title: Soft tissue effects of three different Class II/1-camouflage treatment strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aim of this retrospective study was to compare soft tissue effects of Class II treatments with the forsus fatigue resistant device (FRD), the pendulum appliance, and the extraction of two maxillary premolars, all of which were combined with pre-adjusted fixed appliances.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample of 54 patients with Class II malocclusions was divided in three groups: group I patients (mean age = 15.91 years) were treated with the FRD concurrently used with fixed appliances; group II patients (mean age = 16.08 years) were treated with the pendulum appliance combined with a Nance and headgear followed by fixed appliances; and group III patients (mean age = 19.04 years) were treated with the extraction of two maxillary premolars with miniscrew anchorage. Soft tissue and dentoskeletal parameters were measured on pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2) lateral cephalograms. The changes from T1 to T2 were compared between the groups using Kruskal-Wallis test, and treatment differences were evaluated with the Wilcoxon test at p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soft tissue measurement changes related to the upper and lower lips were significantly greater in group II than in group III (p < 0.05). Upper incisor measurement changes were significantly different between groups II and III. Lower incisor measurement changes were significantly different between groups I and III and groups II and III (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pendulum and extraction treatment groups showed significant differences in relation with the upper and lower lip positional changes, which were significantly greater in the pendulum group. Treatment time with the extraction treatment was statistically shorter than with the nonextraction protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey. ezgibaytorun@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ezgi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atik
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bengisu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akarsu-Guven
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ilken
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kocadereli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000601:surgery; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D005115:Extraoral Traction Appliances; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Class II; Forsus; Pendulum; Premolar extraction; Treatment time