title: Touch screen assays of behavioural flexibility and error characteristics in Eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis).
abstract: Behavioural flexibility allows animals to adjust their behaviours according to changing environmental demands. Such flexibility is frequently assessed by the discrimination-reversal learning task. We examined grey squirrels' behavioural flexibility, using a simultaneous colour discrimination-reversal learning task on a touch screen. Squirrels were trained to select their non-preferred colour in the discrimination phase, and their preferred colour was rewarded in a subsequent reversal phase. We used error rates to divide learning in each phase into three stages (perseveration, chance level and 'learned') and examined response inhibition and head-switching during each stage. We found consistent behavioural patterns were associated with each learning stage: in the perseveration stage, at the beginning of each training phase, squirrels showed comparable response latencies to correct and incorrect stimuli, along with a low level of head-switching. They quickly overcame perseveration, typically in one to three training blocks. In the chance-level stage, response latencies to both stimuli were low, but during initial discrimination squirrels showed more head-switches than in the previous stage. This suggests that squirrels were learning the current reward contingency by responding rapidly to a stimulus, but with increased attention to both stimuli. In the learned stage, response latencies to the correct stimulus and the number of head-switches were at their highest, whereas incorrect response latencies were at their lowest, and differed significantly from correct response latencies. These results suggest increased response inhibition and attention allowed the squirrels to minimise errors. They also suggest that errors in the 'learned' stage were related to impulsive emission of the pre-potent or previously learned responses.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, Psychology Department, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK. kyc202@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Pizza Ka Yee
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8208-592X
authors.initials: PKY
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, Psychology Department, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Leaver
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, Psychology Department, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen E G
authors.initials: SEG
authors.lastname: Lea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D003116:Color; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012193:Reversal Learning; D012201:Reward; D012589:Sciuridae / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Attention; Flexibility; Inhibition; Reversal learning; Squirrels