title: High risk of temporomandibular disorder in irritable bowel syndrome: Is there a correlation with greater illness severity?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence and the risk of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (including each subtype: constipation, diarrhoea, and mixed) compared to the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2014 and December 2015 we enrolled consecutively adult patients diagnosed with IBS at the outpatient clinic of the University of Salerno and healthy controls (HC) without IBS. At enrollment, we analyzed all patients for the presence of TMDs according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 91 IBS patients (23 IBS-D, 30 IBS-C and 38 IBS-M) and 57 HC in the study. We found a higher risk of having TMD (OR = 3.41, 95%CI: 1.66-7.01) compared to the HC. The risk of having TMD was independent of IBS-subtype. Multiple regression analysis showed that facial pain was positively related to abdominal pain and higher level of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IBS patients had a more than three times greater risk of TMD compared to HC. The risk of having TMD was similar in different IBS subtypes. IBS patients that also fulfilled criteria for TMD seem to share along with chronic facial and abdominal pain a significant co-occurrence with psychiatric disorders and female preponderance.
authors.affiliation: Serena Gallotta, Carolina Ciacci, Paola Iovino, Functional GI Disorders Center at Gastrointestinal Unit, AOU S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallotta
authors.affiliation: Serena Gallotta, Carolina Ciacci, Paola Iovino, Functional GI Disorders Center at Gastrointestinal Unit, AOU S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.affiliation: Serena Gallotta, Carolina Ciacci, Paola Iovino, Functional GI Disorders Center at Gastrointestinal Unit, AOU S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Santo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Catapano
authors.affiliation: Serena Gallotta, Carolina Ciacci, Paola Iovino, Functional GI Disorders Center at Gastrointestinal Unit, AOU S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mobilio
authors.affiliation: Serena Gallotta, Carolina Ciacci, Paola Iovino, Functional GI Disorders Center at Gastrointestinal Unit, AOU S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ciacci
authors.affiliation: Serena Gallotta, Carolina Ciacci, Paola Iovino, Functional GI Disorders Center at Gastrointestinal Unit, AOU S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iovino
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Abdominal pain; Chronic pain; Facial pain; Irritable bowel syndrome; Irritable bowel syndrome mixed; Irritable bowel syndrome predominant constipation; Irritable bowel syndrome predominant diarrhea; Irritable bowel syndrome severity score symptoms; Temporomandibular disorders