title: An Activation Threshold Model for Response Inhibition.
abstract: Reactive response inhibition (RI) is the cancellation of a prepared response when it is no longer appropriate. Selectivity of RI can be examined by cueing the cancellation of one component of a prepared multi-component response. This substantially delays execution of other components. There is debate regarding whether this response delay is due to a selective neural mechanism. Here we propose a computational activation threshold model (ATM) and test it against a classical "horse-race" model using behavioural and neurophysiological data from partial RI experiments. The models comprise both facilitatory and inhibitory processes that compete upstream of motor output regions. Summary statistics (means and standard deviations) of predicted muscular and neurophysiological data were fit in both models to equivalent experimental measures by minimizing a Pearson Chi-square statistic. The ATM best captured behavioural and neurophysiological dynamics of partial RI. The ATM demonstrated that the observed modulation of corticomotor excitability during partial RI can be explained by nonselective inhibition of the prepared response. The inhibition raised the activation threshold to a level that could not be reached by the original response. This was necessarily followed by an additional phase of facilitation representing a secondary activation process in order to reach the new inhibition threshold and initiate the executed component of the response. The ATM offers a mechanistic description of the neural events underlying RI, in which partial movement cancellation results from a nonselective inhibitory event followed by subsequent initiation of a new response. The ATM provides a framework for considering and exploring the neuroanatomical constraints that underlie RI.
authors.affiliation: Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.|Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Hayley J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.affiliation: Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.|Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Angus J C
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McMorland
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.|Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Cathy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stinear
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Coxon
authors.affiliation: Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.|Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Winston D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Byblow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult