title: Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Nocturnal Enuresis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the frequency of comorbid psychiatricdisorders in children and adolescents with nocturnal enuresis (NE).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this descriptive-analytical study, 183 children and adolescents aged 5-18 years withNE referred to psychiatric clinics at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected in 2015. A structuredclinical diagnostic interview, the kiddie-schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (K-SADS), was employedbased on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR) for the diagnosis of NEand comorbid psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, 39 participants (21.3%) were female and 144 (78.7%) were male. The mean age of participantswas 8.69 &plusmn; 2.34 years. The lifelong incidence of mental disorders among enuretic children and adolescentswas 79.23%. The highest incidence belonged to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with 74.9%, oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) with 53%, and tic disorders with 12% (motor tics together with a single caseof vocal tic). The lowest incidence was for conduct disorder, bipolar affective disorder, and post-traumatic stressdisorder (PTSD) with 5%. Based on the Fisher exact test, there was no significant difference between girls andboys in terms of psychiatric disorders incidence (P &gt; .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comorbid psychiatric disorders with NE are common among children and adolescents. Therefore,in-depth examination of other psychiatric disorders needs to be carried out in enuretic children and adolescents,which will affect the treatment and prognosis of NE.
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amiri
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shafiee-Kandjani
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Roghayeh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naghinezhad
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farhang
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology