title: Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Melatonin in Hemorrhagic Stroke.
abstract: Hemorrhagic stroke which consists of subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage is a dominant cause of death and disability worldwide. Although great efforts have been made, the physiological mechanisms of these diseases are not fully understood and effective pharmacological interventions are still lacking. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a neurohormone produced by the pineal gland, is a broad-spectrum antioxidant and potent free radical scavenger. More importantly, there is extensive evidence demonstrating that melatonin confers neuroprotective effects in experimental models of hemorrhagic stroke. Multiple molecular mechanisms such as antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation, contribute to melatonin-mediated neuroprotection against brain injury after hemorrhagic stroke. This review article aims to summarize current knowledge regarding the beneficial effects of melatonin in experimental models of hemorrhagic stroke and explores the underlying mechanisms. We propose that melatonin is a promising neuroprotective candidate that is worthy of further evaluation for its potential therapeutic applications in hemorrhagic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Jian
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Huan-Jiang
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Lian-Jie
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: An-Wen
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China. yangsxsy@163.com.
authors.forename: Shu-Xu
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China. wang.yr@163.com.
authors.forename: Yi-Rong
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D008550:Melatonin
keywords: Apoptosis; Hemorrhagic stroke; Inflammation; Melatonin; Neuroprotection; Oxidative stress