title: Detailed Echocardiographic Phenotyping in Breast Cancer Patients: Associations With Ejection Fraction Decline, Recovery, and Heart Failure Symptoms Over 3 Years of Follow-Up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease in patients with breast cancer is of growing concern. The longitudinal effects of commonly used therapies, including doxorubicin and trastuzumab, on cardiac remodeling and function remain unknown in this population. We aimed to define the changes in echocardiographic parameters of structure, function, and ventricular-arterial coupling, and their associations with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and heart failure symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a longitudinal prospective cohort study of 277 breast cancer participants receiving doxorubicin (Dox), trastuzumab (Tras), or both (Dox+Tras), we obtained 1249 echocardiograms over a median follow-up of 2.0 (interquartile range, 1.0-3.0) years. Left ventricular structure, diastolic and contractile function, and ventricular-arterial coupling measures were quantified in a core laboratory blinded to participant characteristics. We evaluated changes in echocardiographic parameters over time, and used repeated-measures regression models to define their association with LVEF decline and recovery. Linear regression models defined the association between early changes in these parameters and subsequent changes in LVEF and heart failure symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 177 (64%) received Dox, 51 (18%) received Tras, and 49 (18%) received Dox+Tras. With Dox, there was a sustained, modest decrease in LVEF over the follow-up duration (1-year change in LVEF -3.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -4.4% to -2.8%; 3-year change -3.8%; 95% CI, -5.1% to -2.5%). With Tras, a similar LVEF decline was observed at 1 year (-4.5%; 95% CI, -6.0% to -2.9%) and 3 years (-2.8%; 95%CI, -5.3 to -0.4%). Participants receiving Dox+Tras demonstrated the greatest declines at 1 year (-6.6%; 95% CI, -8.2 to -5.0%), with partial recovery at 3 years (-2.8%; 95% CI, -4.8 to -0.8%). LVEF declines and recovery were associated primarily with changes in systolic volumes, longitudinal and circumferential strain, and ventricular-arterial coupling indices, effective arterial elastance (Ea) and the coupling ratio Ea/Eessb, without evidence for effect modification across therapies. Early changes in volumes, strain, and Ea/Eessbat 4 to 6 months were associated with 1- and 2-year LVEF changes. Similarly, early changes in strain and Ea were associated with worsening heart failure symptoms at 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doxorubicin and trastuzumab resulted in modest, persistent declines in LVEF at 3 years. Changes in volumes, strain, and ventricular-arterial coupling were consistently associated with concurrent and subsequent LVEF declines and recovery across therapies.
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (H.K.N.); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, B. French, B.K.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, T.P., D.H., A.M.S., K.B.M., B.K.).
authors.forename: Hari K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (H.K.N.); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, B. French, B.K.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, T.P., D.H., A.M.S., K.B.M., B.K.).
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Finkelman
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (H.K.N.); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, B. French, B.K.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, T.P., D.H., A.M.S., K.B.M., B.K.).
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (H.K.N.); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, B. French, B.K.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, T.P., D.H., A.M.S., K.B.M., B.K.).
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Plappert
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (H.K.N.); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, B. French, B.K.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, T.P., D.H., A.M.S., K.B.M., B.K.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hyman
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (H.K.N.); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, B. French, B.K.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, T.P., D.H., A.M.S., K.B.M., B.K.).
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (H.K.N.); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, B. French, B.K.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, T.P., D.H., A.M.S., K.B.M., B.K.).
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Margulies
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (H.K.N.); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, B. French, B.K.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (B. Finkelman, T.P., D.H., A.M.S., K.B.M., B.K.). bonnie.ky@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects
keywords: cardiotoxicity; doxorubicin; echocardiography; medical oncology; trastuzumab