title: Pregnancy Intention and Pregnancy Outcome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: Introduction Previous systematic reviews concluded that rigorous research on the relationships between pregnancy intentions and pregnancy outcomes is limited. They further noted that most studies were conducted in high-income countries and had methodological limitations. We aim to assess the current evidence base for the relationship between pregnancy intention and miscarriage, stillbirth, low birthweight (LBW) and neonatal mortality. In March 2015 Embase, PubMed, Scopus and PsychInfo were searched for studies investigating the relationship between pregnancy intention and the outcomes of interest. Methods Studies published since 1975 and in English, French or Spanish were included. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts, read the full text of identified articles and extracted data. Meta-analyses were conducted where possible. Results Thirty-seven studies assessing the relationships between pregnancy intention and LBW were identified. A meta-analysis of 17 of these studies found that unintended pregnancies are associated with 1.41 times greater odds of having a LBW baby (95%CI 1.31, 1.51). Eight studies looking at miscarriage, stillbirth or neonatal death were found. The limited data concerning pregnancy loss and neonatal mortality precluded meta-analysis but suggest these outcomes may be more common in unintended pregnancies. Discussion While there seems to be an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in unintended pregnancies, there has been little improvement in either the quantity of evidence from low-income countries or in the quality of evidence generally. Longitudinal studies of pregnancy intention and pregnancy outcome, where pregnancy intention is assessed prospectively with a validated measure and where analyses include confounding or mediating factors, are required in both high- and low-income countries.
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Reproductive Health, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, UK. jennifer.hall@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Lorna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benton
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, London, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Copas
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Reproductive Health, UCL Institute for Women's Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stephenson
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Low birthweight; Meta-analysis; Miscarriage; Neonatal mortality; Pregnancy intention; Stillbirth; Systematic review