title: Development of a reference database for assessing dietary nitrate in vegetables.
abstract: Nitrate from vegetables improves vascular health with short-term intake. Whether this translates into improved long-term health outcomes has yet to be investigated. To enable reliable analysis of nitrate intake from food records, there is a strong need for a comprehensive nitrate content of vegetables database.
  
  
  
  A systematic literature search (1980-2016) was performed using Medline, Agricola and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux abstracts databases. The nitrate content of vegetables database contains 4237 records from 255 publications with data on 178 vegetables and 22 herbs and spices. The nitrate content of individual vegetables ranged from Chinese flat cabbage (median; range: 4240; 3004-6310 mg/kg FW) to corn (median; range: 12; 5-1091 mg/kg FW). The database was applied to estimate vegetable nitrate intake using 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDRs) and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Significant correlations were observed between urinary nitrate excretion and 24-HDR (r = 0.4, P = 0.013), between 24-HDR and 12 month FFQs (r = 0.5, P < 0.001) as well as two 4 week FFQs administered 8 weeks apart (r = 0.86, P < 0.001).
  
  
  
  This comprehensive nitrate database allows quantification of dietary nitrate from a large variety of vegetables. It can be applied to dietary records to explore the associations between nitrate intake and health outcomes in human studies.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Lauren C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Blekkenhorst
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre Unit, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, Perth, WA, Australia.|School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalie C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Croft
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre Unit, Perth, WA, Australia.|Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.|School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinde
authors.affiliation: Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Woodman
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, Perth, WA, Australia.|School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, Perth, WA, Australia.|School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bondonno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Database; Nitrate; Vegetables