title: Additive effects due to biochar and endophyte application enable soybean to enhance nutrient uptake and modulate nutritional parameters.
abstract: We studied the effects of hardwood-derived biochar (BC) and the phytohormone-producing endophyte Galactomyces geotrichum WLL1 in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) with respect to basic, macro- and micronutrient uptakes and assimilations, and their subsequent effects on the regulation of functional amino acids, isoflavones, fatty acid composition, total sugar contents, total phenolic contents, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-scavenging activity. The assimilation of basic nutrients such as nitrogen was up-regulated, leaving carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen unaffected in BC+G. geotrichum-treated soybean plants. In comparison, the uptakes of macro- and micronutrients fluctuated in the individual or co-application of BC and G. geotrichum in soybean plant organs and rhizospheric substrate. Moreover, the same attribute was recorded for the regulation of functional amino acids, isoflavones, fatty acid composition, total sugar contents, total phenolic contents, and DPPH-scavenging activity. Collectively, these results showed that BC+G. geotrichum-treated soybean yielded better results than did the plants treated with individual applications. It was concluded that BC is an additional nutriment source and that the G. geotrichum acts as a plant biostimulating source and the effects of both are additive towards plant growth promotion. Strategies involving the incorporation of BC and endophytic symbiosis may help achieve eco-friendly agricultural production, thus reducing the excessive use of chemical agents.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.|Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waqas
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.|Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Yoon-Ha
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.|UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
authors.forename: Abdul Latif
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Raheem
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shahzad
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asaf
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamayun
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Mo
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Muhammad Aaqil
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: In-Jung
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D060026:Endophytes / Q000502:physiology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000737:chemistry; D019800:Phenol / Q000737:chemistry; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000737:chemistry; D004718:Saccharomycetales / Q000502:physiology*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D018977:Micronutrients; D010851:Picrates; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal; D019800:Phenol; D002244:Carbon; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Phytohormone-producing endophytic fungi; Nutrients uptake; Assimilation; Nutritional quality; Soybean