title: Preschool Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children with Congenital Heart Disease.
abstract: To describe preschool neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with complex congenital heart disease (CHD), who were evaluated as part of a longitudinal cardiac neurodevelopmental follow-up program, as recommended by the American Heart Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics, and identify predictors of neurodevelopmental outcomes in these children.
  
  
  
  Children with CHD meeting the American Heart Association/American Academy of Pediatrics high-risk criteria for neurodevelopmental delay were evaluated at 4-5 years of age. Testing included standardized neuropsychological measures. Parents completed measures of child functioning. Scores were compared by group (single ventricle [1V]; 2 ventricles [2V]; CHD plus known genetic condition) to test norms and classified as: normal (within 1 SD of mean); at risk (1-2 SD from mean); and impaired (>2 SD from mean).
  
  
  
  Data on 102 patients were analyzed. Neurodevelopmental scores did not differ based on cardiac anatomy (1V vs 2V); both groups scored lower than norms on fine motor and adaptive behavior skills, but were within 1 SD of norms. Patients with genetic conditions scored significantly worse than 1V and 2V groups and test norms on most measures.
  
  
  
  Children with CHD and genetic conditions are at greatest neurodevelopmental risk. Deficits in children with CHD without genetic conditions were mild and may not be detected without formal longitudinal testing. Parents and providers need additional education regarding the importance of developmental follow-up for children with CHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. Electronic address: cbrosig@chw.org.
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Brosig
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Laurel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bear
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Sydney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Raymond G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frommelt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Herma Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mussatto
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: assessment and surveillance; child development; congenital heart disease/defects; developmental follow-up; developmental outcomes