title: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Investigating the Effects of Nicotine Gum on Strength, Power and Anaerobic Performance in Nicotine-Naïve, Active Males.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine use amongst athletes is high and increasing, especially team sports, yet the limited previous studies investigating the performance consequences of this behaviour have not examined the effects of the principal active ingredient, nicotine, per se. Therefore, we determined whether nicotine gum affected muscular and anaerobic performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine active males (24 ± 3 years) completed three trials in a random order in which 20 min prior to testing they chewed 2 mg (NIC-2), 4 mg (NIC-4) nicotine or flavour-matched placebo (PLA) gum. Peak and average peak isometric, concentric and eccentric leg extensor torque was measured followed by vertical counter-movement jump height and a 30-s Wingate test. Heart rate was measured whilst capillary blood samples determined pH, HCO3-and venous blood confirmed the presence of nicotine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine was confirmed by the presence of its major metabolite, cotinine and participants reported no side effects with nicotine. Peak and average peak isometric and eccentric torque was significantly affected (NIC-2 > PLA; p < 0.05) whilst peak (NIC-2 > PLA; p < 0.05) but not average peak (p > 0.05) concentric torque was different between trials. Counter-movement jump height was similar across trials (p > 0.05). Anaerobic capacity during the Wingate remained similar across trials (p > 0.05); however, pacing strategy (peak power and rate of fatigue) was different during NIC-2 than PLA. pH was affected by nicotine (NIC-2 > PLA; p < 0.05) and was reduced following the Wingate in all trials. HCO3-showed similar responses across trials (p > 0.05) although it was also reduced following the Wingate (p < 0.05), whilst heart rate was significantly affected (NIC-2/NIC-4 > PLA; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chewing low-dose (2 mg) nicotine gum 20 min prior to exercise significantly improved leg extensor torque but did not affect counter-movement jump height or Wingate performance compared to a placebo, whilst there were minimal effects of the 4 mg nicotine gum on the performance parameters measured.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand. T.Mundel@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Toby
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mündel
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machal
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Darryl J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Barnes
keywords: Chewing gum; Doping; Performance; Stimulant; WADA