title: Residues of 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpyrazine, a degradation product of some β-lactam antibiotics, in environmental water in Vietnam.
abstract: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a serious problem worldwide, caused in part by the excessive use and discharge of antibiotics into the environment. Ampicillin (ABPC) is a widely used antibiotic. However, this chemical rapidly decomposes in water containing divalent cations like Ca2+and Mg2+, thus, detection of ABPC in environmental water is difficult. This study was carried out to evaluate the presence of 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpyrazine (HPP), one of the degradation products of ABPC and β-lactam antibiotics with an ABPC substructure, in environmental water. An analytical method for HPP monitoring in environmental water was developed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The analyte was extracted from water samples and enriched using a solid-phase extraction cartridge. The quantification limit was 1 ng L-1. The HPP recovery rates from spiked water samples of 25 and 125 ng L-1were 84.1 and 86.1%, respectively. The method was then used to determine HPP residue levels in 98 environmental water samples from rivers, household ponds, and aquacultural ponds in Vietnam. HPP residues were detected in 60 samples. The HPP detection rates in rivers and household ponds were 42 and 79%, respectively. HPP was not detected in aquacultural ponds. HPP residue concentrations in the samples ranged from 1.3 to 413.3 ng L-1. The residue levels in rivers flowing through city centres were higher than levels in other sampling locations. The findings of this study suggest that HPP is a promising marker for assessing the discharge of ABPC and β-lactam antibiotics with an ABPC substructure into the environment around sampling sites.
authors.affiliation: Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam, 48B Tang Bat Ho Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Nguyen Van
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Sy
authors.affiliation: Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: harada6@phs.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asayama
authors.affiliation: Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Minae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Warisaya
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam, 48B Tang Bat Ho Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Le Hong
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Dung
authors.affiliation: Global Initiative Center, Osaka University, 1-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sumimura
authors.affiliation: Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 373 Ly Bon Street, Thai Binh, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Khong Thi
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Diep
authors.affiliation: Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 373 Ly Bon Street, Thai Binh, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Le Viet
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 373 Ly Bon Street, Thai Binh, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Nguyen Nam
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Thang
authors.affiliation: College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Tran Thi Tuyet
authors.initials: TTT
authors.lastname: Hoa
authors.affiliation: College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Tran Minh
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Phu
authors.affiliation: Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 373 Ly Bon Street, Thai Binh, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Pham Ngoc
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Khai
authors.affiliation: College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Nguyen Thanh
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Phuong
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam, 48B Tang Bat Ho Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Le Danh
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Tuyen
authors.affiliation: Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirata
mesh_terms: D000667:Ampicillin; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis; D017756:Aquaculture; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D005843:Geography; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014744:Vietnam; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011719:Pyrazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D047090:beta-Lactams; D014867:Water; C020364:2-hydroxy-3-phenylpyrazine; D000667:Ampicillin
keywords: 2-Hydroxy-3-phenylpyrazine; Ampicillin; Degradation products; Environmental water; Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry