title: Improved Reproducibility for Perovskite Solar Cells with 1 cm2Active Area by a Modified Two-Step Process.
abstract: With rapid progress in recent years, organohalide perovskite solar cells (PSC) are promising candidates for a new generation of highly efficient thin-film photovoltaic technologies, for which up-scaling is an essential step toward commercialization. In this work, we propose a modified two-step method to deposit the CH3NH3PbI3(MAPbI3) perovskite film that improves the uniformity, photovoltaic performance, and repeatability of large-area perovskite solar cells. This method is based on the commonly used two-step method, with one additional process involving treating the perovskite film with concentrated methylammonium iodide (MAI) solution. This additional treatment is proved to be helpful for tailoring the residual PbI2level to an optimal range that is favorable for both optical absorption and inhibition of recombination. Scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence image analysis further reveal that, compared to the standard two-step and one-step methods, this method is very robust for achieving uniform and pinhole-free large-area films. This is validated by the photovoltaic performance of the prototype devices with an active area of 1 cm2, where we achieved the champion efficiency of ∼14.5% and an average efficiency of ∼13.5%, with excellent reproducibility.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Heping
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8409-8839
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Yiliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: The
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Chog
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barugkin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Energy System, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Kylie R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Catchpole
keywords: large area; modified two-step method; perovskite solar cells; photoluminescence image; repeatability; uniformity