title: Post-exercise recovery of biological, clinical and metabolic variables after different temperatures and durations of cold water immersion: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cold water immersion (CWI) is a commonly used recuperative strategy. However there is a lack of standardization of protocols considering the duration and temperature of application of the technique and the stress model. Therefore it is important to study the issue of dose response in a specific stress model. Thus the objective was to analyze and compare the effects of CWI during intense post-exercise recovery using different durations and temperatures of immersion.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and five male individuals were divided into five groups: one control group (CG) and four recovery groups (G1: 5' at 9±1 °C; G2: 5' at 14±1 °C; G3: 15' at 9±1 °C; G4: 15' at 14±1 °C). The volunteers were submitted to an exhaustion protocol that consisted of a jump program and the Wingate Test. Immediately after the exhaustion protocol, the volunteers were directed to a tank with water and ice, where they were immersed for the recovery procedure, during which blood samples were collected for later lactate and creatine kinase (CK) analysis. Variables were collected prior to the exercise and 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after its completion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the CK concentration, 15 minutes at 14 °C was the best intervention option, considering the values at 72 hours after exercise, while for the moment of peak lactate an advantage was observed for immersion for 5 minutes at 14 °C. Regarding the perception of recovery, CWI for 5 minutes at 14 °C performed better long-term, from the time of the intervention to 96 hours post-exercise. For pain, no form of immersion responded better than the CG at the immediately post-intervention moment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no differences in behavior between the CWI intervention groups for the outcomes studied.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sports Physiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Franciele M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Vanderlei
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maíra C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aryane F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sports Physiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jayme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Netto
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sports Physiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil - pastre@fct.unesp.br.|Department of Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pastre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D019344:Lactic Acid; D003402:Creatine Kinase