title: Deep Eutectic Solvents as Novel and Effective Extraction Media for Quantitative Determination of Ochratoxin A in Wheat and Derived Products.
abstract: An unprecedented, environmentally friendly, and faster method for the determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA) (a mycotoxin produced by several species ofAspergillusandPenicilliumand largely widespread in nature, in wheat and derived products) has, for the first time, been set up and validated using choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) (e.g., ChCl/glycerol (1:2) and ChCl/ urea (1:2) up to 40% (w/w) water) as privileged, green, and biodegradable extraction solvents. This also reduces worker exposure to toxic chemicals. Results are comparable to those obtained using conventional, hazardous and volatile organic solvents (VOCs) typical of the standard and official methods. OTA recovery from spiked durum wheat samples, in particular, was to up to 89% versus 93% using the traditional acetonitrile-water mixture with a repeatability of the results (RSDr) of 7%. Compatibility of the DES mixture with the antibodies of the immunoaffinity column was excellent as it was able to retain up to 96% of the OTA. Recovery and repeatability for durum wheat, bread crumbs, and biscuits proved to be within the specifications required by the current European Commission (EC) regulation. Good results in terms of accuracy and precision were achieved with mean recoveries between 70% (durum wheat) and 88% (bread crumbs) and an RSDrbetween 2% (biscuits) and 7% (bread).
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Via G. Amendola 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy. luca.piemontese@uniba.it.|Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy. luca.piemontese@uniba.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piemontese
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy. filippo.perna@uniba.it.
authors.forename: Filippo Maria
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Perna
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Via G. Amendola 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy. antonio.logrieco@ispa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Logrieco
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy. vito.capriati@uniba.it.
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Capriati
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Via G. Amendola 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy. michele.solfrizzo@ispa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solfrizzo
mesh_terms: D001230:Aspergillus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity; D010407:Penicillium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D009793:Ochratoxins; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; C025589:ochratoxin A
keywords: Ochratoxin A; analytical method; deep eutectic solvents; food chemistry; green solvents