title: Hepatic xanthine oxidase activity and purine nucleosides levels as physiological mediators to analyze a subcutaneous treatment with (PhSe)2in mice infected by Toxoplasma gondii.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of purine nucleosides and xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in the liver of mice chronically infected by Toxoplasma gondii and treated with diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2. For this experiment, forty Swiss mice were used. Twenty animals were orally infected by approximately 50 bradizoites of a cystogenic ME-49 strain of T. gondii, and the same number of uninfected mice was used as a control group. Ten infected and ten uninfected mice were subcutaneously treated twice (days 1 and 20 post-infection (PI)) with 5 μmol kg-1of (PhSe)2. On day 30 PI, liver samples were collected to measure the levels of hypoxanthine (HYPO), xanthine (XAN), uric acid (UA), and XO activity. Infected animals showed increased (P < 0.05) levels of hepatic XAN and UA, as well as XO activity compared to uninfected animals. The use of (PhSe)2in healthy mice increased the levels of all nucleosides, but decreased XO activity compared to healthy untreated animals. The group of infected and treated animals showed increased XAN and UA levels, and XO activity compared to the healthy control group, however infected and treated mice showed a decrease in the XO activity compared to the infected untreated group. We conclude that chronic infection caused by T. gondii can induce hepatic changes, such as increased UA levels and XO activity, that can increase the pro-oxidative profile. The (PhSe)2treatment of healthy animals altered the levels of nucleosides, possibly due to low XO activity that decreased nucleoside degradation. Finally, (PhSe)2treatment decreased XO activity in the infected group and increased nucleoside levels; however it was unable to reduce the UA levels found during the infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (USFM), Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Doleski
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (USFM), Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela B R
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (USFM), Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
authors.forename: Nathieli B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Bottari
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphological Sciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
authors.forename: Emerson A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Casali
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphological Sciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
authors.forename: Cesar E J
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Camillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lenita M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Stefani
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: dasilva.aleksandro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aleksandro Schafer
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011684:Purine Nucleosides / Q000032:analysis*; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds; D011684:Purine Nucleosides; C061132:diphenyldiselenide; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase
keywords: Diphenyl disselenite; Hypoxanthine; Toxoplasmosis; Uric acid; Xanthine