title: Sources and spatial distribution of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Shanghai, China.
abstract: Atmospheric particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been drawing sustained attention due to their health risk and effects on air pollution. It is essential to determine the main sources and reduce atmospheric levels of PAHs to protect human health. PAHs in PM2.5have been detected at five sites located in five districts in Shanghai, a modern metropolitan city in China. Spatial and temporal variations of composition profiles and sources of PAHs at each site in each season were investigated. The results showed that atmospheric particulate PAHs level in Shanghai was the lowest in summer and the highest in winter, dominated by high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs. Analysis with a combination of coefficients of Pearson's correlation and coefficient of divergences indicated heterogeneous spatial and temporal distribution for LMW PAHs and homogenous distribution for HMW PAHs. Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model both identified pyrogenic sources as the main contributor of PAHs in Shanghai, with vehicular source contribution of 32-43% to the total PAHs annually and around 20% from biomass burning emissions in urban and urban buildup areas. While in winter, coal combustion and biomass burning could act as two major sources of PAHs in suburban areas, which could contribute to >70% of total PAHs measured in PM2.5in Shanghai.
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Caiqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors.forename: Xinming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Qingyan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Qianbiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Yihua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Yusen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Electronic address: xhqiu@pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xinghua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Electronic address: mzheng@pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
keywords: Composition profile; PAHs; Shanghai; Source; Spatial distribution