title: Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Substances Isolated from Wild Berry Associated Bacteria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quorum Sensing (QS) is a mechanism used by bacteria to determine their physiological activities and coordinate gene expression based on cell to cell signaling. Many bacterial physiological functions are under the regulation of quorum sensing such as virulence, luminescence, motility, sporulation and biofilm formation. The aim of the present study was to isolate and characterize Quorum Sensing Inhibitory (QSI) substances from epiphytic bacteria residing on wild berries surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty nine bacterial isolates out of 600 screened bacteria were successfully isolated. These bacteria were obtained from berry surfaces of different plants in the wild forests of Ajloun-Jordan. Screening for QSI activity usingChromobacterium violaceumATCC 12472 monitor strain, resulted in isolating 6 isolates exhibiting QSI activity only, 11 isolates with QSI and antibacterial activity, and 42 isolates with antibacterial activity only. Three potential isolates S 130, S 153, and S 664, were gram positive rods and spore formers, catalase positive and oxidase negative. These were chosen for further testing and characterization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different solvent extraction of the QSI substances based on polarity indicated that the activity of S 130 was in the butanol extract, S 153 activity in both chloroform and butanol; and for S 664, the activity was detected in the hexane extract. The chloroform extract of S 153 and hexane extract of S 664 were proteinaceous in nature while QSI substances of the butanol extract of S 130 and S 153 were non-proteinaceous. All the tested QSI substances showed a marked thermal stability when subjected at several time intervals to 70°C, with the highest stability observed for the butanol extract of S 153. Assessing the QSI substances using violacein quantification assay revealed varying degrees of activity depending upon the extracting solvent, type of the producer bacteria and the concentration of the substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlighted the potential of untapped reservoirs in nature to be used as a source of unique metabolite that may be further developed for therapy. The potential QSI substances included in this study are just one aspect to be further analyzed for use as biopharmaceutical agents.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Suha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Abudoleh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Adel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mahasneh
keywords: Chromobacterium violaceum; Quorum Sensing