title: The history of the microsphere method for measuring blood flows with special reference to myocardial blood flow: a personal memoir.
abstract: We use many types of equipment and technologies to make our measurements but give little thought to how they developed. Evolution was once described as a series of recoils from blind alleys, and this is exemplified by the gradual development of the microsphere method of measuring blood flows. The microsphere method is one of the most frequently used methods for measuring blood flow to organs and portions of organs. The method can measure myocardial blood flow with reasonable accuracy (within 10%) down to samples weighing >50 mg but probably will not do so for samples weighing 1-10 mg. Microspheres with diameters from 10 to 15 μm provide the best compromise between accurate flow measurement and retention in tissue. Radioactive labels have been almst entirely replaced by fluorescent labels, but colored microspheres and neutron-activated labels are also used.NEW & NOTEWORTHYThe contributions of the various individuals who developed the microsphere method of measuring regional blood flows and how these advances took place are brought to light in this paper.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California jiehoffman@gmail.com julien.hoffman@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Julien I E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-7224
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008863:Microspheres; D009501:Neutron Activation Analysis; D010827:Physiology / Q000266:history*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes
keywords: colored microspheres; fluorescent microspheres; neutron activation; radioactive microspheres