title: Insights into the molecular basis of long-term storage and survival of sperm in the honeybee (Apis mellifera).
abstract: Honeybee males produce ejaculates consisting of large numbers of high quality sperm. Because queens never re-mate after a single mating episode early in life, sperm are stored in a specialised organ for years but the proximate mechanisms underlying this key physiological adaptation are unknown. We quantified energy metabolism in honeybee sperm and show that the glycolytic metabolite glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P) is a key substrate for honeybee sperm survival and energy production. This reliance on non-aerobic energy metabolism in stored sperm was further supported by our findings of very low levels of oxygen inside the spermatheca. Expression of GA3P dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the enzyme involved in catabolism of GA3P, was significantly higher in stored compared to ejaculated sperm. Therefore, long-term sperm storage seems facilitated by the maintenance of non-aerobic energy production, the need for only the ATP-producing steps of glycolysis and by avoiding sperm damage resulting from ROS production. We also confirm that honeybee sperm is capable of aerobic metabolism, which predominates in ejaculated sperm while they compete for access to the spermatheca, but is suppressed during storage. Consequently, the remarkable reproductive traits of honeybees are proximately achieved by differential usage of energy production pathways to maximise competitiveness and minimise damage of sperm.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Bayliss Building (M316), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia.|ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Bayliss Building (M316), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paynter
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Bayliss Building (M316), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia.|ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Bayliss Building (M316), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia.
authors.forename: A Harvey
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Bayliss Building (M316), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Mat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Bayliss Building (M316), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baer-Imhoof
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Bayliss Building (M316), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia.|School of Animal Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Danyang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Bayliss Building (M316), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia.|ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Bayliss Building (M316), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baer
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005986:Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005986:Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D010100:Oxygen