title: Endonasal management of pediatric congenital transsphenoidal encephaloceles: nuances of a modified reconstruction technique. Technical note and report of 3 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Congenital transsphenoidal encephaloceles are rare malformations, and their surgical treatment remains challenging. This paper reports 3 cases of transsphenoidal encephalocele in 8- to 24-month-old infants, who presented mainly with airway obstruction, respiratory distress, and failure to thrive. METHODS The authors discuss the surgical management of these lesions via a minimally invasive endoscopic endonasal approach, as compared with the traditional transcranial and transpalatal approaches. A unique endonasal management algorithm for these lesions is outlined. The lesions were repaired with no resection of the encephalocele sac, and the cranial base defects were reconstructed with titanium mesh plates and vascular nasoseptal flaps. RESULTS Reduction of the encephalocele and reconstruction of the skull base was successfully accomplished in all 3 cases, with favorable results. CONCLUSIONS The described endonasal management algorithm for congenital transsphenoidal encephaloceles is a safe, viable alternative to traditional transcranial and transpalatal approaches, and avoids much of the morbidity associated with these open techniques.
authors.affiliation: Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries Repair and Research Center.|Department of Neurological Surgery, and.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeinalizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; and.
authors.forename: Seyed Mousa
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sadrehosseini
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zohreh
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Habibi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farideh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nejat
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and.
authors.forename: Harley Brito da
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Harminder
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D019468:Disease Management; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: NSF = nasoseptal flap; TMP = titanium mesh plate; congenital; endonasal; endoscopy; reconstruction; transsphenoidal encephalocele