title: Linguistic Indicators of Pain Catastrophizing in Patients With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain.
abstract: The present study examined markers of pain catastrophizing in the word use of patients with chronic pain. Patients (N = 71) completed the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and wrote about their life with pain. Quantitative word count analysis examined whether the essays contained linguistic indicators of catastrophizing. Bivariate correlations showed that catastrophizing was associated with greater use of first person singular pronouns, such as "I" (r = .27, P ≤ .05) and pronouns referencing other people (r = .28, P ≤ .05). Catastrophizing was further significantly associated with greater use of sadness (r = .35, P ≤ .01) and anger (r = .30, P ≤ .05) words. No significant relationships with positive emotion and cognitive process words were evident. Controlling for patients' engagement in the writing task, gender, age, pain intensity, and neuroticism in multiple regression, the linguistic categories together uniquely explained 13.6% of the variance in catastrophizing (P ≤ .001). First person singular pronouns (β = .24, P ≤ .05) and words relating to sadness (β = .25, P ≤ .05) were significant, and pronouns referencing other people (β = .19, P ≤ .10) were trending. The results suggest that pain catastrophizing is associated with a "linguistic fingerprint" that can be discerned from patients' natural word use.
  
  
  
  Quantitative word count analysis examined whether pain catastrophizing is reflected in patients' written essays about living with pain. Catastrophizing was associated with more first person singular pronouns, more pronouns referencing other people, and more expressions of sadness and anger. The results can help understand how catastrophizing translates into communicative behaviors.
authors.affiliation: USC Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: junghaen@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Doerte U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Junghaenel
authors.affiliation: USC Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: USC Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Broderick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008037:Linguistics / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D000075384:Neuroticism / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013223:Statistics as Topic
keywords: Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count; Pain; assessment; linguistic; pain catastrophizing; text analysis; word use