title: Effect of the Unfilled Space Size of the Abutment Screw Access Hole on the Extruded Excess Cement and Retention of Single Implant Zirconia Crowns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in vitro the effect of the size of the unfilled space of the abutment screw access hole on the amount of extruded excess cement and the retention of zirconia copings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve dental implant replicas were attached to the corresponding abutments and embedded in acrylic resin blocks. A total of 36 CAD/CAM zirconia copings were fabricated by one technician using the standard technique. Abutments were divided into group I: the entire screw access channel was completely filled (nonspaced); group II: 1-mm-spaced; and group III: 2-mm-spaced. The copings were air-abraded and temporarily cemented under constant load of 60 N for 10 minutes. The excess cement was calculated as the difference between the post-cementation and post-excess-removal weights using a digital scale. Retention test was performed by a universal testing machine at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. The ultimate force and tensile strength required for separation were recorded. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis at p ˂ 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average amount of extruded cement in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 33.48 ± 1.55, 23.05 ± 5.48, and 15.58 ± 5.98 mg, respectively. Multiple comparisons showed significant differences in the amount of extruded excess cement between the three groups (p ˂ 0.001). The maximum load at decementation in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 98.8, 87.5, and 88.6 N, respectively. Groups 1, 2, and 3 separated at 6.90 ± 1.2, 6.12 ± 0.7, and 6.21 ± 0.9 MPa, respectively, with no significant differences between them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amount of extruded excess cement was reduced by more than half when a 2-mm space of the screw access hole was left unfilled in comparison to the nonspaced counterpart. The retention of zirconia copings was not affected by the reported technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sulieman S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Al-Johany
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Al Amri
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmed S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Al-Bakri
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Al Jouf University, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammed N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Al-Qarni
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003442:Crowns; D000044:Dental Abutments; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention / Q000379:methods*; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide
keywords: Cement-retained; extruded cement; implant abutment; retention; zirconia crown