title: Parasite-induced increases in the energy costs of movement of host freshwater fish.
abstract: Parasitization by the larvae (glochidia) of freshwater mussels can cause harm to a fish's gills, resulting in less effective respiration and/or reduced activity by the host fish. The impact of glochidia infections on the host's physiology remains poorly understood, and no information is available concerning energy consumption in parasitized fish. Hence, we obtained glochidia of the invasive unionid mussel Sinanodonta (Anodonta) woodiana and experimentally infected common carp, Cyprinus carpio, tagged with physiological sensors to measure energy consumption. We tested the hypothesis that parasitization affects energy consumption in the host fish, reflected as higher energy costs for movement and reduced movement activity over eight days post-infection within a twenty-four-hour cycle. Parasitized fish showed higher energy costs of movement; however, no changes in movement activity were found compared with activity in control fish. Significantly increased biochemical indices were measured in host fish blood samples, including aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferase levels, indicating liver injury, and high concentrations of potassium (K+), signifying kidney injury (hyperkalemia). Increased Cl-concentrations indicate gill dysfunction. Our results show that the energy costs due to glochidia parasitization are independent of overall movement activity patterns and vary in time according to the parasitic phase and the diurnal cycle. Moreover, the side effects of parasitization have a more important impact on fish hosts than has been shown in previous reports.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, Suchdol 165 21, Czech Republic. Electronic address: oslavik@af.czu.cz.
authors.forename: Ondřej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Slavík
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, Suchdol 165 21, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Horký
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, Suchdol 165 21, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Douda
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Velíšek
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jitka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kolářová
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lepič
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D002347:Carps / Q000097:blood / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000097:blood; D004576:Electromyography; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010271:Parasites / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011336:Probability
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D011188:Potassium