title: Effects of biochar on the emissions, soil distribution, and nematode control of 1,3-dichloropropene.
abstract: Emissions of volatile soil fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) from soil to air are a significant concern in relation to air quality, and cost-effective strategies to reduce such emissions are urgently required by growers to help them comply with increasingly stringent regulations. In this work, application of a rice husk-derived biochar to the surface of a sandy loam soil chamber reduced soil-air emissions of 1,3-D from 42% in a control (no biochar) to 8% due to adsorption onto the biochar. This adsorbed 1,3-D showed a potential for re-volatilization into air and solubilization into the soil-liquid phase. Biochar at the soil surface also reduced soil-gas concentrations in the upper soil; based on the determination of concentration-time values, this may limit 1,3-D-induced nematode control in the upper soil. In batch studies, the mixing of biochar into the soil severely limited nematode control; 1,3-D application rates around four times greater than the maximum permissible limit would be required to give nematode control under such conditions. Therefore, the use of biochar as a surface amendment, while showing an emission reduction benefit, may limit pest control during subsequent fumigations if, as seems probable, it is plowed into the soil.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California , USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ashworth
authors.affiliation: b USDA-ARS , Salinity Laboratory , Riverside , California , USA.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: c School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Guoqing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002606:Charcoal; D005651:Fumigation / Q000379:methods; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D009348:Nematoda; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000469:parasitology*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000498:Allyl Compounds; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D012987:Soil; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal; C023891:1,3-dichloro-1-propene
keywords: 1,3-D; Fumigant emission reduction; adsorption; concentration time index; efficacy