title: A biosafety evaluation of synchrotron radiation X-ray to skin and bone marrow: single dose irradiation study of rats and macaques.
abstract: Very limited experimental data is available regarding the safe dosages related to synchrotron radiation (SR) procedures. We used young rats and macaques to address bone marrow and skin tolerance to various doses of synchrotron radiation.
  
  
  
  Rats were subjected to 0, 0.5, 2.5, 5, 25 or 100 Gy local SR X-ray irradiation at left hind limb. Rat blood samples were analyzed at 2-90 days after irradiation. The SR X-ray irradiated skin and tibia were sectioned for morphological examination. For non-human primate study, three male macaques were subjected to 0.5 or 2.5 Gy SR X-ray on crus. Skin responses of macaques were observed.
  
  
  
  All rats that received SR X-ray irradiation doses greater than 2.5 Gy experienced hair loss and bone-growth inhibition, which were accompanied by decreased number of follicles, thickened epidermal layer, and decreased density of bone marrow cells (p < 0.05). Macaque skin could tolerate 0.5 Gy SR X-ray but showed significant hair loss when the dose was raised above 2.5 Gy.
  
  
  
  The safety threshold doses of SR X-ray for rat skin, bone marrow and macaque skin are between 0.5 and 2.5 Gy. Our study provided essential information regarding the biosafety of SR X-ray irradiation.
authors.affiliation: a Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Yifan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: a Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Guanghui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: b School of Electronic Science and Application Physics , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui , China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: a Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: a Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: a Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.|c Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Guo-Yuan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Yongting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D008251:Macaca; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D011855:Radiodermatitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014965:X-Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: Safety; diagnostic imaging; radiation therapy; radiology; synchrotron radiation