title: The dangerous liaison between pollens and pollution in respiratory allergy.
abstract: To recapitulate the more recent epidemiologic studies on the association of air pollution with respiratory allergic diseases prevalence and to discuss the main limitations of current approaches used to establish a link between pollinosis and pollution.
  
  
  
  Through the use of PubMed, we conducted a broad literature review in the following areas: epidemiology of respiratory allergic diseases, effect of pollution and climate changes on pollen grains, and immunomodulatory properties of pollen substances.
  
  
  
  Studies on short- and long-term exposure to air pollutants, such as gaseous and particulate materials, on allergic sensitization, and on exacerbation of asthma symptoms were considered.
  
  
  
  Trend in respiratory allergic disease prevalence has increased worldwide during the last 3 decades. Although recent epidemiologic studies on a possible association of this phenomenon with increasing pollution are controversial, botanic studies suggest a clear effect of several pollutants combined to climatic changes on the increased expression of allergenic proteins in several pollen grains. The current literature suggests the need for considering both pollen allergen and pollutant contents for epidemiologic evaluation of environmental determinants in respiratory allergies. We propose that a measure of allergenic potential of pollens, indicative of the increase in allergenicity of a polluted pollen, may be considered as a new risk indicator for respiratory health in urban areas.
  
  
  
  Because public greens are located in strict proximity to the anthropogenic sources of pollution, the identification of novel more reliable parameters for risk assessment in respiratory allergic diseases is an essential need for public health management and primary prevention area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schiavoni
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Department of Chest Diseases, High Speciality A. Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Amato
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: claudia.afferni@iss.it.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Afferni
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D002980:Climate; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D011058:Pollen / Q000276:immunology*; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens; D007073:Immunoglobulin E