title: Effect of construction of TiO2nanotubes on platelet behaviors: Structure-property relationships.
abstract: Blood compatibility of TiO2nanotubes (TNTs) has been assessed in rabbit platelet-rich plasma (PRP), which combines activation of both blood plasma coagulation and platelets. We find that (i) amorphous TiO2nanotubes (TNTs) with relatively larger outer diameters led to reduced platelet adhesion/activation, (ii) TNTs with relatively smaller outer diameters in a predominately rutile phase also inhibited platelet adhesion and activation, and (iii) a pervasive fibrin network formed on larger outer diameter TNTs in a predominately anatase phase. Thus, this study suggests that combined effect of crystalline phase and surface chemistry controls blood-contact behavior of TNTs. A more comprehensive mechanism is proposed for understanding hemocompatibility of TiO2which might prove helpful as a guide to prospective design of TiO2-based biomaterials.
  
  
  
  To realize optimal design and construction of biomaterials with desired properties for blood contact materials, a comprehensive understanding of structure-property relationships is required. In the existing literature, TiO2nanotube has been reported to be a good candidate for biomedical applications. However, it is noticeable that the blood compatibility of TiO2nanotubes (TNTs) remains obscure or even inconsistent in the previously published works. The inconsistency could derive from different research protocols, material properties or blood sources. Thus, a thorough investigation of the effect of surface properties on blood compatibility is crucial to the development of titanium based materials. In this paper, we explored the effect of surface properties on the response of platelet-rich plasma, especially surface morphology, chemistry, wettability and crystalline phase. The results indicated that crystalline phase was a dominant factor in platelet behaviors. Reduced adhesion and activation of platelets were observed on amorphous and rutile dominated TNTs, whereas anatase dominated TNTs activated the formation of fibrin network. We further proposed a hypothetical mechanism for better understanding of how surface properties affect the response of platelet-rich plasma. Therefore, this study expands the fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationships of titanium based materials.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
authors.forename: Qiaoling
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Medical Implant Engineering Research Center, Beijing 100082, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Functional Medical Materials and Devices, Beijing 100082, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Dajiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Beijing Medical Implant Engineering Research Center, Beijing 100082, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Functional Medical Materials and Devices, Beijing 100082, China.
authors.forename: Yanmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Pinliang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Erwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Vogler
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Beijing Medical Implant Engineering Research Center, Beijing 100082, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Functional Medical Materials and Devices, Beijing 100082, China. Electronic address: cjlin@xmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Changjian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003460:Crystallization; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010973:Platelet Adhesiveness / Q000187:drug effects; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Crystalline phase; Diameter; Platelet adhesion; TiO(2) nanotubes; Wettability