title: Mechanistic Insights into Tunable Metal-Mediated Hydrolysis of Amyloid-β Peptides.
abstract: An amyloidogenic peptide, amyloid-β (Aβ), has been implicated as a contributor to the neurotoxicity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that continues to present a major socioeconomic burden for our society. Recently, the use of metal complexes capable of cleaving peptides has arisen as an efficient tactic for amyloid management; unfortunately, little has been reported to pursue this strategy. Herein, we report a novel approach to validate the hydrolytic cleavage of divalent metal complexes toward two major isoforms of Aβ (Aβ40and Aβ42) and tune their proteolytic activity based on the choice of metal centers (M = Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) which could be correlated to their anti-amyloidogenic properties. Such metal-dependent tunability was facilitated employing a tetra-N-methylated cyclam (TMC) ligand that imparts unique geometric and stereochemical control, which has not been available in previous systems. Co(II)(TMC) was identified to noticeably cleave Aβ peptides and control their aggregation, reporting the first Co(II) complex for such reactivities to the best of our knowledge. Through detailed mechanistic investigations by biochemical, spectroscopic, mass spectrometric, and computational studies, the critical importance of the coordination environment and acidity of the aqua-bound complexes in promoting amide hydrolysis was verified. The biological applicability of Co(II)(TMC) was also illustrated via its potential blood-brain barrier permeability, relatively low cytotoxicity, regulatory capability against toxicity induced by both Aβ40and Aβ42in living cells, proteolytic activity with Aβ peptides under biologically relevant conditions, and inertness toward cleavage of structured proteins. Overall, our approaches and findings on reactivities of divalent metal complexes toward Aβ, along with the mechanistic insights, demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing such metal complexes for amyloid control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Derrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jiwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Shin Jung C
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.|Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yujeong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunju
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeonwoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tak
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Juhye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Misun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.|Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Hee
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6557-1996
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kiyoung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jaeheung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Hee
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3377-4996
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C024560:cyclam