysis. The obtained SERS spectra present rich diagnostic and fingerprinting type signatures of urinary modified nucleosides. The utility of this new method in cancer detection was evaluated by analyzing urine samples from three groups of subjects: nasopharyngeal cancer patients (n=62), esophageal cancer patients (n=55), and healthy volunteers (n=52). Partial least squares and linear discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to analyze and classify the SERS spectra of urinary modified nucleosides from nasopharyngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, and the normal group, achieving diagnostic sensitivities of 95.2%, 90.9% and 98.1% and specificities of 97.2%, 98.2% and 95.7%, respectively. These results demonstrated great potential of this novel method for non-invasive and label-free cancer detection and screening.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
authors.forename: Shangyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
authors.forename: Zuci
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China.
authors.forename: Yuanji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China.
authors.forename: Jinyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
authors.forename: Guannan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
authors.forename: Cuncheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
authors.forename: Duo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China.
authors.forename: Sufang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
authors.forename: Zufang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China. Electronic address: chenr@fjnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China. Electronic address: ssxie@fjnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shusen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Imaging Unit - Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Electronic address: hzeng@bccrc.ca.
authors.forename: Haishan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity / Q000379:methods; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000652:urine*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009705:Nucleosides; D006046:Gold
keywords: Affinity chromatography; Modified nucleosides; Non-invasive cancer detection; SERS spectroscopy; Tumor marker