title: The Role of Self-Efficacy, Adaptive Coping, and Smoking Urges in Long-Term Cessation Outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking cessation self-efficacy and adaptive coping are posited as two important treatment targets in smoking cessation interventions, especially in the context of handling strong urges to smoke. Yet, less is known about whether intervention-related changes in these constructs predict long-term smoking outcomes. The current study aimed to examine changes in smoking urges, smoking cessation self-efficacy, and adaptive coping following a health-focused and cognitive-behavioral telephone-delivered smoking cessation treatment, and the association to smoking reduction during long-term, 12-month follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 61) were daily smokers enrolled in a 12-week pilot trial that tested the efficacy of two different health-focused interventions with an adjunct of traditional telephone-delivered cessation counseling. Smoking urges, smoking cessation self-efficacy, and adaptive coping were assessed as baseline and immediately post-treatment. Average of seven-day cigarettes use per day were assessed at post-treatment, and 6- and 12-months post-baseline follow-up timepoints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking urges were significantly lower post-treatment, and smoking cessation self-efficacy and adaptive coping were significantly higher post-treatment, relative to baseline. After adjusting for baseline values, post-treatment smoking urges were significantly positively associated with cigarette use at post-treatment and 6-month follow-up. Post-treatment smoking cessation self-efficacy, but not adaptive coping, was significantly negatively predictive of cigarette use at post-treatment and 6- and 12-month follow-up timepoints. Post-treatment smoking cessation self-efficacy emerged as significant indirect predictor of the association between post-treatment smoking urges and post-treatment cigarette use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions that target smoking cessation self-efficacy may facilitate long-term reductions in smoking among daily smokers undergoing a quit attempt.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Tech, Department of Psychology ; Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior.
authors.forename: Claire E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Blevins
authors.affiliation: Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior ; University of Houston, Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Samantha G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Farris
authors.affiliation: University of Texas at Austin, School of Nursing.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.affiliation: Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior ; Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abrantes
keywords: coping skills; relapse prevention; tobacco