title: Backcasting to identify food waste prevention and mitigation opportunities for infant feeding in maternity services.
abstract: Food waste in hospitals is of major concern for two reasons: one, healthcare needs to move toward preventative and demand led models for sustainability and two, food system sustainability needs to seek preventative measures such as diet adaptation and waste prevention. The impact of breast-milk substitute use on health services are well established in literature in terms of healthcare implications, cost and resourcing, however as a food demand and waste management issue little has been published to date. This paper presents the use of a desk based backcasting method to analyse food waste prevention, mitigation and management options within the Irish Maternity Service. Best practice in healthcare provision and waste management regulations are used to frame solutions. Strategic problem orientation revealed that 61% of the volume of ready to use breast-milk substitutes purchased by maternity services remains unconsumed and ends up as waste. Thirteen viable strategies to prevent and manage this waste were identified. Significant opportunities exist to prevent waste and also decrease food demand leading to both positive health and environmental outcomes. Backcasting methods display great promise in delivering food waste management strategies in healthcare settings, especially where evidenced best practice policies exist to inform solution forming processes. In terms of food waste prevention and management, difficulties arise in distinguishing between demand reduction, waste prevention and waste reduction measures under the current Waste Management Hierarchy definitions. Ultimately demand reduction at source requires prioritisation, a strategy which is complimentary to health policy on infant feeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland. Electronic address: yvonne.ryan@ul.ie.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ryan-Fogarty
authors.affiliation: BEST Services, Galway H91T22T, Ireland. Electronic address: gbecker@bestservices.ie.
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland. Electronic address: Richard.moles@ul.ie.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moles
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland. Electronic address: Bernadette.oregan@ul.ie.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: O'Regan
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005521:Food Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006771:Hospitals, Maternity; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007494:Ireland; D012987:Soil; D018505:Waste Management / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil
keywords: Backcasting; Food waste; Green healthcare; Waste hierarchy; Waste prevention