title: Characterization of Gut Microbiome Dynamics in Developing Pekin Ducks and Impact of Management System.
abstract: Little to no research has been conducted on the gut microbiome of the Pekin duck, yet over 24.5 million ducks are raised for human consumption each year in the United States alone. Knowledge of the microbiome could lead to an understanding of the effects of growing conditions such as the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and enzymes in feeding practices, the use of antibiotics, and the sources of pathogenic bacteria in diseased ducks. In order to characterize changes in the caecal microbiome that occur as ducks develop through a typical industry grow-out period, a 16S rRNA community analysis of caecal contents collected over a 6-week period was conducted using a next generation sequencing approach. Transitions in the composition of the caecal microbiome occurred throughout the lifespan, with a large shift during days 4 through 10 posthatch. Two major phyla of bacteria were found to be present within the caeca of aviary raised ducks, with the relative abundance of each phylum varying by age of the duck. Proteobacteria is dominant for the first 3 days of age, and Firmicutes increases and dominates beginning at day 4. Barn raised ducks contained a significant population of Bacteroidetes in addition to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes at later developmental time points, though this phylum was absent in aviary raised ducks. Genera containing pathogens of anseriformes most often found in industry settings were either absent or found as normal parts of the caecal microbial populations. The high level differences in phylum abundance highlight the importance of well-designed sampling strategies for microbiome based studies. Results showed clear distinctions between Pekin Duck caecal contents and those of Broiler Chickens and Turkey in a qualitative comparison. These data provide a reference point for studies of the Pekin Duck through industry grow-out ages, provide a foundation for understanding the types of bacteria that promote health, and may lead to improved methods to increase yields and decrease instances of disease in agricultural production processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hope College Holland, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Best
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hope College Holland, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hope CollegeHolland, MI, USA; South Crossing Veterinary CenterCaledonia, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fraley
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hope College Holland, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fraley
keywords: 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing; aviary environment; bacteroidetes; barn environment; duck microbiota; industry grow-out development; pekin duck; riemerella