title: Identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying dilated cardiomyopathy via bioinformatic analysis of gene expression profiles.
abstract: In the present study, gene expression profiles of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were re-analyzed with bioinformatics tools to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying DCM. Gene expression dataset GSE3585 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, which included seven heart biopsy samples obtained from patients with DCM and five healthy controls. Differential analysis was performed using a Limma package in R to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis was subsequently conducted for DEGs using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using information from Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes software. A total of 89 DEGs were identified in the patients with DCM, including 67 upregulated and 22 downregulated genes. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the downregulated genes predominantly encoded chromosomal proteins and transport-related proteins, which were significantly associated with the biological processes of 'nucleosome assembly', 'chromatin assembly', 'protein-DNA complex assembly', 'nucleosome organization' and 'DNA packaging' (H1 histone family member 0, histone cluster 1 H1c, histone cluster 1 H2bd and H2A histone family member Z). The upregulated genes detected in the present study encoded secreted proteins or phosphotransferase, which were associated with biological processes including 'cell adhesion' [connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)], 'skeletal system development' [CTGF and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3)], 'muscle organ development' (SMAD7) and 'regulation of cell migration' [SMAD7, IGFBP3 and insulin receptor (INSR)]. Notably, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, SMAD7, INSR, CTGF, exportin 1, IGFBP3 and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha were hub nodes with the higher degree in the PPI network. Therefore, the results of the present study suggested that DEGs may alter the biological processes of 'nucleosome formation', 'cell adhesion', 'skeletal system development', 'muscle organ development' and 'regulation of cell migration' in the development of DCM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiaovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiaovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jianchao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Baotong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiaovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Guiming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: differentially expressed genes; dilated cardiomyopathy; functional enrichment analysis; gene expression profile; protein-protein interaction network