title: Assessing the ecological impact of banana farms on water quality using aquatic macroinvertebrate community composition.
abstract: In Costa Rica, considerable effort goes to conservation and protection of biodiversity, while at the same time agricultural pesticide use is among the highest in the world. Several protected areas, some being wetlands or marine reserves, are situated downstream large-scale banana farms, with an average of 57 pesticide applications per year. The banana industry is increasingly aware of the need to reduce their negative environmental impact, but few ecological field studies have been made to evaluate the efficiency of proposed mitigation strategies. This study compared the composition of benthic macroinvertebrate communities up- and downstream effluent water from banana farms in order to assess whether benthic invertebrate community structure can be used to detect environmental impact of banana farming, and thereby usable to assess improvements in management practises. Aquatic invertebrate samples were collected at 13 sites, using kick-net sampling, both up- and downstream banana farms in fast flowing streams in the Caribbean zone of Costa Rica. In total, 2888 invertebrate specimens were collected, belonging to 15 orders and 48 families or taxa. The change in community composition was analysed using multivariate statistics. Additionally, a biodiversity index and the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score system was applied along with a number of community composition descriptors. Multivariate analyses indicated that surface waters immediately up- and downstream large-scale banana farms have different macroinvertebrate community compositions with the most evident differences being higher dominance by a single taxa and a much higher total abundance, mostly of that same taxon. Assessment of macroinvertebrate community composition thus appears to be a viable approach to detect negative impact from chemical-intensive agriculture and could become an effective means to monitor the efficacy of changes/proposed improvements in farming practises in Costa Rica and similar systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, S-10961, Stockholm, SE, Sweden. ola.svensson@su.se.
authors.forename: Ola
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8659-1491
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, S-10961, Stockholm, SE, Sweden.|Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, 33 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BA, UK.
authors.forename: Angelina Sanderson
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Alterra, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Van den Brink
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, S-10961, Stockholm, SE, Sweden.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tedengren
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, S-10961, Stockholm, SE, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonas S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D017691:Caribbean Region; D003364:Costa Rica; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D000072480:Farms; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification*; D028521:Musa / Q000737:chemistry*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D045483:Rivers; D060753:Water Quality; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Banana production; Benthic macroinvertebrates; Costa Rica; Monitoring; Risk assessment; Water quality