title: Utilizing virtual and augmented reality for educational and clinical enhancements in neurosurgery.
abstract: Neurosurgery has undergone a technological revolution over the past several decades, from trephination to image-guided navigation. Advancements in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) represent some of the newest modalities being integrated into neurosurgical practice and resident education. In this review, we present a historical perspective of the development of VR and AR technologies, analyze its current uses, and discuss its emerging applications in the field of neurosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States.
authors.forename: Panayiotis E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Pelargos
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States.
authors.forename: Carlito
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lagman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, 200 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite B265, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6951, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tenn
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States.
authors.forename: Joanna V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Demos
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States.
authors.forename: Seung J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States.
authors.forename: Natalie E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Barnette
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States.
authors.forename: Nikhilesh S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States.
authors.forename: Nolan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ung
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States.
authors.forename: Ausaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bari
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States.
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, 5th Floor Wasserman Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, United States. Electronic address: iyang@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000193:education*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Augmented reality; Education; History; Innovations; Neurosurgery; Virtual reality