title: Genetic and morphological analyses indicate that the Australian endemic scorpionUrodacus yaschenkoi(Scorpiones: Urodacidae) is a species complex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Australian scorpions have received far less attention from researchers than their overseas counterparts. Here we provide the first insight into the molecular variation and evolutionary history of the endemic Australian scorpionUrodacus yaschenkoi. Also known as the inland robust scorpion, it is widely distributed throughout arid zones of the continent and is emerging as a model organism in biomedical research due to the chemical nature of its venom.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed Bayesian Inference (BI) methods for the phylogenetic reconstructions and divergence dating among lineages, using unique haplotype sequences from two mitochondrial loci (COXI, 16S) and one nuclear locus (28S). We also implemented two DNA taxonomy approaches (GMYC and PTP/dPTP) to evaluate the presence of cryptic species. Linear Discriminant Analysis was used to test whether the linear combination of 21 variables (ratios of morphological measurements) can predict individual's membership to a putative species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic and morphological data suggest thatU. yaschenkoiis a species complex. High statistical support for the monophyly of several divergent lineages was found both at the mitochondrial loci and at a nuclear locus. The extent of mitochondrial divergence between these lineages exceeds estimates of interspecific divergence reported for other scorpion groups. The GMYC model and the PTP/bPTP approach identified major lineages and several sub-lineages as putative species. Ratios of several traits that approximate body shape had a strong predictive power (83-100%) in discriminating two major molecular lineages. A time-calibrated phylogeny dates the early divergence at the onset of continental-wide aridification in late Miocene and Pliocene, with finer-scale phylogeographic patterns emerging during the Pleistocene. This structuring dynamics is congruent with the diversification history of other fauna of the Australian arid zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the taxonomic status ofU. yaschenkoirequires revision, and we provide recommendations for such future efforts. A complex evolutionary history and extensive diversity highlights the importance of conservingU. yaschenkoipopulations from different Australian arid zones in order to preserve patterns of endemism and evolutionary potential.
authors.affiliation: Museum Victoria , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luna-Ramirez
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University , Victoria , Australia.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rašić
keywords: 16S and 28S rRNA; Australian scorpion; COXI; Cryptic species; Morphology; Phylogeography