title: Thioridazine: A Non-Antibiotic Drug Highly Effective, in Combination with First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, against Any Form of Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Due to Its Multi-Mechanisms of Action.
abstract: This review presents the evidence that supports the use of thioridazine (TZ) for the therapy of a pulmonary tuberculosis infection regardless of its antibiotic resistance status. The evidence consists of in vitro and ex vivo assays that demonstrate the activity of TZ against all encounteredMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) regardless of its antibiotic resistance phenotype, as well as in vivo as a therapy for mice infected with multi-drug resistant strains of Mtb, or for human subjects infected with extensively drug resistant (XDR) Mtb. The mechanisms of action by which TZ brings about successful therapeutic outcomes are presented in detail.
authors.affiliation: Insititute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon 1349-008, Portugal. lamaral@ihmt.unl.pt.|Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary. lamaral@ihmt.unl.pt.
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon 1349-008, Portugal. MViveiros@ihmt.unl.pt.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viveiros
keywords: antibiotic resistant pulmonary tuberculosis; enhancement of intracellular killing of Mtb by thioridazine; ex vivo activity; in vitro activity; in vivo activity (murine model and human trails); mechanism of actions of thioridazine; the non-killing macrophage; thioridazine