title: Gastropod-derived haemocyte extracellular traps entrap metastrongyloid larval stages of Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Troglostrongylus brevior.
abstract: Phagocyte-derived extracellular traps (ETs) were recently demonstrated mainly in vertebrate hosts as an important effector mechanism against invading parasites. In the present study we aimed to characterize gastropod-derived invertebrate extracellular phagocyte trap (InEPT) formation in response to larval stages of important canine and feline metastrongyloid lungworms. Gastropod haemocytes were isolated from the slug species Arion lusitanicus and Limax maximus, and the snail Achatina fulica, and exposed to larval stages of Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Troglostrongylus brevior and investigated for gastropod-derived InEPT formation.
  
  
  
  Phase contrast as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of lungworm larvae-exposed haemocytes revealed ET-like structures to be extruded by haemocytes thereby contacting and ensnaring the parasites. Co-localization studies of haemocyte-derived extracellular DNA with histones and myeloperoxidase in larvae-entrapping structures confirmed classical characteristics of ETs. In vivo exposure of slugs to A. vasorum larvae resulted in InEPTs being extruded from haemocytes in the slug mucous extrapallial space emphasizing the pivotal role of this effector mechanism against invasive larvae. Functional larval entrapment assays demonstrated that almost half of the haemocyte-exposed larvae were contacted or even immobilized by released InEPTs. Overall, as reported for mammalian-derived ETs, different types of InEPTs were here observed, i.e. aggregated, spread and diffused InEPTs.
  
  
  
  To our knowledge, this study represents the first report on metastrongyloid lungworm-triggered ETosis in gastropods thereby providing evidence of early mollusc host innate immune reactions against invading larvae. These findings will contribute to the better understanding on complex parasite-intermediate host interactions since different gastropod species bear different transmitting capacities for metastrongyloid infections.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, 35392, Germany. Malin.K.Lange@vetmed.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Malin K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Penagos-Tabares
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Caro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gärtner
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mejer
authors.affiliation: Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Leverkusen, 51368, Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schaper
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hermosilla
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taubert
mesh_terms: D000801:Angiostrongylus / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D065206:Extracellular Traps / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007814:Larva; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; D012908:Snails / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Extracellular traps; Gastropod-borne diseases; Innate immune response; Lungworm; Metastrongyloidea