title: State of the art in microRNA as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
abstract: Early diagnostic is one of the most important steps in cancer therapy which helps to design and choose a better therapeutic approach. The finding of biomarkers in various levels including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics levels could provide better treatment for various cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The CLL is the one of main lymphoid malignancies which is specified by aggregation of mature B lymphocytes. Among different biomarkers (e.g., CD38, chromosomes abnormalities, ZAP-70, TP53, and microRNA [miRNA]), miRNAs have appeared as new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in patients with the CLL disease. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that deregulation of miRNAs could be associated with pathological events which are present in the CLL. These molecules have an effect on a variety of targets such as Bcl2, c-fos, c-Myc, TP53, TCL1, and STAT3 which play critical roles in the CLL pathogenesis. It has been shown that expression of miRNAs could lead to the activation of B cells and B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Moreover, exosomes containing miRNAs are one of the other molecules which could contribute to BCR stimulation and progression of CLL cells. Hence, miRNAs and exosomes released from CLL cells could be used as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for CLL. This critical review focuses on a very important aspect of CLL based on biomarker discovery covers the pros and cons of using miRNAs as important diagnostics and therapeutics biomarkers for this deadly disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mirzaei
authors.affiliation: Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Ashkezar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ashkezar, Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fathullahzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of pediatric dentistry, School of dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Razieh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khanmohammadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Mansoreh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Darijani
authors.affiliation: Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Momeni
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Aria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masoudifar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - KULeuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goodarzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mardanshah
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stenvang
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jaafari
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Mirzaei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D015973:Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic; D006801:Humans; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: MicroRNA; biomarker; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; diagnosis; therapy