title: The impact of energy, agriculture, macroeconomic and human-induced indicators on environmental pollution: evidence from Ghana.
abstract: In this study, the impact of energy, agriculture, macroeconomic and human-induced indicators on environmental pollution from 1971 to 2011 is investigated using the statistically inspired modification of partial least squares (SIMPLS) regression model. There was evidence of a linear relationship between energy, agriculture, macroeconomic and human-induced indicators and carbon dioxide emissions. Evidence from the SIMPLS regression shows that a 1% increase in crop production index will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 0.71%. Economic growth increased by 1% will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 0.46%, which means that an increase in Ghana's economic growth may lead to a reduction in environmental pollution. The increase in electricity production from hydroelectric sources by 1% will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 0.30%; thus, increasing renewable energy sources in Ghana's energy portfolio will help mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. Increasing enteric emissions by 1% will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 4.22%, and a 1% increase in the nitrogen content of manure management will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 6.69%. The SIMPLS regression forecasting exhibited a 5% MAPE from the prediction of carbon dioxide emissions.
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Environment and Energy Systems, Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, Guzelyurt, Turkey. asumadusarkodiesamuel@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5035-5983
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asumadu-Sarkodie
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Environment and Energy Systems, Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, Guzelyurt, Turkey.
authors.forename: Phebe Asantewaa
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Owusu
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D003906:Developing Countries; D057217:Economic Development; D011211:Electric Power Supplies / Q000191:economics; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D005869:Ghana; D008962:Models, Theoretical
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Carbon dioxide emissions; Econometrics; Energy economics; Ghana; SIMPLS