title: Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Advancements in Diagnosis and Treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Leukemia is the most common pediatric malignancy and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Among all subtypes, a lack of consensus exists regarding the diagnosis and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patient survival rates have remained modest for the past three decades in AML. Recently, targeted therapy has emerged as a promising treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the PubMed database for recently published research papers on diagnostic development, target therapy, and other novel therapies of AML. Clinical trial information was obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov. For the major purpose of this review that is to outline the latest therapeutic development of AML, we only listed the ongoing clinical trials for reference. However, the published results of complete clinical trials were also mentioned.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviewed the latest developments related to the diagnosis and treatment of AML. In the first portion, we provided some novel insights on the molecular basis of AML, as well as provided an update on the classification of AML. In the second portion, we summarized the results of research on potential molecular therapeutic agents including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase/Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitors, epigenetic/demethylating agents, and cellular therapeutic agents. We will also highlight ongoing research and clinical trials in pediatric AML.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We described clonal evolution and how it changes our view on leukemogenesis, treatment responses, and disease relapse. Pediatric-specific genomic mapping was discussed with a novel diagnostic method highlighted. In the later portion of this review, we summarized the researches on potential molecular therapeutic agents including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase/FLT3 inhibitors, epigenetic/demethylating agents, and cellular therapeutic agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene sequencing techniques should set the basis for next-generation diagnostic methods of AML, and target therapy should be the focus of future clinical research in the exploration of therapeutic possibilities.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045; Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045; Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Meng-Ge
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Beijing 100045; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045; Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045; Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Hu-Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051941:fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D051941:fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3