title: Corticosteroids for the treatment of Kawasaki disease in children.
abstract: Kawasaki disease (KD), or mucocutaneous syndrome, is the leading cause of childhood-acquired heart disease in the developed world. There is much controversy on how best to treat children with KD and in particular who may benefit from additional treatment beyond the standard intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin, such as the addition of corticosteroids.
  
  
  
  To assess the impact of corticosteroid use on the incidence of coronary artery abnormalities in KD as either first-line or second-line treatment. Corticosteroids may be given alone or in conjunction with other accepted KD treatments. Secondary objectives include the effect of steroids on mortality, the time taken for laboratory parameters to normalise, the duration of acute symptoms (such as fever), the long-term impact of steroid use and evaluating their safety in KD and their efficacy in relevant population subgroups.
  
  
  
  The Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched Cochrane Vascular's Specialised Register (25 November 2016) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 10) in the Cochrane Library (searched 25 November 2016). Trial registries were also searched for details of ongoing or unpublished studies.
  
  
  
  We selected randomised trials involving children with all severities of KD who were treated with corticosteroids, including different types of corticosteroid and different durations of treatment.
  
  
  
  MJS and GMC independently selected studies, assessed evidence quality and extracted data. This process was overseen by AJW.
  
  
  
  Seven trials consisting of 922 participants were included in this analysis. Trials ranged from 32 to 242 participants. On pooled analysis, corticosteroids reduced the subsequent occurrence of coronary artery abnormalities (odds ratio (OR) 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18 to 0.46; 907 participants; 7 studies; I² = 55%) without resultant serious adverse events (no events, 737 participants) and mortality (no events, 915 participants). In addition, corticosteroids reduced the duration of fever (mean difference (MD) -1.65 days, 95% CI -3.31 to 0.00; 210 participants; 2 studies; I² = 88%), time for laboratory parameters (erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) to normalise (MD -2.80 days, 95% CI -4.38 to -1.22; 178 participants; 1 study) and length of hospital stay (MD -1.41 days, 95% CI -2.36 to -0.46; 39 participants; 1 study). No studies detailed outcomes beyond 24 weeks. Subgroup analysis showed some potential groups that may benefit more than others; however, further randomised controlled trials are required before this can be the basis for clinical action.Evidence quality was graded according to the GRADE system. Evidence was considered high quality for the incidence of serious adverse events, mortality and time for laboratory parameters to normalise. Evidence was considered moderate for the incidence of coronary artery abnormalities due to potential inconsistencies in data geography and patient benefits according to grouping. Evidence was moderate for duration of clinical symptoms (fever, rash) due to potential subjectivity in measurement. Evidence was moderate for length of hospital stay as only one study recorded this outcome. This means that we are reasonably confident that the true effect is close to that estimated in this work.
  
  
  
  Moderate-quality evidence shows that use of steroids in the acute phase of KD can be associated with improved coronary artery abnormalities, shorter duration of hospital stay and a decreased duration of clinical symptoms. High-quality evidence shows reduced inflammatory marker levels. There were insufficient data available regarding incidence of adverse effects attributable to steroids, mortality and long-term (> 1 year) coronary morbidity. Certain groups, including those based in Asia, those with higher risk scores, and those receiving longer steroid treatment may have greater benefit from steroid use, especially with decreasing rates of heart problems, but more tests are needed to answer these questions. Evidence presented in this study suggests that treatment with a long course of steroids should be considered for all children diagnosed with KD until further studies are performed.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK, W2 1PG.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wardle
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TD.
authors.forename: Georgia M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.affiliation: Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK, W6 8RF.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Seager
authors.affiliation: Congenital Heart Disease, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Bristol Heart Institute, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, UK, BS2 8BJ.
authors.forename: Robert Mr
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tulloh
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009080:Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D011239:Prednisolone; D008775:Methylprednisolone