title: Crystallization techniques in wastewater treatment: An overview of applications.
abstract: As a by-product of industrial or domestic activities, wastewater of different compositions has caused serious environmental problems all over the world. Facing the challenge of wastewater treatment, researchers have begun to make use of crystallization techniques in wastewater treatment. Crystallization techniques have many advantages, such as high efficiency, energy saving, low costs, less space occupation and so on. In recent decades, crystallization is considered as one of promising techniques for wastewater treatment, especially for desalination, water and salt recovery. It has been widely used in engineering applications all over the world. In this paper, various crystallization techniques in wastewater treatment are summarized, mainly including evaporation crystallization, cooling crystallization, reaction crystallization, drowning-out crystallization and membrane distillation crystallization. Overall, they are mainly used for desalination, water and salt recovery. Their applications, advantages and disadvantages were compared and discussed in detail.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Haijiao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Jingkang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China. Electronic address: hongxunhao@tju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hongxun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hao
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Crystallization; Desalination; Salt recovery; Wastewater treatment; Water recovery