title: Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes Related to Resistance in Spinosad- and Neonicotinoid-Resistant Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) Strains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The housefly is a global pest that has developed resistance to most insecticides applied against it. Resistance of the spinosad-resistant strain 791spin and the neonicotinoid-resistant 766b strain is believed to be due to metabolism. We investigate differentially expressed genes in these two resistant strains related to metabolism in comparison with an insecticide-susceptible reference strain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genes involved in metabolism of xenobiotics were primarily up-regulated in resistant flies with some differences between resistant strains. The cyp4g98 and cyp6g4 genes proved interesting in terms of neonicotinoid resistance, while cyp4d9 was overexpressed in 791spin compared to spinosad-susceptible strains. GSTs, ESTs and UGTs were mostly overexpressed, but not to the same degree as P450s. We present a comprehensive and comparative picture of gene expression in three housefly strains differing significantly in their response to insecticides. High differential expression of P450s and genes coding for cuticle protein indicates a combination of factors involved in metabolic neonicotinoid and spinosad resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance in these strains is apparently not linked to the alteration of a single gene but is composed of several changes including differential expression of genes encoding metabolic detoxification enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dorte H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Højland
authors.affiliation: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-3490
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kristensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006793:Houseflies / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C415329:spinosad