title: Fecal incontinence - Challenges and solutions.
abstract: Fecal incontinence is not a diagnosis but a frequent and debilitating common final pathway symptom resulting from numerous different causes. Incontinence not only impacts the patient's self-esteem and quality of life but may result in significant secondary morbidity, disability, and cost. Treatment is difficult without any panacea and an individualized approach should be chosen that frequently combines different modalities. Several new technologies have been developed and their specific roles will have to be defined. The scope of this review is outline the evaluation and treatment of patients with fecal incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Nallely Saldana Ruiz, Andreas M Kaiser, Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
authors.forename: Nallely
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saldana Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Nallely Saldana Ruiz, Andreas M Kaiser, Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
authors.forename: Andreas M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kaiser
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000503:physiopathology; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012007:Rectum / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Endorectal ultrasound; Fecal incontinence; New technologies; Quality of life; Sacral nerve stimulation; Sphincteroplasty