title: RNA interference mediated knockdown of Brugia malayi UDP-Galactopyranose mutase severely affects parasite viability, embryogenesis and in vivo development of infective larvae.
abstract: Galactofuranose is an essential cell surface component present in bacteria, fungi and several nematodes such as Caenorhabditis spp., Brugia spp., Onchocerca spp. and Strongyloides spp. This sugar maintains the integrity of parasite surface and is essential for virulence. UDP-Galactopyranose mutase (bmugm) plays a key role in Galf biosynthesis by catalyzing conversion of UDP-Galactopyranose into UDP-galactofuranose and knockout studies of the gene in Leishmania major, Mycobacterium and Aspergillus fumigatus displayed attenuated virulence while RNA interference study in C. elegans exhibited detrimental effects. Presence of UGM in several prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial pathogens and its absence in higher eukaryotes renders it an attractive drug target. In the present study, RNA interference studies have been carried out to validate bmugm as an antifilarial drug target.
  
  
  
  RNA interference studies using two different sequences of siRNAs targeting bmugm were carried out. The in vitro gene silencing of adult B. malayi parasites was undertaken to observe the effects on parasites. Infective larvae were also exposed to siRNAs and their in vivo development in jirds was observed.
  
  
  
  The in vitro gene silencing induced by siRNA1 and 2 individually as well as together knocked down the bmugm gene expression causing impaired viability of the exposed worms along with extremely reduced motility, abridged microfilarial release and adversely effected embryogenesis. The combinatorial in vitro gene silencing revealed marginally better results than both the siRNAs individually. Thus, infective larvae were treated with siRNA combination which showed downregulation of bmugm mRNA expression resulting into sluggish larval movements and/or death. The siRNA-treated actively motile larvae when inoculated intraperitoneally into jirds demonstrated highly reduced transformation of these larvae into adult worms with detrimental effects on embryogenesis. The effects of gene silencing were long-lasting as the adult worms developed from siRNA-treated larvae showed noticeable knockdown in the target gene expression.
  
  
  
  The validation studies undertaken here conclude that bmugm is essential for the proper development and survival of the parasite and support its candidature as an antifilarial drug target.
authors.affiliation: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India.|Division of Parasitology CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India.
authors.forename: Sweta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.affiliation: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India.|Division of Parasitology CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India.
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India. shailja_cdri@rediffmail.com.|Division of Parasitology CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India. shailja_cdri@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Shailja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Misra-Bhattacharya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017178:Brugia malayi / Q000196:embryology* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D019751:Intramolecular Transferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D034622:RNA Interference; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D019751:Intramolecular Transferases; C098051:UDP-galactopyranose mutase
keywords: Brugia malayi; Drug target; Embryogenesis; Lymphatic filariasis; RNAi; UDP-Galactopyranose mutase; siRNA