title: Visual map and instruction-based bicycle navigation: a comparison of effects on behaviour.
abstract: Cycling with a classic paper map was compared with navigating with a moving map displayed on a smartphone, and with auditory, and visual turn-by-turn route guidance. Spatial skills were found to be related to navigation performance, however only when navigating from a paper or electronic map, not with turn-by-turn (instruction based) navigation. While navigating, 25% of the time cyclists fixated at the devices that present visual information. Navigating from a paper map required most mental effort and both young and older cyclists preferred electronic over paper map navigation. In particular a turn-by-turn dedicated guidance device was favoured. Visual maps are in particular useful for cyclists with higher spatial skills. Turn-by-turn information is used by all cyclists, and it is useful to make these directions available in all devices. Practitioner Summary: Electronic navigation devices are preferred over a paper map. People with lower spatial skills benefit most from turn-by-turn guidance information, presented either auditory or on a dedicated device. People with higher spatial skills perform well with all devices. It is advised to keep in mind that all users benefit from turn-by-turn information when developing a navigation device for cyclists.
authors.affiliation: a Traffic Psychology, Neuropsychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Waard
authors.affiliation: a Traffic Psychology, Neuropsychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Westerhuis
authors.affiliation: a Traffic Psychology, Neuropsychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Joling
authors.affiliation: a Traffic Psychology, Neuropsychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiland
authors.affiliation: a Traffic Psychology, Neuropsychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ronja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stadtbäumer
authors.affiliation: a Traffic Psychology, Neuropsychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leonie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaltofen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001642:Bicycling / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008377:Maps as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D065854:Spatial Navigation; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Navigation; ageing; cycling; map; spatial ability