title: An experiment on rider stability while mounting: Comparing middle-aged and elderly cyclists on pedelecs and conventional bicycles.
abstract: Pedelecs, popular among elderly cyclists, are associated with a higher injury risk than conventional bicycles. About 17% of these injuries are due to falls while (dis)mounting. Using instrumented bicycles, this study aimed to identify factors contributing to the stability of self-chosen mounting methods in four user groups: 30-45 versus 65+ years of age and males versus females. Mounting stability on pedelecs was compared with that on conventional bicycles, in controlled experimental setting (task in a fenced off parking lot) but also in real traffic conditions (traffic light turns green). Two mounting phases were differentiated: phase 1 as the transition from 'earth bound' to 'balance' and phase 2 as the acceleration to achieve harmonized cycling. Stability was operationalised in terms of the duration of these phases: the shorter their duration, the higher the stability. Pedelecs were shown to be less stable in phase 1 than conventional bicycles, irrespective of user group. For all user groups, only in phase 2 the advantages of electrical support kicked in. Results obtained in traffic conditions confirmed the patterns obtained in the controlled setting, with as only difference a lower speed in traffic conditions, which held for both mounting phases and bicycle types. Also measures of physical limitations due to low muscle strength were shown only to be compensated for by pedal support in phase 2 and not in phase 1. Further, mounting characteristics affected pedelec stability in phase 1 and not in phase 2. Higher stability was associated with a) starting while seated and b) using the pedal to push off. Although, these mounting characteristics were confounded with age, gender, and muscle strength, the pattern of results still suggest certain mounting techniques to be more beneficial for pedelecs. The results further illustrate the importance of a deeper understanding of the interactions of bicycle types and user groups on critical manoeuvres and their potential contribution to the optimisation of pedelec design and the training of safe mounting techniques.
authors.affiliation: SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, PO Box 93113, 2509 AC The Hague, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Divera.Twisk@SWOV.nl.
authors.forename: D A M
authors.initials: DAM
authors.lastname: Twisk
authors.affiliation: SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, PO Box 93113, 2509 AC The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Platteel
authors.affiliation: Engineering, Management & Education, The University of British Columbia, 1137 Alumni Ave, Kelowna BC V1 V 1V7, Canada. Electronic address: Gord.Lovegrove@ubc.ca.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Elderly cyclists; Mounting behaviour; Muscle strength; Pedelec; Single-bicycle accidents; Stability