title: Current role of lymphadenectomy in the upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphadenectomy (LND) has recently attracted considerable interest from urological surgeons, as extended lymphadenectomy might have a role in accurate staging or improving patient survival in those patients with urological malignancies. Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively rare neoplasm, accounting for about 5% of all urothelial cancers. Up to 30% of patients with muscle-invasive UTUC have metastasis in the regional lymph nodes (LNs), which represents a well-established poor prognostic factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  A medline search was conducted to identify original articles and review articles addressing the role of lymphadenectomy LND in UTUC. Keywords included lymphadenectomy, lymph node excision, nephroureterectomy, and upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LND instead of lymphadenectomy has recently attracted considerable interest from urological surgeons and might have a potential role in improving the oncological outcome in patients with urothelial carcinoma. LND ideally improves disease staging; thereby, we need to find the way to identify the patients who could really benefit from adjuvant systemic theraphy. Template-based LND with Radical Nephroureterectomy (RNU) for high risk disease is gaining support based on accumulating retrospective data and supports its utility as a potentially therapeutic maneuver. RNU is still the gold standard treatment for UTUC, but minimal invasive procedures such as laparoscopic RNU and Robot Assisted Nephroureterectomy (RANU) are becoming more employed in recent years and should be used by expert hands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic benefits of LND and nodal status on disease free survival (DFS) and Cancer Free Survival (CSS) remains controversial. Although most of the data comes from retrospective studies, we encourage performing well designed, prospective, and multicentre studies to clarify this in the coming years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Maestro
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Gómez
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergio Alonso Y
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gregorio
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina de Castro
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Guerin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ángel Tabernero
authors.initials: ÁT
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús Cisneros
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ledo
keywords: lymphadenectomy; nephroureterectomy; overall survival; upper tract urothelial carcinoma