title: Suspected ACS Patients Presenting With Myocardial Damage or a Type 2 Myocardial Infarction Have a Similar Late Mortality to Patients With a Type 1 Myocardial Infarction: A Report From the Australian and New Zealand 2012 SNAPSHOT ACS Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac troponin (T and I) are considered the standard markers for detection of myocardial damage and the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among patients who present to an emergency department with chest pain. However, these markers can be released in other situations and may be associated with short- and long-term clinical outcomes. In this study, we examine late mortality rates among patients presenting with a suspected ACS due to an unstable coronary plaque and those patients having a non-ACS.
  
  
  METHODS
  4388 patients were hospitalised with suspected ACS, between 14 and 27 May 2012 in the Australia and New Zealand SNAPSHOT ACS study. Those patients were categorised in five diagnostic groups: 1) ST elevation MI (n=419); 2) non-ST elevation MI (n=1012); 3) unstable angina (n=925); 4) non-ACS diagnoses (n=837); and 5) chest pain considered unlikely ischaemic (not otherwise specified, n=1195).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The respective mortality rates at 18 months in these groups were 16.2%, 16.3%, 6.8%, 12.8%, and 4.8%; Pearson χ2=110 p<0.001. Among non-ACS diagnoses patients (group 4) those with the highest mortality rates (cardiac (14.4%), respiratory (18.2%), sepsis (15.4%) and neoplastic (67%) diagnoses) had the highest rates of elevated troponin levels (48%, 31%, 38% and 67% respectively). By contrast, those with the lowest mortality rates (musculoskeletal (2.9%), gastrointestinal disorders (3.9%) and non-specific chest pain (7.4%)) had the lowest rate of elevated troponin levels (9%, 18% and 15.8% respectively). However, after adjusting for baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, the mortality rate at 18 months for patients with elevated troponin was similar for ACS or non-ACS diagnoses (Hazard Ratio, 95% C.I.0.98-1.07, p=0.333).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients in the 2012 SNAPSHOT ACS study, non-ACS diagnoses characterised by high rates of elevated troponin levels had high mortality rates similar to those diagnosed with ACS. Therapies known to be effective in ACS patients, including early invasive management, should be examined in these non-ACS patients with troponin elevations within adequately powered randomised trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; South Western Sydney Clinical School, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Etaher
authors.affiliation: Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.affiliation: The George Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Redfern
authors.affiliation: University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Briffa
authors.affiliation: Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hammett
authors.affiliation: The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lefkovits
authors.affiliation: Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brieger
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; South Western Sydney Clinical School, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: j.french@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D014336:Troponin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014336:Troponin
keywords: ACS; Cardiac troponin; Mortality rate; Type 2 MI