title: Contribution of point and small-scaled sources to the PM10emission using positive matrix factorization model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The positive matrix factorization is a powerful environmental analysis technique which has been successfully utilized to assess air-born particulate matter source contribution. The new version of this model (PMF5) has two additional estimation error methods and some other useful advantages compared to the previous versions. In the present study, the capability of PMF5 for identification and contribution of small size particle source to the ambient particulate matter was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study area is surrounded by three industrial complexes and 2 locations of dumped tailing soils of mining activities and related manufactures. Ambient particulate matter were sampled at 2 sites in the urban area of Zanjan (Iran) and 196 collected samples were analyzed for 15 chemical elements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At downtown, the identified factors (and their contributions to particulate matter) were: soil particles (40.36%), fuel combustion and traffic (26.8%), tailing soils (lead and zinc) (21.32%), and nickel and industrial emission(5.7%). The identified factors at residential site of studied area (and their contributions to particulate matter) were general industrial emission (28.2%), tailing soils (lead and zinc) (39.2%), soil (25.8%), cadmium and general pollutants (6.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of modeled data by PMF 5 indicated that the applied model could identify the dumps of tailing soils as a separated factor. The other particulate matter sources in the studied area were traffic, fuel combustion, soil particles and industrial pollutants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zohre
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Farahmandkia
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Faramarz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moattar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahidbeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zayeri
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz, Khouzestan Iran.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadegh Sekhavatjou
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nabiollah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mansouri
keywords: Characterization; Heavy metals; PM10; Positive Matrix Analysis