title: Cardiovascular risk assessment between urban and rural population in Malaysia.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) caused significant burden to Malaysia as it accounted for 36% of total deaths. This study aims to evaluate the burden of cardiovascular risk factors among Malaysian adult and assess the difference between urban and rural population in the selected communities.
  
  
  
  This study is part of the ongoing Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) database, whereby the baseline data were collected since June 2008. CVD risk was measured using INTERHEART risk score which comprised of eleven risk factors i.e. age and gender, family history of heart attack, smoking status, exposure to second hand smoke, diabetes mellitus, hypertension status, waist-hip ratio, self-reported stress, depression, dietary habits and physical activity status.
  
  
  
  Majority of the studied participants had low cardiovascular risk (57%). Participants from rural area were generally older, had lower educational status, higher prevalence of smokers, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and more likely to be depressed. In comparison, urbanites had lower physical activities and more likely to be stressful. Mean INTERHEART score among rural participants were higher, especially for male, in comparison to urbanite (11.5±5.83 vs. 10.01±5.74, p<0.001).
  
  
  
  Contradict to common beliefs, participants in rural areas generally have higher cardiovascular risk factors compared to their urban counterparts. The rural population should be targeted for focused preventive interventions, taking account the socioeconomic and cultural context.
authors.affiliation: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. drrose@ppukm.ukm.edu.my.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Noor Hassim
authors.affiliation: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Norazman
authors.affiliation: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diana
authors.affiliation: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Khairul Hazdi
authors.affiliation: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosnah
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population