title: Spectroscopic and Mechanical Properties of a New Generation of Bulk Fill Composites.
abstract: Objectives:The aims of this study were toin vitroevaluate the degree of conversion and the microhardness properties of five bulk fill resin composites; in addition, the performance of two curing lamps, used for composites polymerization, was also analyzed.Materials and Methods:The following five resin-based bulk fill composites were tested: SureFil SDR®, Fill Up!™, Filtek™, SonicFill™, and SonicFill2™. Samples of 4 mm in thickness were prepared using Teflon molds filled in one increment and light-polymerized using two LED power units. Ten samples for each composite were cured using Elipar S10 and 10 using Demi Ultra. Additional samples of SonicFill2, (3 and 5 mm-thick) were also tested. The degree of conversion (DC) was determined by Raman spectroscopy, while the Vickers microhardness (VMH) was evaluated using a microhardness tester. The experimental evaluation was carried out on top and bottom sides, immediately after curing (t0), and, on bottom, after 24 h (t24). Two-ways analysis of variance was applied to evaluate DC and VMH-values. In all analyses, the level of significance was set atp< 0.05.Results:All bulk fill resin composites recorded satisfactory DCs on top and bottom sides. At t0, the top of SDR and SonicFill2 showed the highest DCs-values (85.56 ± 9.52 and 85.47 ± 1.90, respectively), when cured using Elipar S10; using Demi Ultra, SonicFill2 showed the highest DCs-values (90.53 ± 2.18). At t0, the highest DCs-values of bottom sides were recorded by SDR (84.64 ± 11.68), when cured using Elipar S10, and Filtek (81.52 ± 4.14), using Demi Ultra. On top sides, Demi Ultra lamp showed significant higher DCs compared to the Elipar S10 (p< 0.05). SonicFill2 reached suitable DCs also on bottom of 5 mm-thick samples. At t0, VMH-values ranged between 24.4 and 69.18 for Elipar S10, and between 26.5 and 67.3 for Demi Ultra. Using both lamps, the lowest VMH-values were shown by SDR, while the highest values by SonicFill2. At t24, all DC and VMH values significantly increased.Conclusions:Differences in DC and VMH among materials are suggested to be material and curing lamp dependent. Even at t0, the three high viscosity bulk composites showed higher VMH than the flowable or dual curing composites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Monterubbianesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orsini
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Environmental Science and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Environmental Science and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Librando
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Procaccini
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Putignano
keywords: bulk fill resin composites; curing lamps; degree of conversion; spectroscopy; surface microhardness