title: The choreography of the chemical defensome response to insecticide stress: insights into the Anopheles stephensi transcriptome using RNA-Seq.
abstract: Animals respond to chemical stress with an array of gene families and pathways termed "chemical defensome". In arthropods, despite many defensome genes have been detected, how their activation is arranged during toxic exposure remains poorly understood. Here, we sequenced the transcriptome of Anopheles stephensi larvae exposed for six, 24 and 48 hours to the LD50dose of the insecticide permethrin to monitor transcriptional changes of defensome genes across time. A total of 177 genes involved in insecticide defense were differentially expressed (DE) in at least one time-point, including genes encoding for Phase 0, I, II, III and antioxidant enzymes and for Heat Shock and Cuticular Proteins. Three major patterns emerged throughout time. First, most of DE genes were down-regulated at all time-points, suggesting a reallocation of energetic resources during insecticide stress. Second, single genes and clusters of genes turn off and on from six to 48 hours of treatment, showing a modulated response across time. Third, the number of up-regulated genes peaked at six hours and then decreased during exposure. Our results give a first picture of how defensome gene families respond against toxicants and provide a valuable resource for understanding how defensome genes work together during insecticide stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.|School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
authors.forename: Leone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Marco
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sassera
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.|Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Epis
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mastrantonio
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.|Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Comandatore
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bandi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Porretta
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urbanelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D063990:Gene Ontology; D017344:Genes, Insect; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D026023:Permethrin / Q000633:toxicity*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000379:methods*; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D007306:Insecticides; D026023:Permethrin