title: Vasorelaxant and cardiovascular properties of the essential oil of Pogostemon elsholtzioides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pogostemon elsholtzioides Benth. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic shrub, endemic to eastern Himalaya region. The leaves are used for treating goiter and high blood pressure (BP) by indigenous people in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Young leaves are used as vegetable and leaf decoction is also used for cough, cold and headache by some indigenous communities in Northeast India.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This species is used for treating hypertension and the genus Pogostemon is rich in essential oil. Therefore, the present study was aimed at investigation of the chemical constituents, vasorelaxant and cardiovascular effects of the essential oil of P. elsholtzioides.
  
  
  METHODS
  P. elsholtzioides was collected from Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh, India and essential oil was extracted from shade dried leaves. Essential oil was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS and the volatile constituents were identified. Vasorelaxant and cardiovascular properties of the essential oil were studied against phenylephrine induced contraction in isolated endothelium intact aortic preparations and by measuring systolic and diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) after carotid artery cannulation in Wistar rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The essential oil was rich in sesquiterpenes and curzerene, benzophenone, α-cadinol and germacrone were major constituents. The essential oil exhibited significant vasodilation effect in phenylephrine induced contracted aortic rings. Vasorelaxant effect of the essential oil was also observed both in the presence and absence of Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester against phenylephrine-contracted aortic rings. It also induced reduction of systolic and diastolic BP, MAP and HR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Essential oil of P. elsholtzioides exhibited significant vasorelaxant effect against endothelium intact aortic preparation mediated through nitric oxide dependent pathway and also reduced BP. However, further study is needed to screen the role of calcium ions in both intracellular and extracellular pathway.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Arumugasamy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiva Kumar
authors.affiliation: North Eastern Institute of Folk Medicine (Ministry of AYUSH), East Siang District, Pasighat 791102, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Karnan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jeyaprakash
authors.affiliation: Central Animal Facility, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: David Raj
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Chellappan
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: ramarmurugan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ramar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murugan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D000070177:Pogostemon; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D014665:Vasodilator Agents
keywords: Cardiovascular; Curzerene; Essential oil; Pogostemon elsholtzioides; Vasorelaxant