title: Comparison of gesture and conventional interaction techniques for interventional neuroradiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interaction with radiological image data and volume renderings within a sterile environment is a challenging task. Clinically established methods such as joystick control and task delegation can be time-consuming and error-prone and interrupt the workflow. New touchless input modalities may have the potential to overcome these limitations, but their value compared to established methods is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a comparative evaluation to analyze the value of two gesture input modalities (Myo Gesture Control Armband and Leap Motion Controller) versus two clinically established methods (task delegation and joystick control). A user study was conducted with ten experienced radiologists by simulating a diagnostic neuroradiological vascular treatment with two frequently used interaction tasks in an experimental operating room. The input modalities were assessed using task completion time, perceived task difficulty, and subjective workload.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the clinically established method of task delegation performed best under the study conditions. In general, gesture control failed to exceed the clinical input approach. However, the Myo Gesture Control Armband showed a potential for simple image selection task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel input modalities have the potential to take over single tasks more efficiently than clinically established methods. The results of our user study show the relevance of task characteristics such as task complexity on performance with specific input modalities. Accordingly, future work should consider task characteristics to provide a useful gesture interface for a specific use case instead of an all-in-one solution.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Computer Science, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. hettig@isg.cs.uni-magdeburg.de.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-2048
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hettig
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Computer Science, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saalfeld
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Computer Science, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luz
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skalej
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Computer Science, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5734-7529
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D005868:Gestures; D006801:Humans; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D057188:Workflow
keywords: Evaluation; Human–computer interaction; Image-guided interventions; Interventional neuroradiology