title: Self-Reported and FEMA Flood Exposure Assessment after Hurricane Sandy: Association with Mental Health Outcomes.
abstract: Hurricane Sandy caused extensive physical and economic damage; the long-term mental health consequences are unknown. Flooding is a central component of hurricane exposure, influencing mental health through multiple pathways that unfold over months after flooding recedes. Here we assess the concordance in self-reported and Federal Emergency Management (FEMA) flood exposure after Hurricane Sandy and determine the associations between flooding and anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Self-reported flood data and mental health symptoms were obtained through validated questionnaires from New York City and Long Island residents (N = 1231) following Sandy. Self-reported flood data was compared to FEMA data obtained from the FEMA Modeling Task Force Hurricane Sandy Impact Analysis. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to determine the relationship between flooding exposure and mental health outcomes. There were significant discrepancies between self-reported and FEMA flood exposure data. Self-reported dichotomous flooding was positively associated with anxiety (ORadj: 1.5 [95% CI: 1.1-1.9]), depression (ORadj: 1.7 [1.3-2.2]), and PTSD (ORadj: 2.5 [1.8-3.4]), while self-reported continuous flooding was associated with depression (ORadj: 1.1 [1.01-1.12]) and PTSD (ORadj: 1.2 [1.1-1.2]). Models with FEMA dichotomous flooding (ORadj: 2.1 [1.5-2.8]) or FEMA continuous flooding (ORadj: 1.1 [1.1-1.2]) were only significantly associated with PTSD. Associations between mental health and flooding vary according to type of flood exposure measure utilized. Future hurricane preparedness and recovery efforts must integrate micro and macro-level flood exposures in order to accurately determine flood exposure risk during storms and realize the long-term importance of flooding on these three mental health symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health Science and Policy and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Wil
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6851-6009
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lieberman-Cribbin
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health Science and Policy and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health Science and Policy and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taioli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D055867:Cyclonic Storms; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004190:Disasters; D005260:Female; D055868:Floods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult