title: Regulation of the Immune Response by TGF-β: From Conception to Autoimmunity and Infection.
abstract: Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to elucidate how TGF-β alters immunity under various conditions. Under steady-state conditions, TGF-β regulates thymic T-cell selection and maintains homeostasis of the naïve T-cell pool. TGF-β inhibits cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), Th1-, and Th2-cell differentiation while promoting peripheral (p)Treg-, Th17-, Th9-, and Tfh-cell generation, and T-cell tissue residence in response to immune challenges. Similarly, TGF-β controls the proliferation, survival, activation, and differentiation of B cells, as well as the development and functions of innate cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. Collectively, TGF-β plays a pivotal role in maintaining peripheral tolerance against self- and innocuous antigens, such as food, commensal bacteria, and fetal alloantigens, and in controlling immune responses to pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158.|Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143.
authors.forename: Shomyseh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanjabi
authors.affiliation: Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065.
authors.forename: Soyoung A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065.
authors.forename: Ming O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology; D015551:Autoimmunity; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D007519:Isoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000276:immunology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007519:Isoantigens; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta