title: Lipogranuloma after facial cosmetic procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lipogranuloma is a rare inflammatory reactive process in the dermis and subcutis. We present a summary of the 6 cases of lipogranuloma after facial cosmetic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review including patient demographic data, clinical symptoms, appearance on computed tomography, treatment, pathology results, and history of facial cosmetic procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In most cases, the nodules were painless and showed no significant growth. Computed tomography revealed ill-defined swellings in the buccal fat pad with heterogeneous density. Histopathological examinations revealed numerous variable-sized empty microcysts surrounded by abundant lymphocytes and foamy macrophages, the characteristic features of lipogranuloma. On further questioning, all of the patients revealed that they had undergone some form of facial cosmetic procedure in the preceding months to years. Among the 6 cases, facial autologous fat injection may have been the main cause of lipogranuloma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lipogranulomas can develop months to years after facial cosmetic procedures distant from the injection sites. A thorough understanding of the patient's medical history and the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of lipogranuloma are necessary to make a definite diagnosis and allow appropriate treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Fangfei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China. Electronic address: 1554326447@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D015745:Granuloma, Foreign-Body / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008068:Lipomatosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed