title: Neuromorphic meets neuromechanics, part I: the methodology and implementation.
abstract: One goal of neuromorphic engineering is to create 'realistic' robotic systems that interact with the physical world by adopting neuromechanical principles from biology. Critical to this is the methodology to implement the spinal circuitry responsible for the behavior of afferented muscles. At its core, muscle afferentation is the closed-loop behavior arising from the interactions among populations of muscle spindle afferents, alpha and gamma motoneurons, and muscle fibers to enable useful behaviors.
  
  
  
  We used programmable very- large-scale-circuit (VLSI) hardware to implement simple models of spiking neurons, skeletal muscles, muscle spindle proprioceptors, alpha-motoneuron recruitment, gamma motoneuron control of spindle sensitivity, and the monosynaptic circuitry connecting them. This multi-scale system of populations of spiking neurons emulated the physiological properties of a pair of antagonistic afferented mammalian muscles (each simulated by 1024 alpha- and gamma-motoneurones) acting on a joint via long tendons.
  
  
  
  This integrated system was able to maintain a joint angle, and reproduced stretch reflex responses even when driving the nonlinear biomechanics of an actual cadaveric finger. Moreover, this system allowed us to explore numerous values and combinations of gamma-static and gamma-dynamic gains when driving a robotic finger, some of which replicated some human pathological conditions. Lastly, we explored the behavioral consequences of adopting three alternative models of isometric muscle force production. We found that the dynamic responses to rate-coded spike trains produce force ramps that can be very sensitive to tendon elasticity, especially at high force output.
  
  
  
  Our methodology produced, to our knowledge, the first example of an autonomous, multi-scale, neuromorphic, neuromechanical system capable of creating realistic reflex behavior in cadaveric fingers. This research platform allows us to explore the mechanisms behind healthy and pathological sensorimotor function in the physical world by building them from first principles, and it is a precursor to neuromorphic robotic systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chuanxin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Kian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jalaleddini
authors.forename: Won Joon
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rocamora
authors.forename: Terence D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Sanger
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Valero-Cuevas
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009470:Muscle Spindles / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*