title: Congolese children with sickle cell trait may exhibit glomerular hyperfiltration: A case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of sickle cell trait is extremely high in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent studies have reported the impact of sickle cell carriers on renal function. However, data on renal abnormalities in children with sickle cell trait in this part of the world are unknown. In this report, we assess the glomerular function of children with sickle cell trait (SCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A case control study was conducted to assess the glomerular function in 43 Congolese children with sickle cell trait (Hb-AS) matched for age to 65 children with sickle cell anemia in steady state (Hb-SS) and 67 normal controls (Hb-AA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference in the blood pressure levels between the Hb-AS group vs Hb-SS group (P<.05). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) corrected for body surface area was increased in Hb-AS group compared to Hb-AA group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=.48). At the same time, the eGFR was decreased, but no significantly so, in the Hb-AS group compared to the Hb-SS group (P=.19). The proportion of children with Hb-AS (16.3%) who had hyperfiltration was higher compared to the proportion (6.1%) found in the Hb-AA group, but lower compared to the proportion found in the Hb-SS group (30%). However, in both situations, the difference was not statistically significant. No case of proteinuria was detected in children with Hb-AS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears that at least one of six children with SCT had hyperfiltration. The findings could form a basis for further studies on this renal physiology among SCT individuals in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hemato-oncology and nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo.
authors.forename: Michel Ntetani
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7479-1170
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Aloni
authors.affiliation: Division of Hemato-oncology and nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo.
authors.forename: René Makwala
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ngiyulu
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Division, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo.
authors.forename: Célestin Ndosimao
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Nsibu
authors.affiliation: Division of Hemato-oncology and nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo.
authors.forename: Pépé Mfutu
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ekulu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo.
authors.forename: Jean Robert
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Makulo
authors.affiliation: Division of Hemato-oncology and nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo.
authors.forename: Jean-Lambert
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gini-Ehungu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo.
authors.forename: Nazaire Mangani
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Nseka
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo.
authors.forename: François Bompeka
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Lepira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003401:Creatine / Q000652:urine; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011507:Proteinuria; D012805:Sickle Cell Trait / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014508:Urea / Q000652:urine; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D014508:Urea; D003401:Creatine
keywords: Democratic Republic of Congo; children; proteinuria; renal hyperfiltration; sickle cell trait