title: Effect of different sulfadimidine addition methods on its degradation behaviour in swine manure.
abstract: Sulfadimidine (SM2) is commonly used in the swine industry and enters the environment via faeces. In recent years, advances in the ecotoxicology of SM2 have become a popular research interest with two common research methods including swine manure collection from swine fed with a diet containing SM2 and directly adding SM2. The purpose of this experiment was to compare SM2 degradation behaviour in pig manure with two different SM2 addition methods. The results showed that the degradation half-lives of SM2 in manure from SM2-fed swine treatment were 33.2 and 32.0 days at the initial addition level of SM2 at 32.1 and 64.3 mg/kg, respectively. This was significantly longer than that in manure directly adding SM2 treatment with the half-lives of 21.4 and 14.8 days. The metabolite of SM2 N4-acetyl-sulfamethazine occurred in manure from SM2-fed swine treatment but was not detected in directly adding SM2 treatment. The pH in manure from SM2-fed swine treatment was significantly lower than that in directly adding SM2 treatment, but the values of organic carbon, total nitrogen, and electrical conductivity in manure from SM2-fed swine treatment were significantly higher than those in manure directly adding SM2 treatment. Meanwhile, although the copy number of bacteria had no significant difference between two treatments, there was a significant difference in bacteria diversity. Results of the present study demonstrated that the presence of the metabolites, chemical property, and microbial diversity might be the reason for different SM2 degradation behaviours on different addition methods. Thus, the method using manure with SM2 collected from swine could obtain more accurate results for the ecotoxicological study of SM2.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
authors.forename: Tian-Tian
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.|Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Nanhai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Foshan, 528200, China.
authors.forename: Yong-De
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.|Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Di
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Juan-Boo
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. wuyinbao@scau.edu.cn.|Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. wuyinbao@scau.edu.cn.|Generic Technique Inovation Team Construction of Modern Agriculture of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China. wuyinbao@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yin-Bao
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013418:Sulfamethazine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D013418:Sulfamethazine
keywords: Addition method; Bacteria diversity; Degradation; N4-Acetyl-sulfamethazine; Sulfadimidine; Swine manure