title: Myocardial infarction in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study: the interaction among environmental, health, social, behavioural and genetic factors.
abstract: This study examined how environmental, health, social, behavioural and genetic factors interact to contribute to myocardial infarction (MI) risk.
  
  
  
  Survey data collected by Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), USA, from 1957 to 2011, including 235 environmental, health, social and behavioural factors, and 77 single- nucleotide polymorphisms were analysed for association with MI. To identify associations with MI we utilized recursive partitioning and random forest prior to logistic regression and chi-squared analyses.
  
  
  
  6198 WLS participants (2938 men; 3260 women) who (1) had a MI before 72 years and (2) had a MI between 65 and 72 years.
  
  
  
  In men, stroke (LR OR: 5.01, 95% CI 3.36 to 7.48), high cholesterol (3.29, 2.59 to 4.18), diabetes (3.24, 2.53 to 4.15) and high blood pressure (2.39, 1.92 to 2.96) were significantly associated with MI up to 72 years of age. For those with high cholesterol, the interaction of smoking and lower alcohol consumption increased prevalence from 23% to 41%, with exposure to dangerous working conditions, a factor not previously linked with MI, further increasing prevalence to 50%. Conversely, MI was reported in <2.5% of men with normal cholesterol and no history of diabetes or depression. Only stroke (4.08, 2.17 to 7.65) and diabetes (2.71, 1.81 to 4.04) by 65 remained significantly associated with MI for men after age 65. For women, diabetes (5.62, 4.08 to 7.75), high blood pressure (3.21, 2.34 to 4.39), high cholesterol (2.03, 1.38 to 3.00) and dissatisfaction with their financial situation (4.00, 1.94 to 8.27) were significantly associated with MI up to 72 years of age. Conversely, often engaging in physical activity alone (0.53, 0.32 to 0.89) or with others (0.34, 0.21 to 0.57) was associated with the largest reduction in odds of MI. Being non-diabetic with normal blood pressure and engaging in physical activity often lowered prevalence of MI to 0.2%. Only diabetes by 65 (4.25, 2.50 to 7.24) and being exposed to dangerous work conditions at 54 (2.24, 1.36 to 3.69) remained significantly associated with MI for women after age 65, while still menstruating at 54 (0.46, 0.23 to 0.91) was associated with reduced odds of MI.
  
  
  
  Together these results indicate important differences in factors associated with MI between the sexes, that combinations of factors greatly influence the likelihood of MI, that MI-associated factors change and associations weaken after 65 years of age in both sexes, and that the limited genotypes assessed were secondary to environmental, health, social and behavioral factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Tina K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yonker
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Vicky
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Roan
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.|La Follete School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herd
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.|Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.|School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Atwood
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D015992:Body Mass Index; D000073865:Cigarette Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004782:Environmental Health; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007182:Income; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D010298:Parity; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins
keywords: SOCIAL MEDICINE; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study; gender; gene-environment interactions