title: An early record ofMeloidogyne fallaxfrom Ireland.
abstract: Root-knot nematodes,Meloidogynespp., cause huge economic losses worldwide. Currently, threeMeloidogynespp. are present on the quarantine A2 list of EPPO,Meloidogyne chitwoodi,Meloidogyne fallaxandMeloidogyne enterolobii. As a quarantine organism,Meloidogyne fallaxhas been detected in England and Northern Ireland on sport turf in 2011, and in England on leek in 2013. However, its presence in Ireland has probably been overlooked since 1965, when Mr. John F. Moore and Dr. Mary T. Franklin had detected a newMeloidogynespecies for that time. While the relevant data was recorded and a preliminary manuscript describing the species was prepared but never submitted for publication, and together with the original slides, pictures and drawings, it was restudied recently. We compared the population of IrishMeloidogynesp. to other similarMeloidogynespp. Careful observation and comparison shows that it belongs toMeloidogyne fallax. The characters found to be common for IrishMeloidogynesp. andMeloidogyne fallaxare female stylet length (14.6 μm) with oval to rounded basal knobs, oval shaped perineal pattern with moderately high dorsal arch, slender stylet in males (18.5 μm) with set off and rounded basal knobs, slightly set off male head with one post-labial annule and incomplete transverse incisures, and second-stage juveniles with large and rounded stylet basal knobs, and a gradually tapering tail (46.9 μm) with a broadly rounded tip and a clearly delimitated smooth hyaline part sometimes marked by constrictions (12.9 μm). The host test and gall formation also correspond toMeloidogyne fallax. The identification could not be additionally supported by molecular analysis, as we were unable to extract DNA from the old permanent slides. Nevertheless, our study reveals that theMeloidogynespecies detected in Ireland in 1965 belongs toMeloidogyne fallax.
authors.affiliation: National Plant Protection Organization, Wageningen, Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA, The Netherlands; Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Olivera
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Topalović
authors.affiliation: 6 Maywood Lawn, Raheny, Dublin D05AD79, Ireland.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Toon
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bert
authors.affiliation: National Plant Protection Organization, Wageningen, Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA, The Netherlands; Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karssen
keywords: Cork; Root-knot nematode; characters; host; morphology; morphometrics