title: E2F6 Impairs Glycolysis and Activates BDH1 Expression Prior to Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The E2F pathway plays a critical role in cardiac growth and development, yet its role in cardiac metabolism remains to be defined. Metabolic changes play important roles in human heart failure and studies imply the ketogenic enzyme β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase I (BDH1) is a potential biomarker.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define the role of the E2F pathway in cardiac metabolism and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with a focus on BDH1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We previously developed transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the transcriptional repressor, E2F6, to interfere with the E2F/Rb pathway in post-natal myocardium. These Tg mice present with an E2F6 dose dependent DCM and deregulated connexin-43 (CX-43) levels in myocardium. Using the Seahorse platform, a 22% decrease in glycolysis was noted in neonatal cardiomyocytes isolated from E2F6-Tg hearts. This was associated with a 39% reduction in the glucose transporter GLUT4 and 50% less activation of the regulator of glucose metabolism AKT2. The specific reduction of cyclin B1 (70%) in Tg myocardium implicates its importance in supporting glycolysis in the postnatal heart. No changes in cyclin D expression (known to regulate mitochondrial activity) were noted and lipid metabolism remained unchanged in neonatal cardiomyocytes from Tg hearts. However, E2F6 induced a 40-fold increase of the Bdh1 transcript and 890% increase in its protein levels in hearts from Tg pups implying a potential impact on ketolysis. By contrast, BDH1 expression is not activated until adulthood in normal myocardium. Neonatal cardiomyocytes from Wt hearts incubated with the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) showed a 100% increase in CX-43 protein levels, implying a role for ketone signaling in gap junction biology. Neonatal cardiomyocyte cultures from Tg hearts exhibited enhanced levels of BDH1 and CX-43 and were not responsive to β-OHB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data reveal a novel role for the E2F pathway in regulating glycolysis in the developing myocardium through a mechanism involving cyclin B1. We reveal BDH1 expression as an early biomarker of heart failure and its potential impact, through ketone signaling, on CX-43 levels in E2F6-induced DCM.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Dept. CMM, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Major
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Dept. CMM, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Aaraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dewan
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Dept. CMM, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Maysoon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salih
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Dept. CMM, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Leddy
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, Dept. CMM, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Balwant S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Tuana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050701:E2F6 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006884:Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D050701:E2F6 Transcription Factor; C491744:E2F6 protein, human; D006884:Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase