title: In-vivo31P-MRS of skeletal muscle and liver: A way for non-invasive assessment of their metabolism.
abstract: In addition to direct assessment of high energy phosphorus containing metabolite content within tissues, phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) provides options to measure phospholipid metabolites and cellular pH, as well as the kinetics of chemical reactions of energy metabolism in vivo. Even though the great potential of31P-MR was recognized over 30 years ago, modern MR systems, as well as new, dedicated hardware and measurement techniques provide further opportunities for research of human biochemistry. This paper presents a methodological overview of the31P-MR techniques that can be used for basic, physiological, or clinical research of human skeletal muscle and liver in vivo. Practical issues of31P-MRS experiments and examples of potential applications are also provided. As signal localization is essential for liver31P-MRS and is important for dynamic muscle examinations as well, typical localization strategies for31P-MR are also described.
authors.affiliation: High-field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. Electronic address: ladislav.valkovic@cardiov.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ladislav
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valkovič
authors.affiliation: High-field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria; Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI in Musculoskeletal System, Karl Landsteiner Society, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chmelík
authors.affiliation: High-field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, Vienna, Austria; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krššák
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes
keywords: Energy metabolism; Exercise-recovery; Liver; Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Saturation transfer; Skeletal muscle