title: The role of density-dependence regulation in the misleading effect of the Aznalcollar mining spill on the booted eagle fecundity.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the exposure and potential effects of the toxic elements released by the Aznalcollar spillage on the fecundity of the booted eagle (Hieraetus pennatus) population of Doñana National Park. We measured As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb and Tl levels in the blood of 24 individuals after the accident and also used data of reproductive performance of the species from 1976 to 2000. While As, Sb and Tl were below their detection limits and only 3 samples were above detection limit for Cd (0.02-0.04μg/dl), mean levels of Cu, Zn and Pb (μg/dl) were found to be 38.736, 532.937 and 0.719, respectively, in fledglings; and 66.112, 652.571 and 1.825, respectively, in adults. These levels were higher in adults, but they did not differ significantly between age classes and were at safe levels. In addition, a positive relationship between relative fecundity and the combination of Cu, Zn and Pb was observed. Following the mining spill, the mean population fecundity was lower (0.536 fledglings per pair in the population) than before (1.093). However, the decrease in fecundity over time was also related to the increase of breeding pairs, suggesting a density-dependent regulation and nullifying the mining spillage effect. Thus, although raptors have proved to be highly valuable biomonitors of environmental pollution, we must be especially cautious and go beyond the apparent effects that sometimes we quickly believe to detect, leading us to reach mistaken conclusions that could affect our management plans.
authors.affiliation: Fundación Migres, Avda. de María Luisa s/n, Pabellón de Perú, 41013 Sevilla, Spain. Electronic address: egil@fundacionmigres.org.
authors.forename: Esperanza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gil-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Applied Ecology Group, Department of Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manzano
authors.affiliation: Fundación Migres, Avda. de María Luisa s/n, Pabellón de Perú, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.affiliation: Applied Ecology Group, Department of Ethology and Biodiversity Conservation, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055884:Chemical Hazard Release; D020307:Eagles / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005298:Fertility; D008906:Mining; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D013030:Spain; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Doñana; Heavy metals; Hieraetus pennatus; Mine pollution; Reproductive performance