title: The sex-specific internal and external demands imposed on players during Ultimate Frisbee game-play.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the growing popularity of Ultimate Frisbee (UF) across sexes, the game demands imposed on players have been predominately examined in males. This study aimed to compare the internal and external demands of UF game-play in males and females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male (N.=10) and female (N.=10) recreational UF players competed in separate sex-specific, indoor UF games. Internal responses (blood lactate concentration [BLa-], rating of perceived exertion [RPE], and heart rate [HR]) and external responses (direction-specific and total relative PlayerLoad™ [PL], and estimated equivalent distance [EED]) were measured. Data were analyzed using mixed ANOVAs with Cohen's effect sizes (d).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During male game-play, significantly (P<0.01) higher BLa- (d=1.30, large), HR (d=0.40, small), PL (d=0.80-1.24, moderate-large), and EED (d=0.93, moderate) were apparent during the first half compared to the second half in males. During female game-play, a significantly (P<0.001) larger RPE (d=0.93, moderate) was evident during the second compared to the first half. In addition, females exhibited significantly (P<0.05) lower BLa- (d=1.43, large) in the first half and higher medio-lateral PL (d=1.10, moderate) in the second half compared to males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While similar global responses were observed between sexes across UF game-play, males experienced greater declines in physiological intensity and multi-directional activity than females. These data indicate overlap in game demands and training recommendations across sexes, with activity maintenance a focus, particularly in males.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Madueno
authors.affiliation: School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia.
authors.forename: Crystal O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Kean
authors.affiliation: School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia - a.scanlan@cqu.edu.au.|Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia.
authors.forename: Aaron T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Scanlan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid