title: Pedicled Temporalis Muscle Flap for Craniofacial Reconstruction: A 35-Year Clinical Experience with 366 Flaps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past 130 years, the temporalis muscle flap has been used for a variety of different indications. In this age of microsurgery and perforator flaps, the temporalis muscle flap still has many useful applications for craniofacial reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred sixty-six temporalis muscle flaps were performed in a single center between 1978 and 2012. The authors divided the cases into two series-before and after 1994-because, after 1994, they started to perform free flap reconstructions, and indications for reconstruction with a temporalis muscle flap were changed RESULTS:: In the series after 1994, flaps were most commonly used for reconstruction of defects in the maxilla, mandible, and oropharynx, in addition to facial reanimation and filling of orbital defects. Complications included total flap necrosis (1.6 percent) and partial flap necrosis (10.7 percent). The rate of material extrusion at the donor site decreased after porous polyethylene was uniformly used for reconstruction from 17.1 to 7.9 percent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pedicled temporalis muscle flap continues to have many applications in craniofacial reconstruction. With increasing use of free flaps, the authors' indications for the pedicled temporalis muscle flap are now restricted to (1) orbital filling for congenital or acquired anophthalmia; (2) filling of unilateral maxillectomy defects; and (3) facial reanimation in selected cases of facial nerve palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic, IV.
authors.affiliation: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla.|From the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit and the Neuroradiology Unit, San Bortolo Hospital; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spanio di Spilimbergo
authors.affiliation: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla.|From the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit and the Neuroradiology Unit, San Bortolo Hospital; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordera
authors.affiliation: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla.|From the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit and the Neuroradiology Unit, San Bortolo Hospital; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mardini
authors.affiliation: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla.|From the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit and the Neuroradiology Unit, San Bortolo Hospital; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Giusy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castiglione
authors.affiliation: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla.|From the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit and the Neuroradiology Unit, San Bortolo Hospital; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chim
authors.affiliation: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla.|From the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit and the Neuroradiology Unit, San Bortolo Hospital; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Vittore
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.affiliation: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla.|From the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit and the Neuroradiology Unit, San Bortolo Hospital; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brunello
authors.affiliation: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla.|From the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit and the Neuroradiology Unit, San Bortolo Hospital; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cusino
authors.affiliation: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla.|From the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit and the Neuroradiology Unit, San Bortolo Hospital; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Squaquara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roberto
authors.affiliation: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla.|From the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit and the Neuroradiology Unit, San Bortolo Hospital; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baciliero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000637:transplantation*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult