title: Immediate referral to colposcopy versus cytological surveillance for minor cervical cytological abnormalities in the absence of HPV test.
abstract: A significant number of women are diagnosed with minor cytological abnormalities on cervical screening. Many authorities recommend surveillance as spontaneous regression might occur. However, attendance for cytological follow-up decreases with time and might put some women at risk of developing invasive disease.
  
  
  
  To assess the optimum management strategy for women with minor cervical cytological abnormalities (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance - ASCUS or low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions - LSIL) at primary screening in the absence of HPV (human papillomavirus) DNA test.
  
  
  
  We searched the following electronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL Issue 4, 2016), MEDLINE (1946 to April week 2 2016) and Embase (1980 to 2016 week 16).
  
  
  
  We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing immediate colposcopy to cytological surveillance in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS/borderline) or low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (LSIL/mild dyskaryosis).
  
  
  
  The primary outcome measure studied was the occurrence of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN). The secondary outcome measures studied included default rate, clinically significant anxiety and depression, and other self-reported adverse effects.We classified studies according to period of surveillance, at 6, 12, 24 or 36 months, as well as at 18 months, excluding a possible exit-examination. We calculated pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random-effects model with inverse variance weighting. Inter-study heterogeneity was assessed with I2statistics.
  
  
  
  We identified five RCTs with 11,466 participants that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were 18 cases of invasive cervical cancer, seven in the immediate colposcopy and 11 in the cytological surveillance groups, respectively. Although immediate colposcopy detects CIN2+ and CIN3+ earlier than cytology, the differences were no longer observed at 24 months (CIN2+: 3 studies, 4331 women; 17.9% versus 18.3%, RR 1.14, CI 0.66 to 1.97; CIN3+: 3 studies, 4331 women; 10.3% versus 11.9%, RR 1.02, CI 0.53 to 1.97). The inter-study heterogeneity was considerable (I2greater than 90%). Furthermore, the inclusion of the results of the exit examinations at 24 months, which could inflate the CIN detection rate of cytological surveillance, may have led to study design-derived bias; we therefore considered the evidence to be of low quality.When we excluded the exit examination, the detection rate of high-grade lesions at the 18-month follow-up was higher after immediate colposcopy (CIN2+: 2 studies, 4028 women; 14.3% versus 10.1%, RR 1.50, CI 1.12 to 2.01; CIN3+: 2 studies, 4028 women, 7.8% versus 6.9%, RR 1.24, CI 0.77 to 1.98) both had substantial inter-study heterogeneity (I2greater than 60%) and we considered the evidence to be of moderate quality).The meta-analysis revealed that immediate referral to colposcopy significantly increased the detection of clinically insignificant cervical abnormalities, as opposed to repeat cytology after 24 months of surveillance (occurrence of koilocytosis: 2 studies, 656 women; 32% versus 21%, RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.90; moderate-quality evidence) incidence of any CIN: 2 studies, 656 women; 64% versus 32%, RR 2.02, 95% CI 1.33 to 3.08, low-quality evidence; incidence of CIN1: 2 studies, 656 women; 21% versus 8%, RR 2.58, 95% CI 1.69 to 3.94, moderate-quality evidence).Due to differences in trial designs and settings, there was large variation in default rates between the included studies. The risk for default was higher for the repeat cytology group, with a four-fold increase at 6 months, a six-fold at 12 and a 19-fold at 24 months (6 months: 3 studies, 5117 women; 6.3% versus 13.3%, RR 3.85, 95% CI 1.27 to 11.63, moderate-quality evidence; 12 months: 3 studies, 5115 women; 6.3% versus 14.8%, RR 6.39, 95% CI 1.49 to 29.29, moderate-quality evidence; 24 months: 3 studies, 4331 women; 0.9% versus 16.1%, RR 19.1, 95% CI 9.02 to 40.43, moderate-quality evidence).
  
  
  
  Based on low- or moderate-quality evidence using the GRADE approach and generally low risk of bias, the detection rate of CIN2+ or CIN3+ after two years does not appear to differ between immediate colposcopy and cytological surveillance in the absence of HPV testing, although women may default from follow-up. Immediate colposcopy probably leads to earlier detection of high-grade lesions, but also detects more clinically insignificant low-grade lesions. Colposcopy may therefore be the first choice when good compliance is not assured. These results emphasize the need for an accurate reflex HPV triage test to distinguish women who need diagnostic follow-up from those who can return safely to routine recall.
authors.affiliation: West London Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Queen Charlotte's & Chelsea, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial NHS Healthcare Trust, Du Cane Road, London, UK, W12 0NN.|The Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (IRDB), Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, 3rd floor, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK, W12 0HS.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kyrgiou
authors.affiliation: West London Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Queen Charlotte's & Chelsea, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial NHS Healthcare Trust, Du Cane Road, London, UK, W12 0NN.|The Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (IRDB), Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, 3rd floor, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK, W12 0HS.
authors.forename: Ilkka E J
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Kalliala
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (IRDB), Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, 3rd floor, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK, W12 0HS.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.affiliation: West London Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Queen Charlotte's & Chelsea, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial NHS Healthcare Trust, Du Cane Road, London, UK, W12 0NN.|The Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (IRDB), Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, 3rd floor, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK, W12 0HS.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fotopoulou
authors.affiliation: West London Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Queen Charlotte's & Chelsea, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial NHS Healthcare Trust, Du Cane Road, London, UK, W12 0NN.|The Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (IRDB), Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, IRDB Building, 3rd floor, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK, W12 0HS.
authors.forename: Sadaf
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghaem-Maghami
authors.affiliation: Gynaecological Oncology Unit, Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Sharoe Green Lane, Fullwood, Preston, Lancashire, UK, PR2 9HT.
authors.forename: Pierre Pl
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Martin-Hirsch
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK, AB25 2ZD.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cruickshank
authors.affiliation: Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Belgian Cancer Centre, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstreet 14, Brussels, Belgium, B-1050.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arbyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece, 45001.
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paraskevaidis
mesh_terms: D003127:Colposcopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013997:Time Factors; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057832:Watchful Waiting; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*