title: FGD5 amplification in breast cancer patients is associated with tumour proliferation and a poorer prognosis.
abstract: Proliferation is a hallmark of cancer. Using a combined genomic approach, FGD5 amplification has been identified as a driver of proliferation in Luminal breast cancer. We aimed to describe FGD5 copy number change in breast cancer, and to assess a possible association with tumour proliferation and prognosis.
  
  
  
  We used fluorescence in situ hybridization targeting FGD5 and chromosome 3 centromere (CEP3) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from 430 primary breast cancers and 108 lymph node metastases, from a cohort of Norwegian breast cancer patients. We tested the association between FGD5 copy number status and proliferation (assessed by Ki67 levels and mitotic count) using Pearson's Chi square test, and assessed the prognostic impact of FGD5 copy number change by estimating cumulative risks of death and hazard ratios.
  
  
  
  We identified FGD5 amplification (defined as FGD5/CEP3 ratio ≥2 or mean FGD5/tumour cell ≥4) in 9.5% of tumours. Mitotic count and Ki67 levels were higher in tumours with FGD5 copy number increase, compared to tumours with no copy number change. After 10 years of follow-up, cumulative risk of death from breast cancer was higher among cases with FGD5 amplification [48.1% (95% CI 33.8-64.7)], compared to non-amplified cases [27.7% (95% CI 23.4-32.6)].
  
  
  
  FGD5 is a new prognostic marker in breast cancer, and increased copy number is associated with higher tumour proliferation and poorer long-term prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway. marit.valla@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valla
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.|Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Monica Jernberg
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Engstrøm
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Borgny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ytterhus
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Åse Kristin Skain
authors.initials: ÅK
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Lars Andreas
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Akslen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Lars Johan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Vatten
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Signe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Opdahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Anna Mary
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bofin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020555:GTP-Binding Protein Regulators / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models
chemical_list: C484093:CDC42EP3 protein, human; C572072:FGD5 protein, human; D020555:GTP-Binding Protein Regulators; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors
keywords: Breast cancer; FGD5; FISH; Gene amplification; Prognosis; Proliferation