title: Universal and uniquely human factors in spontaneous number perception.
abstract: A capacity for nonverbal numerical estimation is widespread among humans and animals. However, it is currently unclear whether numerical percepts are spontaneously extracted from the environment and whether nonverbal perception is influenced by human exposure to formal mathematics. We tested US adults and children, non-human primates, and numerate and innumerate Tsimane' adults on a quantity task in which they could choose to categorize sets of dots on the basis of number alone, surface area alone or a combination of the two. Despite differences in age, species and education, subjects are universally biased to base their judgments on number as opposed to the alternatives. Numerical biases are uniquely enhanced in humans compared to non-human primates, and correlated with degree of mathematics experience in both the US and Tsimane' groups. We conclude that humans universally and spontaneously extract numerical information, and that human nonverbal numerical perception is enhanced by symbolic numeracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 358 Meliora Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8021-1662
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrigno
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 77 Massachusetts Ave., MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6167-1647
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jara-Ettinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 358 Meliora Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Piantadosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 358 Meliora Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cantlon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001838:Bolivia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult