title: Salivary glucose in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Monitoring glycaemia is essential for control of diabetes mellitus. Conventional blood-based measurement of glucose requires venepuncture or needle prick, which is not free from pain and risk of infection. The non-invasiveness, ease and low-cost in collection made saliva an attractive alternative sample. The objective of this review was to systematically review the evidence on the relationship between salivary glucose level and blood glucose level in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched studies which evaluate salivary glucose levels and serum glycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus in electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid and Google Scholar. We selected the eligible studies, following the inclusion criteria set for this review. Due to heterogeneity of studies, we conducted qualitative synthesis of studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten observational studies were included in this review, including a total of 321 cases and 323 controls with ages between 3 and 61 years and the majority were males (62%). Two studies were done exclusively on children below 17 years old. The significant difference between salivary glucose levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus and controls were reported in 6 studies with 8 data sets. Five studies with 7 datasets reported the correlation coefficient between salivary glucose and blood glucose in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that salivary glucose concentrations may be helpful in monitoring glycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, the utility of using salivary glucose level to monitor glycaemia should be evaluated in future well designed, prospective studies with adequate number of participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000 Malaysia.
authors.forename: Cho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naing
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000 Malaysia.
authors.forename: Joon Wah
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mak
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Diagnosis; Glucose; Saliva; Systematic review