title: Repetitive Religious Chanting Modulates the Late-Stage Brain Response to Fear- and Stress-Provoking Pictures.
abstract: Chanting and praying are among the most popular religious activities, which are said to be able to alleviate people's negative emotions. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this mental exercise and its temporal course have hardly been investigated. Here, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) to explore the effects of chanting the name of a Buddha (Amitābha) on the brain's response to viewing negative pictures that were fear- and stress-provoking. We recorded and analyzed electroencephalography (EEG) data from 21 Buddhists with chanting experience as they viewed negative and neutral pictures. Participants were instructed to chant the names of Amitābha or Santa Claus silently to themselves or simply remain silent (no-chanting condition) during picture viewing. To measure the physiological changes corresponding to negative emotions, electrocardiogram and galvanic skin response data were also collected. Results showed that viewing negative pictures (vs. neutral pictures) increased the amplitude of the N1 component in all the chanting conditions. The amplitude of late positive potential (LPP) also increased when the negative pictures were viewed under the no-chanting and the Santa Claus condition. However, increased LPP was not observed when chanting Amitābha. The ERP source analysis confirmed this finding and showed that increased LPP mainly originated from the central-parietal regions of the brain. In addition, the participants' heart rates decreased significantly when viewing negative pictures in the Santa Claus condition. The no-chanting condition had a similar decreasing trend although not significant. However, while chanting Amitābha and viewing negative pictures participants' heart rate did not differ significantly from that observed during neutral picture viewing. It is possible that the chanting of Amitābha might have helped the participants to develop a religious schema and neutralized the effect of the negative stimuli. These findings echo similar research findings on Christian religious practices and brain responses to negative stimuli. Hence, prayer/religious practices may have cross-cultural universality in emotion regulation. This study shows for the first time that Buddhist chanting, or in a broader sense, repetition of religious prayers will not modulate brain responses to negative stimuli during the early perceptual stage, but only during the late-stage emotional/cognitive processing.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Junling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Jicong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Bonnie W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Georgios T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Halkias
authors.affiliation: Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.affiliation: Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Chunqi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Yeung-Sam
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Hinhung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sik
keywords: chanting Amitābha Buddha; emotion regulation; event-related potential; late positive potential; negative bias; religious schema; source analysis; stress