title: Visual perception of faces with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate: An Eye-Tracking Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypotheses that there are differences between orthodontists, individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and laypersons in the visual perception of faces with unilateral (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), the faces with UCLP and BCLP are visually perceived differently and the hierarchy of visual attention changes when viewing individuals with CLP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Orthodontics and Experimental Psychology at Ege University, İzmir. Sixty images (faces with a social smile and at rest) of 30 volunteers (unaffected controls, UCLP, BCLP) were viewed by 80 participants: orthodontists, individuals with CLP and laypersons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eye fixations on four areas of interest were quantified: eyes, nose, upper lip and lower lip-chin. Time to first fixation, fixation before, fixation count and fixation duration parameters were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orthodontists fixated on the upper-lip area more often than laypersons or individuals with CLP (F2.144=8.47, P=.00, η²=.19 in faces at rest). The upper-lip area received more fixations (F2.144=21.93, P=.00, η²=.23) and longer fixation durations (F2.144=28.86, P=.00, η²=.27) from all participants who gazed on faces with UCLP and a social smile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypotheses of the study were supported. Orthodontists and laypersons focused more attention on the upper lip and eyes in the resting position, respectively. The upper-lip area of the BCLP images captured more attention at rest.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Furkan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dindaroğlu
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Servet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doğan
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amado
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ege
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Doğan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000523:psychology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000523:psychology*; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D053483:Eye Movement Measurements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014796:Visual Perception
keywords: Bilateral CLP; Eye-tracking technology; Unilateral CLP