title: Epidemiological Investigation of a Diarrhea Outbreak in the South Pacific Island Nation of Tuvalu During a Severe La Niña-Associated Drought Emergency in 2011.
abstract: The association between heavy rainfall and an increased risk of diarrhea has been well established but less is known about the effect of drought on diarrhea transmission. In 2011, the Pacific island nation of Tuvalu experienced a concurrent severe La Niña-associated drought and large diarrhea outbreak. We conducted a field investigation in Tuvalu to identify factors that contributed to epidemic transmission in the context of a drought emergency. Peak case numbers coincided with the nadir of recorded monthly rainfall, the lowest recorded since 1930. Independent factors associated with increased risk of diarrhea were households with water tank levels below 20% (odds ratio [OR] = 2.31; 95% confidence interval = 1.16-4.60) and decreased handwashing frequency (OR = 3.00 [1.48-6.08]). The resolution of the outbreak occurred after implementation of a hygiene promotion campaign, despite persistent drought and limited water access. These findings are potentially important given projections that future climate change will cause more frequent and severe droughts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Jordan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Emont
authors.affiliation: Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.|Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Albert I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Tuvalu Ministry of Health, Funafuti, Tuvalu.
authors.forename: Avanoa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Homasi-Paelate
authors.affiliation: Tuvalu Ministry of Health, Funafuti, Tuvalu.
authors.forename: Nese
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ituaso-Conway
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Suva, Fiji.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Nilles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D057231:Climate Change; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D055864:Droughts; D059000:El Nino-Southern Oscillation; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008849:Micronesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult