title: Historical variation in black carbon deposition and sources to Northern China sediments.
abstract: Black carbon (BC) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important air pollutant in a large area of China. We have reconstructed a 100-year-long history of BC deposition based on analyses of sediment samples in the coastal area of the Northern China Plain (NCP). During 1900-2010, the sedimentary BC concentrations at three cores increased from 0.2 to 1.3, from 0.2 to 2.3, and from 0.2 to 1.9 mg g-1, and the ranges for the BC deposition fluxes were 0.1-4.7, 0.1-8.2, 0.2-7.4 g m-2a-1, suggesting the increase of ten times from the pre-industrial era. The BC deposition fluxes showed abrupt variation with two peaks in the 1970s and 2010s. Residential energy consumption and biomass burning (i.e., low-temperature combustion sources; thus, large-scale wildfires with high temperature may not be included) were responsible for the BC increase in the 1970s. Fossil fuel combustion generated by the industrial sectors, including industry, power plants, and transportation, was negligible before 1990 but significantly increased during 1990-2010. The historical increase in the BC deposition was accurately predicted by climate models, specifically the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). However, the BC fluxes in the NCP sediments were an order of magnitude greater than those of the simulated depositions, suggesting an underestimation of the BC deposition in the severely polluted area in China.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Wenxue
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China; Key Laboratory of Muddy Coast Geo-environment, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China. Electronic address: wfu@cgs.cn.
authors.forename: Fu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Jiwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China; Key Laboratory of Muddy Coast Geo-environment, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China.
authors.forename: Lizhu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China; Key Laboratory of Muddy Coast Geo-environment, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China.
authors.forename: Xingyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China; Key Laboratory of Muddy Coast Geo-environment, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China.
authors.forename: Jilong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: bingchen@sdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002244:Carbon
keywords: 100-Year history; Black carbon; China air pollution; Deposition flux; Sediment