title: Caffeine Intake During Pregnancy in Different Intrauterine Environments and its Association with Infant Anthropometric Measurements at 3 and 6 Months of Age.
abstract: Objective To investigate the association between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and infant anthropometric measurements at age 3 and 6 months. Methods Longitudinal observational study of mother-child pairs stratified into five groups: diabetic women (DM), hypertensive women (HYP), smoking mothers (SMO), mothers of infants small for gestational age (SGA), and controls (CTL). Pairs were recruited from three public hospitals in Porto Alegre, Brazil, from 2011 to 2015, using a convenience sampling strategy. The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was administered on postpartum day 7 to evaluate maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy. The anthropometric measurements of interest (weight, length, and skinfold thickness) were assessed at birth and at age 3 and 6 months. Linear regression was used to analyze the interaction between caffeine intake and skinfold thickness. Results Overall, 272 mother-child pairs were investigated (41 DM, 26 HYP, 68 SMO, 25 SGA, and 112 CTL). There were no differences in anthropometric measurements between infants born to mothers who had and had not consumed caffeine during pregnancy (P > 0.05). Children of mothers in the DM group had the highest adjusted average skinfold thicknesses at 3 months. An interaction between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and the sum of skinfolds at age 3 months was found in the DM and CTL groups (P < 0.05). However, significant differences were not observed at 6 months. Conclusions Maternal caffeine intake influenced infants skinfold thickness measurements at 3 months of age. This parameter was reduced in infants born to mothers with DM and increased in those born to healthy control mothers.
authors.affiliation: Master of Sciences in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. thamirisdemedeiros@gmail.com.|Center for the Study of Child and Adolescent Health, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2nd floor, 2350, CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. thamirisdemedeiros@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Thamíris Santos
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: de Medeiros
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Department of Pediatrics and Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Center for the Study of Child and Adolescent Health, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2nd floor, 2350, CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Rombaldi
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Center for the Study of Child and Adolescent Health, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2nd floor, 2350, CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Lopes
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: de Brito
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Center for the Study of Child and Adolescent Health, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2nd floor, 2350, CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vera Lucia
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Bosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Department of Pediatrics and Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Center for the Study of Child and Adolescent Health, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2nd floor, 2350, CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Zubaran
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Goldani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Department of Pediatrics and Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Center for the Study of Child and Adolescent Health, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2nd floor, 2350, CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clécio Homrich
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001938:Brazil; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Anthropometry; Caffeine; Infants; Pregnancy