title: The effect of cigarette smoking on the oral and nasal microbiota.
abstract: The goal of the study was to investigate whether cigarette smoking alters oral and nasal microbial diversity, composition, and structure. Twenty-three current smokers and 20 never smokers were recruited. From each subject, nine samples including supra and subgingiva plaque scrapes, saliva, swabs from five soft oral tissue sites, and one nasal swab from both the anterior nares were collected. 16S rRNA V3-V4 region was sequenced for microbial profiles.
  
  
  
  We found that alpha diversity was lower in smokers than in nonsmokers in the buccal mucosa, but in other sample sites, microbial diversity and composition were not significantly different by smoking status. Microbial profiles differed significantly among eight oral sites.
  
  
  
  This study investigates the effect of cigarette smoking on different sites of the oral cavity and shows a potential effect of cigarette smoking on the buccal mucosa microbiota. The marked heterogeneity of the oral microbial ecosystem that we found may contribute to the stability of the oral microbiota in most sites when facing environmental perturbations such as that caused by cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E508, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9769, USA. yug3@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Guoqin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3015-9886
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Eastman Institute of Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gail
authors.affiliation: Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Goedert
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Humphrys
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ravel
authors.affiliation: Eastman Institute of Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Yanfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E508, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9769, USA.
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Caporaso
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: 16S rRNA and cigarette smoke; Microbiota; Nasal cavity; Oral cavity