title: Effect of in Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion on Encapsulated and Nonencapsulated Phenolic Compounds of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Pulp Extracts and Their Antioxidant Capacity.
abstract: To determine the effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the release and antioxidant capacity of encapsulated and nonencapsulated phenolics carob pulp extracts, unripe and ripe carob pulp extracts were microencapsulated with polycaprolactone via double emulsion/solvent evaporation technique. Microcapsules' characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analysis. Total phenolics and flavonoids content and antioxidant activities (ORAC, DPPH, and FRAP) were evaluated after each digestion step. The release of phenolic acids and flavonoids was measured along the digestion process by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The most important phenolics and flavonoids content as well as antioxidant activities were observed after gastric and intestinal phases for nonencapsulated and encapsulated extracts, respectively. The microencapsulation of carob polyphenols showed a protective effect against pH changes and enzymatic activities along digestion, thereby promoting a controlled release and targeted delivery of the encapsulated compound, which contributed to an increase in its bioaccessibility in the gut.
authors.forename: Siham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ydjedd
authors.forename: Sihem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouriche
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Murcia 30071, Spain.
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Nicolás
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Murcia 30071, Spain.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Moya
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Murcia 30071, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6383-5713
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frontela-Saseta
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Murcia 30071, Spain.
authors.forename: Gaspar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ros-Berruezo
authors.forename: Farouk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rezgui
authors.forename: Hayette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Louaileche
authors.forename: Djamel-Edine
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kati
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D004063:Digestion; D004339:Drug Compounding; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols
keywords: antioxidant activity; carob pulp; in vitro gastrointestinal digestion; microencapsulation; phenolic compounds