title: Heterozygosity for ARID2 loss-of-function mutations in individuals with a Coffin-Siris syndrome-like phenotype.
abstract: Chromatin remodeling is a complex process shaping the nucleosome landscape, thereby regulating the accessibility of transcription factors to regulatory regions of target genes and ultimately managing gene expression. The SWI/SNF (switch/sucrose nonfermentable) complex remodels the nucleosome landscape in an ATP-dependent manner and is divided into the two major subclasses Brahma-associated factor (BAF) and Polybromo Brahma-associated factor (PBAF) complex. Somatic mutations in subunits of the SWI/SNF complex have been associated with different cancers, while germline mutations have been associated with autism spectrum disorder and the neurodevelopmental disorders Coffin-Siris (CSS) and Nicolaides-Baraitser syndromes (NCBRS). CSS is characterized by intellectual disability (ID), coarsening of the face and hypoplasia or absence of the fifth finger- and/or toenails. So far, variants in five of the SWI/SNF subunit-encoding genes ARID1B, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, ARID1A, and SMARCE1 as well as variants in the transcription factor-encoding gene SOX11 have been identified in CSS-affected individuals. ARID2 is a member of the PBAF subcomplex, which until recently had not been linked to any neurodevelopmental phenotypes. In 2015, mutations in the ARID2 gene were associated with intellectual disability. In this study, we report on two individuals with private de novo ARID2 frameshift mutations. Both individuals present with a CSS-like phenotype including ID, coarsening of facial features, other recognizable facial dysmorphisms and hypoplasia of the fifth toenails. Hence, this study identifies mutations in the ARID2 gene as a novel and rare cause for a CSS-like phenotype and enlarges the list of CSS-like genes.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany. nuria.braemswig@uni-due.de.
authors.forename: Nuria C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bramswig
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. oana.caluseriu@albertahealthservices.ca.|Medical Genetics Clinic, 8-42B, Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada. oana.caluseriu@albertahealthservices.ca.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Caluseriu
authors.affiliation: Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.|Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lüdecke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: F V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Bolduc
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: N C L
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.affiliation: Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Surowy
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital AUF DER BULT, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Christen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Strom
authors.affiliation: Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.|Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wieczorek
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities*; D016368:Frameshift Mutation; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008844:Micrognathism / Q000235:genetics*; D009333:Neck / Q000002:abnormalities*; D010641:Phenotype; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C512511:ARID2 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors