title: Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Analysis and Anti-Candida Activity of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball-New Approaches.
abstract: A comprehensive study on essential oils extracted from different Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball samples from Tarquinia (Italy) is reported. In this study, the 24-h steam distillation procedure for essential oil preparation, in terms of different harvesting and extraction times, was applied. The Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that C. nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball essential oils from Tarquinia belong to the pulegone-rich chemotype. The analysis of 44 samples revealed that along with pulegone, some other chemicals may participate in exerting the related antifungal activity. The results indicated that for higher activity, the essential oils should be produced with at least a 6-h steam distillation process. Even though it is not so dependent on the period of harvesting, it could be recommended not to harvest the plant in the fruiting stage, since no significant antifungal effect was shown. The maximum essential oil yield was obtained in August, with the highest pulegone percentage. To obtain the oil with a higher content of menthone, September and October should be considered as the optimal periods. Regarding the extraction duration, vegetative stage material gives the oil in the first 3 h, while material from the reproductive phase should be extracted at least at 6 or even 12 h.
authors.affiliation: Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. mijat.bozovic@uniroma1.it.|Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. mijat.bozovic@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Mijat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Božović
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. stefania.garzoli@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garzoli
authors.affiliation: Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. manuela.sabatino@uniroma1.it.|Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. manuela.sabatino@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabatino
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. federico.pepi@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pepi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Heath Products, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. anna.baldisserotto@unife.it.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baldisserotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Viale Caduti in Guerra 127, 41121 Modena, Italy. elisa.andreotti@unimo.it.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andreotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Viale Caduti in Guerra 127, 41121 Modena, Italy. carlo.romagnoli@unimo.it.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. antonello.mai@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Heath Products, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. stefano.manfredini@unife.it.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manfredini
authors.affiliation: Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. rino.ragno@uniroma1.it.|Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. rino.ragno@uniroma1.it.|Alchemical Dynamics s.r.l., 00125 Rome, Italy. rino.ragno@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Rino
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ragno
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry; D053147:Plant Exudates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D064209:Phytochemicals; D053147:Plant Exudates
keywords: 24-h steam distillation; Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Ball; GC/MS; anti-Candida activity; essential oils; menthone; pulegone