title: The Frequency Spectral Properties of Electrode-Skin Contact Impedance on Human Head and Its Frequency-Dependent Effects on Frequency-Difference EIT in Stroke Detection from 10Hz to 1MHz.
abstract: Frequency-difference electrical impedance tomography (fdEIT) reconstructs frequency-dependent changes of a complex impedance distribution. It has a potential application in acute stroke detection because there are significant differences in impedance spectra between stroke lesions and normal brain tissues. However, fdEIT suffers from the influences of electrode-skin contact impedance since contact impedance varies greatly with frequency. When using fdEIT to detect stroke, it is critical to know the degree of measurement errors or image artifacts caused by contact impedance. To our knowledge, no study has systematically investigated the frequency spectral properties of electrode-skin contact impedance on human head and its frequency-dependent effects on fdEIT used in stroke detection within a wide frequency band (10 Hz-1 MHz). In this study, we first measured and analyzed the frequency spectral properties of electrode-skin contact impedance on 47 human subjects' heads within 10 Hz-1 MHz. Then, we quantified the frequency-dependent effects of contact impedance on fdEIT in stroke detection in terms of the current distribution beneath the electrodes and the contact impedance imbalance between two measuring electrodes. The results showed that the contact impedance at high frequencies (>100 kHz) significantly changed the current distribution beneath the electrode, leading to nonnegligible errors in boundary voltages and artifacts in reconstructed images. The contact impedance imbalance at low frequencies (<1 kHz) also caused significant measurement errors. We conclude that the contact impedance has critical frequency-dependent influences on fdEIT and further studies on reducing such influences are necessary to improve the application of fdEIT in stroke detection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Canhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Weichen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Xuetao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Xiuzhen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014054:Tomography / Q000379:methods*