title: Cyto-genotoxicity and oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to a mixture of ibuprofen and diclofenac.
abstract: Thirty million people worldwide consume each day nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a heterogeneous group of pharmaceuticals used for its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies report high NSAID concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluents, in surface, ground, and drinking water, and in sediments. NSAIDs are also known to induce toxicity on aquatic organisms. However, toxicity in natural ecosystems is not usually the result of exposure to a single substance but to a mixture of toxic agents, yet only a few studies have evaluated the toxicity of mixtures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity induced by diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBP), and their mixture on a species of commercial interest, the common carp Cyprinus carpio. The median lethal concentration of IBP and DCF was determined, and oxidative stress was evaluated using the following biomarkers: lipid peroxidation and activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Cyto-genotoxicity was evaluated by micronucleus test, comet assay, and the specific activity of caspase-3. Results show that DCF, IBP, and a mixture of these pharmaceuticals induced free radical production, oxidative stress and cyto-genotoxicity in tissues of C. carpio. However, a greater effect was elicited by the mixture than by either pharmaceutical alone in some biomarkers evaluated, particularly in gill. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1637-1650, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, México.
authors.forename: Hariz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Islas-Flores
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, México.
authors.forename: Leobardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manuel Gómez-Oliván
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala y Carpio s/n, México, D.F, 11340, México.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, México.
authors.forename: Esmeralda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Michelle Sánchez-Ocampo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, México.
authors.forename: Nely
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: SanJuan-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, México.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ortíz-Reynoso
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca, Estado de México, 50120, México.
authors.forename: Octavio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dublán-García
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002347:Carps / Q000378:metabolism; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Cyprinus carpio; caspase-3; comet assay; micronuclei; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; oxidative stress