title: Microfluidic membrane suppressor module design and evaluation for capillary ion chromatography.
abstract: A microfluidic ion-suppression module for use in ion-exchange chromatography has been developed and evaluated. The device consists of an ion-exchange membrane clamped between two polymer chips featuring a 200×100μm (width×depth) eluent channel (l=60mm), and a 300×150μm regenerant channel (60mm), respectively. The suppression efficacy using a Nafion membrane was compared with that of a styrene-sulfonate grafted fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) membrane. The latter was found to outperform Nafion in terms of lowest attainable background signal (suppression efficacy) and dynamic suppression range. Increasing the suppressor temperature or the sulfuric acid regenerant concentration led to an extension of the operational suppression range, this however at the cost of an increased background signal due to enhanced diffusion, inducing sulfate bleed. Under optimized operating conditions, the microfluidic suppressor provided a dynamic capacity of 0.35μEq./min, being compatible with gradient separations applying up to 70mM KOH in combination with 400μm i.d. capillary columns operated at the optimal flow velocity. The applicability of the miniaturized suppressor is demonstrated for both isocratic and gradient separations of mixtures of inorganic anions. Band-broadening characteristics of the suppressor were optimized with respect to a commercial capillary hollow-fiber suppressor, yielding comparable overall system efficiency, e.g., 8500 plates for nitrate recorded on a 150mm long capillary column. A second chip device was also constructed, featuring suppression at both sides of the eluent flow path. This double-sided suppressor allowed to increase sample throughput and operate at eluent flow rates of 10μL/min, while maintaining efficient suppression characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.affiliation: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruggink
authors.affiliation: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale CA, USA.
authors.forename: Yury
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Agroskin
authors.affiliation: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale CA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.affiliation: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: seeltink@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Sebastiaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eeltink
mesh_terms: D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange / Q000379:methods*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000737:chemistry; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D011095:Polyethylenes; D011137:Polystyrenes
keywords: Band broadening; Inorganic anions; Ion-exchange chromatography; Miniaturization; Suppressed conductivity detection