title: Radiolabeled inorganic nanoparticles for positron emission tomography imaging of cancer: an overview.
abstract: Over the last few years, a plethora of radiolabeled inorganic nanoparticles have been developed and evaluated for their potential use as probes in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of a wide variety of cancers. Inorganic nanoparticles represent an emerging paradigm in molecular imaging probe design, allowing the incorporation of various imaging modalities, targeting ligands, and therapeutic payloads into a single vector. A major challenge in this endeavor is to develop disease-specific nanoparticles with facile and robust radiolabeling strategies. Also, the radiolabeled nanoparticles should demonstrate adequate in vitro and in vivo stability, enhanced sensitivity for detection of disease at an early stage, optimized in vivo pharmacokinetics for reduced non-specific organ uptake, and improved targeting for achieving high efficacy. Owing to these challenges and other technological and regulatory issues, only a single radiolabeled nanoparticle formulation, namely "C-dots" (Cornell dots), has found its way into clinical trials thus far. This review describes the available options for radiolabeling of nanoparticles and summarizes the recent developments in PET imaging of cancer in preclinical and clinical settings using radiolabeled nanoparticles as probes. The key considerations toward clinical translation of these novel PET imaging probes are discussed, which will be beneficial for advancement of the field.
authors.affiliation: Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India - rubelc@barc.gov.in.
authors.forename: Rubel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chakravarty
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Shreya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.affiliation: Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.|Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.|Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.|University of Wisconsin, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Weibo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D000068936:Theranostic Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals