title: Individual differences in the bilingual brain: The role of language background andDRD2genotype in verbal and non-verbal cognitive control.
abstract: Bilingual language control may involve cognitive control, including inhibition and switching. These types of control have been previously associated with neural activity in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In previous studies, theDRD2gene, related to dopamine availability in the striatum, has been found to play a role in neural activity during cognitive control tasks, with carriers of the gene's A1 allele showing different patterns of activity in inferior frontal regions during cognitive control tasks than non-carriers. The current study sought to extend these findings to the domain of bilingual language control. Forty-nine Spanish-English bilinguals participated in this study by providing DNA samples through saliva, completing background questionnaires, and performing a language production task (picture-naming), a non-verbal inhibition task (Simon task), and a non-verbal switching task (shape-color task) in the fMRI scanner. The fMRI data were analyzed to determine whether variation in the genetic background or bilingual language background predicts neural activity in the IFG and ACC during these three tasks. Results indicate that genetic and language background variables predicted neural activity in the IFG during English picture naming. Variation in only the genetic background predicted neural activity in the ACC during the shape-color switching task; variation in only the language background predicted neural activity in the ACC and IFG during the Simon task. These results suggest that variation in theDRD2gene should not be ignored when drawing conclusions about bilingual verbal and non-verbal cognitive control.
authors.affiliation: University of Houston.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.affiliation: University of Houston.
authors.forename: Aurora I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Ramos Nuñez
authors.affiliation: University of Houston.
authors.forename: Maya R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: University of Houston.
authors.forename: Brandin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Munson
authors.affiliation: University of Houston; Yale University.
authors.forename: Elena L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Grigorenko
authors.affiliation: University of Houston.
authors.forename: Arturo E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hernandez
keywords: Bilingualism; Cognitive Control; DRD2; Language Control