title: An approach to estimate spatial distribution of analyte within cells using spectrally-resolved fluorescence microscopy.
abstract: While fluorescence microscopy has become an essential tool amongst chemists and biologists for the detection of various analyte within cellular environments, non-uniform spatial distribution of sensors within cells often restricts extraction of reliable information on relative abundance of analytes in different subcellular regions. As an alternative to existing sensing methodologies such as ratiometric or FRET imaging, where relative proportion of analyte with respect to the sensor can be obtained within cells, we propose a methodology using spectrally-resolved fluorescence microscopy, via which both the relative abundance of sensor as well as their relative proportion with respect to the analyte can be simultaneously extracted for local subcellular regions. This method is exemplified using a BODIPY sensor, capable of detecting mercury ions within cellular environments, characterized by spectral blue-shift and concurrent enhancement of emission intensity. Spectral emission envelopes collected from sub-microscopic regions allowed us to compare the shift in transition energies as well as integrated emission intensities within various intracellular regions. Construction of a 2D scatter plot using spectral shifts and emission intensities, which depend on the relative amount of analyte with respect to sensor and the approximate local amounts of the probe, respectively, enabled qualitative extraction of relative abundance of analyte in various local regions within a single cell as well as amongst different cells. Although the comparisons remain semi-quantitative, this approach involving analysis of multiple spectral parameters opens up an alternative way to extract spatial distribution of analyte in heterogeneous systems. The proposed method would be especially relevant for fluorescent probes that undergo relatively nominal shift in transition energies compared to their emission bandwidths, which often restricts their usage for quantitative ratiometric imaging in cellular media due to strong cross-talk between energetically separated detection channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India.
authors.forename: Dharmendar Kumar
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Mir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irfanullah
authors.forename: Santanu Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Sheri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madhu
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.forename: Mangalampalli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravikanth
authors.forename: Arindam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
mesh_terms: D001896:Boron Compounds; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence
chemical_list: C095489:4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene; D001896:Boron Compounds; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008628:Mercury