title: Muscle Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Contribute to Post-Incisional Guarding via the TRPA1 Receptor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep tissues and their afferents have unique responses to various stimuli and respond to injury distinctively. However, the types of receptors and endogenous ligands that have a key role in pain after deep tissue incision are unknown. TRPA1 has been shown to mediate pain-related responses in inflammation- and nerve injury-induced pain models. We hypothesized that TRPA1 has an important role in pain behaviors after deep tissue incision.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of various doses of intraperitoneal (i.p.) TRPA1 antagonist, HC-030031, on pain behaviors after skin + deep tissue incision of the rat hind paw was measured. In vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS)-imaging and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels after incision were also evaluated. Separate groups of rats were examined for H2O2-evoked pain-related behaviors after injections into the deep tissue or the subcutaneous tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Guarding pain behavior after skin + deep tissue incision was decreased by i.p. HC-030031. However, HC-030031 did not affect mechanical or heat responses after incision. Treatment either before or after incision was effective against incision-induced guarding behavior. ROS increased after skin + deep tissue incision in both the incised muscle and the skin. Tissue H2O2 also increased in both skin and muscle after incision. H2O2 injection produced pain behaviors when injected into muscle but not after subcutaneous injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 reduced spontaneous guarding pain behavior after skin + deep tissue incision. These data indicate that TRPA1 receptors on nociceptors are active in incised fascia and muscle but this is not evident in incised skin. Even though endogenous TRPA1 agonists like ROS and H2O2 were increased in both incised skin and muscle, those in skin do not contribute to nociceptive behaviors. This study suggests that endogenous TRPA1 ligands and the TRPA1 receptor are important targets for acute pain from deep tissue injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sinyoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.|Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brennan
mesh_terms: D000083:Acetanilides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000378:metabolism; D011687:Purines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; D050052:TRPC Cation Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C552888:2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide; D000083:Acetanilides; D011687:Purines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; D050052:TRPC Cation Channels; C480976:Trpa1 protein, rat; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide