title: Growing trend of tattooing and its complications in Nigeria.
abstract: Tattoo, a Polynesian word meaning 'to mark', is a form of body modification done by inserting indelible ink into the dermis to change its pigmentation. Tattoos are done for social, cultural, and religious purposes. It has been in existence since the 18th century and was associated with sailors, lower class individuals, and criminals. However, since the late 20th century, tattooing has undergone a redefinition and shifted to an acceptable form of expression all over the world, including Nigeria, cutting across almost all age groups and socioeconomic class. This review is aimed at highlighting the indication, complications arising from the procedure as well as removal, and how to manage them. The dermatological complications associated with tattoos can occur either during inking or attempts at removal. Most times, tattoos are obtained through unsafe means by unauthorized personnel, and this is associated with numerous health risks. Of particular importance to the dermatologists are the hypersensitivity reactions, granulomatous skin disease, and formation of both keloid and hypertrophic scars. Treatment options vary and include use of silicone gel and intralesional steroids for hypertrophic and keloid scars, topical medication for hyperpigmentation, and use of LASER for tattoo removal. In conclusion, the trend of tattooing has become a widely accepted form of social expression all over the world and is gradually gaining ground in Nigeria. Patients frequently present to the dermatologists and physicians for solutions to the complications. It is important to proffer solutions and educate patients on the various health risks associated with tattooing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olusola O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Ayanlowo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Shakirat A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4110-7395
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gold-Olufadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ayesha O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Akinkugbe
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Erere
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Otrofanowei
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Akwa-Ibom, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Charles N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Nga
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Yetunde M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Olumide
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology*; D007281:Ink; D007627:Keloid / Q000209:etiology; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009549:Nigeria; D010859:Pigmentation Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D012874:Skin Diseases, Infectious / Q000209:etiology; D013653:Tattooing / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends*