title: Pathways from witnessing parental violence during childhood to involvement in intimate partner violence in adult life: The roles of depression and substance use.
abstract: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of witnessing parental violence (WPV) during childhood and of current intimate partner violence (IPV) victimisation and aggression in a Brazilian sample, in order to verify pathways between WPV and involvement in IPV as an adult.
  
  
  
  The mediating roles of substance use and depression were investigated. Data came from the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey, a multi-cluster probabilistic household survey, which gathered information on the use of psychoactive substances, current depressive disorder, history of childhood direct and indirect exposure to domestic violence and IPV in a nationally representative sample. A subsample of 2120 individuals aged 14 years or older was analysed. Weighted prevalence rates, adjusted odds ratio and conditional path models were performed.
  
  
  
  Being a victim of IPV was reported by 6% of the sample. Thus being, 4.1% reported being IPV perpetrators; these rates were 16.6% and 7.3%, respectively, among those who reported WPV (13%). WPV was associated with being a victim of IPV in adult life, but not with becoming a perpetrator, regardless of being a victim of physical violence during childhood. There was a direct effect of WPV on IPV mediated by depressive symptoms. Alcohol and cocaine consumption and age of drinking initiation mediated only when combined with depressive symptoms.
  
  
  
  Intergenerational transmission models of IPV through exposure during childhood can help to explain the high rates of domestic violence in Brazil. Our findings provide evidence to implement targeted prevention strategies where they are needed most: the victims of premature adverse experiences. [Madruga CS, Viana MC, Abdalla RR, Caetano R, Laranjeira R. Pathways from witnessing parental violence during childhood to involvement in intimate partner violence in adult life: The roles of depression and substance use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:107-114].
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute on Alcohol and Other Drugs, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clarice S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Madruga
authors.affiliation: Departament of Social Medicine and Post-Graduate Program in Collective Heath, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute on Alcohol and Other Drugs, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata Rigacci
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute on Alcohol and Other Drugs, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Prevention Research Center, Oakland, USA.
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caetano
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute on Alcohol and Other Drugs, Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ronaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laranjeira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brazil; adverse childhood experiences; epidemiology; intimate partner violence; witnessing interparental violence