title: Highly-accelerated self-gated free-breathing 3D cardiac cine MRI: validation in assessment of left ventricular function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work presents a highly-accelerated, self-gated, free-breathing 3D cardiac cine MRI method for cardiac function assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A golden-ratio profile based variable-density, pseudo-random, Cartesian undersampling scheme was implemented for continuous 3D data acquisition. Respiratory self-gating was achieved by deriving motion signal from the acquired MRI data. A multi-coil compressed sensing technique was employed to reconstruct 4D images (3D+time). 3D cardiac cine imaging with self-gating was compared to bellows gating and the clinical standard breath-held 2D cine imaging for evaluation of self-gating accuracy, image quality, and cardiac function in eight volunteers. Reproducibility of 3D imaging was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-gated 3D imaging provided an image quality score of 3.4 ± 0.7 vs 4.0 ± 0 with the 2D method (p = 0.06). It determined left ventricular end-systolic volume as 42.4 ± 11.5 mL, end-diastolic volume as 111.1 ± 24.7 mL, and ejection fraction as 62.0 ± 3.1%, which were comparable to the 2D method, with bias ± 1.96 × SD of -0.8 ± 7.5 mL (p = 0.90), 2.6 ± 3.3 mL (p = 0.84) and 1.4 ± 6.4% (p = 0.45), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed 3D cardiac cine imaging method enables reliable respiratory self-gating performance with good reproducibility, and provides comparable image quality and functional measurements to 2D imaging, suggesting that self-gated, free-breathing 3D cardiac cine MRI framework is promising for improved patient comfort and cardiac MRI scan efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA. jing.liu@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3571-2230
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
authors.forename: Hsin-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
authors.forename: Chengcheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kanae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriel C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ordovas
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.|Radiology Service, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saloner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 3D cardiac MRI; Compressed sensing; Free-breathing; Self-gating; Sparsity