title: Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides as potential new fungal antagonists of Puccinia horiana Henn., the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust.
abstract: Puccinia horiana Hennings, the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust, is a worldwide quarantine organism and one of the most important fungal pathogens of Chrysanthemum × morifolium cultivars, which are used for cut flowers and as potted plants in commercial production regions of the world. It was previously reported to be controlled by Lecanicillium lecanii, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, C. uredinicola and Aphanocladium album, due to their antagonistic and hyperparasitic effects. We report novel antagonist species on Puccinia horiana. Fungi isolated from rust pustules in a commercial greenhouse from Villa Guerrero, México, were identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides based upon molecular analysis and morphological characters. The antagonism of C. cladosporioides and C. pseudocladosporioides on chrysanthemum white rust was studied using light and electron microscopy in vitro at the host/parasite interface. Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. pseudocladosporioides grew towards the white rust teliospores and colonized the sporogenous cells, but no direct penetration of teliospores was observed; however, the structure and cytoplasm of teliospores were altered. The two Cladosporium spp. were able to grow on media containing laminarin, but not when chitin was used as the sole carbon source; these results suggest that they are able to produce glucanases. Results from the study indicate that both Cladosporium species had potential as biological control agents of chrysanthemum white rust.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, México.
authors.forename: David Eduardo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0548
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, México.
authors.forename: Reyna Isabel
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Rojas-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, México.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zavaleta-Mejía
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guevara-Fefer
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México.
authors.forename: G Judith
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Márquez-Guzmán
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, México.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001681:Biological Assay; D002480:Cellulase / Q000378:metabolism; D002688:Chitinases / Q000494:pharmacology; D031202:Chrysanthemum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D002963:Cladosporium / Q000166:cytology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D003470:Culture Media; D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1; D002688:Chitinases; D002480:Cellulase