title: Local myogenic pulp-derived cell injection enhances craniofacial muscle regeneration in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To enhance myogenic differentiation in pulp cells isolated from extracted premolars by epigenetic modification using a DNA demethylation agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza), and to evaluate the potent stimulatory effect of 5-Aza-treated pulp cell injection for craniofacial muscle regeneration in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulp cells were isolated from premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes from four adults (age range, 18-22.1 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of myogenic differentiation and functional contraction response in vitro were compared between pulp cells with or without pre-treatment of 5-Aza. Changes in muscle regeneration in response to green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled myogenic pulp cell injection in vivo were evaluated using a cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced muscle injury model of the gastrocnemius as well as the masseter muscle in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-treatment of 5-Aza in pulp cells stimulated myotube formation, myogenic differentiation in terms of desmin and myogenin expression, and the level of collagen gel contraction. The local injection of 5-Aza pre-treated myogenic pulp cells was engrafted into the host tissue and indicated signs of enhanced muscle regeneration in both the gastrocnemius and the masseter muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The epigenetic modification of pulp cells from extracted premolars and the local injection of myogenic pulp cells may stimulate craniofacial muscles regeneration in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, The Craniofacial Deformity Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Biotechnology, Division of Bioindustry, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, The Craniofacial Deformity Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, The Craniofacial Deformity Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, The Craniofacial Deformity Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: C J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9399-7193
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001641:Bicuspid; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000077209:Decitabine; D001374:Azacitidine
keywords: 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine; muscle injury; myogenesis; pulp cell; regeneration