title: Water extract of Helminthostachys zeylanica attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice by modulating NF-κB and MAPK pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies showed that Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. could reduce inflammatory responses in macrophage and brain astrocytes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we evaluated whether an ethyl acetate extract (HZE) or a water extract (HZW) of H. zeylanica could reduce inflammatory responses in lung epithelial cells and ameliorate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human lung epithelial A549 cells were pre-treated with HZE or HZW (1-10μg/mL), then stimulated with LPS. BALB/c mice received oral HZW for 7 consecutive days, then an intratracheal instillation of LPS to induce lung injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HZW reduced chemokine and proinflammatory cytokine production in LPS-activated A549 cells. HZW also suppressed ICAM-1 expression and reduced the adherence of acute monocytic leukemia cells to inflammatory A549 cells. HZE had less efficacy than HZW in suppressing inflammatory responses in A549 cells. In vivo, HZW significantly suppressed neutrophil infiltration and reduced the TNF-α and IL-6 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum from LPS-treated mice. HZW also modulated superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione, and myeloperoxidase activity in lung tissues from LPS-treated mice. HZW decreased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B, and promoted heme oxygenase-1 expression in inflamed lung tissue from LPS-treated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggested that HZW reduced lung injury in mice by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. HZW also reduced inflammatory responses in human lung epithelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No. 261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333​03​, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chian-Jiun
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Liou
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 155-1, Sec. 2, Li-Nung St., Peitou, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No. 261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Chung
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Wei
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, No. 880, Section2, Chienkuo Rd., Hualien City 970, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Yi
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cosmetic Science, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No. 261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333​03, ​Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan. Electronic address: cflin@mail.cgust.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chwan-Fwu
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots; D011897:Random Allocation; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014867:Water
keywords: Acute lung injury; Cytokine; Helminthostachys zeylanica; Lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB