title: Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Era of Precision Medicine: What Radiologists Should Know.
abstract: Over the past five years immune-checkpoint inhibitors have dramatically changed the therapeutic landscape of advanced solid and hematologic malignancies. The currently approved immune-checkpoint inhibitors include antibodies to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, programmed cell death (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1 and PD-L2). Response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors is evaluated on imaging using the immune-related response criteria. Activation of immune system results in a unique toxicity profile termed immune-related adverse events. This article will review the molecular mechanism, clinical applications, imaging of immune-related response patterns and adverse events associated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braschi-Amirfarzan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Sree Harsha
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tirumani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology and Medicine, Dana Farber Cancer Institue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Frank Stephen
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Hodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Mizuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishino
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: Immune-checkpoint inhibitor; Immune-related Response Criteria; Response; Toxicity