title: Evolution of imidacloprid resistance in Myzus persicae in Greece and susceptibility data for spirotetramat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myzus persicae s.l. is a major crop pest globally and has evolved resistance to a range of insecticide classes making it increasingly difficult to control in some areas. Here we compare bioassay monitoring data for two important compounds, imidacloprid and spirotetramat, on field samples/clones collected in Greece.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 122 aphid samples/clones from central and northern Greece were examined in dose-response bioassays with imidacloprid. There was an overall increase in the level of resistance (resistance factor = 15-40) within tobacco-collected samples from 78.7% in 2007 to 86.7% in 2015. The corresponding frequencies for peach samples were 13.3% and 6.7%. These results were confounded however by the first identification of the R81T target mutation in Greece during 2015 (4.3% as heterozygotes in peach) and 2016 (21.3% as heterozygotes in peach). No resistance to spirotetramat was found at the 60 clones collected in 2015.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance to imidacloprid is continuing to increase within Greek M. persicae s.l. populations and the situation is likely to deteriorate further with the recent identification of the R81T resistance mutation. Resistance to spirotetramat has not been found and is therefore a good alternative to neonicotinoids for resistance management. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.|Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Industrial and Fodder Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Volos, Greece.
authors.forename: Costas Ch
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Voudouris
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Technologies, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, Antikalamos, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Skouras
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Amalia N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kati
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Industrial and Fodder Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Volos, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasia J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sahinoglou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.|Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Industrial and Fodder Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Volos, Greece.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Margaritopoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000235:genetics*; D001372:Aza Compounds; D001681:Biological Assay; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006115:Greece; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D013141:Spiro Compounds
chemical_list: D001372:Aza Compounds; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid; C570705:spirotetramat
keywords: R81T; insecticide resistance; neonicotinoids; peach; spirotetramat; tobacco