title: Gadolinium deposition in the brain: association with various GBCAs using a generalized additive model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between the number of administrations of various gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) and increased T1 signal intensity in the globus pallidus (GP) and dentate nucleus (DN).
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study included 122 patients who underwent double-dose GBCA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Two radiologists calculated GP-to-thalamus (TH) signal intensity ratio, DN-to-pons signal intensity ratio and relative change (Rchange) between the baseline and final examinations. Interobserver agreement was evaluated. The relationships between Rchangeand several factors, including number of each GBCA administrations, were analysed using a generalized additive model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients (4.9%) received linear GBCAs (mean 20.8 number of administration; range 15-30), 44 patients (36.1%) received macrocyclic GBCAs (mean 26.1; range 14-51) and 72 patients (59.0%) received both types of GBCAs (mean 31.5; range 12-65). Interobserver agreement was almost perfect (0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-0.99). Rchange(DN:pons) was associated with gadodiamide (p = 0.006) and gadopentetate dimeglumine (p < 0.001), but not with other GBCAs. Rchange(GP:TH) was not associated with GBCA administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous administration of linear agents gadoiamide and gadopentetate dimeglumine is associated with increased T1 signal intensity in the DN, whereas macrocyclic GBCAs do not show an association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Certain linear GBCAs are associated with T1 signal change in the dentate nucleus. • The signal change is related to the administration number of certain linear GBCAs. • Difference in signal change may reflect differences in stability of agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
authors.forename: Sohi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyunghwa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
authors.forename: Yae-Won
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Seong
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
authors.forename: Jinna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea. SLEE@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Seung-Koo
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D002529:Cerebellar Nuclei / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011149:Pons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013788:Thalamus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C064925:gadodiamide; D005682:Gadolinium; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA
keywords: Contrast media; Dentate nucleus; Gadolinium; Globus pallidus; Magnetic resonance imaging