title: Psychosocial Factors in the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Risk: the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  U.S. Hispanics/Latinos display a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), a group of co-occurring cardiometabolic risk factors (abdominal obesity, impaired fasting glucose, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure) associated with higher cardiovascular disease and mortality risk. Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher risk for MetSyn in Hispanics/Latinos, and psychosocial factors may play a role in this relationship.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This cross-sectional study examined psychosocial factors in the association of SES and MetSyn components in 4,996 Hispanic/Latino adults from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  MetSyn components were measured at the baseline examination. Participants completed interviews to determine psychosocial risks (e.g., depression) and resources (e.g., social support) within 9 months of baseline (< 4 months in 72.6% of participants). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to identify latent constructs and examine associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participant mean age was 41.7 years (SE = 0.4) and 62.7% were female. CFA identified single latent factors for SES and psychosocial indicators, and three factors for MetSyn [blood pressure, lipids, metabolic factors]. SEMs showed that lower SES was related to MetSyn factors indirectly through higher psychosocial risk/lower resources (Y-Bχ2(df = 420) = 4412.90, p < .05, RMSEA = .042, SRMR = .051). A statistically significant effect consistent with mediation was found from lower SES to higher metabolic risk (glucose/waist circumference) via psychosocial risk/resource variables (Mackinnon's 95% asymmetric CI = -0.13 to -0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SES is related to metabolic variables indirectly through psychosocial factors in U.S. Hispanics/Latinos of diverse ancestries.
authors.affiliation: San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McCurley
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Penedo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Roesch
authors.affiliation: Deptartment of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Carmen R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Isasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carnethon
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sotres-Alvarez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schneiderman
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Diana A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Chirinos
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA. lgallo@mail.sdsu.edu.|South Bay Latino Research Center, 450 4th Ave, Suite 304, Chula Vista, CA, 91910, USA. lgallo@mail.sdsu.edu.
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: Cardiovascular; Hispanic; Latino; Metabolic syndrome; Psychosocial; Socioeconomic status