title: Bulk immunoassays for analysis of extracellular vesicles.
abstract: There is increasing clinical interest in extracellular vesicles (EV) for diagnostic and treatment purposes. This review provides an overview of bulk immunoassays to analyse EV. Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are still the two predominant bulk immunoassays. Recently, new assays have become available that can detect exposure to EV concentrations that are up to 10,000-fold lower. This is advantageous for applications that detect rare EV. Other important parameters are the detectable concentration range, the required sample volume, whether simultaneous presence of different antigens on a single EV can be detected, size selectivity of each assay and practical considerations. In this review, we will explain the working principles of the traditional and novel assays together with their performance parameters. The most sensitive assays are micro-nuclear magnetic resonance, surface plasmon resonance, and time-resolved fluorescent immunoassay.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank A W
authors.initials: FAW
authors.lastname: Coumans
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|b Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elmar L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Gool
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rienk
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nieuwland
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D000067128:Extracellular Vesicles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015200:Fluoroimmunoassay / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015539:Platelet Activation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: analysis; bulk; detection; exosomes; extracellular vesicles; immunochemistry