title: Patterns of drug use and HIV infection among adults in a nationally representative sample.
abstract: Little is known about drug use patterns among people living with HIV in comparison to an uninfected group in the general population. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between legal and illegal drug use and HIV infection in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States.
  
  
  
  Public use data files (2005-2014) from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) were used. Respondents were asked whether a medical professional had ever told them that they had HIV/AIDS. Ever (lifetime), past-year, and past month use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, and nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics was assessed. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of the relationship between drug use and HIV infection, adjusting for demographics.
  
  
  
  Of 377,787 respondents age 18 and older, 548 (0.19%) were categorized as HIV-infected. Ever use of cigarettes, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, and psychotherapeutics was higher in HIV-infected individuals compared to HIV-uninfected individuals after adjustment for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, total family income, and marital status. Past year and past month use was also higher for HIV-infected individuals for all substances aside from alcohol.
  
  
  
  In a nationally representative sample, there are higher levels of drug use and DSM-IV dependence among the HIV-infected population compared to the HIV-uninfected population. This is of concern because drug use and dependence can impede engagement in HIV care and adherence to antiretroviral therapy.
authors.affiliation: Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168(th) Street, PH 19, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, United States. Electronic address: ss2568@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiau
authors.affiliation: Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168(th) Street, PH 19, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, United States. Electronic address: sma2@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Arpadi
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, PH 8, New York, NY, United States. Electronic address: mty4@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, United States. Electronic address: ssm2183@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Silvia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aids; Drug use patterns; HIV; Representative sample