title: Randomized, Double-Blind Study on Sedatives and Hemodynamics During Rapid-Sequence Intubation in the Emergency Department: The SHRED Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare thiopental, fentanyl, and midazolam for rapid-sequence induction and intubation (RSI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-six patients undergoing RSI in the emergency department were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to receive either thiopental (5 mg/kg), fentanyl (5 μg/kg), or midazolam (.1 mg/kg) before paralysis was induced. Outcome measures were mortality, speed and ease of intubation, and hemodynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients who received thiopental, 93% were in tubated within 2 minutes of paralysis (P=.037), but systolic blood pressure fell an average of 38 mm Hg in this group (P=.045). The midazolam group had a greater number of delayed intubations (31%) and an average heart rate increase of 17 beats/minute (P=.008). Mortality (24% inhospital) was unaffected by drug assignment. In all three groups, patients with pulmonary edema had the greatest decrease in blood pressure during RSI, and patients exposed to multiple attempts at intubation manifested pronounced hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fentanyl provided the most neutral hemodynamic profile during RSI, although factors other than choice of sedative can play a more significant role in determining hemodynamic re sponse. Depth of sedation may influence the speed of RSI. [Sivilotti MLA, Ducharme J: Randomized, double-blind study on sedatives and hemodynamics during rapid-sequence intubation in the emergency department: The SHRED study. Ann Emerg Med March 1998;31;313-324.].
authors.forename: Marco LA
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sivilotti
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ducharme