title: Impact of stress in childhood: Psychobiological alterations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An extremely high percentage of children worldwide are exposed to stress from the first months of life.&nbsp; The aim of this review is to bring together the experimental results related to chronic early-life stress in both human and experimental models. &nbsp;Methods: We aimed to achieve our objective via a thorough review of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early-life stress is a challenge for the developing organism and leads to negative effects in the medium and long term. The emotional, cognitive, and behavioral domains are compromised due to alterations produced in the nervous system, with some of the most important being related to the main neurotransmission systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By using experimental models, it is possible to address the study of the structural and functional changes resulting from early-life stress and, thus, plan intervention and prevention alternatives.&nbsp.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Oviedo - Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA).
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banqueri
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Méndez
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Arias
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004644:Emotions; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D002666:Psychology, Child; D051381:Rats; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents