title: Siberian Arctic black carbon sources constrained by model and observation.
abstract: Black carbon (BC) in haze and deposited on snow and ice can have strong effects on the radiative balance of the Arctic. There is a geographic bias in Arctic BC studies toward the Atlantic sector, with lack of observational constraints for the extensive Russian Siberian Arctic, spanning nearly half of the circum-Arctic. Here, 2 y of observations at Tiksi (East Siberian Arctic) establish a strong seasonality in both BC concentrations (8 ng⋅m-3to 302 ng⋅m-3) and dual-isotope-constrained sources (19 to 73% contribution from biomass burning). Comparisons between observations and a dispersion model, coupled to an anthropogenic emissions inventory and a fire emissions inventory, give mixed results. In the European Arctic, this model has proven to simulate BC concentrations and source contributions well. However, the model is less successful in reproducing BC concentrations and sources for the Russian Arctic. Using a Bayesian approach, we show that, in contrast to earlier studies, contributions from gas flaring (6%), power plants (9%), and open fires (12%) are relatively small, with the major sources instead being domestic (35%) and transport (38%). The observation-based evaluation of reported emissions identifies errors in spatial allocation of BC sources in the inventory and highlights the importance of improving emission distribution and source attribution, to develop reliable mitigation strategies for efficient reduction of BC impact on the Russian Arctic, one of the fastest-warming regions on Earth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8423-0465
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Winiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: August
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eckhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stohl
authors.affiliation: International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775.|Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia.|Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Igor P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Semiletov
authors.affiliation: Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia.|Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Oleg V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Dudarev
authors.affiliation: Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia.|Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charkin
authors.affiliation: International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775.|Institute of Natural Resources, Geology and Mineral Exploration, Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, 634034 Tomsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shakhova
authors.affiliation: Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Klimont
authors.affiliation: Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heyes
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Orjan.Gustafsson@aces.su.se.
authors.forename: Örjan
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
keywords: Arctic haze; atmospheric transport modeling; carbon isotopes; climate change; emission inventory