title: Evaluation of Complex Toxicity of Canbon Nanotubes and Sodium Pentachlorophenol Based on Earthworm Coelomocytes Test.
abstract: As a standard testing organism in soil ecosystems, the earthworm Eisenia fetida has been used widely in toxicity studies. However, tests at the individual level are time- and animal-consuming, with limited sensitivity. Earthworm coelomocytes are important for the assimilation and elimination of exogenous compounds and play a key role in the processes of phagocytosis and inflammation. In this study, we explored an optimal condition to culture coelomocytes of E. fetida in vitro and investigated the cytotoxicity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and sodium pentachlorophenol (PCP-Na) using coelomocytes via evaluating lethal toxicity, oxidative stress, membrane damage, and DNA damage. The results showed that coelomocytes can be successfully cultured in vitro in primary under the RPMI-1640 medium with 2-4×104 cells/well (1-2×105 cells/mL) in 96-well plates at 25°C without CO2. Both MWCNTs and PCP-Na could cause oxidative damage and produce ROS, an evidence for lipid peroxidation with MDA generation and SOD and CAT activity inhibition at high stress. The two chemicals could separately damage the cell membrane structure, increasing permeability and inhibiting mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). In addition, our results indicate that PCP-Na may be adsorbed onto MWCNTs and its toxicity on earthworm was accordingly alleviated, while a synergetic effect was revealed when PCP-Na and MWCNTs were added separately. In summary, coelomocyte toxicity in in vitro analysis is a sensitive method for detecting the adverse effects of carbon nanotubes combined with various pollutants.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Funian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, Linyi University, Linyi, China.
authors.forename: Changwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yibin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010416:Pentachlorophenol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D012964:Sodium / Q000633:toxicity; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012964:Sodium; D010416:Pentachlorophenol