title: Ultrasonography for endotracheal tube position in infants and children.
abstract: Ultrasonography (US) has been shown to be effective for verifying endotracheal tube (ETT) position in adults but has been less studied in infants and children. We review the literature regarding US for ETT positioning in the pediatric population. A literature search was conducted using the Ovid and MEDLINE databases with search terms regarding US relating to ETT intubation and positioning in infants and children. Most studies in neonates and infants used the midsagittal suprasternal view. Studies reported >80% visualization of the ETT tip by US, and US interpretation of the ETT position correlated with the XR position in 73-100% of cases. Studies of older children used the suprasternal views, substernal views, and mid-axillary intercostal views. US appears comparable to XR and capnography in determining ETT position in this population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US for ETT verification appears to be well tolerated in infants and children and may augment determination of proper ETT position in combination with other ETT verification modalities. Further studies are needed regarding technique and training. What is Known: • Point-of-care ultrasonography is realizing increased availability and use in several pediatric specialties. • Ultrasonography has been shown to be effective for verifying ETT position in adults but have been less studied in infants and children. What is New: • Ultrasonography for endotracheal tube verification appears to be well tolerated in infants and children. • Ultrasonography may augment determination of proper endotracheal tube position in combination with other verification modalities such as radiography and capnography in the pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jaeel
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mansi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sheth
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. jnforjimmynguyen@gmail.com.|Center for Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 N. State Street-IRD-820, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. jnforjimmynguyen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-4726
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
keywords: Endotracheal intubation; Intubation; Neonatal-perinatal medicine; Neonatology; Pediatric; Point-of-care; Resuscitation; Ultrasonography; Ultrasound