title: Continuous Blood Pressure Measurement From Invasive to Unobtrusive: Celebration of 200th Birth Anniversary of Carl Ludwig.
abstract: The year 2016 marks the 200th birth anniversary of Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1816-1895). As one of the most remarkable scientists, Ludwig invented the kymograph, which for the first time enabled the recording of continuous blood pressure (BP), opening the door to the modern study of physiology. Almost a century later, intraarterial BP monitoring through an arterial line has been used clinically. Subsequently, arterial tonometry and volume clamp method were developed and applied in continuous BP measurement in a noninvasive way. In the last two decades, additional efforts have been made to transform the method of unobtrusive continuous BP monitoring without the use of a cuff. This review summarizes the key milestones in continuous BP measurement; that is, kymograph, intraarterial BP monitoring, arterial tonometry, volume clamp method, and cuffless BP technologies. Our emphasis is on recent studies of unobtrusive BP measurements as well as on challenges and future directions.
authors.forename: Xiao-Rong
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Ni
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Guang-Zhong
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Roderic I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Pettigrew
authors.forename: Benny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Fen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yuan-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000266:history / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007734:Kymography; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010827:Physiology / Q000266:history*