title: ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: The ESPEN guideline presents a multidisciplinary focus on clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
  
  
  
  The guideline is based on extensive systematic review of the literature, but relies on expert opinion when objective data were lacking or inconclusive. The conclusions and 64 recommendations have been subject to full peer review and a Delphi process in which uniformly positive responses (agree or strongly agree) were required.
  
  
  
  IBD is increasingly common and potential dietary factors in its aetiology are briefly reviewed. Malnutrition is highly prevalent in IBD - especially in Crohn's disease. Increased energy and protein requirements are observed in some patients. The management of malnutrition in IBD is considered within the general context of support for malnourished patients. Treatment of iron deficiency (parenterally if necessary) is strongly recommended. Routine provision of a special diet in IBD is not however supported. Parenteral nutrition is indicated only when enteral nutrition has failed or is impossible. The recommended perioperative management of patients with IBD undergoing surgery accords with general ESPEN guidance for patients having abdominal surgery. Probiotics may be helpful in UC but not Crohn's disease. Primary therapy using nutrition to treat IBD is not supported in ulcerative colitis, but is moderately well supported in Crohn's disease, especially in children where the adverse consequences of steroid therapy are proportionally greater. However, exclusion diets are generally not recommended and there is little evidence to support any particular formula feed when nutritional regimens are constructed.
  
  
  
  Available objective data to guide nutritional support and primary nutritional therapy in IBD are presented as 64 recommendations, of which 9 are very strong recommendations (grade A), 22 are strong recommendations (grade B) and 12 are based only on sparse evidence (grade 0); 21 recommendations are good practice points (GPP).
authors.affiliation: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Bob Champion Building, James Watson Road, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: alastair.forbes@uea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.affiliation: Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Office Sp-3460, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.escher@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escher
authors.affiliation: Gastroentérologie et Nutrition Clinique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France. Electronic address: hebuterne.x@chu-nice.fr.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hébuterne
authors.affiliation: General and Oncology Surgery Unit, Stanley Dudrick's Memorial Hospital, 15 Tyniecka Street, 32-050, Skawina, Krakau, Poland. Electronic address: klek@poczta.onet.pl.
authors.forename: Stanisław
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kłęk
authors.affiliation: Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: zeljko.krznaric1@zg.t-com.hr.
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Krznaric
authors.affiliation: Gastroentérologie et Nutrition Clinique, CHU de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France. Electronic address: stephane.schneider@unice.fr.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Tel-Aviv University, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, 14 Kaplan St., Petach-Tikva, 49202, Israel. Electronic address: shamirraanan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Raanan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shamir
authors.affiliation: University Clinic for Gastroenterohepatology, Clinical Centre "Mother Therese", Mother Therese Str No 18, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Electronic address: kalina.stardelova@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kalina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stardelova
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: N.Wierdsma@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Nicolette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wierdsma
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition Unit, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.wiskin@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wiskin
authors.affiliation: Institut für Ernährungsmedizin (180) Universität Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: bischoff.stephan@uni-hohenheim.de.
authors.forename: Stephan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bischoff
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D018529:Nutritional Support; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: Crohn's disease; Enteral nutrition; Inflammatory bowel disease; Nutritional therapy; Parenteral nutrition; Ulcerative colitis