title: Prevalence and risk factors for reduced pulmonary function in diabetic patients: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An association between reduced pulmonary function and diabetes has been observed. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with reduced pulmonary function in diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2013. The study population included data from 8,784 participants (including 1,431 diabetics) aged ≥ 40 years. Reduced pulmonary function was defined as patients with restrictive (forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity [FEV1/FVC] ≥ 0.7 and FVC < 80% of predicted value) or obstructive (FEV1/FVC < 0.7) patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with diabetes had a higher prevalence of restrictive (18.4% vs. 9.4%,p< 0.001) and obstructive impairments (20% vs. 12.6%,p< 0.001) than those without diabetes. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for obstructive and restrictive pulmonary impairment were 0.91 (0.75 to 1.11) and 1.57 (1.30 to 1.89), respectively. In the diabetes population, age (aOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.06), male sex (aOR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.88), and body mass index (aOR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.21) were independently associated with restrictive pulmonary impairment. Age (aOR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.14), male sex (aOR, 4.24; 95% CI, 2.42 to 7.44), and smoking at any point (ever-smoker: aOR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.16 to 3.33) were independent risk factors for obstructive pulmonary impairment in diabetics. Diabetes duration or glycated hemoglobin had no association with pulmonary impairment in diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with diabetes had a higher risk of restrictive pulmonary impairment than those without diabetes after adjusting for confounding factors. Older age, male sex, body mass index, and smoking were associated with reduced lung function in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Yeon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Seo
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seok
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Dong
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Yen
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Bok
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Im
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Kyu
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Cheol
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Mihee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hiun Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chae
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Diabetes; Prevalence; Respiratory function tests; Risk factors