title: Azole Antifungal Resistance inCandida albicansand Emerging Non-albicans CandidaSpecies.
abstract: Within the limited antifungal armamentarium, the azole antifungals are the most frequent class used to treatCandidainfections. Azole antifungals such as fluconazole are often preferred treatment for manyCandidainfections as they are inexpensive, exhibit limited toxicity, and are available for oral administration. There is, however, extensive documentation of intrinsic and developed resistance to azole antifungals among severalCandidaspecies. As the frequency of azole resistantCandidaisolates in the clinical setting increases, it is essential to elucidate the mechanisms of such resistance in order to both preserve and improve upon the azole class of antifungals for the treatment ofCandidainfections. This review examines azole resistance in infections caused byC. albicansas well as the emerging non-albicans CandidaspeciesC. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, andC. glabrataand in particular, describes the current understanding of molecular basis of azole resistance in these fungal species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Whaley
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Berkow
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rybak
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA; Center for Pediatric Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutics, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: P David
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Rogers
keywords: Candida albicans; Candida glabrata; Candida krusei; Candida parapsilosis; Candida tropicalis; antifungal; azole; resistance