title: An Overview of Structural Features of Antibacterial Glycoconjugate Vaccines That Influence Their Immunogenicity.
abstract: Bacterial cell-surface-derived or mimicked carbohydrate moieties that act as protective antigens are used in the development of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines. The carbohydrate antigen must have a minimum length or size to maintain the conformational structure of the antigenic epitope(s). The presence or absence of O-acetate, phosphate, glycerol phosphate and pyruvate ketal plays a vital role in defining the immunogenicity of the carbohydrate antigen. The nature of the carrier protein, spacer and conjugation pattern used to develop the glycoconjugate vaccine also defines its overall spatial orientation which in turn affects its avidity and selectivity of interaction with the desired target(s). In addition, the ratio of carbohydrate to protein in glycoconjugate vaccines also makes an important contribution in determining the optimum immunological response. This Review article presents the importance of these variables in the development of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines and their effects on immune efficacy.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Farjana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khatun
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Rachel J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.|School of Pharmacy, Woolloongabba, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.|Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Istvan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Toth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D006001:Glycoconjugates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D006001:Glycoconjugates; D014118:Toxins, Biological; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic
keywords: carbohydrates; conjugation; glycoconjugates; proteins; spacer