title: Ciprofloxacin induces oxidative stress in duckweed (Lemna minor L.): Implications for energy metabolism and antibiotic-uptake ability.
abstract: We investigate the physiological responses and antibiotic-uptake capacity of Lemna minor exposed to ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) induced toxic effects and hormesis in plants by significantly modifying photosynthesis and respiration pathways. A toxic effect was induced by a concentration ≥1.05mg ciprofloxacin l-1while hormesis occurs at the lowest concentration studied (0.75mg ciprofloxacin l-1). By impairing normal electron flow in the respiratory electron transport chain, ciprofloxacin induces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. The ability of plants to cope with H2O2accumulation using antioxidant systems resulted in stimulation/deleterious effects to photosynthesis by Cipro. Cipro-induced oxidative stress was also associated with the ability of L. minor plants to uptake the antibiotic and, therefore, with plant-uptake capacity. Our results indicate that instead of being a photosystem II binding molecule, Cipro induces oxidative stress by targeting the mitochondrial ETC, which would explain the observed effects of the antibiotic on non-target eukaryotic organisms. The selection of plants species with a high capacity to tolerate oxidative stress may constitute a strategy to be used in Cipro-remediation programs.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: marcelopgom@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Marcelo Pedrosa
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cíntia Almeida
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro, 80, Belo Horizonte, 30510-010, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Júlio César Moreira
authors.initials: JCM
authors.lastname: de Brito
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Sete Lagoas-CSL, Rodovia MG 424 KM 47, Caixa Postal 46, 35701-970, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amanda Miranda
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Vieira
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: da Silva Cruz
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elisa Monteze
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bicalho
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cleber Cunha
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Figueredo
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: queila@icb.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Queila Souza
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D029064:Araceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000633:toxicity*; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Antibiotic; Fluoroquinolone; Hydrogen peroxide; Photosynthesis; Respiration