title: Metabolic profiles of exudates from chronic leg ulcerations.
abstract: Chronic leg ulceration is a disease usually associated with other comorbidities, and significantly reduces patient quality of life. Infected leg ulcers can lead to limb-threatening sequelae or mortality. Leg ulcerations are colonized by a number of microbes that are able to cause life-threating infections in susceptible patients. Wound exudate is a body fluid that collects metabolites from patient eukaryotic cells and from prokaryotic bacterial communities inhabiting the wound. This study aimed at identification of metabolites in exudates collected from chronic leg ulcers, and correlation of this metabolome with patient comorbidities and microbiological status of the wound. By means of NMR spectroscopy we detected 42 metabolites of microbial or patient origin. The metabolites that were in abundance in exudates analyzed were lactate, lysine, and leucine. Metabolites were associated with the presence of neutrophils in wounds and destruction of high quantities of microbes, but also with hypoxia typical for venous insufficiency. The combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique and partial least squares discriminant analysis allowed us to further discriminate groups of metabolites with regards to potential clinical meaning. For example, to discriminate between S.aureus versus all other isolated microbial species, or between patients suffering from type I or II diabetes versus patients without diabetes. Therefore, wound exudate seems to be highly applicable material for discriminant analysis performed with the use of NMR technique to provide for rapid metabolomics of chronic wound status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A Str., 50-556 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: feliks.junka@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Junka
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyspianskiego 27 Str. 50-534, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wojtowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyspianskiego 27 Str. 50-534, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ząbek
authors.affiliation: Nutrikon, KCZ Surgical Ward, XX-lecia Str., Krapkowice 47-303, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krasowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A Str., 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smutnicka
authors.affiliation: Silesian Analytical Laboratories, Moniuszki 81 Str., 41-807 Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bakalorz
authors.affiliation: Silesian Analytical Laboratories, Moniuszki 81 Str., 41-807 Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boruta
authors.affiliation: Department of Bromatology and Dietetics, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A Str, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dziadas
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyspianskiego 27 Str. 50-534, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Młynarz
authors.affiliation: USC Center for Biofilms, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Parish Paymon
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Sedghizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A Str., 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Marzenna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartoszewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000473:pathology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome / Q000502:physiology*; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Chronic leg ulcerations; Exudate; Metabolite; Microbes; Nuclear magnetic resonance