title: Cancer immunotherapy - immune checkpoint blockade and associated endocrinopathies.
abstract: Advances in cancer therapy in the past few years include the development of medications that modulate immune checkpoint proteins. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) are two co-inhibitory receptors that are expressed on activated T cells against which therapeutic blocking antibodies have reached routine clinical use. Immune checkpoint blockade can induce inflammatory adverse effects, termed immune-related adverse events (IRAEs), which resemble autoimmune disease. In this Review, we describe the current data regarding immune-related endocrinopathies, including hypophysitis, thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. We discuss the clinical management of these endocrinopathies within the context of our current understanding of the mechanisms of IRAEs.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA.|Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA.|Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jedd D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wolchok
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA.
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA.|Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Girotra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D000074324:Ipilimumab; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor