title: Thermal engineering of FAPbI3perovskite material via radiative thermal annealing and in situ XRD.
abstract: Lead halide perovskites have emerged as successful optoelectronic materials with high photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies and low material cost. However, substantial challenges remain in the scalability, stability and fundamental understanding of the materials. Here we present the application of radiative thermal annealing, an easily scalable processing method for synthesizing formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite solar absorbers. Devices fabricated from films formed via radiative thermal annealing have equivalent efficiencies to those annealed using a conventional hotplate. By coupling results from in situ X-ray diffraction using a radiative thermal annealing system with device performances, we mapped the processing phase space of FAPbI3and corresponding device efficiencies. Our map of processing-structure-performance space suggests the commonly used FAPbI3annealing time, 10 min at 170 °C, can be significantly reduced to 40 s at 170 °C without affecting the photovoltaic performance. The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami model was used to determine the activation energy for decomposition of FAPbI3into PbI2.
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SSRL Materials Sciences Division, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Vanessa L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Pool
authors.affiliation: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Materials Science Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.|Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Benjia
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SSRL Materials Sciences Division, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Van Campen
authors.affiliation: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Materials Science Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Talysa R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Klein-Stockert
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Frank S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.|Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Sean E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Shaheen
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SSRL Materials Sciences Division, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.|Present address: Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Department of Ceramic Engineering, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Md I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Materials Science Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Maikel F A M
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: van Hest
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SSRL Materials Sciences Division, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7513-1166
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Toney