title: From tameness to wariness: chemical recognition of snake predators by lizards in a Mediterranean island.
abstract: Antipredatory defenses are maintained when benefit exceeds cost. A weak predation pressure may lead insular lizards to tameness.Podarcis lilfordiexhibits a high degree of insular tameness, which may explain its extinction from the main island of Menorca when humans introduced predators. There are three species of lizards in Menorca: the nativeP. lilfordi, only on the surrounding islets, and two introduced lizards in the main island,Scelarcis perspicillataandPodarcis siculus. In addition, there are three species of snakes, all introduced: one non-saurophagous (Natrix maura), one potentially non-saurophagous (Rhinechis scalaris) and one saurophagous (Macroprotodon mauritanicus). We studied the reaction to snake chemical cues in five populations: (1)P. lilfordiof Colom, (2)P. lilfordiof Aire, (3)P. lilfordiof Binicodrell, (4)S. perspicillata, and (5)P. siculus, ordered by increasing level of predation pressure. The three snakes are present in the main island, while onlyR. scalarisis present in Colom islet, Aire and Binicodrell being snake-free islets. We aimed to assess the relationship between predation pressure and the degree of insular tameness regarding scent recognition. We hypothesized thatP. lilfordishould show the highest degree of tameness,S. perspicillatashould show intermediate responses, andP. siculusshould show the highest wariness. Results are clear: neitherP. lilfordinorS. perspicillatarecognize any of the snakes, whileP. siculusrecognizes the scent ofM. mauritanicusand reacts to it with typical well-defined antipredatory behaviours as tail waving and slow motion. These results rise questions about the loss of chemical recognition of predators during island tameness and its related costs and benefits for lizards of insular habitats. In addition, this highlights the necessity for strong conservation measures to avoid the introduction of alien predators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mencía
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Zaida
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Valentín
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pérez-Mellado
keywords: Antipredatory behaviour; Behavioural adaptations; Biological invasions; Chemical cues; Chemoreception; Insular tameness; Islands; Lizards; Mediterranean islands; Snakes