title: Fluid Dynamics Appearing during Simulated Microgravity Using Random Positioning Machines.
abstract: Random Positioning Machines (RPMs) are widely used as tools to simulate microgravity on ground. They consist of two gimbal mounted frames, which constantly rotate biological samples around two perpendicular axes and thus distribute the Earth's gravity vector in all directions over time. In recent years, the RPM is increasingly becoming appreciated as a laboratory instrument also in non-space-related research. For instance, it can be applied for the formation of scaffold-free spheroid cell clusters. The kinematic rotation of the RPM, however, does not only distribute the gravity vector in such a way that it averages to zero, but it also introduces local forces to the cell culture. These forces can be described by rigid body analysis. Although RPMs are commonly used in laboratories, the fluid motion in the cell culture flasks on the RPM and the possible effects of such on cells have not been examined until today; thus, such aspects have been widely neglected. In this study, we used a numerical approach to describe the fluid dynamic characteristic occurring inside a cell culture flask turning on an operating RPM. The simulations showed that the fluid motion within the cell culture flask never reached a steady state or neared a steady state condition. The fluid velocity depends on the rotational velocity of the RPM and is in the order of a few centimeters per second. The highest shear stresses are found along the flask walls; depending of the rotational velocity, they can reach up to a few 100 mPa. The shear stresses in the "bulk volume," however, are always smaller, and their magnitude is in the order of 10 mPa. In conclusion, RPMs are highly appreciated as reliable tools in microgravity research. They have even started to become useful instruments in new research fields of mechanobiology. Depending on the experiment, the fluid dynamic on the RPM cannot be neglected and needs to be taken into consideration. The results presented in this study elucidate the fluid motion and provide insight into the convection and shear stresses that occur inside a cell culture flask during RPM experiments.
authors.affiliation: Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, School of Engineering and Architecture, CC Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Hergiswil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simon L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5495-6951
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wuest
authors.affiliation: Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, School of Engineering and Architecture, CC Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Horw, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, School of Engineering and Architecture, CC Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Horw, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casartelli
authors.affiliation: Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, School of Engineering and Architecture, CC Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Hergiswil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egli
mesh_terms: D018481:Convection; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D012399:Rotation; D033081:Shear Strength; D014893:Weightlessness; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation / Q000295:instrumentation*