title: "Nutraceuticals" in relation to human skeletal muscle and exercise.
abstract: Skeletal muscles have a fundamental role in locomotion and whole body metabolism, with muscle mass and quality being linked to improved health and even lifespan. Optimizing nutrition in combination with exercise is considered an established, effective ergogenic practice for athletic performance. Importantly, exercise and nutritional approaches also remain arguably the most effective countermeasure for muscle dysfunction associated with aging and numerous clinical conditions, e.g., cancer cachexia, COPD, and organ failure, via engendering favorable adaptations such as increased muscle mass and oxidative capacity. Therefore, it is important to consider the effects of established and novel effectors of muscle mass, function, and metabolism in relation to nutrition and exercise. To address this gap, in this review, we detail existing evidence surrounding the efficacy of a nonexhaustive list of macronutrient, micronutrient, and "nutraceutical" compounds alone and in combination with exercise in relation to skeletal muscle mass, metabolism (protein and fuel), and exercise performance (i.e., strength and endurance capacity). It has long been established that macronutrients have specific roles and impact upon protein metabolism and exercise performance, (i.e., protein positively influences muscle mass and protein metabolism), whereas carbohydrate and fat intakes can influence fuel metabolism and exercise performance. Regarding novel nutraceuticals, we show that the following ones in particular may have effects in relation to1) muscle mass/protein metabolism: leucine, hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate, creatine, vitamin-D, ursolic acid, and phosphatidic acid; and2) exercise performance: (i.e., strength or endurance capacity): hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate, carnitine, creatine, nitrates, and β-alanine.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom.|Faculty of Health and Social Science, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; and.|Department of Sport and Health Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Colleen S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Deane
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bethan E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Health Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Etheridge
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom; philip.atherton@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Atherton
mesh_terms: D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology
keywords: exercise; metabolism; nutraceuticals; nutrients; skeletal muscle