title: Sepsis-related acute respiratory distress syndrome in children with cancer: the respiratory dynamics of a devastating condition.
abstract: To evaluate the clinical course and respiratory parameters of mechanically ventilated children with cancer suffering from sepsis-related acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  This 2-year prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study enrolled 29 children and adolescents. Clinical data, measurements of blood gases and ventilation parameters were collected at four different time points. Fluctuations between measurements as well as differences in estimated means were analyzed by linear mixed models in which death within 28 days from the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome was the primary endpoint.
  There were 17 deaths within 28 days of acute respiratory distress syndrome onset and another 7 between 29 - 60 days. Only 5 patients survived for more than 60 days. Nine (31%) patients died as a direct consequence of refractory hypoxemia, and the others died of multiple organ failure and catecholamine-refractory shock. In 66% of the measurements, the tidal volume required to obtain oxygen saturation equal to or above 90% was greater than 7mL/kg. The estimated means of dynamic compliance were low and were similar for survivors and non-survivors but with a negative slope between the first and final measurements, accompanied by a negative slope of the tidal volume for non-survivors. Non-survivors were significantly more hypoxemic, with PaO2/FiO2 ratios showing lower estimated means and a negative slope along the four measurements. Peak, expiratory and mean airway pressures showed positive slopes in the non-survivors, who also had more metabolic acidosis.
  In most of our children with cancer, sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome progressed with deteriorating ventilation indexes and escalating organic dysfunction, making this triad nearly fatal in children.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer, Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brasil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Genaro
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Arduini
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer, Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brasil.
authors.forename: Orlei Ribeiro de
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer, Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brasil.
authors.forename: Dafne Cardoso Bourguignon da
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pesquisa Clínica, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer, Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brasil.
authors.forename: Andreza Almeida
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Senerchia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Oncologia Pediátrica, Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer, Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brasil.
authors.forename: Antonio Sergio
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Petrilli
mesh_terms: D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013990:Tidal Volume; D013997:Time Factors