title: Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a result of macrovascular changes is the leading cause of mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). While CVD complications are seen predominantly in adulthood, the atherosclerotic process begins in childhood and is accelerated in patients with T1DM. This review focuses on the epidemiology of traditional CVD risk factors in adolescents with T1DM, its association with markers of CVD and an overview of studies looking into each individual risk factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk factors that are reviewed here are hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, hyperglycemia and diabetic nephropathy. We highlight the importance of early identification, and interventions, which include optimizing glycemic control, pharmacotherapy, regular physical activity and dietary changes.
authors.affiliation: University of Sydney and the Children' s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney. Australia.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donaghue
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Department, Putrajaya Hospital. Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sze Lyn
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jeanne Wong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: Cardiovascular risk factors; adolescents; cardiovascular disease; epidemiology; obesity; type 1 diabetes