title: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in animals: a threat for humans?
abstract: There has been a great and long-term concern that extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae occurring in animals may constitute a public-health issue. A large number of factors with complex interrelations contribute to the spread of those bacteria among animals and humans. ESBL/AmpC- or carbapenemase-encoding genes are most often located on mobile genetic elements favouring their dissemination. Some shared reservoirs of ESBL/AmpC or carbapenemase genes, plasmids or clones have been identified and suggest cross-transmissions. Even though exposure to animals is regarded as a risk factor, evidence for a direct transfer of ESBL/AmpC-producing bacteria from animals to humans through close contacts is limited. Nonetheless, the size of the commensal ESBL/AmpC reservoir in non-human sources is dramatically rising. This may constitute an indirect risk to public health by increasing the gene pool from which pathogenic bacteria can pick up ESBL/AmpC/carbapenemase genes. The extent to which food contributes to potential transmission of ESBL/AmpC producers to humans is also not well established. Overall, events leading to the occurrence of ESBL/AmpC- and carbapenemase-encoding genes in animals seem very much multifactorial. The impact of animal reservoirs on human health still remains debatable and unclear; nonetheless, there are some examples of direct links that have been identified.
authors.affiliation: Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes-Université de Lyon, France. Electronic address: jean-yves.madec@anses.fr.
authors.forename: J-Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Madec
authors.affiliation: Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes-Université de Lyon, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haenni
authors.affiliation: Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; INSERM European Unit (LEA Paris, France), University of Fribourg, Switzerland; University of Lausanne and University Hospital Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordmann
authors.affiliation: Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; INSERM European Unit (LEA Paris, France), University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poirel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002415:Cats; D002417:Cattle; D004285:Dogs; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011200:Poultry; D013552:Swine; D015047:Zoonoses; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Animal; CMY; CTX-M; Carbapenemase; ESBL/AmpC; Food; IMP; NDM; OXA-48; VIM