title: Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorder Symptoms and Their Association with Alcohol and Smoking Habits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms and their associations with alcohol consumption and smoking habits among young Finnish adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The total sample consisted of 8,678 conscripts (8,530 men and 148 women, response rate 62.8%). Data on TMD symptoms, health behavior, and background/demographic factors were acquired by using a questionnaire. Self-reported facial pain and symptoms of TMD were used as outcome variables. The frequency of smoking and consumption of alcohol and snuff were used as explanatory variables. Chi-square tests, as expressed by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), were used as statistical methods in the analysis. Statistical significance was determined at P < .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of different self-reported, at least occasional TMD symptoms varied between 5.8% (difficulty in jaw opening) and 27.8% (temporomandibular joint [TMJ] clicking) in the male population, with higher prevalences for all symptoms in the female population except for TMJ clicking. Smoking was significantly associated with TMD symptoms, except TMJ clicking. Consumption of alcohol at least once a week was associated significantly with facial pain, TMJ pain, TMJ pain at jaw rest, TMJ pain on jaw movement, and TMJ clicking. Use of snuff was associated significantly with facial pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily smoking and increased frequency of alcohol consumption are associated with TMD symptoms among young Finnish adults. Dentists should be prepared to influence alcohol and tobacco consumption among young males to improve their health and quality of life.
authors.forename: Ossi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: Vuokko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Anttonen
authors.forename: Pertti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patinen
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Päkkilä
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tjäderhane
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sipilä
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000073869:Tobacco Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult