title: The effect of valgus and varus femoral osteotomies on measures of anteversion in the dog.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether femoral osteotomies that change frontal plane alignment without affecting torsion influence anteversion and inclination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Femurs without deformity were scanned to create three-dimensional reconstructions. The femoral head-neck axis was identified by placement of a virtual intramedullary pin. A proximal osteotomy was simulated to create three conditions while keeping torsion constant: Normal, Coxa Valga (neck-shaft angle increased by 12°), and Coxa Vara (neck-shaft angle decreased by 12°). Femoral anteversion was measured from an axial image in all three conditions. Femoral inclination was calculated for all conditions using the neck-shaft and anteversion angles. Changes in anteversion and inclination were calculated and compared using a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Distal femoral osteotomies were then simulated with the native femurs, inducing 18° of distal varus with no change to torsion. Changes in anteversion and inclination for the Normal and Distal Varus conditions were calculated and compared by a paired t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Version changed by a mean of 13.9° (± 1.5; p <0.0001) from the Coxa Valga to Coxa Vara conditions while inclination changed by a mean of 1.3° (± 0.39; p <0.01). Version changed by a mean of 6.6° (± 0.7; p <0.0001) between the Distal Varus and Normal conditions while inclination changed by a mean of -3.8° (± 0.75; p <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Femoral version changes with changing frontal plane alignment even when torsion is constant. This should be considered when correcting femoral deformities.
authors.forename: Rachel W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gilleland
authors.forename: Farrah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Monibi
authors.affiliation: Samuel P. Franklin, MS, DVM, PhD, DACVS, DACVSMR, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, The College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, United States, E-mail: spfrank@uga.edu.
authors.forename: Samuel P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060750:Bone Anteversion / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D017760:Bone Malalignment; D004285:Dogs; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery*; D005270:Femur Head; D005272:Femur Neck; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Anteversion; angular limb deformity; femur; osteotomy; patellar luxation