title: Dietary patterns by reduced rank regression are associated with obesity and hypertension in Australian adults.
abstract: Evidence linking dietary patterns (DP) and obesity and hypertension prevalence is inconsistent. We aimed to identify DP derived from energy density, fibre and sugar intakes, as well as Na, K, fibre, SFA and PUFA, and investigate associations with obesity and hypertension. Adults (n 4908) were included from the cross-sectional Australian Health Survey 2011-2013. Two 24-h dietary recalls estimated food and nutrient intakes. Reduced rank regression derived DP with dietary energy density (DED), fibre density and total sugar intake as response variables for obesity and Na:K, SFA:PUFA and fibre density as variables for hypertension. Poisson regression investigated relationships between DP and prevalence ratios (PR) of overweight/obesity (BMI≥25 kg/m2) and hypertension (blood pressure≥140/90 mmHg). Obesity-DP1 was positively correlated with fibre density and sugars and inversely with DED. Obesity-DP2 was positively correlated with sugars and inversely with fibre density. Individuals in the highest tertile of Obesity-DP1 and Obesity-DP2, compared with the lowest, had lower (PR 0·88; 95 % CI 0·81, 0·95) and higher (PR 1·09; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·18) prevalence of obesity, respectively. Na:K and SFA:PUFA were positively correlated with Hypertension-DP1 and inversely correlated with Hypertension-DP2, respectively. There was a trend towards higher hypertension prevalence in the highest tertile of Hypertension-DP1 compared with the lowest (PR 1·18; 95 % CI 0·99, 1·41). Hypertension-DP2 was not associated with hypertension. Obesity prevalence was inversely associated with low-DED, high-fibre and high-sugar (natural sugars) diets and positively associated with low-fibre and high-sugar (added sugars) diets. Hypertension prevalence was higher on low-fibre and high-Na and SFA diets.
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition,Deakin University,Geelong,VIC 3125,Australia.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition,Deakin University,Geelong,VIC 3125,Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McNaughton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D050177:Overweight; D015995:Prevalence; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary
keywords:  DED dietary energy density;  DP dietary pattern;  PR prevalence ratio;  RRR reduced rank regression;  WC waist circumference; Adults; Dietary patterns; Hypertension; Obesity; Reduced rank regression