title: Effect of crisis response planning vs. contracts for safety on suicide risk in U.S. Army Soldiers: A randomized clinical trial.
abstract: To evaluate the effectiveness of crisis response planning for the prevention of suicide attempts.
  
  
  
  Randomized clinical trial of active duty Army Soldiers (N=97) at Fort Carson, Colorado, presenting for an emergency behavioral health appointment. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a contract for safety, a standard crisis response plan, or an enhanced crisis response plan. Incidence of suicide attempts during follow-up was assessed with the Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Interview. Inclusion criteria were the presence of suicidal ideation during the past week and/or a lifetime history of suicide attempt. Exclusion criteria were the presence of a medical condition that precluded informed consent (e.g., active psychosis, mania). Survival curve analyses were used to determine efficacy on time to first suicide attempt. Longitudinal mixed effects models were used to determine efficacy on severity of suicide ideation and follow-up mental health care utilization.
  
  
  
  From baseline to the 6-month follow-up, 3 participants receiving a crisis response plan (estimated proportion: 5%) and 5 participants receiving a contract for safety (estimated proportion: 19%) attempted suicide (log-rank χ2(1)=4.85, p=0.028; hazard ratio=0.24, 95% CI=0.06-0.96), suggesting a 76% reduction in suicide attempts. Crisis response planning was associated with significantly faster decline in suicide ideation (F(3,195)=18.64, p<0.001) and fewer inpatient hospitalization days (F(1,82)=7.41, p<0.001). There were no differences between the enhanced and standard crisis response plan conditions.
  
  
  
  Crisis response planning was more effective than a contract for safety in preventing suicide attempts, resolving suicide ideation, and reducing inpatient hospitalization among high-risk active duty Soldiers.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Veterans Studies, USA; The University of Utah, USA. Electronic address: craig.bryan@utah.edu.
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.affiliation: National Center for Veterans Studies, USA; The University of Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Clemans
authors.affiliation: US Army MEDDAC, Fort Carson, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leeson
authors.affiliation: US Army MEDDAC, Fort Carson, CO, USA.
authors.forename: T Scott
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.affiliation: National Center for Veterans Studies, USA; The University of Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Sean R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: National Center for Veterans Studies, USA; The University of Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maney
authors.affiliation: National Center for Veterans Studies, USA; The University of Memphis, USA.
authors.forename: M David
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rudd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003419:Crisis Intervention; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States
keywords: Contract for safety; Crisis response plan; Military; Psychotherapy; Safety plan; Suicide