title: Incidence of skin and respiratory diseases among Danish hairdressing apprentices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hairdressing is one of the professions with the highest risk of occupational skin and respiratory diseases. The incidence of these diseases in hairdressing apprentices has been studied only sparsely.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of skin and respiratory diseases in hairdressing apprentices, and to explore whether hairdressing apprentices leave the trade during training because of these diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3-year follow-up questionnaire study was conducted among 248 hairdressing apprentices and a control group comprising 816 young adults from the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for contact urticaria (IRR 4.7, 95%CI: 2.6-8.6), hand eczema (IRR 1.7, 95%CI: 1.1-2.6) and rhinitis symptoms (IRR 1.6, 95%CI: 1.2-2.2) were significantly increased in the hairdressing apprentices, whereas wheezing was similar between groups. During the follow-up period, 21.8% of the hairdressing apprentices had left the trade, and 70.3% of these had left because of health complaints. The most frequently reported reasons for leaving were musculoskeletal pain (47.4%) and skin diseases (47.4%), followed by respiratory symptoms (23.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hairdressing apprentices are at increased risk for contact urticaria, hand eczema and rhinitis symptoms compared with the general population, and a substantial proportion leave the trade because of these diseases, causing a 'healthy worker survivor effect.'
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark.|Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Research Centre for Hairdressers and Beauticians, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Majken H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-4729
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Foss-Skiftesvik
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Winther
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Claus R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zachariae
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jeanne D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Johansen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001505:Beauty Culture / Q000193:education*; D003718:Denmark; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006203:Hair Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006203:Hair Preparations
keywords: contact urticaria; epidemiology; hairdressing apprentices; hand eczema; incidence; occupational; rhinitis symptoms; wheezing