title: A Comparative Study on Antioxidant System in Fish Hepatopancreas and Intestine Affected by Choline Deficiency: Different Change Patterns of Varied Antioxidant Enzyme Genes and Nrf2 Signaling Factors.
abstract: The liver and intestine are susceptible to the oxidative damage which could result in several diseases. Choline deficiency induced oxidative damage in rat liver cells. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for choline deficiency-induced oxidative damage. Juvenile Jian carp were fed diets differing in choline content [165 (deficient group), 310, 607, 896, 1167 and 1820 mg/kg diet] respectively for 65 days. Oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme activities and related gene expressions in the hepatopancreas and intestine were measured. Choline deficiency decreased choline and phosphatidylcholine contents, and induced oxidative damage in both organs, as evidenced by increased levels of oxidative-stress markers (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine), coupled with decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes [Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)]. However, choline deficiency increased glutathione contents in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Furthermore, dietary choline deficiency downregulated mRNA levels of MnSOD, GPx1b, GST-rho, mGST3 and Kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1b) in the hepatopancreas, MnSOD, GPx1b, GPx4a, GPx4b, GST-rho, GST-theta, GST-mu, GST-alpha, GST-pi and GST-kappa in the intestine, as well as intestinal Nrf2 protein levels. In contrast, choline deficiency upregulated the mRNA levels of GPx4a, GPx4b, mGST1, mGST2, GST-theta, GST-mu, Keap1a and PKC in the hepatopancreas, mGST3, nuclear factor erythoid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Keap1a in the intestine, as well as hepatopancreatic Nrf2 protein levels. This study provides new evidence that choline deficiency-induced oxidative damage is associated with changes in the transcription of antioxidant enzyme and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling molecules in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Additionally, this study firstly indicated that choline deficiency induced varied change patterns of different GPx and GST isoforms. Meanwhile, the changes of some GPx and GST isoforms caused by choline deficiency in the intestine were contrary to those in the hepatopancreas.
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Dan
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yong-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qiu
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002347:Carps / Q000378:metabolism*; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002796:Choline Deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D004798:Enzymes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072019:Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004798:Enzymes; D029941:Fish Proteins; D000072019:Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002794:Choline