title: Validity and Reliability of the Positive Aspects of Caregiving (PAC) Scale and Development of Its Shorter Version (S-PAC) Among Family Caregivers of Older Adults.
abstract: To (a) assess the validity and reliability of the 9-item Positive Aspects of Caregiving (PAC) scale among a national sample of caregivers for older adults with functional limitations, (b) develop a shorter version (short-PAC [S-PAC] scale) and assess its psychometric properties, and (c) investigate both scales' measurement equivalence/invariance (ME/I) across language of administration (Chinese/English/Malay).
  
  
  
  Scale/item measurement property assessment, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), testing the "original" 2-factor model (6 items: first factor; 3 items: second factor), and exploratory FA (EFA) of the 9-item PAC scale was done. Consequently, alternate CFA models were tested. The S-PAC was developed and subjected to CFA. For both scales, convergent (correlation with caregiver esteem) and divergent (correlation with caregiver depressive symptoms) validity, and language ME/I was assessed.
  
  
  
  For the 9-item PAC scale, the "original" 2-factor CFA model had a poor fit; its EFA and scale/item measurement properties supported a single factor. Among alternate CFA models, a bi-factor model (all nine items: first factor [overall PAC]; six items: second factor [self-affirmation]; three items: third factor [outlook-on-life]) had the best fit. The bi-factor CFA model also had a good fit for the S-PAC scale, developed after eliminating 2 items from the 9-item PAC scale. Both scales demonstrated convergent and divergent validity, and partial ME/I across language of administration.
  
  
  
  Both the 9-item PAC and 7-item S-PAC scales can be used to assess positive feelings resulting from care provision among family caregivers of older adults with functional limitations.
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jeffrey Yong Ming
authors.initials: JYM
authors.lastname: Siow
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ageing Research and Education, and Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Angelique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ageing Research and Education, and Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Truls
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Østbye
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ageing Research and Education, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Grand H-L
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ageing Research and Education, and Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malhotra
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Asia; Confirmatory factor analysis; Exploratory factor analysis; Measurement equivalence