title: Turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection with polymers: Understanding how heat flux is modified.
abstract: We study how polymers affect the heat flux in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection at moderate Rayleigh numbers using direct numerical simulations with polymers of different relaxation times. We find that heat flux is enhanced by polymers and the amount of heat enhancement first increases and then decreases with the Weissenberg number, which is the ratio of the polymer relaxation time to the typical time scale of the flow. We show that this nonmonotonic behavior of the heat flux enhancement is the combined effect of the decrease in the viscous energy dissipation rate due to the viscosity of the Newtonian fluid and the increase in the energy dissipation rate due to polymers when Weissenberg number is increased. We explain why the viscous energy dissipation rate decreases with the Weissenberg number. Then by carrying out a generalized boundary layer analysis supplemented by a space-dependent effective viscosity from the numerical simulations, we provide a theoretical understanding of the change of the heat flux when the viscous energy dissipation rate is held constant. Our analysis thus provides a physical way to understand the numerical results.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata and INFN, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.|Institute of Theoretical Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Emily S C
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Angelis