title: Shoulder pain in the Swiss spinal cord injury community: prevalence and associated factors.
abstract: To determine the prevalence of shoulder pain and to identify factors associated with shoulder pain in a nationwide survey of individuals living with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Switzerland.
  
  
  
  Data was collected through the 2012 community survey of the Swiss SCI Cohort Study (SwiSCI) (N = 1549; age 52.3 ± 14.8; 29% female). Sociodemographic and socioeconomic circumstances, SCI characteristics, health conditions as well as mobility independence and sporting activities were evaluated as predictor variables. Analyses were adjusted for item non-response (using multiple imputation) and unit-nonresponse (using inverse probability weighting).
  
  
  
  The adjusted prevalence of shoulder pain was 35.8% (95% CI: 33.4-38.3). Multivariable regression analysis revealed higher odds of shoulder pain in females as compared to males (odds ratio: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.44-2.47), and when spasticity (1.36; 1.00-1.85) and contractures (2.47; 1.91-3.19) were apparent. Individuals with complete paraplegia (1.62; 1.13-2.32) or any tetraplegia (complete: 1.63; 1.01-2.62; incomplete: 1.82; 1.30-2.56) showed higher odds of shoulder pain compared to those with incomplete paraplegia.
  
  
  
  This survey revealed a high prevalence of shoulder pain. Sex, SCI severity, and specific health conditions were associated with having shoulder pain. Implications for rehabilitation Individuals with spinal cord injury have a high prevalence of shoulder pain. Females, individuals with complete paraplegia or any tetraplegia and individuals with contractures and spasticity should receive considerable attention in rehabilitation programmes due to their increased odds of having shoulder pain.
authors.affiliation: a Swiss Paraplegic Research , Nottwil , Switzerland.|b Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy , University of Lucerne , Lucerne , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fransiska M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Bossuyt
authors.affiliation: a Swiss Paraplegic Research , Nottwil , Switzerland.|b Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy , University of Lucerne , Lucerne , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ursina
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Arnet
authors.affiliation: a Swiss Paraplegic Research , Nottwil , Switzerland.|b Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy , University of Lucerne , Lucerne , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin W G
authors.initials: MWG
authors.lastname: Brinkhof
authors.affiliation: c Swiss Paraplegic Centre , Nottwil , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eriks-Hoogland
authors.affiliation: a Swiss Paraplegic Research , Nottwil , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.affiliation: a Swiss Paraplegic Research , Nottwil , Switzerland.|b Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy , University of Lucerne , Lucerne , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: a Swiss Paraplegic Research , Nottwil , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sunnåker
authors.affiliation: d Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hinrichs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003286:Contracture / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000453:epidemiology; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
keywords: Spinal cord injuries; disabled persons; health surveys; mobility limitations; musculoskeletal pain