title: Metabolite Profiling ofadh1Mutant Response to Cold Stress inArabidopsis.
abstract: As a result of global warming, vegetation suffers from repeated freeze-thaw cycles caused by more frequent short-term low temperatures induced by hail, snow, or night frost. Therefore, short-term freezing stress of plants should be investigated particularly in light of the current climatic conditions. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) plays a central role in the metabolism of alcohols and aldehydes and it is a key enzyme in anaerobic fermentation. ADH1 responds to plant growth and environmental stress; however, the function of ADH1 in the response to short-term freezing stress remains unknown. Using real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR, the expression level ofADH1was analyzed at low temperature (4°C). The lethal temperature was calculated based on the electrolyte leakage tests for bothADH1deletion mutants (adh1) and wild type (WT) plants. To further investigate the relationship betweenADH1and cold tolerance in plants, low-Mr polar metabolite analyses ofArabidopsis adh1and WT were performed at cold temperatures using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This investigation focused on freezing treatments (cold acclimation group: -6°C for 2 h with prior 4°C for 7 d, cold shock group: -6°C for 2 h without cold acclimation) and recovery (23°C for 24 h) with respect to seedling growth at optimum temperature. The experimental results revealed a significant increase inADH1expression during low temperature treatment (4°C) and at a higher lethal temperature inadh1compared to that in the WT. Retention time indices and specific mass fragments were used to monitor 263 variables and annotate 78 identified metabolites. From these analyses, differences in the degree of metabolite accumulation betweenadh1and WT were detected, including soluble sugars (e.g., sucrose) and amino acids (e.g., asparagine). In addition, the correlation-based network analysis highlighted some metabolites, e.g., melibiose, fumaric acid, succinic acid, glycolic acid, and xylose, which enhanced connectedness inadh1network under cold chock. When considered collectively, the results showed thatadh1possessed a metabolic response to freezing stress andADH1played an important role in the cold stress response of a plant. These results expands our understanding of the short-term freeze response ofADH1in plants.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yunzhu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Gaopeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiule
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lizhe
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: An
keywords: Arabidopsis; adh1 mutant; freezing stress with cold acclimation; freezing stress without cold acclimation; metabolite profiling