title: Ambient aging of rhenium filaments used in thermal ionization mass spectrometry: Growth of oxo-rhenium crystallites and anti-aging strategies.
abstract: Degassing is a common preparation technique for rhenium filaments used for thermal ionization mass spectrometric analysis of actinides, including plutonium. Although optimization studies regarding degassing conditions have been reported, little work has been done to characterize filament aging after degassing. In this study, the effects of filament aging after degassing were explored to determine a "shelf-life" for degassed rhenium filaments, and methods to limit filament aging were investigated. Zone-refined rhenium filaments were degassed by resistance heating under high vacuum before exposure to ambient atmosphere for up to 2 months. After degassing the nucleation and preferential growth of oxo-rhenium crystallites on the surface of polycrystalline rhenium filaments was observed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compositional analysis of the crystallites was conducted using SEM-Raman spectroscopy and SEM energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and grain orientation at the metal surface was investigated by electron back-scatter diffraction mapping. Spectra collected by SEM-Raman suggest crystallites are composed primarily of perrhenic acid. The relative extent of growth and crystallite morphology were found to be grain dependent and affected by the dissolution of carbon into filaments during annealing (often referred to as carbonization or carburization). Crystallites were observed to nucleate in region specific modes and grow over time through transfer of material from the surface. Factors most likely to affect the rates of crystallite growth include rhenium substrate properties such as grain size, orientation, levels of dissolved carbon, and relative abundance of defect sites; as well as environmental factors such as length of exposure to oxygen and relative humidity. Thin (∼180 nm) hydrophobic films of poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) were found to slow the growth of oxo-rhenium crystallites on the filament surfaces and may serve as an alternative carbon source for filament carburization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 127 Earle Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mannion
authors.affiliation: Savannah River National Laboratory, National Security Directorate, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wellons
authors.affiliation: Savannah River National Laboratory, National Security Directorate, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Shick
authors.affiliation: Savannah River National Laboratory, National Security Directorate, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
authors.forename: Glenn A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fugate
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 127 Earle Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Husson
keywords: Materials Science