title: Low Adherence to Mediterranean Diet in Portugal: Pregnant Women Nutrition in Portugal and its Repercussions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Portuguese population is drifting away from the Mediterranean diet-like pattern. In this context, the current nutritionalstatus of women of childbearing age and of pregnant Portuguese women and their growing fetuses is critically reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A narrative critical review was performed on recent published high quality studies assessing diet and nutritional status of women of childbearing age and pregnant women and its influence on the nutritional status of their offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from five multinational ecological studies that included Portugal, two national official surveys on food availability, seven national studies on the diet and nutritional status of women of childbearing age and pregnant women, and five national studies on the effect of nutritional maternal factors on their growing fetuses were selected and analyzed. The prevalence of overweight/obesity has dramatically increased in Portuguese women of childbearing age and pregnant women, associated with the described trend of low adherence to Mediterranean diet. Variations in energy and macronutrients intakes during pregnancy seem to have no significantly impact on the nutritional status of growing fetuses. On contrary, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity has been associated with increased offspring adiposity at birth, and an excessive gestational weight gain may be associated with offspring's overweight status in childhood. Factors potentially contributing to low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, deserving further investigation, include European Union agriculture policies that have implemented the production of non-Mediterranean food groups at low cost, and insufficient financial capacity to afford foods of quality reported by Portuguese population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrieving traditional Mediterranean dietary habits should be incorporated into strategies for prevention and treatment ofoverweight/obesity in Portugal, especially in women of childbearing age.
authors.affiliation: Woman, Children and Adolescent's Medicine Teaching and Research Area. NOVA Medical School. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisbon. Portugal; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Hospital Dona Estefânia. Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central. Lisbon. Portugal.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pereira-da-Silva
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina. Laboratório Associado. Escola Superior de Biotecnologia. Universidade Católica Portuguesa. Porto. Portugal; Institute of Public Health. University of Porto. Porto. Portugal.
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pinto
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011174:Portugal; D011247:Pregnancy