title: Phorbol esters in seed oil of Jatropha curcas L. (saboodam in Thai) and their association with cancer prevention: from the initial investigation to the present topics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 1988, we first reported the complete chemical structure of a new type of phorbol ester, abbreviated to DHPB, found in seed oil of Jatropha curcas L. (Saboodam in Thai) and its tumor-promoting activity on mouse skin. Although this seed oil contains toxic phorbol ester, it was planned to use it as a feasible renewable oil and the extracted seed cake as fertilizer. This utilization value opened a new science of Jatropha curcas.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main experimental results are cited from our publications, and the relevant literature screened from journals and PubMed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper begins with our original work on the structural elucidation of a new phorbol ester, 12-deoxy-16-hydroxyphorbol (DHPB): its tumor-promoting activity was compared with that of TPA. We think that it is timely to review the following research advances with Jatropha curcas, so numerous topics are classified as follows: (1) historical development of phorbol esters in seed oil; (2) toxicity of phorbol ester based on various bioassays; (3) degradation of phorbol ester; (4) a new pharmaceutical compound in seed; and (5) tumor promotion and progression with endogeneous tumor promoters in human carcinogenesis. The discovery of phorbol ester in seed oil raised awareness of the danger of public use of seed oil and seed cake in Thailand, and also indicated the necessity of discussing the concept of primary and tertiary cancer preventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is worthwhile to study the future benefits and cancer risks of globally distributed Jatropha curcas L.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan. uv4h-fjk@asahi-net.or.jp.
authors.forename: Hirota
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujiki
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Maitree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suttajit
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand.|Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
authors.forename: Anchalee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rawangkan
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pornngarm
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Limtrakul
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.|Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sonthaya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Umsumarng
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suganuma
mesh_terms: D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D031286:Jatropha / Q000737:chemistry; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010703:Phorbol Esters; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: DHPB; Economical fuel; Jatropha curcas L.; Seed oil; Tumor promoter