title: Comparison of voiding cystourethrography and urosonography with second-generation contrast agents in simultaneous prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The invasiveness and exposure to radiation in voiding cystourethrography led to the introduction of alternative methods of diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux, including contrast enhanced voiding urosonography. While there is a limited number of studies comparing these methods using new generation ultrasound contrast agents, none of them compared both methods simultaneously. This study is aimed at assessing agreement between contrast enhanced voiding urosonography with second-generation ultrasound contrast agents and voiding cystourethrography.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 2013 to May 2014, 83 children (37 female and 46 male), mean age 3.5 years, age range from 1 month to 17.5 years, underwent prospective simultaneous assessment by contrast enhanced voiding urosonography and voiding cystourethrography, with a total of 166 uretero-renal units evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of voiding cystourethrography and contrast enhanced voiding urosonography were comparable, amounting to 88%, however, neither reached 100% for the entire studied population. The negative predictive value of voiding urosonography and voiding cystourethrography was 97%, and there was no difference between both methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Voiding cystourethrography and contrast enhanced voiding urosonography are comparable methods in diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux, and can be performed alternatively. However, some limitations of contrast enhanced voiding urosonography must be remembered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; M. Piskunowicz and D. Świętoń contributed equally to this work and are considered co-first authors.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piskunowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; M. Piskunowicz and D. Świętoń contributed equally to this work and are considered co-first authors.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Świętoń
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rybczyńska
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Czarniak
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Arkadiusz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szarmach
authors.affiliation: Institute of Statistics, Department of Economic Sciences, Faculty of Management and Economics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland.
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaszubowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szurowska
keywords: SonoVue; ultrasound contrast agent; vesicoureteral reflux; voiding cystourethrography; voiding urosonography