title: Backbone Degradable N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Copolymer Conjugates with Gemcitabine and Paclitaxel: Impact of Molecular Weight on Activity toward Human Ovarian Carcinoma Xenografts.
abstract: Degradable diblock and multiblock (tetrablock and hexablock) N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-gemcitabine (GEM) and -paclitaxel (PTX) conjugates were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transter (RAFT) copolymerization followed by click reaction for preclinical investigation. The aim was to validate the hypothesis that long-circulating conjugates are needed to generate a sustained concentration gradient between vasculature and a solid tumor and result in significant anticancer effect. To evaluate the impact of molecular weight of the conjugates on treatment efficacy, diblock, tetrablock, and hexablock GEM and PTX conjugates were administered intravenously to nude mice bearing A2780 human ovarian xenografts. For GEM conjugates, triple doses with dosage 5 mg/kg were given on days 0, 7, and 14 (q7dx3), whereas a single dose regime with 20 mg/kg was applied on day 0 for PTX conjugates treatment. The most effective conjugates for each monotherapy were the diblock ones, 2P-GEM and 2P-PTX (Mw ≈ 100 kDa). Increasing the Mw to 200 or 300 kDa resulted in decrease of activity most probably due to changes in the conformation of the macromolecule because of interaction of hydrophobic residues at side chain termini and formation of "unimer micelles". In addition to monotherapy, a sequential combination treatment of diblock PTX conjugate followed by GEM conjugate (2P-PTX/2P-GEM) was also performed, which showed the best tumor growth inhibition due to synergistic effect: complete remission was achieved after the first treatment cycle. However, because of low dose applied, tumor recurrence was observed 2 weeks after cease of treatment. To assess optimal route of administration, intraperitoneal (i.p.) application of 2P-GEM, 2P-PTX, and their combination was examined. The fact that the highest anticancer efficiency was achieved with diblock conjugates that can be synthesized in one scalable step bodes well for the translation into clinics.
authors.affiliation: TheraTarget, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.
authors.forename: Jiyuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: TheraTarget, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.
authors.forename: Huaizhong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Yuling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yixin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Libin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jindřich
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4451-6944
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kopeček
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D011108:Polymers; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D017239:Paclitaxel; C032976:N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide; D000093542:Gemcitabine
keywords: N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA); RAFT polymerization; biodegradable copolymers; macromolecular therapeutics; ovarian cancer