title: High fat diet modifies the association of lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphism with high density lipoprotein cholesterol in an Asian Indian population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL) have been shown to influence metabolism related to lipid phenotypes. Dietary factors have been shown to modify the association betweenLPLSNPs and lipids; however, to date, there are no studies in South Asians. Hence, we tested for the association of four commonLPLSNPs with plasma lipids and examined the interactions between the SNPs and dietary factors on lipids in 1,845 Asian Indians.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis was performed in 788 Type 2 diabetes cases and 1,057 controls randomly chosen from the cross-sectional Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study. Serum triacylglycerol (TAG), serum total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured using a Hitachi-912 autoanalyzer (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The SNPs (rs1121923, rs328, rs4922115 and rs285) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction enzyme digestion and 20% of samples were sequenced to validate the genotypes obtained. Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows version 22.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After correction for multiple testing and adjusting for potential confounders, SNPs rs328 and rs285 showed association with HDL-C (P= 0.0004) and serum TAG (P= 1×10-5), respectively. The interaction between SNP rs1121923 and fat intake (energy %) on HDL-C (P= 0.003) was also significant, where, among those who consumed a high fat diet (28.4 ± 2.5%), the T allele carriers (TT + XT) had significantly higher HDL-C concentrations (P= 0.0002) and 30% reduced risk of low HDL-C levels compared to the CC homozygotes. None of the interactions on other lipid traits were statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that individuals carrying T allele of the SNP rs1121923 have increased HDL-C levels when consuming a high fat diet compared to CC homozygotes. Our finding warrants confirmation in prospective studies and randomized controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Kallam Anji Reddy Centre, Plot no. 20, Golden Jubilee Biotech Park for Women Society, SIPCOT-IT PARK, Siruseri, Chennai 603 103 India.|Present Address: Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tanjore, India.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ayyappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP UK.|Food and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Home Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shatwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Kallam Anji Reddy Centre, Plot no. 20, Golden Jubilee Biotech Park for Women Society, SIPCOT-IT PARK, Siruseri, Chennai 603 103 India.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bodhini
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP UK.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bramwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Kallam Anji Reddy Centre, Plot no. 20, Golden Jubilee Biotech Park for Women Society, SIPCOT-IT PARK, Siruseri, Chennai 603 103 India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramya
authors.affiliation: Department of Foods, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sudha
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India.|Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Anjana
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP UK.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India.|Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Kallam Anji Reddy Centre, Plot no. 20, Golden Jubilee Biotech Park for Women Society, SIPCOT-IT PARK, Siruseri, Chennai 603 103 India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Radha
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP UK.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Vimaleswaran
keywords: Asian Indians; CURES; Dietary intake; HDL-C; LPL; Lipids; Lipoprotein lipase; Triacylglycerol