title: Identification of a novel bovine enterovirus possessing highly divergent amino acid sequences in capsid protein.
abstract: Bovine enterovirus (BEV) belongs to the species Enterovirus E or F, genus Enterovirus and family Picornaviridae. Although numerous studies have identified BEVs in the feces of cattle with diarrhea, the pathogenicity of BEVs remains unclear. Previously, we reported the detection of novel kobu-like virus in calf feces, by metagenomics analysis. In the present study, we identified a novel BEV in diarrheal feces collected for that survey. Complete genome sequences were determined by deep sequencing in feces. Secondary RNA structure analysis of the 5' untranslated region (UTR), phylogenetic tree construction and pairwise identity analysis were conducted.
  
  
  
  The complete genome sequences of BEV were genetically distant from other EVs and the VP1 coding region contained novel and unique amino acid sequences. We named this strain as BEV AN12/Bos taurus/JPN/2014 (referred to as BEV-AN12). According to genome analysis, the genome length of this virus is 7414 nucleotides excluding the poly (A) tail and its genome consists of a 5'UTR, open reading frame encoding a single polyprotein, and 3'UTR. The results of secondary RNA structure analysis showed that in the 5'UTR, BEV-AN12 had an additional clover leaf structure and small stem loop structure, similarly to other BEVs. In pairwise identity analysis, BEV-AN12 showed high amino acid (aa) identities to Enterovirus F in the polyprotein, P2 and P3 regions (aa identity ≥82.4%). Therefore, BEV-AN12 is closely related to Enterovirus F. However, aa sequences in the capsid protein regions, particularly the VP1 encoding region, showed significantly low aa identity to other viruses in genus Enterovirus (VP1 aa identity ≤58.6%). In addition, BEV-AN12 branched separately from Enterovirus E and F in phylogenetic trees based on the aa sequences of P1 and VP1, although it clustered with Enterovirus F in trees based on sequences in the P2 and P3 genome region.
  
  
  
  We identified novel BEV possessing highly divergent aa sequences in the VP1 coding region in Japan. According to species definition, we proposed naming this strain as "Enterovirus K", which is a novel species within genus Enterovirus. Further genomic studies are needed to understand the pathogenicity of BEVs.
authors.affiliation: The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.|Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuchiaka
authors.affiliation: The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.|Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayed Samim
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rahpaya
authors.affiliation: Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
authors.forename: Konosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otomaru
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naoi
authors.affiliation: The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.|Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Omatsu
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.|Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okazaki-Terashima
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Mami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oba
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. tmizutan@cc.tuat.ac.jp.|Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan. tmizutan@cc.tuat.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizutani
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000662:veterinary; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000821:virology; D029650:Enterovirus, Bovine / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods; D007564:Japan; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: Bovine enterovirus; Deep sequencing; Phylogenetic analysis