title: Amitraz poisoning: A case report of an unusual pesticide poisoning in Sri Lanka and literature review.
abstract: Amitraz is a pesticide used worldwide on animals and in agriculture. It contains triazapentadiene, which is a centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. Amitraz poisoning is fairly uncommon in humans and occurs via oral, dermal or inhalational routes. Only a limited number of case reports of human intoxication have been published and most of them are of accidental ingestion by children.
  
  
  
  A twenty-year-old Sri Lankan female presented following self-ingestion of 20 ml of amitraz resulting in 37.8 mg/ kg of amitraz poisoning. She lost consciousness after 20 min of ingestion, developed bradycardia and hypotension, which needed intravenous fluid resuscitation and dobutamine. Gastric lavage was performed. Her bradycardia persisted for 36 h and she was drowsy for 48 h. She did not develop respiratory depression, convulsions or hypothermia and the urine output was normal. Arterial blood gas revealed mild respiratory alkalosis. She recovered fully within 48 h and was discharged on day 3.
  
  
  
  The clinical manifestations of amitraz (impaired consciousness, drowsiness, vomiting, disorientation, miosis, mydriasis, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, hypothermia, generalized seizures, hyperglycemia and glycosuria) can be explained by the agonist action of amitraz on α1 and α2 receptors. Management of amitraz poisoning is still considered to be supportive and symptomatic with monitoring of nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Activated charcoal may still be considered for treatment and the place for gastric lavage is controversial. Atropine is effective for symptomatic bradycardia and inotropic support is needed for hypotension that does not respond to fluid resuscitation. Diazepam or Lorazepam is used for convulsions and some patients may require intubation and ICU care. Several α2 adrenergic antagonists like yohimbine have been tried on animals, which have successfully reversed the effects of amitraz. Since the majority of amitraz poisoning cases are due to accidental ingestion, manufactures, regulatory authorities and national poisons control centers have a significant role to play in minimizing its occurrence.
authors.affiliation: National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka. tharukaherath11@gmail.com.
authors.forename: H M M T B
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Herath
authors.affiliation: National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Pahalagamage
authors.affiliation: National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Nilukshana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yogendranathan
authors.affiliation: National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: M D M S
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wijayabandara
authors.affiliation: National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulatunga
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010574:Pesticide Synergists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000453:epidemiology; D014052:Toluidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000506:poisoning*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D010574:Pesticide Synergists; D014052:Toluidines; C014983:amitraz
keywords: Amitraz poisoning; Literature review; Management; Symptoms