title: A mixture detection method based on separate amplification using primer specific alleles of INDELs-a study based on two person's DNA mixture.
abstract: Samples containing unbalanced DNA mixtures from individuals often occur in forensic DNA examination and clinical detection. Because of the PCR amplification bias, the minor contributor DNA is often masked by the major contributor DNA when using traditional STR or SNP typing techniques. Here we propose a method based in allele-specific Insertion/Deletion (INDEL) genotyping to detect DNA mixtures in forensic samples. Fourteen INDELs were surveyed in the Chinese Han population of Shanxi Province. The INDELs were amplified using two separate primer-specific reactions by real-time PCR. The difference Ct value of the 2 reactions (D-value) were used for determination of the single source DNA. INDELs types and further confirmed by electrophoresis separation. The minor allele frequency (MAF) was above 0.2 in 10 INDELs. The detection limit was 0.3125 ng-1.25 ng template DNA for real-time PCR in all 14 INDEL markers. For single source 10 ng DNA, the average D-value was 0.31 ± 0.14 for LS type, 6.96 ± 1.05 for LL type and 7.20 ± 1.09 for SS type. For the series of simulated DNA mixture, the Ct value varied between the ranges of single source DNA, depending on their INDEL typing and mixture ratios. This method can detect the specific allele of the minor DNA contributor as little as 1:50 in rs397782455 and rs397696936; 1:100 in rs397832665, rs397822382 and rs397897230; the detection limit of the minor DNA contributor was as little as 1:500-1:1000 in the rest INDEL markers, a much higher sensitivity compared with traditional STR typing. The D-value variation depended on the alternation of dilution ratio and INDEL types. When the dilution was 1:1000, the maximum and minimum D-values were 8.84 ± 0.11 in rs397897230 and 4.27 ± 0.19 in rs397897239 for LL and SS type mixture, the maximum and minimum D-values were 9.32 ± 0.54 in rs397897230 and 4.38 ± 0.26 in rs 397897239 for LL(SS) and LS type mixture, separately. Any D-value between 0.86 and 5.11 in the 14 INDELs indicated the presence of mixture. The separate amplification strategy based on real-time PCR provides a promising and convenient method for detection of unbalanced DNA mixture for Chinese Han population.
authors.affiliation: School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Jinding
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Jiaqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Zeqin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Keming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Zhizhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medicine University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China. Electronic address: zgengqian@163.com.
authors.forename: Gengqian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D017931:DNA Primers; D004586:Electrophoresis; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004247:DNA
keywords: Chinese Han population; D-value; Forensic DNA mixtures; INDEL; Real-time PCR