title: In vitroantioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of the compound K-rich fraction BIOGF1K, prepared fromPanax ginseng.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction prepared from the root ofPanax ginseng, is widely used for cosmetic purposes in Korea. We investigated the functional mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of BIOGF1K by discovering target enzymes through various molecular studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We explored the inhibitory mechanisms of BIOGF1K using lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory responses, reporter gene assays involving overexpression of toll-like receptor adaptor molecules, and immunoblotting analysis. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to measure the antioxidative activity. We cotransfected adaptor molecules, including the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll/interleukin-receptor domain containing adaptor molecule-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), to measure the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  BIOGF1K suppressed lipopolysaccharide-triggered NO release in macrophages as well as DPPH-induced electron-donating activity. It also blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA levels of interferon-β and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, BIOGF1K diminished the translocation and activation of IRF3 and NF-κB (p50 and p65). This extract inhibited the upregulation of NF-κB-linked luciferase activity provoked by phorbal-12-myristate-13 acetate as well as MyD88, TRIF, and inhibitor of κB (IκBα) kinase (IKKβ), and IRF3-mediated luciferase activity induced by TRIF and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Finally, BIOGF1K downregulated the NF-κB pathway by blocking IKKβ and the IRF3 pathway by inhibiting TBK1, according to reporter gene assays, immunoblotting analysis, and an AKT/IKKβ/TBK1 overexpression strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, our data suggest that the suppression of IKKβ and TBK1, which mediate transcriptional regulation of NF-κB and IRF3, respectively, may contribute to the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of BIOGF1K.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea; Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Muhammad Jahangir
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hossen
authors.affiliation: Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Deog
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang-Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sulgi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Yo Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Bio-inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Oog
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin, Korea.
authors.forename: Donghyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin, Korea.
authors.forename: Junseong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Youl
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Cho
keywords: BIOGF1K; Panax ginseng; anti-inflammatory activity; antioxidative activity; compound K