title: Do perceived job insecurity and annoyance due to air and noise pollution predict incident self-rated poor health? A prospective analysis of independent and joint associations using a German national representative cohort study.
abstract: Current economic and social change has contributed to increasing job insecurity and traffic-related pollution in residential areas. Both job insecurity and exposure to noise and air pollution are known determinants of population health and can concur in peoples' lives. This may hold true particularly for socially disadvantaged subpopulations. Nevertheless, the potential independent and joint links of those exposures to health have been rarely examined so far. We aimed to contribute to the scarce body of evidence.
  
  
  
  Information on perceived job insecurity and exposures to noise and air pollution as expressed by annoyance as well as on self-rated health were gathered from 2 waves of the population-based German Socio-Economic Panel (2009 and 2011, N=6544). We performed multivariable Poisson regression to examine the independent and joint risk of poor health in 2011 by perceived job insecurity and annoyance due to noise and air pollution in 2009.
  
  
  
  After the 2-year follow-up in 2011, 571 (8.7%) participants rated their health as poor. The risk of reporting incident poor health was increased by roughly 40% in employees reporting high versus low perceived job insecurity and annoyance due to noise and air pollution, respectively. This risk increased when both exposures were present at higher levels (risk ratio=1.95 (1.49 to 2.55)).
  
  
  
  Work-related and environmental exposures may accumulate and have a joint health impact. Elaboration on the link between occupational and residential exposures is warranted in the light of their concurrence and their implications for health inequities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loerbroks
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bolte
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000786:Anger; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010465:Perception; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; OCCUPATIONAL & INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH