title: Comparison of Prevalence and Types of Mutations in Lung Cancers Among Black and White Populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States in all ethnic and racial groups. The overall death rate from lung cancer is higher in black patients than in white patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence and types of somatic alterations between lung cancers from black patients and white patients. Differences in mutational frequencies could illuminate differences in prognosis and lead to the reduction of outcome disparities by more precisely targeting patients' treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor specimens were collected from Baptist Cancer Center (Memphis, Tennessee) over the course of 9 years (January 2004-December 2012). Genomic analysis by massively parallel sequencing of 504 cancer genes was performed at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (Boston, Massachusetts). Overall, 509 lung cancer tumors specimens (319 adenocarcinomas; 142 squamous cell carcinomas) were profiled from 245 black patients and 264 white patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequencies of genomic alterations were compared between tumors from black and white populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 509 lung cancers were collected and analyzed (273 women [129 black patients; 144 white patients] and 236 men [116 black patients; 120 white patients]). Using 313 adenocarcinomas and 138 squamous cell carcinomas with genetically supported ancestry, overall mutational frequencies and copy number changes were not significantly different between black and white populations in either tumor type after correcting for multiple hypothesis testing. Furthermore, specific activating alterations in members of the receptor tyrosine kinase/Ras/Raf pathway including EGFR and KRAS were not significantly different between populations in lung adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that lung cancers from black patients are similar to cancers from white patients with respect to clinically actionable genomic alterations and suggest that clinical trials of targeted therapies could significantly benefit patients in both groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts2Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lathan
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sholl
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ducar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Mikenah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ashwini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sunkavalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thorner
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Thoracic Oncology Program, Baptist Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Faris
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavior Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts7Department of African and African American Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Thoracic Oncology Program, Baptist Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Raymond U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Osarogiagbon
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Hummelen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts2Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts4Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyerson
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts4Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: MacConaill
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D000077192:Adenocarcinoma of Lung; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D000368:Aged; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D050939:Gene Fusion / Q000235:genetics; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D013714:Tennessee / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*