title: Type 2 Diabetes Screening Test by Means of a Pulse Oximeter.
abstract: In this paper, we propose a method for screening for the presence of type 2 diabetes by means of the signal obtained from a pulse oximeter. The screening system consists of two parts: the first analyzes the signal obtained from the pulse oximeter, and the second consists of a machine-learning module. The system consists of a front end that extracts a set of features form the pulse oximeter signal. These features are based on physiological considerations. The set of features were the input of a machine-learning algorithm that determined the class of the input sample, i.e., whether the subject had diabetes or not. The machine-learning algorithms were random forests, gradient boosting, and linear discriminant analysis as benchmark. The system was tested on a database of [Formula: see text] subjects (two samples per subject) collected from five community health centers. The mean receiver operating characteristic area found was [Formula: see text]% (median value [Formula: see text]% and range [Formula: see text]%), with a specificity =  [Formula: see text]% for a threshold that gave a sensitivity = [Formula: see text]%. We present a screening method for detecting diabetes that has a performance comparable to the glycated haemoglobin (haemoglobin A1c HbA1c) test, does not require blood extraction, and yields results in less than 5 min.
authors.forename: Enrique Monte
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Maria Jose Anyo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lujan
authors.forename: Montse Torrres
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rusinol
authors.forename: Paqui Juarez
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Pilar Nunez
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Manrique
authors.forename: Cristina Aragon
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Trivino
authors.forename: Magda Pedrosa
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Miquel
authors.forename: Marife Alvarez
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: M Jose Gonzalez
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Burguillos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D017156:Photoplethysmography; D012372:ROC Curve; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen