title: A minimal-invasive method for systemic bio-monitoring of the environmental pollutant phenanthrene in humans: Thermal extraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry from 1 mL capillary blood.
abstract: Phenanthrene is present in numerous environmental media and serves as a model substrate for the biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). PAH exposure studies are commonly focused on urinary metabolites, concentrations of which are dependent on absorption, biotransformation and excretion. Monitoring of unmetabolized PAHs in blood would allow more reliable exposure assessment, but requires invasive sampling and extensive sample preparation. We describe the analysis of phenanthrene in 1μL capillary blood using thermal extraction (TE) combined with gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Less invasive sampling of 1μL capillary blood does not require the assistance of medical staff. Compared to previous studies, analysis time was improved significantly by TE due to minimization of sample preparation steps. The evaluate method was applied successfully to the monitoring of phenanthrene blood levels. This is the first report presenting the pharmacokinetics of unmetabolized PAHs in human.
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, D-18057, Germany.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: ZAUM-Center of Allergy & Environment, Helmholtz Center Munich/Technical University Munich, Munich, D-80802, Germany.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: ZAUM-Center of Allergy & Environment, Helmholtz Center Munich/Technical University Munich, Munich, D-80802, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Föhlinger
authors.affiliation: ZAUM-Center of Allergy & Environment, Helmholtz Center Munich/Technical University Munich, Munich, D-80802, Germany.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buters
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, D-18057, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany. Electronic address: matuschek@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matuschek
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010616:Phenanthrenes; C031181:phenanthrene
keywords: Exposure; Metabolism; Pharmacokinetics; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); TE-GC–MS