title: The Evolution of Surgical Simulation: The Current State and Future Avenues for Plastic Surgery Education.
abstract: Alongside the ongoing evolution of surgical training toward a competency-based paradigm has come the need to reevaluate the role of surgical simulation in residency. Simulators offer the ability for trainees to acquire specific skills and for educators to objectively assess the progressive development of these skills. In this article, the authors discuss the historical evolution of surgical simulation, with a particular focus on its past and present role in plastic surgery education. The authors also discuss the future steps required to further advance plastic surgery simulation in an effort to continue to train highly competent plastic surgery graduates.
authors.affiliation: Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Boston, Mass.|From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, and the Steinberg Centre for Simulation and Interactive Learning, McGill University; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kazan
authors.affiliation: Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Boston, Mass.|From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, and the Steinberg Centre for Simulation and Interactive Learning, McGill University; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Shantale
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cyr
authors.affiliation: Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Boston, Mass.|From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, and the Steinberg Centre for Simulation and Interactive Learning, McGill University; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hemmerling
authors.affiliation: Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Boston, Mass.|From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, and the Steinberg Centre for Simulation and Interactive Learning, McGill University; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Boston, Mass.|From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, and the Steinberg Centre for Simulation and Interactive Learning, McGill University; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Mirko S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gilardino
mesh_terms: D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D005544:Forecasting; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000193:education*; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends*; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000193:education*