title: Monolayer WS2Nanopores for DNA Translocation with Light-Adjustable Sizes.
abstract: Two-dimensional materials are promising for a range of applications, as well as testbeds for probing the physics of low-dimensional systems. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayers exhibit a direct band gap and strong photoluminescence (PL) in the visible range, opening possibilities for advanced optoelectronic applications. Here, we report the realization of two-dimensional nanometer-size pores in suspended monolayer WS2membranes, allowing for electrical and optical response in ionic current measurements. A focused electron beam was used to fabricate nanopores in WS2membranes suspended on silicon-based chips and characterized using PL spectroscopy and aberration-corrected high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. It was observed that the PL intensity of suspended WS2monolayers is ∼10-15 times stronger when compared to that of substrate-supported monolayers, and low-dose scanning transmission electron microscope viewing and drilling preserves the PL signal of WS2around the pore. We establish that such nanopores allow ionic conductance and DNA translocations. We also demonstrate that under low-power laser illumination in solution, WS2nanopores grow slowly in size at an effective rate of ∼0.2-0.4 nm/s, thus allowing for atomically controlled nanopore size using short light pulses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Gopinath
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3455-3474
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Danda
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Masih Das
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Yung-Chien
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Jerome T
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2848-2836
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Mlack
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Parkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Carl H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Tianyi
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8998-3837
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Laura Beth
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terrones
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Alan T Charlie
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5402-1224
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.|Department of Physics, Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, ∥Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drndić
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008027:Light; D049449:Luminescence; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D058608:Nanopores; D010316:Particle Size; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D014414:Tungsten / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D004247:DNA; D014414:Tungsten
keywords: DNA sequencing; WS2; nanopores; optoelectronic control; photoluminescence; transition metal dichalcogenide