title: Correlates of vitamin D in psychotic disorders: A comprehensive systematic review.
abstract: People with psychosis have high prevalence of low vitamin D levels but the correlates and relevance of this deficiency are unclear. A systematic search of major databases from inception to 03/2016 was undertaken investigating correlates of vitamin D in people with psychosis. Data was summarised with a best evidence synthesis. Across 23 included studies (n=1770 psychosis, n=8171 controls) a mean difference in vitamin D levels between both groups of -11.14ng/ml±0.59 was found. 53 unique correlations between vitamin D and outcomes in people with psychosis were identified. The evidence base was broadly equivocal although season of blood sampling (67% of studies found a positive correlation with warmer seasons) and parathyroid hormone (100% of studies found a negative correlation) were associated with vitamin D levels. The most commonly non-correlated variables were: BMI (83% found no correlation), age (73%), gender (86%), smoking (100%), duration of illness (100%) and general assessment of functioning score (100%). In conclusion, whilst many unique correlates have been investigated, there is weak and inconclusive evidence regarding the consistency and meaning of the correlates of vitamin D levels in people with psychosis. Future longitudinal studies should consider the correlates of vitamin D in people with psychosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom. Electronic address: james.adamson@slam.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lally
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaughran
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krivoy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D012621:Seasons; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: 25-OHD; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Hypovitaminosis D; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Vitamin D