title: Acid-Sensitive BODIPY Dyes: Synthesis through Pd-Catalyzed Direct C(sp3)-H Arylation and Photophysics.
abstract: A novel palladium-catalyzed direct C(sp3)-H arylation of the methyl group at the 8-position of BODIPY by bromoarenes was established. A deprotonative cross-coupling process was supposed to be involved in the reaction. This approach allowed us to attach electron-donating/withdrawing, halogen substituted aryls and a heteroaryl with a yield running from 55 to 99 %. Novel pH sensors, which in the absence of acid showed the occurrence of photoinduced electron transfer, were synthesized by attaching dimethylaniline to the methyl at the C8-position of BODIPY. The reference compounds with dimethylaniline directly attached to the C8-position were also synthesized and besides photoinduced electron transfer also showed a charge-transfer emission. Their photophysical properties were investigated by steady-state fluorescence, time-correlated single-photon counting and femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion. Time-dependent density functional (TD-DFT) electronic-structure calculations on the properties of the excited states corresponding to local excitation of the BODIPY core and to charge transfer were conducted. Upon addition of trifluoroacetic acid in toluene and ethanol, the partial fluorescence intensity recovery was at least an order of magnitude more efficient with the newly synthesized sensors compared to the traditional reference sensors. The improved sensitivity of these novel BODIPY-based pH sensors was attributed to less efficient proton-coupled electron transfer of the protonated species.
authors.affiliation: Division of Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fron
authors.affiliation: Division of Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boodts
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Joice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Division of Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jeremy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hofkens
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dehaen
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9022-1696
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van der Auweraer
authors.affiliation: Division of Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smet
keywords: density functional calculations; direct C(sp3)−H arylation; fluorescent probes; pH sensing; photoinduced electron transfer