title: Gemcitabine Based Peptide Conjugate with Improved Metabolic Properties and Dual Mode of Efficacy.
abstract: Gemcitabine is a clinically established anticancer agent potent in various solid tumors but limited by its rapid metabolic inactivation and off-target toxicity. We have previously generated a metabolically superior to gemcitabine molecule (GSG) by conjugating gemcitabine to a gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) ligand peptide and showed that GSG was efficacious in a castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) animal model. The current article provides an in-depth metabolic and mechanistic study of GSG, coupled with toxicity assays that strengthen the potential role of GSG in the clinic. LC-MS/MS based approaches were employed to delineate the metabolism of GSG, its mechanistic cellular uptake, and release of gemcitabine and to quantitate the intracellular levels of gemcitabine and its metabolites (active dFdCTP and inactive dFdU) resulting from GSG. The GnRH-R agonistic potential of GSG was investigated by quantifying the testosterone levels in animals dosed daily with GSG, while an in vitro colony forming assay together with in vivo whole blood measurements were performed to elucidate the hematotoxicity profile of GSG. Stability showed that the major metabolite of GSG is a more stable nonapeptide that could prolong gemcitabine's bioavailability. GSG acted as a prodrug and offered a metabolic advantage compared to gemcitabine by generating higher and steadier levels of dFdCTP/dFdU ratio, while intracellular release of gemcitabine from GSG in DU145 CRPC cells depended on nucleoside transporters. Daily administrations in mice showed that GSG is a potent GnRH-R agonist that can also cause testosterone ablation without any observed hematotoxicity. In summary, GSG could offer a powerful and unique pharmacological approach to prostate cancer treatment: a single nontoxic molecule that can be used to reach the tumor site selectively with superior to gemcitabine metabolism, biodistribution, and safety while also agonistically ablating testosterone levels.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens , 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Theodoros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karampelas
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens , 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skavatsou
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens , 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Orestis
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Argyros
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina , 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Demosthenes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fokas
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens , 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Constantin
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9627-4812
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tamvakopoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000494:pharmacology; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D011355:Prodrugs; D011966:Receptors, LHRH; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine
keywords: GnRH; gemcitabine; prostate cancer; targeted therapies