title: Grinding damage assessment for CAD-CAM restorative materials.
abstract: To assess surface/subsurface damage after grinding with diamond discs on five CAD-CAM restorative materials and to estimate potential losses in strength based on crack size measurements of the generated damage.
  
  
  
  The materials tested were: Lithium disilicate (LIT) glass-ceramic (e.max CAD), leucite glass-ceramic (LEU) (Empress CAD), feldspar ceramic (VM2) (Vita Mark II), feldspar ceramic-resin infiltrated (EN) (Enamic) and a composite reinforced with nano ceramics (LU) (Lava Ultimate). Specimens were cut from CAD-CAM blocs and pair-wise mirror polished for the bonded interface technique. Top surfaces were ground with diamond discs of respectively 75, 54 and 18μm. Chip damage was measured on the bonded interface using SEM. Fracture mechanics relationships were used to estimate fracture stresses based on average and maximum chip depths assuming these to represent strength limiting flaws subjected to tension and to calculate potential losses in strength compared to manufacturer's data.
  
  
  
  Grinding with a 75μm diamond disc induced on a bonded interface critical chips averaging 100μm with a potential strength loss estimated between 33% and 54% for all three glass-ceramics (LIT, LEU, VM2). The softer materials EN and LU were little damage susceptible with chips averaging respectively 26μm and 17μm with no loss in strength. Grinding with 18μm diamond discs was still quite detrimental for LIT with average chip sizes of 43μm and a potential strength loss of 42%.
  
  
  
  It is essential to understand that when grinding glass-ceramics or feldspar ceramics with diamond discs surface and subsurface damage are induced which have the potential of lowering the strength of the ceramic. Careful polishing steps should be carried out after grinding especially when dealing with glass-ceramics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Unit of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva & University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Curran
authors.affiliation: Division of Fixed Prosthodontics-Biomaterials, University of Geneva, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cattani-Lorente
authors.affiliation: Division of Fixed Prosthodontics-Biomaterials, University of Geneva, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Anselm Wiskott
authors.affiliation: Division of Fixed Prosthodontics-Biomaterials, University of Geneva, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durual
authors.affiliation: Division of Fixed Prosthodontics-Biomaterials, University of Geneva, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: susanne.scherrer@unige.ch.
authors.forename: Susanne S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Scherrer
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003764:Dental Materials; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D008422:Materials Testing
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials
keywords: CAD-CAM; Ceramics; Composite; Damage; Fractograph; Grinding; Strength