title: Removal of phenanthrene in contaminated soil by combination of alfalfa, white-rot fungus, and earthworms.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of phenanthrene by combination of alfalfa, white-rot fungus, and earthworms in soil. A 60-day experiment was conducted. Inoculation with earthworms and/or white-rot fungus increased alfalfa biomass and phenanthrene accumulation in alfalfa. However, inoculations of alfalfa and white-rot fungus can significantly decrease the accumulation of phenanthrene in earthworms. The removal rates for phenanthrene in soil were 33, 48, 66, 74, 85, and 93% under treatments control, only earthworms, only alfalfa, earthworms + alfalfa, alfalfa + white-rot fungus, and alfalfa + earthworms + white-rot fungus, respectively. The present study demonstrated that the combination of alfalfa, earthworms, and white-rot fungus is an effective way to remove phenanthrene in the soil. The removal is mainly via stimulating both microbial development and soil enzyme activity.
authors.affiliation: School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Shuguang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China. df5152@163.com.
authors.forename: Defang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010616:Phenanthrenes; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C031181:phenanthrene
keywords: Alfalfa; Contaminated soil; Earthworms; Phenanthrene; Removal; White-rot fungus