title: Practising proportionate universalism - a study protocol of an extended postnatal home visiting programme in a disadvantaged area in Stockholm, Sweden.
abstract: In spite of a well-developed welfare system in Sweden, there are important health divides between residential areas in Stockholm county, with shorter life expectancy in disadvantaged areas. These socioeconomic and health divides also affect children. Extra efforts and organized collaboration by different authorities are required to meet the greater needs of children growing up in these areas.
  
  
  
  This article reports on the programme logic and evaluation design of an extended postnatal home visiting programme in collaboration between child health services and social services in the Rinkeby area, Stockholm, Sweden, where a large proportion are recent immigrants and more than 50% are at-risk of poverty. The intervention consists of five extra home visits when the child is aged between 2-15 months, jointly by a child health nurse and a social service parental advisor, offered to all parents of first-born children attending Rinkeby child health centre. Parents of first-born children attending child health centres in neighboring areas serve as controls. The evaluation will use a mixed methods approach, including participant observation, in-depth interviews, interviews using structured questionnaires, review and analysis of child health records and records of health care utilization.
  
  
  
  The intervention has so far been very positively received by the parents (95% participation rate), who seem to perceive that they actually benefit from participating, and also from staff in child health services and social services who find this approach to be in line with their professional intentions. The staff members interviewed also appreciate the inter-professional collaboration. The intervention has sparked activities also in other sectors (the local library, the open child day care centre) of the local area. The timing of the intervention, at the start of the child's life, may be well suited to support parents in reorienting themselves and finding a positive parenting role, to the benefit of the development of the child. The intervention may be seen as a concrete example of "proportionate universalism", as a strategy to reduce inequalities in health - applying a universal intervention with increased intensity in groups that have a greater need for it.
  
  
  
  The study was retrospectively registered (11 August 2016) in the ISRCTN registry ( ISRCTN11832097 DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN11832097 ).
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Equity and Health Policy Research Group, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE 171 77, Sweden. bo.burstrom@ki.se.|Stockholm County Council Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden. bo.burstrom@ki.se.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5770-9422
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burström
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Equity and Health Policy Research Group, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE 171 77, Sweden.|Stockholm County Council Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marttila
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Equity and Health Policy Research Group, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE 171 77, Sweden.
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulane
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Equity and Health Policy Research Group, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE 171 77, Sweden.|Stockholm County Council Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Equity and Health Policy Research Group, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE 171 77, Sweden.|Stockholm County Council Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Health Outcomes and Economic Evaluation Research Group, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Burström
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006792:House Calls; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D000068101:Maternal-Child Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011181:Postnatal Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D035862:Vulnerable Populations
keywords: Child health services; Disadvantaged areas; Equity; Extended home visiting; Health care need; Inequalities; Social services