title: Advances on the determination of thresholds of Cu phytotoxicity in field-contaminated soils in central Chile.
abstract: To better determine phytotoxicity thresholds for metals in the soil, studies should use actual field-contaminated soil samples rather than metal-spiked soil preparations. However, there are surprisingly few such data available for Cu phytotoxicity in field-contaminated soils. Moreover, these studies differ from each other with regards to soil characteristics and experimental setups. This study aimed at more accurately estimating Cu phytotoxicity thresholds using field-collected agricultural soils (Entisols) from areas exposed to contamination from Cu mining. For this purpose, the exposure to Cu was assessed by measuring total soil Cu, soluble Cu, free Cu2+activity, and Cu in the plant aerial tissues. On the other hand, two bioassay durations (short-term and long-term), three plant species (Avena sativa L., Brassica rapa CrGC syn. Rbr, and Lolium perenne L.), and five biometric endpoints (shoot length and weight, root length and weight, and number of seed pods) were considered. Overall plant growth was best predicted by total Cu content of the soil. Despite some confounding factors, it was possible to determine EC10, EC25and EC50of total Cu in the soil. Brassica rapa was more sensitive than Avena sativa for all endpoints, while Lolium perenne was of intermediate sensitivity. For the short-term bioassay (21 days for all three species), the averaged EC10, EC25and EC50values of total soil Cu (in mg kg-1) were 356, 621, and 904, respectively. For the long-term bioassay (62 days for oat and 42 days for turnip), the averaged EC10, EC25and EC50values of total soil Cu (in mg kg-1) were 355, 513, and 688, respectively. The obtained results indicate that chronic test is a suitable method for assessing Cu phytotoxicity in field-contaminated soils.
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mondaca
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile; Unité Agri'Terr, Esitpa - Ecole d'Ingénieurs en Agriculture, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Joanie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Catrin
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verdejo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauvé
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile. Electronic address: alexander.neaman@pucv.cl.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neaman
mesh_terms: D029741:Brassica rapa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002677:Chile; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008129:Lolium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008906:Mining; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003300:Copper
keywords: Copper; Cu-polluted soils; Effective concentration; Historical contamination; Mining activity