title: Comparison of two methods of visual magnification for removal of adhesive flash during bracket placement using two types of orthodontic bonding agents.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two methods of visual magnification (operating microscope and light head magnifying glass) for removal of composite flash around orthodontic metal brackets.
  Brackets were bonded in the center of the clinical crown of sixty well-preserved human premolars. Half of the sample was bonded with conventional Transbond XT (3M Unitek TM, USA), whereas the other half was bonded with Transbond TM Plus Color Change (3M Unitek TM, USA). For each type of composite, the choice of method to remove the flash was determined by randomly distributing the teeth into the following subgroups: A (removal by naked eye, n = 10), B (removal with the aid of light head magnifying glass, under 4x magnification, n = 10), and C (removal with the aid of an operating microscope, under 40x magnification, n = 10). Brackets were debonded and teeth taken to a scanning electron microscope (SS-x-550, Shimadzu, Japan) for visualization of their buccal surface. Quantification of composite flash was performed with Image Pro Plus software, and values were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post-hoc test at 5% significance level.
  Removal of pigmented orthodontic adhesive with the aid of light head magnifying glass proved, in general, to be advantageous in comparison to all other methods.
  There was no advantage in using Transbond TM Plus Color Change alone. Further studies are necessary to draw a more definitive conclusion in regards to the benefits of using an operating microscope.
authors.affiliation: Student, Master Degree Program in Dentistry, Universidade Potiguar (Laureate International Universities), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Estefania Queiroga de Santana E
authors.initials: EQ
authors.lastname: Alencar
authors.affiliation: Student, Master Degree Program in Dentistry, Universidade Potiguar (Laureate International Universities), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria de Lourdes Martins
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nobrega
authors.affiliation: Assistant professor, Universidade Potiguar, (Laureate International Universities), Master Degree Program in Dentistry and Faculty member of the Residence Program in Endodontics, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio Roberto
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Dametto
authors.affiliation: Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia Bittencourt Dutra Dos
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Assistant professor, Department of Preventive Dental Science (Orthodontic Division), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Fabio Henrique de Sá Leitão
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements