title: Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in Epilepsy: The Role of Neuroinflammation in Seizure Development.
abstract: Matrix metalloproteinase 9 is a proteolytic enzyme which is recently one of the more often studied biomarkers. Its possible use as a biomarker of neuronal damage in stroke, heart diseases, tumors, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy is being widely indicated. In epilepsy, MMP-9 is suggested to play a role in epileptic focus formation and in the stimulation of seizures. The increase of MMP-9 activity in the epileptic focus was observed both in animal models and in clinical studies. MMP-9 contributes to formation of epileptic focus, for example, by remodeling of synapses. Its proteolytic action on the elements of blood-brain barrier and activation of chemotactic processes facilitates accumulation of inflammatory cells and induces seizures. Also modification of glutamatergic transmission by MMP-9 is associated with seizures. In this review we will try to recapitulate the results of previous studies about MMP-9 in terms of its association with epilepsy. We will discuss the mechanisms of its actions and present the results revealed in animal models and clinical studies. We will also provide a comparison of the results of various studies on MMP-9 levels in the context of its possible use as a biomarker of the activity of epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4071-0838
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bronisz
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6553-9080
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kurkowska-Jastrzębska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D016923:Cell Death; D002470:Cell Survival; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005973:Glutamine; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C501830:Mmp9 protein, mouse