title: Factor Structure of ImPACT® in Adolescent Student Athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  ImPACT®(Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) is a computerized neuropsychological screening battery, which is widely used to measure the acute effects of sport-related concussion and to monitor recovery from injury. This study examined the factor structure of ImPACT®in several samples of high school student athletes. We hypothesized that a 2-factor structure would be present in all samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 4,809 adolescent student athletes was included, and subgroups with a history of treatment for headaches or a self-reported history of learning problems or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder were analyzed separately. Exploratory principal axis factor analyses with Promax rotations were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As hypothesized, both the combination of Verbal Memory and Visual Memory Composite scores loaded on one (Memory) factor, while Visual Motor Speed and Reaction Time loaded on a different (Speed) factor, in the total sample and in all subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide reasonably compelling evidence, across multiple samples, which ImPACT®measures 2 distinct factors: memory and speed.
authors.affiliation: New England Rehabilitation Hospital of Portland, Portland, ME, USA.
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Gerrard
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital;  and Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, MA, USA giverson@mgh.harvard.ed.
authors.forename: Grant L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Iverson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zafonte
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schatz
authors.affiliation: Health Services and Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Berkner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards; D011594:Psychometrics; D011930:Reaction Time; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive; Concussion; Factor analysis; Memory; Sports