title: National molecular surveillance of recently acquired HIV infections in Germany, 2013 to 2014.
abstract: To enable an up-to-date molecular analysis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genotypes circulating in Germany we have established a surveillance system based on recently acquired HIV infections. New HIV infections are reported to the Robert Koch Institute as a statutory duty for anonymous notification. In 2013 and 2014, a dried serum spot (DSS) sample was received from 6,371 newly diagnosed HIV-cases; their analysis suggested that 1,797 samples originated from a recent infection. Of these, 809 were successfully genotyped in the pol region to identify transmitted drug resistance (TDR) mutations and to determine the HIV-1 subtype. Total TDR was 10.8%, comprising 4.3% with mono-resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), 2.6% to non-NRTIs, 3.0% to protease inhibitors and 0.6% and 0.2%, respectively, with dual- and triple-class resistances. HIV-1 subtype B was most prevalent with 77.0%. Non-B infections were identified more often in men and women with heterosexual transmission compared with intravenous drug users or men who have sex with men (79% and 76%, 33%, 12%; all p < 0.05). Non-B subtypes were also more frequently found in patients originating from countries other than Germany (46% vs 14%; p < 0.05) and in patients infected outside of Germany (63% vs 14%; p < 0.05).
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.|Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanke
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bremer
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bartmeyer
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuecherer
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bannert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D055815:Young Adult; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
keywords: HIV drug resistance; HIV subtype; Human immunodeficiency virus; dried serum spots; molecular surveillance; recency testing