title: Minimally invasive treatments for perforator vein insufficiency.
abstract: Incompetent superficial veins are the most common cause of lower extremity superficial venous reflux and varicose veins; however, incompetent or insufficient perforator veins are the most common cause of recurrent varicose veins after treatment, often unrecognized. Perforator vein insufficiency can result in pain, skin changes, and skin ulcers, and often merit intervention. Minimally invasive treatments have replaced traditional surgical treatments for incompetent perforator veins. Current minimally invasive treatment options include ultrasound guided sclerotherapy (USGS) and endovascular thermal ablation (EVTA) with either laser or radiofrequency energy sources. Advantages and disadvantages of each modality and knowledge on these treatments are required to adequately address perforator venous disease.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Imaging Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Gokhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kuyumcu
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Gloria Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Anand M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Suvranu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganguli
keywords: Perforator vein insufficiency; endovascular thermal ablation (EVTA); ultrasound guided sclerotherapy (USGS)