title: Mode of action of Cr(VI) in immunocytes of earthworms: Implications for animal health.
abstract: Chromium (Cr) is one of the major and most detrimental pollutant, widely present in the environment as a result of several anthropogenic activities. In mammalian cells, Cr(VI) is known to enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and to cause toxic and genotoxic effects. Less commonly investigated are the effects and mode of action of this contaminant in invertebrates, particularly in soil organisms. In this work, earthworms of the species Eisenia andrei were exposed for 1 and 3 days to various sublethal concentrations of Cr(VI) (2, 15, 30µgmL-1) using the paper contact toxicity test. In amoeboid leukocytes we investigated intracellular ROS and lipoperoxide production, oxidative DNA damage, and the effects on different cell functions. The analysis of the results shows that Cr(VI) triggered severe adverse reactions; the first events were an increase of intracellular ROS levels, generating in the cells oxidative stress conditions leading to membrane lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage. Lysosomes showed relevant changes such as a strong membrane destabilization, which was accompanied by an increased catabolism of cytoplasmic proteins and accumulation of lipofuscin. With an increase in the dose and/or time of exposure, the physiological status of intracellular organelles (such as lysosomes, nucleus and mitochondria) showed further impairment and amoebocyte immune functions were adversely affected, as shown by the decrease of the phagocytic activity. By mapping the responses of the different parameters evaluated, diagnostic of (oxidative) stress events, against lysosomal membrane stability, a "health status" indicator (able to describe the stress syndrome from its early phase to pathology), we have shown that this biomarker is suitable as a prognostic test for health of earthworms. This is viewed as a crucial step toward the derivation of explanatory frameworks for prediction of pollutant impact on animal health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", V.le T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sforzini
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", V.le T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; European Centre for Environment & Human Health (ECEHH), University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, UK; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
authors.forename: Zhuofan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mou
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", V.le T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boeri
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, ISA, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banni
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", V.le T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy. Electronic address: viarengo@unipmn.it.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viarengo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008062:Lipofuscin / Q000378:metabolism; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008062:Lipofuscin; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion
keywords: Chromium(VI); Earthworms; Immunocytes; Oxidative stress; Reactive oxygen species