title: Increased Anterior Pelvic Angle Characterizes the Gait of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently have motor problems. Previous studies have reported that the characteristic gait in children with ADHD is immature and that subjects demonstrate higher levels of variability in gait characteristics for the lower extremities than healthy controls. However, little is known about body movement during gait in children with ADHD. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristic body movements associated with ADHD symptoms in children with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a three-dimensional motion analysis system, we compared gait variables in boys with ADHD (n = 19; mean age, 9.58 years) and boys with typical development (TD) (n = 21; mean age, 10.71 years) to determine the specific gait characteristics related to ADHD symptoms. We assessed spatiotemporal gait variables (i.e. speed, stride length, and cadence), and kinematic gait variables (i.e. angle of pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle) to measure body movement when walking at a self-selected pace.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with the TD group, the ADHD group demonstrated significantly higher values in cadence (t = 3.33, p = 0.002) and anterior pelvic angle (t = 3.08, p = 0.004). In multiple regression analysis, anterior pelvic angle was associated with the ADHD rating scale hyperactive/impulsive scores (β = 0.62, t = 2.58, p = 0.025), but not other psychiatric symptoms in the ADHD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that anterior pelvic angle represents a specific gait variable related to ADHD symptoms. Our kinematic findings could have potential implications for evaluating the body movement in boys with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.|Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Fukui Hospital, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.|Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi X
authors.initials: TX
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.|National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, Kanzaki-gun, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yatsuga
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Fukui Hospital, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Fukui Hospital, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takiguchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Fukui Hospital, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Hiratani Clinic for Developmental Disorders of Children, Kitayotsui, Fukui City, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.|Hiratani Clinic for Developmental Disorders of Children, Kitayotsui, Fukui City, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiratani
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.|Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kosaka
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.|Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomoda
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010388:Pelvis; D004856:Postural Balance