title: High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small studies have suggested that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is superior to moderate continuous training (MCT) in reversing cardiac remodeling and increasing aerobic capacity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The present multicenter trial compared 12 weeks of supervised interventions of HIIT, MCT, or a recommendation of regular exercise (RRE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred sixty-one patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% and New York Heart Association class II to III were randomly assigned to HIIT at 90% to 95% of maximal heart rate, MCT at 60% to 70% of maximal heart rate, or RRE. Thereafter, patients were encouraged to continue exercising on their own. Clinical assessments were performed at baseline, after the intervention, and at follow-up after 52 weeks. Primary end point was a between-group comparison of change in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter from baseline to 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups did not differ in age (median, 60 years), sex (19% women), ischemic pathogenesis (59%), or medication. Change in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter from baseline to 12 weeks was not different between HIIT and MCT (P=0.45); left ventricular end-diastolic diameter changes compared with RRE were -2.8 mm (-5.2 to -0.4 mm;P=0.02) in HIIT and -1.2 mm (-3.6 to 1.2 mm;P=0.34) in MCT. There was also no difference between HIIT and MCT in peak oxygen uptake (P=0.70), but both were superior to RRE. However, none of these changes was maintained at follow-up after 52 weeks. Serious adverse events were not statistically different during supervised intervention or at follow-up at 52 weeks (HIIT, 39%; MCT, 25%; RRE, 34%;P=0.16). Training records showed that 51% of patients exercised below prescribed target during supervised HIIT and 80% above target in MCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIIT was not superior to MCT in changing left ventricular remodeling or aerobic capacity, and its feasibility remains unresolved in patients with heart failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00917046.
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.). oyvind.ellingsen@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Øyvind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Ellingsen
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halle
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Conraads
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Asbjørn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Støylen
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Håvard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dalen
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delagardelle
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Alf-Inge
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Torstein
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hole
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mezzani
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Emeline M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Van Craenenbroeck
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Videm
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beckers
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Christle
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Ephraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Winzer
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mangner
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Woitek
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Höllriegel
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pressler
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Tea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Monk-Hansen
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snoer
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feiereisen
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Torstein
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Valborgland
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kjekshus
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hambrecht
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karlsen
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.affiliation: From St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway (Ø.E., A.S., H.D., V.V., T.K.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (Ø.E., H.D., T.K.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany (M.H., J.W.C., A.P.); DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Else-Kröner-Fresenius Prevention Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (M.H.); Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); University of Antwerp, Belgium (V.C., E.M.V.C., P.B.); Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.S., T.H.) and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health (V.V.), NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Norway (H.D.); Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg (C.D., P.F.); Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway (A.- I.L., T.V.); Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway (A.-I.L., T.V.); Ålesund Hospital, Møre og Romsdal Health Trust, Norway (T.H.); Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Italy (A.M.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, CA (J.W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Germany (E.W., N.M., F.W., R. Höllriegel, A.L.); Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (T.M.-H., M.S., E.P.); University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Norway (J.K.); Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Germany (R. Hambrecht); and Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum Lippe, Detmold, Germany (S.G.).
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004452:Echocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000072696:High-Intensity Interval Training; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling
keywords: exercise; heart failure