title: Venous malformations: clinical diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: Venous malformation (VM) is the most common type of congenital vascular malformation (CVM). They are present at birth and are often symptomatic, causing morbidity and pain. VMs can be challenging to diagnose and are often confused with hemangioma in terminology as well as with imaging. An accurate clinical history and cross-sectional imaging are critical for diagnosis and for devising management. This manuscript will review imaging approaches to diagnosing VMs and current treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
authors.forename: Sasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Behravesh
authors.affiliation: Vascular Malformation Center, Englewood, CO 80113, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yakes
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
authors.forename: Sailendra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khademhosseini
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA;; Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Rahmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oklu
keywords: Magnetic resonance; sclerotherapy; ultrasound (US); venous malformations (VM)