title: Rhein suppresses matrix metalloproteinase production by regulating the Rac1/ROS/MAPK/AP-1 pathway in human ovarian carcinoma cells.
abstract: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases, which play an integral role in migration and invasion of ovarian cancer. Rac1 proteins might mostly influence cell migration and invasion by generating endogenous reactive oxygen species. Therefore, inhibiting MMPs and regulating the Rac1/ROS/MAPK/AP-1 pathway may be a new therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer. In this study, we found that rhein could suppress the invasion and migration of SKOV3-PM4 cells with characteristics of directional highly lymphatic metastasis. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which is a Rac1 activator, significantly enhanced the expression levels of MMP-2, -3, -9 and -19 proteins, whereas the results of rhein and Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 were just the opposite. The inhibitory effects of rhein were associated with the upregulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2 and NM23-H1. Subsequent mechanism studies revealed that rhein reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lower NADPH oxidase activity. Furthermore, rhein significantly inhibited JNK, AP-1 phosphorylation in the cells treated with PMA. The results obtained from the cells treated with NSC23766 alone or NSC23766 combined with rhein, were consistent with rhein treatment alone. Taken together, these results indicate that rhein may be a potential inhibitor of Rac1 and can inhibit the migration and invasion of SKOV3-PM4 cells through modulating matrix metalloproteinases and RAC1/ROS/MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathway-associated proteins.
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Guomei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Fenghui
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Danrong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D053505:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted / Q000378:metabolism; D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000880:Anthraquinones; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; C487513:NSC 23766; D011743:Pyrimidines; C107953:RAC1 protein, human; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C560822:TIMP1 protein, human; C560823:TIMP2 protein, human; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C517938:NME1 protein, human; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; D053505:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted; C108362:matrix metalloproteinase 19; C511768:MMP3 protein, human; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; C020491:rhein