title: Combined effects of vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids on protecting ambient PM2.5-induced cardiovascular injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to observe whether the combined treatment with vitamin E (vit E) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ω-3 FA) could prevent the fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-induced cardiovascular injury through alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress. At the same time, the appropriate combination dosage of vit E and Ω-3 FA was explored to find an optimized protective dose to protect the injury induced by PM2.5.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SD rats were pretreated with different concentration of vit E and Ω-3 FA separately or jointly. Then the rats were exposed to ambient PM2.5by intratracheal instillation for three times. The expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum and supernatant of cardiac tissue were detected by ELISA kits. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) in myocardium and the level of MDA in serum were measured. Meanwhile, the cardiac injury was evaluated by histopathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the severe injury of rats in PM2.5exposure group, the rats in vit E or Ω-3 FA-pretreated groups had a slighter injury in heart. Meanwhile, pretreatment with vit E or Ω-3 FA induced a significantly alleviation of the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and the elevation of the anti-oxidative activity especially in the rats pretreated with combined vit E and Ω-3 FA. In addition, the combined protecting effects of vit E and Ω-3 FA showed a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementation with vit E and Ω-3 FA could protect the PM2.5-induced injury, and the combination of vit E and Ω-3 FA might produce more effective effects than the separate nutrient did.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Xihao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Shuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Xuejiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
authors.forename: Yuquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Product R&D, DSM (China) Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Product R&D, DSM (China) Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China.
authors.forename: Xingwang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. Electronic address: jinzhuozhao@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jinzhuo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D015850:Interleukin-6; D052638:Particulate Matter; D020011:Protective Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014810:Vitamin E; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Fine particulate matter; Inflammation; Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; Oxidative stress; Vitamin E