title: First-line combination therapy versus first-line monotherapy for primary hypertension.
abstract: Starting with one drug and starting with a combination of two drugs are strategies suggested in clinical guidelines as initial treatment of hypertension. The recommendations are not based on evidence about clinically relevant outcomes. Some antihypertensive combinations have been shown to be harmful. The actual harm-to-benefit balance of each strategy is unknown.
  
  
  
  To determine if there are differences in clinical outcomes between monotherapy and combination therapy as initial treatment for primary hypertension.
  
  
  
  We searched the Hypertension Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2016, Issue 2), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) up to February 2016. We searched in clinical studies repositories of pharmaceutical companies, reviews of combination drugs in Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency, and lists of references in reviews and clinical practice guidelines.
  
  
  
  Randomized, double-blind trials with at least 12 months' follow-up in adults with primary hypertension (systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure 140/90 mmHg or higher, or 130/80 mmHg or higher if participants had diabetes), which compared combination of two first-line antihypertensive drug with monotherapy as initial treatment. Trials had to include at least 50 participants per group and report mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events or serious adverse events.
  
  
  
  Two authors independently selected trials for inclusion, evaluated the risk of bias and entered the data. Primary outcomes were mortality, serious adverse events, cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality. Secondary outcomes were withdrawals due to drug-related adverse effects, reaching blood pressure control (as defined in each trial) and blood pressure change from baseline. Analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle. We summarized data on dichotomous outcomes as risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  
  We found three studies in which a subgroup of participants met our inclusion criteria. None of the studies focused solely on people initiating antihypertensive treatment so we asked investigators for data for this subgroup (monotherapy: 335 participants; combination therapy: 233 participants). They included outpatients, and mostly European and white people. Two trials included only people with type 2 diabetes, whereas the other trial excluded people treated with diabetes, hypocholesterolaemia or cardiovascular drugs. The follow-up was 12 months in two trials and 36 months in one trial. Certainty of evidence was very low due to the serious imprecision, and for using a subgroup not defined in advance. Confidence intervals were extremely wide for all important outcomes and included both appreciable harm and benefit.
  
  
  
  The numbers of included participants and, hence the number of events, were too small to draw any conclusion about the relative efficacy of monotherapy versus combination therapy as initial treatment for primary hypertension. There is a need for large clinical trials that address the question and report clinically relevant endpoints.
authors.affiliation: Drug Prescribing Service, Navarre Health Service, Plaza de la Paz s/n 4ª, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, 31002.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garjón
authors.affiliation: Drug Prescribing Service, Navarre Health Service, Plaza de la Paz s/n 4ª, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, 31002.
authors.forename: Luis Carlos
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Saiz
authors.affiliation: Drug Prescribing Service, Navarre Health Service, Plaza de la Paz s/n 4ª, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, 31002.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azparren
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy B, CHN, Navarre Health Service, Irunlarrea 4, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, 31008.
authors.forename: José J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Elizondo
authors.affiliation: Continuous Education and Research, Department of Health, Pabellón de Docencia, Recinto Hospital de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, 31008.
authors.forename: Idoia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gaminde
authors.affiliation: Medical Practice, Navarre Health Service, C/San Martin de Unx 11-, Tafalla, Navarra, Spain, 31300.
authors.forename: Mª José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ariz
authors.affiliation: Drug Prescribing Service, Navarre Health Service, Plaza de la Paz s/n 4ª, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, 31002.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erviti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D003971:Diastole; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015983:Selection Bias; D013599:Systole
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents