title: Assessing the use of 4DCT-ventilation in pre-operative surgical lung cancer evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A primary treatment option for lung cancer patients is surgical resection. Patients who have poor lung function prior to surgery are at increased risk of developing serious and life-threatening complications after surgical resection. Surgeons use nuclear medicine ventilation-perfusion (VQ) scans along with pulmonary function test (PFT) information to assess a patient's pre-surgical lung function. The nuclear medicine images and pre-surgery PFTs are used to calculate percent predicted postoperative (%PPO) PFT values by estimating the amount of functioning lung tissue that would be lost with surgical resection. Nuclear medicine imaging is currently considered the standard of care when evaluating the amount of ventilation that would be lost due to surgery. A novel lung function imaging modality has been developed in radiation oncology that uses 4-Dimensional computed tomography data to calculate ventilation maps (4DCT-ventilation). Compared to nuclear medicine, 4DCT-ventilation is cheaper, does not require a radioactive contrast agent, provides a faster imaging procedure, and has improved spatial resolution. In this work we perform a retrospective study to assess the use of 4DCT-ventilation as a pre-operative surgical lung function evaluation tool. Specifically, the purpose of our study was to compare %PPO PFT values calculated with 4DCT-ventilation and %PPO PFT values calculated with nuclear medicine ventilation-perfusion imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 16 lung cancer patients that had undergone 4DCT imaging, nuclear medicine imaging, and had Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) acquired as part of a standard PFT. The 4DCT datasets, spatial registration, and a density-change-based model were used to compute 4DCT-ventilation maps. Both 4DCT-ventilation and nuclear medicine images were used to calculate %PPO FEV1. The %PPO FEV1was calculated by scaling the pre-surgical FEV1by (1-fraction of total resected ventilation); where the resected ventilation was determined using either the 4DCT-ventilation or nuclear medicine imaging. Calculations were done assuming both lobectomy and pneumonectomy resections. The %PPO FEV1values were compared between the 4DCT-ventilation-based calculations and the nuclear medicine-based calculations using correlation coefficients, average differences, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall the 4DCT-ventilation derived %PPO FEV1values agreed well with nuclear medicine-derived %PPO FEV1data with correlations of 0.99 and 0.81 for lobectomy and pneumonectomy, respectively. The average differences between the 4DCT-ventilation and nuclear medicine-based calculation for %PPO FEV1were less than 5%. ROC analysis revealed predictive accuracy that ranged from 87.5% to 100% when assessing the ability of 4DCT-ventilation to predict for nuclear medicine-based %PPO FEV1values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4DCT-ventilation is an innovative technology developed in radiation oncology that has great potential to translate to the surgical domain. The high correlation results when comparing 4DCT-ventilation to the current standard of care provide a strong rationale for a prospective clinical trial assessing 4DCT-ventilation in the clinical setting. 4DCT-ventilation can reduce the cost and imaging time for patients while providing improved spatial accuracy and quantitative results for surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Yevgeniy
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vinogradskiy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, 3601 W 13 Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, 3601 W 13 Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rusthoven
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Moyed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miften
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057234:Preoperative Period; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: CT Ventilation; functional imaging; lung cancer; quantitative imaging; surgical evaluation