title: Overdiagnosis of mental disorders in children and adolescents (in developed countries).
abstract: During the past 50 years, health insurance providers and national registers of mental health regularly report significant increases in the number of mental disorder diagnoses in children and adolescents. However, epidemiological studies show mixed effects of time trends of prevalence of mental disorders. Overdiagnosis in clinical practice rather than an actual increase is assumed to be the cause for this situation. We conducted a systematic literature search on the topic of overdiagnosis of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Most reviewed studies suggest that misdiagnosis does occur; however, only one study was able to examine overdiagnosis in child and adolescent mental disorders from a methodological point-of-view. This study found significant evidence of overdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In the second part of this paper, we summarize findings concerning diagnostician, informant and child/adolescent characteristics, as well as factors concerning diagnostic criteria and the health care system that can lead to mistakes in the routine diagnostic process resulting in misdiagnoses. These include the use of heuristics instead of data-based decisions by diagnosticians, misleading information by caregivers, ambiguity in symptom description relating to classification systems, as well as constraints in most health systems to assign a diagnosis in order to approve and reimburse treatment. To avoid misdiagnosis, standardized procedures as well as continued education of diagnosticians working with children and adolescents suffering from a mental disorder are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology of the Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva Charlotte
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Merten
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy of the Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan Christopher
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cwik
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy of the Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Margraf
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology of the Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider
keywords: ADHD; Child and adolescent psychiatry; Heuristics; Mental disorders; Overdiagnosis