title: Pharmacokinetics of sternal intraossesous atropine administration in normovolemic and hypovolemic swine.
abstract: Characterize and compare the pharmacokinetics of atropine administered via the sternal intraosseous (IO) route in a normovolemic and hypovolemic swine model.
  
  
  
  Prospective, experimental study.
  
  
  
  Vivarium.
  
  
  
  Yorkshire-cross swine (N = 12).
  
  
  
  Atropine was administered via the sternal IO route to normovolemic and hypovolemic swine. Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals after atropine administration and analyzed for plasma atropine concentration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from modeling the plasma concentrations.
  
  
  
  Pharmacokinetic parameters, maximum concentration (Cmax), and time to maximum concentration (Tmax).
  
  
  
  The normovolemic and hypovolemic models reached peak plasma concentration immediately and had a very rapid distribution phase with no apparent absorption phase for the IO groups. The hypovolemic group had slower clearance and longer half-life compared to the normovolemic group.
  
  
  
  The sternal IO route is an effective method of administering atropine and is comparable to the previously reported tibial IO and intravenous data even under conditions of significant hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.affiliation: US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kelbaugh
authors.affiliation: David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, California.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.affiliation: David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, California.
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christianson
authors.affiliation: David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, California.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grayson
authors.affiliation: US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Operative Services, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Fort Lewis, Washington.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loughren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002618:Chemical Warfare; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017148:Infusions, Intraosseous; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013249:Sternum; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D001285:Atropine