title: Effects of five treatment regimens on blood loss and blood transfusion in total knee arthroplasty: a preliminary study in China .
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study is aimed to explore effects of five treatment regimens on blood loss and blood transfusion rate in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  191 TKA patients were divided into the rivaroxaban, nadroparin, and tranexamic acid groups (n = 37 each) as well as into the affected-limb-position and tourniquet group (n = 40 each). A 3-month follow-up after operation was needed for all patients. The total blood loss, hidden blood loss, and dominant blood loss were recorded, and hemoglobin and red blood cell changes, pain and knee swelling degrees, hospital for special surgery (HSS), and American knee society (KSS) knee scores were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with the rivaroxaban, nadroparin, and tourniquet groups, TKA patients' dominant blood loss, hidden blood loss, total blood loss, rate and volume of blood transfusion in the tranexamic acid and affected-limb-position groups were significantly decreased. While 7 days after operation, the hemoglobin and red blood cells in the tranexamic acid and affected-limb-position groups were significantly increased. At 1 month and 3 months after operation, when compared with the rivaroxaban, nadroparin, and tourniquet groups, the HSS and KSS scores in the tranexamic acid and affected-limb-position groups were all increased. In comparison with the rivaroxaban, nadroparin, and tourniquet groups, the D-Dimers after operation in the tranexamic acid and affected-limb-position groups were significantly lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrated that for TKA patients, the tranexamic acid and affected-limb-position could obviously reduce the blood loss and blood transfusion rate. .
authors.forename: Kong-Zu
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: He-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sui
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002681:China; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017762:Nadroparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D056888:Patient Positioning; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000069552:Rivaroxaban / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014111:Tourniquets; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D006454:Hemoglobins; D017762:Nadroparin; D014148:Tranexamic Acid; D000069552:Rivaroxaban