title: Swine Influenza Virus (H1N2) Characterization and Transmission in Ferrets, Chile.
abstract: Phylogenetic analysis of the influenza hemagglutinin gene (HA) has suggested that commercial pigs in Chile harbor unique human seasonal H1-like influenza viruses, but further information, including characterization of these viruses, was unavailable. We isolated influenza virus (H1N2) from a swine in a backyard production farm in Central Chile and demonstrated that the HA gene was identical to that in a previous report. Its HA and neuraminidase genes were most similar to human H1 and N2 viruses from the early 1990s and internal segments were similar to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. The virus replicated efficiently in vitro and in vivo and transmitted in ferrets by respiratory droplet. Antigenically, it was distinct from other swine viruses. Hemagglutination inhibition analysis suggested that antibody titers to the swine Chilean H1N2 virus were decreased in persons born after 1990. Further studies are needed to characterize the potential risk to humans, as well as the ecology of influenza in swine in South America.
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bravo-Vasquez
authors.forename: Erik A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Bluhm
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Meliopoulos
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Shauna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marvin
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cortez
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Freiden
authors.forename: Melinda A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamilton-West
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schultz-Cherry
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005289:Ferrets / Q000821:virology*; D062306:Geography, Medical; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D057221:Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary*; D062486:Public Health Surveillance; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012621:Seasons; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Chile; H1N1 pandemic strain; H1N2; South America; backyard farm; backyard production system; influenza; influenza A; swine influenza virus; transmission; viruses; zoonoses