title: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Ethyl Glucuronide-Based Contingency Management for Outpatients With Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorders and Serious Mental Illness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors examined whether a contingency management intervention using the ethyl glucuronide (EtG) alcohol biomarker resulted in increased alcohol abstinence in outpatients with co-occurring serious mental illnesses. Secondary objectives were to determine whether contingency management was associated with changes in heavy drinking, treatment attendance, drug use, cigarette smoking, psychiatric symptoms, and HIV-risk behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine (37% female, 44% nonwhite) outpatients with serious mental illness and alcohol dependence receiving treatment as usual completed a 4-week observation period and were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of contingency management for EtG-negative urine samples and addiction treatment attendance, or reinforcement only for study participation. Contingency management included the variable magnitude of reinforcement "prize draw" procedure contingent on EtG-negative samples (<150 ng/mL) three times a week and weekly gift cards for outpatient treatment attendance. Urine EtG, drug test, and self-report outcomes were assessed during the 12-week intervention and 3-month follow-up periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contingency management participants were 3.1 times (95% CI=2.2-4.5) more likely to submit an EtG-negative urine test during the 12-week intervention period, attaining nearly 1.5 weeks of additional alcohol abstinence compared with controls. Contingency management participants had significantly lower mean EtG levels, reported less drinking and fewer heavy drinking episodes, and were more likely to submit stimulant-negative urine and smoking-negative breath samples, compared with controls. Differences in self-reported alcohol use were maintained at the 3-month follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first randomized trial utilizing an accurate and validated biomarker (EtG) to demonstrate the efficacy of contingency management for alcohol dependence in outpatients with serious mental illness.
authors.affiliation: From the Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Program for Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Wash.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash.; and the School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: McDonell
authors.affiliation: From the Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Program for Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Wash.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash.; and the School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leickly
authors.affiliation: From the Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Program for Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Wash.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash.; and the School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Sterling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.affiliation: From the Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Program for Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Wash.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash.; and the School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skalisky
authors.affiliation: From the Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Program for Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Wash.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash.; and the School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Srebnik
authors.affiliation: From the Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Program for Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Wash.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash.; and the School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Angelo
authors.affiliation: From the Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Program for Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Wash.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash.; and the School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vilardaga
authors.affiliation: From the Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Program for Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Wash.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash.; and the School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Jenny R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nepom
authors.affiliation: From the Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Program for Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Wash.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash.; and the School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roll
authors.affiliation: From the Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Program for Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Wash.; the Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, Wash.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash.; and the School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ries
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015897:Comorbidity; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000652:urine; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D014040:Token Economy
chemical_list: C093924:ethyl glucuronide; D005965:Glucuronates
keywords: Alcohol Abuse; Biological Markers; Chronic Psychiatric Illness