title: What is the "L" in LPDs? Localized as well as lateralized.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodic discharges (PDs) are well established as either periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (LPDs) or generalized discharges. However, PDs in the midline can currently not be adequately classified as they are not generalized and not lateralized.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To propose a modification of the current LPD classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  We here present a paradigmatic case series of three adult patients with midline LPDs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our patients, ictal electroencephalography (EEG) recordings revealed periodic epileptiform discharges in the midline region. All three patients were non-lesional.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We, thus, suggest to include periodic localized non-lateralized epileptiform discharges into the term LPDs (in addition to periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges), as they can also be recorded as localized EEG phenomenon in the midline region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7582-2215
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hartl
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rémi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stoyke
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noachtar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
keywords: electroencephalography; epilepsy; lateralized epileptiform discharges; midline discharges; periodic discharges; periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges