title: Assessing nitrous oxide effect using electroencephalographically-based depth of anesthesia measures cortical state and cortical input.
abstract: Existing electroencephalography (EEG) based depth of anesthesia monitors cannot reliably track sedative or anesthetic states during n-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist based anesthesia with ketamine or nitrous oxide (N2O). Here, a physiologically-motivated depth of anesthesia monitoring algorithm based on autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) modeling and derivative measures of interest, Cortical State (CS) and Cortical Input (CI), is retrospectively applied in an exploratory manner to the NMDA receptor antagonist N2O, an adjuvant anesthetic gas used in clinical practice. Composite Cortical State (CCS) and Composite Cortical State distance (CCSd), two new modifications of CS, along with CS and CI were evaluated on electroencephalographic (EEG) data of healthy control individuals undergoing N2O inhalation up to equilibrated peak gas concentrations of 20, 40 or 60% N2O/O2. In particular, CCSd has been devised to vary consistently for increasing levels of anesthetic concentration independent of the anesthetic's microscopic mode of action for both N2O and propofol. The strongest effects were observed for the 60% peak gas concentration group. For the 50-60% peak gas levels, individuals showed statistically significant reductions in responsiveness compared to rest, and across the group CS and CCS increased by 39 and 42%, respectively, while CCSd was found to decrease by 398%. On the other hand a clear conclusion regarding the changes in CI could not be reached. These results indicate that, contrary to previous depth of anesthesia monitoring measures, the CS, CCS, and especially CCSd measures derived from frontal EEG are potentially useful for differentiating gas concentration and responsiveness levels in people under N2O. On the other hand, determining the utility of CI in this regard will require larger sample sizes and potentially higher gas concentrations. Future work will assess the sensitivity of CS-based and CI measures to other anesthetics and their utility in a clinical environment.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia. levink@unimelb.edu.au.|NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. levink@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Levin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-6348
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
authors.forename: David T J
authors.initials: DTJ
authors.lastname: Liley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005740:Gases; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D005740:Gases; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D015742:Propofol
keywords: Anesthesia; Autoregressive moving-average modelling; Electroencephalography; Nitrous oxide; Sedation