title: Preoperative lipiodol marking and its role on survival and complication rates of CT-guided cryoablation for small renal masses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Partial nephrectomy for small renal masses (SRM) may be useful for preserving renal function, but is technically more difficult than radical nephrectomy. Cryoablation may be performed under local anesthesia. The objective of the present study is to assess the safety and therapeutic efficacy of cryoablation with lipiodol marking for SRM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cryoablation therapy was performed on 42 patients under local anesthesia. Their median age was 74 years (31-91). The median tumor diameter was 21 mm (10-42). Responses to the treatment were evaluated using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) by contrast-enhanced CT. In six patients (14.3%) for whom it was not possible to use contrast medium, plain CT findings were assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine (69%) and five (12%) patients achieved complete responses (CR) and partial responses (PR), respectively, while four (10%) and four (10%) patients each had stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) after the first course of therapy. A second course of cryoablation therapy with lipiodol marking was performed on three out of four patients with PD after the first course of therapy, and resulted in a total of 32 patients achieving CR (76%). Four (36.4%) out of 11 patients for whom lipiodol marking was not conducted had PD, whereas none of the 31 patients for whom lipiodol marking was conducted had PD. All grade complications were reported in 11 (24.4%) patients while grade 3 in two (4.4%) patients. 11 (24.4%) A significant difference was observed in postoperative hemorrhagic events in all grades (18% in patients undergoing cryoablation without lipiodol marking vs. 0% in patients undergoing cryoablation without lipiodol marking).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although further studies involving more patients are needed in order to evaluate long-term results, cryoablation therapy appears to be a useful treatment option for SRM. Preoperative marking with lipiodol was helpful for improving complication and survival rates with cryoablation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan. fhongo@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Fumiya
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hongo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Terukazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakmura
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naya
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamoi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ichijo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuneharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ukimura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003287:Contrast Media; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D004998:Ethiodized Oil; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004998:Ethiodized Oil
keywords: Ablation; Cryoablation; Lipiodol marking; Renal cell cancer; Small renal mass