title: The efficacy of performing shockwave lithotripsy before retrograde intrarenal surgery in the treatment of multiple or large (≥1.5 cm) nephrolithiasis: A propensity score matched analysis.
abstract: To investigate the effect of performing shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) before retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) on the treatment outcomes of patients with nephrolithiasis.
  
  
  
  The data of 189 patients with renal stones who underwent RIRS from July 2007 to July 2014 was reviewed retrospectively. Patients with stones larger than 1.5 cm were recommended to undergo SWL before RIRS. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether the preoperative SWL was performed (group 1, n=68) or not (group 2, n=121). The cohorts of the 2 groups cohorts were matched 1:1 using propensity score analysis. Patient, stone characteristics, operative parameters, and stone-free rates were compared.
  
  
  
  Patients in groups 1 and 2 were matched with respect to stone size, number, and location, leaving 57 patients in each group. After matching, no differences were identified between the 2 groups regarding age, body mass index, sex, stone composition, density and multiplicity. Compared to group 2 patients, patients in group 1 had fewer number of procedures performed (1.10 vs. 1.26, p=0.045) and higher stone-free rate (89.4% vs.73.6%, p=0.039). In multivariate analysis, Non lower calyceal location (odd ratio [OR], 8.215; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.782-21.982; p=0.041), stone size (OR, 6.932; 95% CI, 1.022-18.283; p<0.001), and preoperative SWL (OR, 2.210; 95% CI, 1.058-7.157; p=0.019) were independent factors predicting a stone-free state after RIRS.
  
  
  
  Performing SWL before RIRS may favor stone eliminations during surgery and increase the stone-free rate in selected patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.
authors.forename: Myungsun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Myungchan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D061646:Operative Time; D057216:Propensity Score; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Lithotripsy; Minimally invasive surgical procedures; Nephrolithiasis