title: Application of 3D printing to prototype and develop novel plant tissue culture systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to the complex process of designing and manufacturing new plant tissue culture vessels through conventional means there have been limited efforts to innovate improved designs. Further, development and availability of low cost, energy efficient LEDs of various spectra has made it a promising light source for plant growth in controlled environments. However, direct replacement of conventional lighting sources with LEDs does not address problems with uniformity, spectral control, or the challenges in conducting statistically valid experiments to assess the effects of light. Prototyping using 3D printing and LED based light sources could help overcome these limitations and lead to improved culture systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A modular culture vessel design in which the fluence rate and spectrum of light are independently controlled was designed, prototyped using 3D printing, and evaluated for plant growth. This design is compatible with semi-solid and liquid based culture systems. Observations on morphology, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence based stress parameters from in vitro plants cultured under different light spectra with similar overall fluence rate indicated different responses inNicotiana tabacumandArtemisia annuaplantlets. This experiment validates the utility of 3D printing to design and test functional vessels and demonstrated that optimal light spectra for in vitro plant growth is species-specific.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D printing was successfully used to prototype novel culture vessels with independently controlled variable fluence rate/spectra LED lighting. This system addresses several limitations associated with current lighting systems, providing more uniform lighting and allowing proper replication/randomization for experimental plant biology while increasing energy efficiency. A complete procedure including the design and prototyping of a culture vessel using 3D printing, commercial scale injection molding of the prototype, and conducting a properly replicated experiment are discussed. This open source design has the scope for further improvement and adaptation and demonstrates the power of 3D printing to improve the design of culture systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, E.C. Bovey Building Room 4221, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada.
authors.forename: Mukund R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, E.C. Bovey Building Room 4221, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada.
authors.forename: Amritpal S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, E.C. Bovey Building Room 4221, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Piunno
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, E.C. Bovey Building Room 4221, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada.
authors.forename: Praveen K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Agriculture, Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, E.C. Bovey Building Room 4221, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada.
authors.forename: A Maxwell P
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9106-5341
authors.initials: AMP
authors.lastname: Jones
keywords: 3D printing; Culture vessel design; LED lighting system; Light quality; Micropropagation; Plant tissue culture; Prototyping