title: Effect of mouth rinsing and ingestion of carbohydrate solutions on mood and perceptual responses during exercise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether mouth rinsing or ingesting carbohydrate (CHO) solutions impact on perceptual responses during exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine moderately trained male cyclists underwent a 90-min glycogen-reducing exercise, and consumed a low CHO meal, prior to completing an overnight fast. A 1-h cycle time trial was performed the following morning. Four trials, each separated by 7 days, were conducted in a randomized, counterbalanced study design: 15% CHO mouth rinse (CHOR), 7.5% CHO ingestion (CHOI), placebo mouth rinse (PLAR) and placebo ingestion (PLAI). Solution volumes (1.5 ml · kg-1ingestion trials and 0.33 ml · kg-1rinsing trials) were provided after every 12.5% of completed exercise. Perceptual scales were used to assess affective valence (feeling scale, FS), arousal (felt arousal scale, FAS), exertion (ratings of perceived exertion, RPE) and mood (profile of mood states, POMS) before, during and immediately after exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in RPE (CHOI, 14.0 ± 1.9; CHOR, 14.2 ± 1.7; PLAI, 14.6 ± 1.8; PLAR, 14.6 ± 2.0;P= 0.35), FS (CHOI, 0.0 ± 1.7; CHOR, -0.2 ± 1.5; PLAI, -0.8 ± 1.4; PLAR, -0.8 ± 1.6;P= 0.15), or FAS (CHOI, 3.6 ± 1.1; CHOR, 3.5 ± 1.0; PLAI, 3.4 ± 1.4; PLAR, 3.3 ± 1.3;P= 0.725) scores between trials. While overall POMS score did not appear to differ between trials, the 'vigour' subscale indicated that CHOI may facilitate the maintenance of 'vigour' scores over time, in comparison to the steady decline witnessed in other trials (P= 0.04). There was no difference in time trial performance between trials (CHOI, 65.3 ± 4.8 min; CHOR, 68.4 ± 3.9 min; PLAI, 68.7 ± 5.3 min; PLAR, 68.3 ± 5.2 min;P= 0.21) but power output was higher in CHOI (231.0 ± 33.2 W) relative to other trials (221-223.6 W;P< 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a CHO-reduced state, mouth rinsing with a CHO solution did not impact on perceptual responses during high-intensity exercise in trained cyclists and triathletes. On the other hand CHO ingestion improved perceived ratings of vigour and increased power output during exercise.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Albany, Auckland New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ajmol
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6093-1435
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: University of Auckland Clinics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Michelle Ji Yeon
authors.initials: MJY
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Albany, Auckland New Zealand.
authors.forename: Alanah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Bernhard H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Breier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D001642:Bicycling; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009067:Mouthwashes; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects; D064133:Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D009067:Mouthwashes
keywords: Activation; Affect; Fluid ingestion; Perceived exertion; Sports drink; Time trial