title: The filum terminale internum and externum: A comprehensive review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The filum terminale has oven been overlooked in the literature probably due to its small size and historical lack of research on its true morphology. However, this structure's roll in the tethered cord syndrome has become more apparent. Therefore, the current comprehensive review seemed timely.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using standard search engines, the history, embryology, anatomy, pathology and surgery of the filum terminale were reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is only recently that the true anatomy and pathological involvement of the filum terminale in the tethered cord syndrome have been elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada. Electronic address: esaker@sgu.edu.
authors.forename: Erfanul
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saker
authors.affiliation: International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland; Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Brandon M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland; Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada.
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukas
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iwanaga
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Rod J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Oskouian
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: R Shane
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubbs
mesh_terms: D002420:Cauda Equina / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Anatomy; Spinal cord; Spine; Tethered cord