title: Effects of practice and delays on learning and retention of skilled tool use in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Previous research has shown that individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) show preserved learning of tool-related motor skills, while retention was impaired after a three-week delay, possibly as a result of striatal dysfunction. The goal of the current study was to identify if shorter delays and more extensive practice might reduce retention deficits related to complex tool use in PD. PD participants and healthy age and education-matched controls were trained to use novel tools across four sessions, spaced one-day, one-week, and three-weeks apart. Recall of tool attributes (e.g., function) and skilled motor performance using tools was investigated by examining patterns of learning and forgetting over time. Results showed that tool attribute recall was unimpaired in PD participants relative to controls. For motor skill performance, PD participants were unimpaired in motor skill learning within sessions, but they did not retain these skills across one-week and three-week delays between sessions. This dissociation suggests that the striatum plays a critical role in retention of motor skills needed in skilled tool use performance. Finally, in spite of forgetting, individuals with PD still demonstrated improvement across sessions with additional training, suggesting that people with PD may benefit from extensive practice when learning motor skills.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: hfernan2@yorku.ca.
authors.forename: Holly A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sun Life Financial Movement Disorders Research and Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: npark@yorku.ca.
authors.forename: Norman W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Sun Life Financial Movement Disorders Research and Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Quincy J
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Declarative memory; Motor skills; Parkinson's disease; Procedural memory; Striatum; Tool use