title: Increased Inflammatory Potential of Diet is Associated with Increased Risk of Prostate Cancer in Iranian Men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various aspects of diet, including specific foods and nutrients, have been implicated to play a role in modulating inflammation and in the etiology of prostate cancer. Studies examining this association have been conducted primarily in Western countries; but none in Middle Eastern Countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and prostate cancer in an ageand BMI-matched case-control study among 40-78 year-old Iranian males. A total of 50 incident cases and 100 controls attending the same hospital as the cases during the same time period were recruited. The DII is a literature-derived population-based dietary index developed to determine the inflammatory potential of individuals' diets and was computed based on dietary intake assessed using a previously validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that was expanded to assess diet and cancer in the Iranian population. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios, with DII score fit as continuous and as a dichotomous variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariable-adjusted analyses revealed that men with higher DII score (>0.23) to be at higher risk of prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 3.96; 95% CI =1.29-12.16, p-value = 0.02)] compared to men with lower DII scores (≤0.23).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest a pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by increasing DII score, may be a risk factor for prostate cancer in Iranian men..
authors.affiliation: 1 Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.|2 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: 1 Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.|2 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.affiliation: 3 Community Nutrition Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (WHO Collaborating Center), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Faezeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Askari
authors.affiliation: 4 Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kardoust Parizi
authors.affiliation: 3 Community Nutrition Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (WHO Collaborating Center), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Bahram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rashidkhani
keywords: Dietary Inflammatory Index; Iran; case-control; diet; inflammation; prostate cancer