title: [Epidemiological pattern of abnormal urinary fluoride rates in population with occupational fluoride exposure in Shanghai].
abstract: Objective:To investigate the epidemiological features of abnormal urinary fluoride rates in population with occupational exposure, and its relationships with age, work years and gender in Shanghai.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted respectively in 4 999 exposed workers and 283 non-exposed people during 2012-2015. Their urine samples were collected in plastic bottles and the fluoride ion selective electrode method was used for urinary fluoride level analysis. Logistic regression model was used to estimate associations between the abnormal rates and demographic/socioeconomic status of the study subjects.Results:In the past 4 years, the abnormal urinary fluoride rates (≥1.6 mg/L) in the population with occupational exposure was about 14.38%, it was about 1.43%in the control groups without occupational exposure. Their geometric mean of urinary fluoride content was 0.95 mg/L and 0.46 mg/L, respectively. The incidences of the abnormal rates in those aged ≥50 years and 34-39 years were 19.15%and 22.39%, respectively. The abnormal rate in males was 16.87%, much higher than that in females (6.85%). The abnormal rate had an upward trend along with the increased work years, especially in those with work years of ≥20 years. The abnormal rate was 23.28%in those with work years of ≥20 years and 13.29%in those with work years of <4 years. The relative risk for abnormal urinary fluoride rates was higher in male group, older age group and longer work year group, the odds ratio was 2.28, 1.10 and 1.13, respectively.Conclusions:Serious challenges exist in occupational health supervision. The relevant national standards should be updated as soon as possible. Males, those aged >50 years, and those with longer work years are the risk groups for intervention measures. More efforts are needed, such as strengthening the innovative application of health examination data and the equalization of basic public health service with comprehensive occupational health supervision programs among off-farm workers in the new medical reform.
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Department, Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Services and Public Health Assessment, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Department, Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Department, Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China.
authors.forename: Y Q
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Department, Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Department, Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China.
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Department, Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Department, Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Services and Public Health Assessment, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000652:urine*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; C012980:fluorophosphate; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Abnormal rate; Accumulative level; Occupational exposure; Urinary fluoride