title: Relationship between Recreational Resources in the School Neighborhood and Changes in Fitness in New York City Public School Students.
abstract: Physical fitness in children has many beneficial effects, including the maintenance of a healthy weight. The built environment may influence youths' physical fitness by encouraging physical activity. This paper assessed whether higher density of parks, playgrounds, and sports facilities around a school is related to improvements in fitness in middle school boys and girls. Fitness scores and other student covariates collected as part of NYC FITNESSGRAM between the 2006-2007 and 2010-2011 school years were linked with school neighborhood data on characteristics of the built environment for NYC public school students in grades 6-8. Data were analyzed in 2015. Medium, but not high, density of recreational resources in the area surrounding a school was associated with greater annual improvements in fitness for both boys and girls. This association appeared to be driven mainly by the presence of parks. Findings for sports facilities and playgrounds were inconsistent. Overall, few associations were observed between recreational resources near a school and changes in student fitness. Future studies of school influences on student fitness should consider the influence of school resources and the home neighborhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. cpb188@mail.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Carla P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bezold
authors.affiliation: Worldwide Safety and Regulatory, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rundle
authors.affiliation: Office of School Health, NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konty
authors.affiliation: Office of School Health, NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sophia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: Columbia Population Research Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neckerman
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Ana V Diez
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Roux
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004779:Environment Design; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City; D011998:Recreation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students
keywords: Built environment; Fitness; School health