title: Effects of low-level laser therapy on pain in patients with musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on pain in adult patients with musculoskeletal disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was conducted in the Medline and PEDro databases. Two researchers independently screened titles and abstracts of the retrieved studies for eligibility. Quality assessment of the eligible studies was conducted using the PEDro rating scale. Studies that scored ≥4 were included. A random-effects model was used for this meta-analysis. Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted to evaluate the influence of the adherence of the applied LLLT to the World Association of Laser Therapy (WALT) guidelines, the anatomical site under investigation and the study design on the overall weighted mean effect size. Meta regression was used to assess the possible influence of the study quality on the individual study effect sizes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen studies allowing for 21 head-to-head comparisons (totaling N.=1462 participants) were included. The pooled raw mean difference (D) in pain between LLLT and the control groups was -0.85 (95% CI: -1.22 to -0.48). There was high (I²=85.6%) and significant between study heterogeneity (Cochran's Q =139.2; df=20; P<0.001). The subgroup meta-analysis of the comparisons not following the WALT guidelines revealed a D=-0.68 (95% CI: -1.09 to -0.27). In this group, heterogeneity decreased to I²=72.6% (Q=51.2; df=14; P<0.001). In the WALT subgroup D equaled -1.52 (95% CI: -2.34 to -0.70). This between groups difference was clinically relevant although statistically not significant (Q=3.24; df=1; P=0.072).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis presents evidence that LLLT is an effective treatment modality to reduce pain in adult patients with musculoskeletal disorders. Adherence to WALT dosage recommendations seems to enhance treatment effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart/Manno, Switzerland - ron.clijsen@supsi.ch.|University College Physiotherapy &quot;Thim van der Laan&quot;, Landquart, Switzerland - ron.clijsen@supsi.ch.|Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium - ron.clijsen@supsi.ch.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clijsen
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart/Manno, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart/Manno, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbero
authors.affiliation: Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clarys
authors.affiliation: Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.|Health Department, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taeymans
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome