title: Acute and spontaneous seizure onset zones in the intraperitoneal kainic acid model.
abstract: Hippocampal monitoring is often used in the intraperitoneal kainic acid (KA) seizure model for detection and quantification of early ictal activity. Here, we investigated extra-hippocampal seizure onset zones (SOZs) in this model.
  
  
  
  Eight male Sprague Dawley rats implanted with depth electrodes were continuously recorded during intraperitoneal KA injections until status epilepticus (SE) was induced. Another group of four rats was monitored chronically up to two weeks after emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures. All rats had hippocampal electrodes. Other sampled brain regions included, among others, the claustrum, piriform cortex, and orbital cortex. Seizures recorded with video-EEG were visually analyzed.
  
  
  
  In the 58 seizures recorded during KA injections, the SOZ was extrahippocampal in 7 (12%), diffuse in 29 (50%), and hippocampal in 22 (38%). Of the 14 spontaneous seizures recorded, none were solely extrahippocampal, 10 (71%) were diffuse, and 4 (29%) were of hippocampal onset. All extra-hippocampal seizures propagated to the hippocampus within 4 to 50s (mean=14, n=7). No distinctive semiological manifestations correlated with the SOZs.
  
  
  
  We conclude that seizures can have multifocal SOZs in the KA model. This finding is important to consider when using this model, among other purposes, to screen for new therapies, study pharmacoresistance, or investigate comorbidities of epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: Arezou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bayat
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: Sweta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA. Electronic address: mkoubeissi@mfa.gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Mohamad Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Koubeissi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007608:Kainic Acid; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D007608:Kainic Acid
keywords: Claustrum; Epilepsy; Hippocampus; Kainic acid; Seizure