title: Meglumine antımoniate-TiO2@Ag nanoparticle combinations reduce toxicity of the drug while enhancing its antileishmanial effect.
abstract: Currently, the treatment of leishmaniasis is increasingly insufficient as current antileishmanial drugs have many disadvantages such as toxic side effects, high cost, and growing drug resistance. In order to overcome these disadvantages, researchers have recently focused on combination therapy by using pentavalent antimonials in conjunction with other antileihmanial compounds. Our previous study found that TiO2@Ag nanoparticles (TiAgNps) demonstrated significant antileishmanial effects. However, a lethal dose of TiAgNps on L. topica promastigotes was found to be toxic for macrophage cells. Moreover, non-toxic concentrations of TiAgNps were ineffective in inhibiting L. topica promastigotes and amastigotes. Thus, we propose the use of TiAgNps in combination with other antileishmanial compounds like meglumine antimoniate (MA) at non-toxic concentrations, which may increase the efficacies of both agents and decrease their toxicities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial efficacies of TiAgNps-MA combinations at non-toxic concentrations and develop a new approach for treatment that lowers the toxicities of pentavalent antimonials to minimal levels and enhances their effectiveness. In vitro screening was performed on L. topica promastigote and amastigote-macropage culture by using MTT assay to determine proliferation, perform infection index analysis, and to conduct a Griess reaction for nitric oxide production, while in vivo antileishmanial assays were applied on Balb/c mice with CL models. The results demonstrated that combinations including TiAgNps and MA at non-toxic concentrations were highly efficacious against both promastigotes and amastigotes, while MA application alone did not show any inhibitory effects. It was determined that combination applications decreased the proliferation of L. topica promastigotes 2- to 5-fold in contrast to use of MA alone, and was dependent on concentrations. Moreover, the use of combinations led to inhibition of L. topica amastigotes at rates ranging between 80% and 95%. Additionally, combinations were found to decrease metabolic activities of each form of the parasite at ranges between 7- to 20-fold, causing programmed-cell death and stimulation of macrophages for intensive production of nitric oxide, which is accepted as an important antileishmanial agent (p<0.05). Furthermore, Σ FIC analysis demonstrated that the tested combinations composed little additive, but mostly synergistic effects for inhibition of promastigotes and amastigotes. According to in vivo screening results, the combinations displayed high antileishmanial activities by successfully healing lesions and significantly reducing parasite burdens. Combined, these results show that TiAgNps-MA combinations were much more effective than use of MA alone at non-toxic concentrations and they possess high potential for development of new antileishmanial drugs to fight against leishmaniasis.
authors.affiliation: Yildiz Technical University, Bioengineering Department, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emrah Sefik
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Abamor
authors.affiliation: Yildiz Technical University, Bioengineering Department, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: adilmoglu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Adil M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Allahverdiyev
authors.affiliation: Yildiz Technical University, Bioengineering Department, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Melahat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bagirova
authors.affiliation: SUNY Stony Brook University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafailovich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D007895:Leishmania tropica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008536:Meglumine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077485:Meglumine Antimoniate; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C009495:titanium dioxide; D008536:Meglumine; D000077485:Meglumine Antimoniate; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Leishmania; Meglumine antimoniate; Nanotechnology; Parasites; TiAgNps; Treatment