title: CRISPR applications in ophthalmologic genome surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review seeks to summarize and discuss the application of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated systems (Cas) for genome editing, also called genome surgery, in the field of ophthalmology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Precision medicine is an emerging approach for disease treatment and prevention that takes into account the variability of an individual's genetic sequence. Various groups have used CRISPR-Cas genome editing to make significant progress in mammalian preclinical models of eye disease, the basic science of eye development in zebrafish, the in vivo modification of ocular tissue, and the correction of stem cells with therapeutic applications. In addition, investigators have creatively used the targeted mutagenic potential of CRISPR-Cas systems to target pathogenic alleles in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the past year, CRISPR-Cas genome editing has been used to correct pathogenic mutations in vivo and in transplantable stem cells. Although off-target mutagenesis remains a concern, improvement in CRISPR-Cas technology and careful screening for undesired mutations will likely lead to clinical eye therapeutics employing CRISPR-Cas systems in the near future.
authors.affiliation: aJonas Children's Vision Care, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center bEdward S Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA cDepartment of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil dDepartment of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil eState University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA fDepartment of Ophthalmology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China gDepartment of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: DiCarlo
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Justus
authors.forename: Jesse D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sengillo
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tsang
mesh_terms: D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems; D000229:Dependovirus / Q000235:genetics; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D000072669:Gene Editing; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation; D057285:Precision Medicine