title: Xenogeneic Bio-Root Prompts the Constructive Process Characterized by Macrophage Phenotype Polarization in Rodents and Nonhuman Primates.
abstract: Tissue or organ regeneration using xenogeneic matrices is a promising approach to address the shortage of donor matrices for allotransplantation. Success of such approach has been demonstrated to correlate with macrophage-mediated fibrotic homeostasis and tissue remodeling. The previous studies have demonstrated that treated dentin matrix (TDM) could be a suitable bioactive substrate for allogeneic tooth root regeneration. This study constructed xenogeneic bioengineered tooth root (bio-root) via a combination of porcine TDM (pTDM) with allogeneic dental follicle cells (DFCs). Macrophage phenotypes are used to evaluate the remodeling process of xenogeneic bio-roots in vitro and in vivo. pTDM can facilitate odontoblast differentiation of human derived DFCs. Xenogeneic bio-roots in rat subcutaneous tissue prompt constructive response via M1 macrophage infiltration during early postimplantation stages and increase restorative M2 phenotype at later stages. After implantation of bio-roots into jaws of rhesus monkeys for six months, periodontal ligament-like fibers accompanied by macrophage polarization are observed, which are positive for COL-1, Periostin, βIII-tubulin and display such structures as fibroblasts and blood vessels. The reconstructed bio-root possesses biomechanical properties for the dissipation of masticatory forces. These results support that xenogeneic bio-root could maintain fibrotic homeostasis during remodeling process and highlight the potential application of xenogeneic matrices in regenerative medicine.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Research, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China.
authors.forename: Hefeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Xiangyou
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Jinlong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Fangjun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Weihua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015921:Dental Implants; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000378:metabolism*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013552:Swine; D014092:Tooth Root
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: macrophage polarization; tissue remodeling; treated dentin matrix; xenogeneic bioengineered tooth root (bio-root)