title: Experimental study on tissue phantoms to understand the effect of injury and suturing on human skin mechanical properties.
abstract: Skin injuries are the most common type of injuries occurring in day-to-day life. A skin injury usually manifests itself in the form of a wound or a cut. While a shallow wound may heal by itself within a short time, deep wounds require surgical interventions such as suturing for timely healing. To date, suturing practices are based on a surgeon's experience and may vary widely from one situation to another. Understanding the mechanics of wound closure and suturing of the skin is crucial to improve clinical suturing practices and also to plan automated robotic surgeries. In the literature, phenomenological two-dimensional computational skin models have been developed to study the mechanics of wound closure. Additionally, the effect of skin pre-stress (due to the natural tension of the skin) on wound closure mechanics has been studied. However, in most of these analyses, idealistic two-dimensional skin geometries, materials and loads have been assumed, which are far from reality, and would clearly generate inaccurate quantitative results. In this work, for the first time, a biofidelic human skin tissue phantom was developed using a two-part silicone material. A wound was created on the phantom material and sutures were placed to close the wound. Uniaxial mechanical tests were carried out on the phantom specimens to study the effect of varying wound size, quantity, suture and pre-stress on the mechanical behavior of human skin. Also, the average mechanical behavior of the human skin surrogate was characterized using hyperelastic material models, in the presence of a wound and sutures. To date, such a robust experimental study on the effect of injury and sutures on human skin mechanics has not been attempted. The results of this novel investigation will provide important guidelines for surgical planning and validation of results from computational models in the future.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Arnab
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chanda
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Vinu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Unnikrishnan
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lackey
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013536:Suture Techniques; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Robotic surgery; biomechanics; human skin; suture; tissue phantom