title: Comparison of postoperative biomechanical function between anatomic double-bundle and single-bundle ACL reconstructions using calcium phosphate-hybridized tendon grafts in goats.
abstract: Calcium phosphate (CaP)-hybridized tendon grafts improved biomechanical function compared with untreated grafts after single-bundle (SB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical function between anatomic double-bundle (DB) and single-bundle (SB) ACL reconstructions using CaP-hybridized tendon grafts at 6 months postoperatively in goats.
  
  
  
  We hypothesized that the postoperative biomechanical function in the DB group will be better than that in the SB group.
  
  
  
  Knee kinematics and in situ forces in the grafts under applied anterior tibial load (ATL) of 50N and internal tibial torque (ITT) of 2.0 Nm at full extension, and 60° and 90° of knee flexion, and the histology of the tendon-bone interface were compared between the DB group (n=6) and SB group (n=6).
  
  
  
  The in situ forces under ATL in the DB group at full extension and 90°of knee flexion were greater than those in the SB group. The in situ forces under ITT in the DB group at full extension and 60°of knee flexion were greater than those in the SB group. The in situ forces on the posterolateral bundle of the grafts under ATL and ITT in the DB group at full knee extension were greater than those on the posterior half of the grafts in the SB group. The histology did not differ significantly between the groups.
  
  
  
  Although CaP-hybridized tendon grafts were used in both groups, the in situ forces under ATL and ITT in the DB group were greater than those in the SB group at 6 months postoperatively. The posterolateral bundle of the grafts in the DB group acted effectively against both ATL and ITT at full extension. The tendon-to-bone healing was similar in both groups.
  
  
  
  Controlled laboratory study. Level 2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2 Ami Ami-Machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan. Electronic address: mutsuzaki@ipu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mutsuzaki
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 6-6 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujie
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuuou, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 6-6 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuuou, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tsukuba Gakuen Hospital, 2573-1 Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakane
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D000070632:Hamstring Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C020243:calcium phosphate
keywords: Anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction; Biomechanical function; Calcium phosphate hybridization; Tendon-to-bone healing