title: Level and characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in feed and feed additives.
abstract: Feed security is a prerequisite for safe animal food products. In this study, 13 groups of feed and feed ingredients, totaling 2067 samples, were collected in the period of 2011 to 2014 from China. The highest mean level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was found in fish meals and shell powders, with a concentration of 60.35ng/kg, followed by mineral origin materials. In terms of the toxicity equivalent concentration, the fish oil group showed the highest PCDD/F levels because of their bio-accumulation through the aquatic food chain, with an average concentration of 1.26ng WHO-TEQ/kg, while the lowest level was observed in compound feed for chickens and pigs, with an average value of 0.16ng WHO-TEQ/kg. OCDD and OCDF were the predominant congeners in all groups except fish oils, in which the primary congeners were 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDF. For zinc chloride samples, different from other zinc-based compound samples, the main congeners were 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (17%), 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF (15%), 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF (12%) and OCDF (30%). Considering toxicity equivalency factors, the dominant congeners were 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1, 2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF, 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, and the contribution to the total TEQ was 29%, 16%, 14% and 12%, respectively. Overall, 2.1% (43 out of 2067) of all the analyzed samples exceeded the different individual 'European Union maximum limited levels for PCDD/Fs. This study is beneficial for the determination of the status of contamination levels of feed and feed ingredients.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: wangly1982@126.com.
authors.forename: Lingyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Dioxin Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Comprehensive Test Center, Beijing 100123, China.
authors.forename: Gangdou
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Zhiguang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Dioxin Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Comprehensive Test Center, Beijing 100123, China.
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Dioxin Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Comprehensive Test Center, Beijing 100123, China.
authors.forename: Yixiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: HeidQunhui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Tuan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Pu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: binzhao@rcees.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins
keywords: Characterization; Chinese feed; Feed additives; PCDD/Fs