title: Recent developments in the isolation, biological function, biosynthesis, and synthesis of phenazine natural products.
abstract: Phenazines are natural products which are produced by bacteria or by archaeal Methanosarcina species. The tricyclic ring system enables redox processes, which producing organisms use for oxidation of NADH or for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), giving them advantages over other microorganisms. In this review we summarize the progress in the field since 2005 regarding the isolation of new phenazine natural products, new insights in their biological function, and particularly the now almost completely understood biosynthesis. The review is complemented by a description of new synthetic methods and total syntheses of phenazines.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guttenberger
authors.affiliation: Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Wulf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Blankenfeldt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria. Electronic address: breinbauer@tugraz.at.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Breinbauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000878:Anthranilate Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001105:Archaea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010619:Phenazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D010619:Phenazines; D000878:Anthranilate Synthase
keywords: Antibiotics; Anticancer; Biofilm; Biosynthesis; Natural product; Phenazine