title: EthnomedicinalCichorium intybusSeed Extracts: An Impending Preparation against Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Pathogens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study was undertaken to analyze the phytochemical content and biological activity ofCichorium intybusseeds traditionally used in Charsadda, Pakistan against multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study explored the qualitative and quantitative antibacterial potential ofC. intybus. Further qualitative analysis of phytochemical content was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cichorium intybusseed extracts were prepared in aqueous, chloroform, ethanol, and hexane separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the extracts ofC. intybusseeds were screened for antibacterial activity and phytochemical content.Cichorium intybusseed extract showed considerable activity against MDR pathogenic bacteria. In the well diffusion method, aqueous extracts showed a higher zone of inhibition againstPseudomonas aeruginosa(16 mm ± 0.7 mm) andAcinetobacter baumannii(13 mm ± 0.5 mm), whereas chloroform, ethanol, and hexane extracts showed activity againstP. aeruginosa(11 mm ± 0.3 mm, 12 mm ± 0.5 mm, and 11 mm ± 0 mm, respectively) as compared to Imipenem, a broad spectrum antibiotic. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values for aqueous and ethanol extracts indicate that they were more effective against MDR bacteria. Phytochemical analysis revealed that aqueous and ethanol extracts were rich in alkaloids, carbohydrates, gallotannins, and triterpenoids, whereas chloroform and hexane extracts were more concentrated with phenolics, pseudotannins, saponins, and tannins.Cichorium intybusseed extract demonstrated potential activity against MDR human pathogenic bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The undertaken study has for the first time reported the effects ofC. intybusseed extracts against MDR bacterial pathogens. Findings of the current study will be helpful for further elucidation of bioactive molecules for therapeutic use against MDR bacterial pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hazir
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Usman Ali
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qasim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Noor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Daud
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asif
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Azizullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azizullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Waheed
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Murad
keywords: Antibacterial Activity; Cichorium Intybus Seed Extract; MBC; MIC; Phytochemical Analysis