title: Simulated airplane headache: a proxy towards identification of underlying mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Airplane Headache (AH) occurs during flights and often appears as an intense, short lasting headache during take-off or landing. Reports are limited on pathological mechanisms underlying the occurrence of this headache. Proper diagnosis and treatments would benefit from identification of potential pathways involved in AH pathogenesis. This study aimed at providing a simulated airplane headache condition as a proxy towards identification of its underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen participants including 7 volunteers suffering from AH and 7 healthy matched controls were recruited after meeting the diagnostic and safety criteria based on an approved study protocol. Simulation of AH was achieved by entering a pressure chamber with similar characteristics of an airplane flight. Selected potential biomarkers including salivary prostaglandin E2(PGE2), cortisol, facial thermo-images, blood pressure, pulse, and saturation pulse oxygen (SPO) were defined and values were collected before, during and after flight simulation in the pressure chamber. Salivary samples were analyzed with ELISA techniques, while data analysis and statistical tests were handled with SPSS version 22.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants in the AH-group experienced a headache attack similar to AH experience during flight. The non-AH-group did not experience any headaches. Our data showed that the values for PGE2, cortisol and SPO were significantly different in the AH-group in comparison with the non-AH-group during the flight simulation in the pressure chamber.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pressure chamber proved useful not only to provoke AH-like attack but also to study potential biomarkers for AH in this study. PGE2, and cortisol levels together with SPO presented dysregulation during the simulated AH-attack in affected individuals compared with healthy controls. Based on these findings we propose to use pressure chamber as a model to induce AH, and thus assess new potential biomarkers for AH in future studies.
authors.affiliation: SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sebastian Bao Dinh
authors.initials: SBD
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.affiliation: SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jeppe Nørgaard
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.affiliation: SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. gazerani@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gazerani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000399:Air Pressure; D000401:Aircraft; D015415:Biomarkers; D005260:Female; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Airplane headache; Biomarker; Blood pressure; Cortisol; Pressure chamber; Prostaglandin E2; Pulse; Saturation pulse oxygen; Simulated airplane flight; Thermo imagining