title: Occupational lung diseases: from old and novel exposures to effective preventive strategies.
abstract: Occupational exposure is an important, global cause of respiratory disease. Unlike many other non-communicable lung diseases, the proximal causes of many occupational lung diseases are well understood and they should be amenable to control with use of established and effective approaches. Therefore, the risks arising from exposure to silica and asbestos are well known, as are the means of their prevention. Although the incidence of occupational lung disease has decreased in many countries, in parts of the world undergoing rapid economic transition and population growth-often with large informal and unregulated workforces-occupational exposures continue to impose a heavy burden of disease. The incidence of interstitial and malignant lung diseases remains unacceptably high because control measures are not implemented or exposures arise in novel ways. With the advent of innovative technologies, new threats are continually introduced to the workplace (eg, indium compounds and vicinal diketones). In developed countries, work-related asthma is the commonest occupational lung disease of short latency. Although generic control measures to reduce the risk of developing or exacerbating asthma are well recognised, there is still uncertainty, for example, with regards to the management of workers who develop asthma but remain in the same job. In this Review, we provide recommendations for research, surveillance, and other action for reducing the burden of occupational lung diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cullinan
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Hille
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suojalehto
authors.affiliation: Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agius
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Surinder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jindal
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sigsgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blomberg
authors.affiliation: Clinique des Bronches, Allergie et Sommeil, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France; INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Charpin
authors.affiliation: Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires et Allergiques, iPLESP INSERM et UPMC, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Annesi-Maesano
authors.affiliation: Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, and Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Mridu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yangho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Arthur L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Diseases, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Metin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akgün
authors.affiliation: Centre for Workplace Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fishwick
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rafael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: de la Hoz
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden; Department of Pneumology, Allergy and Asthma Research Centre, Kolkata, India. Electronic address: subhabrata2207@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Subhabrata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moitra
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D006801:Humans; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*