title: A Holistic Approach to Managing Microalgae for Biofuel Applications.
abstract: Microalgae contribute up to 60% of the oxygen content in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis. Microalgae are abundantly available in the natural environment, thanks to their ability to survive and grow rapidly under harsh and inhospitable conditions. Microalgal cultivation is environmentally friendly because the microalgal biomass can be utilized for the productions of biofuels, food and feed supplements, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. The cultivation of microalgal also can complement approaches like carbon dioxide sequestration and bioremediation of wastewaters, thereby addressing the serious environmental concerns. This review focuses on the factors affecting microalgal cultures, techniques adapted to obtain high-density microalgal cultures in photobioreactors, and the conversion of microalgal biomass into biofuels. The applications of microalgae in carbon dioxide sequestration and phycoremediation of wastewater are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia. showpauloke@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pau Loke
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Show
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. PauLoke.Show@nottingham.edu.my.
authors.forename: Malcolm S Y
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan. dillirani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dillirani
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nagarajan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. tcling@um.edu.my.
authors.forename: Tau Chuan
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Discipline and Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia. ooi.chien.wei@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Chien-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan. changjs@mail.ncku.edu.tw.|Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan. changjs@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Jo-Shu
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels / Q000382:microbiology*; D018533:Biomass; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D058086:Microalgae / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels
keywords: biofuel; biomass; lipid; microalgae