title: Chemical modification of the cocoa shell surface using diazonium salts.
abstract: The outer portion of the cocoa bean, also known as cocoa husk or cocoa shell (CS), is an agrowaste material from the cocoa industry. Even though raw CS is used as food additive, garden mulch, and soil conditioner or even burnt for fuel, this biomass material has hardly ever been investigated for further modification. This article proposes a strategy of chemical modification of cocoa shell to add value to this natural material. The study investigates the grafting of aryl diazonium salt on cocoa shell. Different diazonium salts were grafted on the shell surface and characterized by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscopy imaging. Strategies were developed to demonstrate the spontaneous grafting of aryl diazonium salt on cocoa shell and to elucidate that lignin is mainly involved in immobilizing the phenyl layer.
authors.affiliation: Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fioresi
authors.affiliation: Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France. Electronic address: julien.vieillard@univ-rouen.fr.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vieillard
authors.affiliation: Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
authors.forename: Radhouane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bargougui
authors.affiliation: Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bouazizi
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Appliquée, Département de Chimie Inorganique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, B.P. 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Patrick Nkuigue
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Fotsing
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Appliquée, Département de Chimie Inorganique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, B.P. 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Emmanuel Djoufac
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Woumfo
authors.affiliation: Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.affiliation: Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mofaddel
authors.affiliation: Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Le Derf
mesh_terms: D002099:Cacao / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003979:Diazonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared
chemical_list: D003979:Diazonium Compounds; D008031:Lignin
keywords: Cocoa husk; Cocoa shell; Diazonium; Grafting; Lignin