title: Late-onset neonatal sepsis in Arab states in the Gulf region: two-year prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the incidence of late-onset sepsis (LOS) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Arab states in the Gulf region and to describe the main causative organisms and their antibiotic resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational prospective cohort study was conducted over a 2-year period in five NICUs in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. LOS was defined as the growth of a single potentially pathogenic organism from blood or cerebrospinal fluid in infants >3days of age with clinical and laboratory findings consistent with infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven hundred and eighty-five cases of LOS occurred among 67 474 live births. The overall incidence of LOS was 11.63 (95% confidence interval (CI) 10.84-12.47) per 1000 live births, or 56.14 (95% CI 52.38-60.08) per 1000 admissions. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and Klebsiella spp were the most common organisms, causing 272 (34.65%) and 179 (22.80%) of LOS cases, respectively. No evidence of a seasonal variation in the incidence of Klebsiella spp or in the incidence of all Gram-negative organisms was found. More than half of the Klebsiella spp were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LOS poses a major burden in this area, which could be due to the increasing care of premature babies. Gram-negative organisms, particularly Klebsiella spp, are having an increasing role in LOS in this region, with high levels of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. NICUs in the area should create a platform through which to share experience in reducing neonatal sepsis and contribute to a common antibiotic stewardship program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat, Kuwait City 13110, Kuwait. Electronic address: m.hammoud@hsc.edu.kw.
authors.forename: Majeda S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hammoud
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Taiar
authors.affiliation: King Abdulaziz Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sameer Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Al-Abdi
authors.affiliation: Maternity and Children's Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hussain
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bozaid
authors.affiliation: Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Laila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: AlMuhairi
authors.affiliation: Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Moghis Ur
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Rehman
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D007709:Klebsiella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007730:Kuwait / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D000071074:Neonatal Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014479:United Arab Emirates / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Late-onset sepsis; Neonatal infection; Neonatal sepsis