title: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Audioverbal Memory in Stroke Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left temporoparietal area improved audioverbal memory performance in stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve stroke patients with audioverbal memory impairment participated in a single-masked, crossover, and sham-controlled experiment. The anodal or sham transcranial direct current stimulation was applied during the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, which evaluates the ability to recall a list of 15 heard words over five trials. The number of correctly recalled words was compared between the anodal and sham conditions and the influence of transcranial direct current stimulation on serial position effect of the 15 words was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increase in the number of correctly recalled words from the first to the fifth trial was significantly greater in the anodal condition than in the sham condition (P < 0.01). There was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between the anodal and sham conditions in the number of correctly recalled words within the first five words (primacy region) over the second to fifth trial trials, but not in the middle (next five words) or recency (last five words) regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left temporoparietal area improved audioverbal memory performance and induced the primacy effect in stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: From the Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Chiba (TK, AO, KK); Yachiyo Hospital, Chiba (TK); Fujita Memorial Nanakuri Institute, Fujita Health University, Mie (KT); ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto (RO); Laboratory of Psychology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka (ST); and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo (ML), Japan.
authors.forename: Toshinari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kazuta
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Rieko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osu
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: Kunitsugu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Meigen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011939:Mental Recall; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome