title: Rattlesnakes are extremely fast and variable when striking at kangaroo rats in nature: Three-dimensional high-speed kinematics at night.
abstract: Predation plays a central role in the lives of most organisms. Predators must find and subdue prey to survive and reproduce, whereas prey must avoid predators to do the same. The resultant antagonistic coevolution often leads to extreme adaptations in both parties. Few examples capture the imagination like a rapid strike from a venomous snake. However, almost nothing is known about strike performance of viperid snakes under natural conditions. We obtained high-speed (500 fps) three-dimensional video in the field (at night using infrared lights) of Mohave rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus) attempting to capture Merriam's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami). Strikes occurred from a range of distances (4.6 to 20.6 cm), and rattlesnake performance was highly variable. Missed capture attempts resulted from both rapid escape maneuvers and poor strike accuracy. Maximum velocity and acceleration of some rattlesnake strikes fell within the range of reported laboratory values, but some far exceeded most observations. Thus, quantifying rapid predator-prey interactions in the wild will propel our understanding of animal performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Higham
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
authors.forename: Rulon W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Clint E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
authors.forename: Malachi D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Whitford
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
authors.forename: Grace A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Freymiller
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017839:Crotalus / Q000502:physiology*; D004173:Dipodomys / Q000502:physiology*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods*