title: Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis.
abstract: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology.
authors.affiliation: University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deplazes
authors.affiliation: University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Alvarez Rojas
authors.affiliation: University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Torgerson
authors.affiliation: Research centre of Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Harandi
authors.affiliation: University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Romig
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology SAS, Kosice, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antolova
authors.affiliation: University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schurer
authors.affiliation: National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lahmar
authors.affiliation: University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cringoli
authors.affiliation: Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magambo
authors.affiliation: Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: R C A
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004443:Echinococcosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D004444:Echinococcosis, Hepatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D004446:Echinococcus / Q000502:physiology*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D015047:Zoonoses
keywords: E. canadensis; E. equinus; E. intermedius; E. ortleppi; Echinococcus granulosus; Echinococcus multilocularis; Host assemblages; Maps; Molecular epidemiology; Transmission