title: Motor Learning Enhances Use-Dependent Plasticity.
abstract: Motor behaviors are shaped not only by current sensory signals but also by the history of recent experiences. For instance, repeated movements toward a particular target bias the subsequent movements toward that target direction. This process, called use-dependent plasticity (UDP), is considered a basic and goal-independent way of forming motor memories. Most studies consider movement history as the critical component that leads to UDP (Classen et al., 1998; Verstynen and Sabes, 2011). However, the effects of learning (i.e., improved performance) on UDP during movement repetition have not been investigated. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation in two experiments to assess plasticity changes occurring in the primary motor cortex after individuals repeated reinforced and nonreinforced actions. The first experiment assessed whether learning a skill task modulates UDP. We found that a group that successfully learned the skill task showed greater UDP than a group that did not accumulate learning, but made comparable repeated actions. The second experiment aimed to understand the role of reinforcement learning in UDP while controlling for reward magnitude and action kinematics. We found that providing subjects with a binary reward without visual feedback of the cursor led to increased UDP effects. Subjects in the group that received comparable reward not associated with their actions maintained the previously induced UDP. Our findings illustrate how reinforcing consistent actions strengthens use-dependent memories and provide insight into operant mechanisms that modulate plastic changes in the motor cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPerforming consistent motor actions induces use-dependent plastic changes in the motor cortex. This plasticity reflects one of the basic forms of human motor learning. Past studies assumed that this form of learning is exclusively affected by repetition of actions. However, here we showed that success-based reinforcement signals could affect the human use-dependent plasticity (UDP) process. Our results indicate that learning augments and interacts with UDP. This effect is important to the understanding of the interplay between the different forms of motor learning and suggests that reinforcement is not only important to learning new behaviors, but can shape our subsequent behavior via its interaction with UDP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
authors.forename: Firas
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1005-194X
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mawase
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.|Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6255-1815
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, and.|Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6079-0997
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, pcelnik@jhmi.edu.|Department of Neuroscience, and.|Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7953-0551
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Celnik
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: TMS; noninvasive brain stimulation; reinforcement; skill learning; use-dependent learning