title: Operative treatment of lateral ligament instability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ankle sprains, which account for 40% of sports injuries in the USA, can lead to chronic ankle instability. Chronic ankle instability can be classified as functional, mechanical, or a combination of both and is diagnosed using a combination of a physical exam, an MRI, and stress radiographs. This review focuses on different approaches to treatment, including non-operative and operative techniques, of chronic ankle instability, including reviewing traditional procedures as well as more novel and newer techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on existing literature, non-operative treatment should always precede operative treatment of chronic ankle instability. If rehabilitation fails, Brostrom-Gould type ankle stabilization has been the preferred surgical option. Recent literature suggests that arthroscopic repair might reduce recovery time and improve outcomes in certain populations; however, there are higher rates of complication following these surgeries. In more high-risk populations, some literature reports that ligament repair with peroneus brevis transfer could be a more effective treatment option. Currently, varying surgical techniques exist for the treatment of chronic ankle instability. While the more recently reported techniques show promise, it is important to note that there is little evidence showing they are more successful than traditional techniques. It is imperative that future studies focus on outcomes and complication rates of these newer procedures.
authors.affiliation: Rothman Institute, 3300 Tillman Drive, 2nd Floor, Bensalem, Philadelphia, PA, 19020-2071, USA. Rachel.shakked@rothmaninstitute.com.
authors.forename: Rachel J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shakked
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sydney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karnovsky
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Drakos
keywords: ATFL; Ankle instability; Ankle sprain; Brostrom; Lateral ligament reconstruction