title: Effect of 6-gingerol on AMPK- NF-κB axis in high fat diet fed rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a central role in metabolic homeostasis and regulation of inflammatory responses through attenuation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), Thus AMPK may be a promising pharmacologic target for the treatment of various chronic inflammatory diseases. We examined the effect of 6-gingerol, an active ingredient of ginger on AMPK-NF-κB pathway in high fat diet (HFD) rats in comparison to fish oil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protein levels of AMPK-α1 and phosphorylated AMPK-α1 were measured by western blot while Sirtuin 6 (Sirt-6), resistin and P65 were estimated by RT-PCR, TNF-α was determined by ELISA, FFAs were estimated chemically as well as the enzymatic determination of the metabolic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  6-Gingerol substantially enhanced phosphorylated AMPK-α1 more than fish oil and reduced the P65 via upregulation of Sirt-6 and downregulation of resistin, and resulted in attenuation of the inflammatory molecules P65, FFAs and TNF-α more than fish oil treated groups but in an insignificant statistical manner, those effects were accompanied by a substantial hypoglycemic effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gingerol treatment effectively modulated the state of inflammatory privilege in HFD group and the metabolic disorders via targeting the AMPK-NF-κB pathway, through an increment in the SIRT-6 and substantial decrement in resistin levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Reem M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hashem
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Laila A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rashed
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, El Minia, Egypt.
authors.forename: Kamel M A
authors.initials: KMA
authors.lastname: Hassanin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mona H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hetta
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt. Electronic address: Asmaa011135@pharm.bsu.edu.eg.
authors.forename: Asmaa O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005395:Fish Oils; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D037761:Sirtuins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D005395:Fish Oils; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C007845:gingerol; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D037761:Sirtuins; C560607:sirtuin 6, rat
keywords: 6-Gingerol; AMPK; High fat diet; Resistin; Sirtuin 6; p65