title: Transcriptome analysis of genes involved in anthocyanins biosynthesis and transport in berries of black and white spine grapes (Vitis davidii).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The color of berry skin is an important economic trait for grape and is essentially determined by the components and content of anthocyanins. The fruit color of Chinese wild grapes is generally black, and the profile of anthocyanins in Chinese wild grapes is significantly different from that ofVitis vinifera. However,V. davidiiis the only species that possesses white berry varieties among Chinese wild grape species. Thus, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to compare the difference of transcriptional level in black and whiteV. davidii, in order to find some key genes that are related to anthocyanins accumulation inV. davidii.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of anthocyanins detection revealed that 3,5-O-diglucoside anthocyanins is the predominant anthocyanins inV. davidii. It showed obvious differences fromV. viniferain the profile of the composition of anthocyanins. The transcriptome sequencing by Illumina mRNA-Seq technology generated an average of 57 million 100-base pair clean reads from each sample. Differential gene expression analysis revealed thousands of differential expression genes (DEGs) in the pairwise comparison of different fruit developmental stages between and within black and whiteV. davidii. After the analysis of functional category enrichment and differential expression patterns of DEGs, 46 genes were selected as the candidate genes. Some genes have been reported as being related to anthocyanins accumulation, and some genes were newly found in our study as probably being related to anthocyanins accumulation. We inferred that3AT(VIT_03s0017g00870) played an important role in anthocyanin acylation,GST4(VIT_04s0079g00690) andAM2(VIT_16s0050g00910) played important roles in anthocyanins transport inV. davidii. The expression of some selected DEGs was further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study investigated the transcriptomic profiles of berry skin from black and white spine grapes at three fruit developmental stages by Illumina mRNA-Seq technology. It revealed the variety specificity of anthocyanins accumulation inV. davidiat the transcriptional level. The data reported here will provide a valuable resource for understanding anthocyanins accumulation in grapes, especially inV. davidii.
authors.affiliation: Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China.
authors.forename: Xiucai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China.
authors.forename: Jianfu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China.
authors.forename: Haisheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China.
authors.forename: Chonghuai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D003116:Color; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017343:Genes, Plant; D059467:Transcriptome; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins
keywords: Anthocyanins; Berry skin; Candidate genes; Transcriptome analysis; Vitis davidii