title: Assessment of the Isometry of the Anterolateral Ligament in a 3-Dimensional Weight-Bearing Computed Tomography Simulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To simulate the most isometric insertion points of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) in a weight-bearing 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) model using previously published anatomic landmarks and to define radiographic landmarks, which make for an easier identification of the optimal insertion points.
  
  
  METHODS
  The most isometric femoral insertion points were analyzed for 10 individuals, using data of weight-bearing CT scans in increasing knee flexion positions. An automatic string generation algorithm helped identify isometrically optimal points using an isometric score (0 indicating optimal isometry). Subsequently, a general femoral insertion point was determined, which preserved the isometry in all tested individuals. Based on the femoral insertion point, we assessed the influence of varying tibial insertion points on the isometric behavior of the ALL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The defined femoral insertion point, which preserved the isometry in all analyzed individuals, had a median isometric score between 0.167 × 10-3and 0.559 × 10-3. The average distance from the most prominent point of the lateral epicondyle was 9.7 mm (standard deviation [SD], 1.6) in a straight superior direction. In a straight lateral radiographic view, this point is located exactly at the intersection of a tangent set between the posterior cortex of the femur and a second perpendicular line intersecting at the level of the most (superior-) posterior point of the Blumensaat line. The best isometric behavior was found on the anatomically defined mean tibial insertion point, located at 37% of the width of the tibial plateau, which worsened gradually if corrected to anterior or posterior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We determined femoral and tibial insertion points as well as radiographic landmarks for the reconstruction of the ALL that are based on published anatomic descriptions and preserve isometry in all analyzed individuals in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides new information, which might be helpful to define isometrically optimal insertion points for ALL reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: Karl.wieser@balgrist.ch.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wieser
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Research and Development Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fürnstahl
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Research and Development Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sandro F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Fucentese
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Computer Assisted Research and Development Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lazaros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vlachopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016474:Weight-Bearing