title: Health Care Professionals' Opinions and Expectations of Clinical Pharmacy Services on a Surgical Ward.
abstract: Pharmacists have made significant contributions to patient care and have been recognized as integral members of the interprofessional team. Health care professionals differ in their opinions and expectations of clinical pharmacy services. Very little has been published about health care professionals' perspectives on advanced clinical pharmacy roles, such as prescriptive authority or administration of vaccines. In 2013, clinical pharmacy services were introduced in a vascular and general surgery ward where a pharmacist had not previously been assigned.
  
  
  
  To explore surgical nurses' and physicians' opinions and expectations of clinical pharmacy services and to determine how these views changed over time; to compare pharmacists' views of clinical pharmacy services with those of nurses and physicians; and to develop validated survey tools.
  
  
  
  Three survey tools were created and validated, one for each profession. Surveys were distributed to nurses and physicians assigned to the general and vascular surgery ward before introduction of clinical pharmacy services and 8 months after implementation. Hospital pharmacists were invited to complete the survey at one time point.
  
  
  
  Differences existed in the opinions of nurses, physicians, and pharmacists about some traditional activities. Nurses and physicians indicated stronger agreement with pharmacists participating in medication reconciliation activities than did pharmacists (p< 0.001), whereas a greater proportion of pharmacists felt that they were the most appropriate health care professionals to provide medication discharge counselling, relative to nurses and physicians (p= 0.001). Respondents supported advanced roles for pharmacists, such as collaborative practice agreements, but there was less support for prescribing, physical assessments, and administration of vaccines. Nurses indicated the strongest agreement with pharmacist prescribing (82% versus 69% among pharmacists and 27% among physicians;p< 0.001). Nurses and physicians expressed strong endorsements of clinical pharmacy services in the surveys' comment sections.
  
  
  
  The introduction of clinical pharmacy services to a surgical health care team resulted in high levels of satisfaction among nurses and physicians who responded to this survey. Differences in perceptions of traditional clinical pharmacy service activities and advanced practice roles need to be studied in more depth to better understand the factors influencing health care professionals' views.
authors.affiliation: , BSc(Hon), BScPharm, ACPR, was, at the time of this study, a Drug Utilization Pharmacist with the Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia. She is now a PhD candidate with the School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.affiliation: , BScPharm, MSc, is Drug Utilization Pharmacist and Pharmacy Research Coordinator, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.affiliation: , BSc, MSc, is a Biostatistician with the Research Methods Unit, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: , BScPharm, ACPR, is a Clinical Pharmacist with the Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nodwell
authors.affiliation: , PharmD, ACPR, is a Surgery Pharmacist with the Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: MacNeil
keywords: clinical pharmacy services; interprofessional team; roles; surgery; survey