title: Exploring Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Sleeve Gastrectomy from a Histological Study of a Cadaveric Stomach and Ileum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin B12 deficiency is more commonly found among patients who have undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) as compared to those with post-sleeve gastrectomies (SG). The major difference between SG and RYGB is that the latter greatly bypasses the stomach whereas the former simply reduces the gastric volume.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article was to study the stomach and the distal ileum histologically in a cadaver with SG to explain the higher rate of incidences of vitamin B12 deficiency seen in patients post-RYGB relative to patients post-SG. Since the stomach is the major variable in these two procedures, we hypothesize that it has the ability to regenerate and increase its surface area to compensate for the loss of its volume in SG patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue biopsies and hematoxylin and eosin stains were performed from various anatomical locations of the GI tract, specifically the gastric fundus, body, and antrum, and from the distal ileum of the small intestine of a cadaver with SG and another without SG (control).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control, the SG cadaver's gastric tissue biopsies were significant for chronic gastritis and hypertrophy of the muscularis externa layer. More importantly, parietal cell hyperplasia and deeper mucosal glands were also noted in the SG cadaver supporting the hypothesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The compensatory role of an intact stomach, given its ability to regenerate parietal cells and increase its numbers in the gastric fundus and body, can be better appreciated in a gastric-sparing procedure such as SG versus RYGB in terms of limiting vitamin B12 deficiencies.
authors.affiliation: a Ross University School of Medicine , North Brunswick , NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Dwaipayan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muhuri
authors.affiliation: b Department of Anatomy , Ross University School of Medicine , North Brunswick , NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Gyorgy M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: b Department of Anatomy , Ross University School of Medicine , North Brunswick , NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Velma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rawlins
authors.affiliation: b Department of Anatomy , Ross University School of Medicine , North Brunswick , NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandy
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pathology , Ross University School of Medicine , North Brunswick , NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bellot
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D015390:Gastric Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: B12 deficiency; bariatric surgery; cobalamin deficiency; gastric biopsy; sleeve gastrectomy