title: Salba-chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in the treatment of overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.
abstract: Preliminary findings indicate that consumption of Salba-chia (Salvia hispanica L.), an ancient seed, improves management of type 2 diabetes and suppresses appetite. The aim of this study was to assesse the effect of Salba-chia on body weight, visceral obesity and obesity-related risk factors in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  
  A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial with two parallel groups involved 77 overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes (HbA1c: 6.5-8.0%; BMI: 25-40 kg/m2). Both groups followed a 6-month calorie-restricted diet; one group received 30 g/1000 kcal/day of Salba-chia, the other 36 g/1000 kcal/day of an oat bran-based control. Primary endpoint was change in body weight over 6-months. Secondary endpoints included changes in waist circumference, body composition, glycemic control, C-reactive protein, and obesity-related satiety hormones.
  
  
  
  At 6-months, participants on Salba-chia had lost more weight than those on control (1.9 ± 0.5 kg and 0.3 ± 0.4 kg, respectively; P = 0.020), accompanied by a greater reduction in waist circumference (3.5 ± 0.7 cm and 1.1 ± 0.7 cm, respectively; P = 0.027). C-reactive protein was reduced by 1.1 ± 0.5 mg/L (39 ± 17%) on Salba-chia, compared to 0.2 ± 0.4 mg/L (7 ± 20%) on control (P = 0.045). Plasma adiponectin on the test intervention increased by 6.5 ± 0.7%, with no change observed on control (P = 0.022).
  
  
  
  The results of this study, support the beneficial role of Salba-chia seeds in promoting weight loss and improvements of obesity related risk factors, while maintaining good glycemic control. Supplementation of Salba-chia may be a useful dietary addition to conventional therapy in the management of obesity in diabetes. REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01403571.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: v.vuksan@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuksan
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brissette
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Choleva
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jovanovski
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bazinet
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Au-Yeung
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zurbau
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: H V T
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Vuk Vrhovac Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Merkur, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duvnjak
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sievenpiper
authors.affiliation: Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Josse
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanna
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009864:Ontario; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D027544:Salvia; D012639:Seeds; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss
keywords: Clinical trial; Diet; Dietary seeds; Lifestyle; Obesity; Overweight; Type 2 diabetes; Weight loss