title: Randomized Controlled Ethanol Cookstove Intervention and Blood Pressure in Pregnant Nigerian Women.
abstract: Hypertension during pregnancy is a leading cause of maternal mortality. Exposure to household air pollution elevates blood pressure (BP).
  
  
  
  To investigate the ability of a clean cookstove intervention to lower BP during pregnancy.
  
  
  
  We conducted a randomized controlled trial in Nigeria. Pregnant women cooking with kerosene or firewood were randomly assigned to an ethanol arm (n = 162) or a control arm (n = 162). BP measurements were taken during six antenatal visits. In the primary analysis, we compared ethanol users with control subjects. In subgroup analyses, we compared baseline kerosene users assigned to the intervention with kerosene control subjects and compared baseline firewood users assigned to ethanol with firewood control subjects.
  
  
  
  The change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) over time was significantly different between ethanol users and control subjects (P = 0.040); systolic blood pressure (SBP) did not differ (P = 0.86). In subgroup analyses, there was no significant intervention effect for SBP; a significant difference for DBP (P = 0.031) existed among preintervention kerosene users. At the last visit, mean DBP was 2.8 mm Hg higher in control subjects than in ethanol users (3.6 mm Hg greater in control subjects than in ethanol users among preintervention kerosene users), and 6.4% of control subjects were hypertensive (SBP ≥140 and/or DBP ≥90 mm Hg) versus 1.9% of ethanol users (P = 0.051). Among preintervention kerosene users, 8.8% of control subjects were hypertensive compared with 1.8% of ethanol users (P = 0.029).
  
  
  
  To our knowledge, this is the first cookstove randomized controlled trial examining prenatal BP. Ethanol cookstoves have potential to reduce DBP and hypertension during pregnancy. Accordingly, clean cooking fuels may reduce adverse health impacts associated with household air pollution. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02394574).
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Global Health.
authors.forename: Donee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Northcross
authors.affiliation: 3 Pritzker School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Global Health.|4 Department of Medicine, and.
authors.forename: Anindita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.affiliation: 5 Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Rishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pandya
authors.affiliation: 6 Healthy Life for All Foundation, Ibadan, Nigeria; and.
authors.forename: Tope
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ibigbami
authors.affiliation: 6 Healthy Life for All Foundation, Ibadan, Nigeria; and.
authors.forename: Damilola
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adu
authors.affiliation: 6 Healthy Life for All Foundation, Ibadan, Nigeria; and.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olamijulo
authors.affiliation: 7 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oludare
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Morhason-Bello
authors.affiliation: 8 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karrison
authors.affiliation: 7 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oladosu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ojengbede
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Global Health.|4 Department of Medicine, and.
authors.forename: Christopher O
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4243-1488
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Olopade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003296:Cooking / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007648:Kerosene / Q000009:adverse effects; D009549:Nigeria; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014934:Wood / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D007648:Kerosene; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: blood pressure; ethanol cookstove intervention; household air pollution; hypertension; pregnancy