title: Buprenorphine prescribing practice trends and attitudes among New York providers.
abstract: Buprenorphine office-based opioid maintenance is an increasingly common form of treatment for opioid use disorders. However, total prescribing has not kept pace with the current opioid and overdose epidemic and access remains scarce among the underserved. This study sought to assess current provider attitudes and clinical practices among a targeted sample of primarily New York City public sector buprenorphine prescribers. A cross-sectional online survey purposefully sampled buprenorphine prescribers in NYC with a focus on those serving Medicaid and uninsured patient populations. Expert review of local provider networks, snowball referrals, and in-person networking generated an email list, which received a survey link. A brief 25-question instrument queried provider and practice demographics, prescribing practices including induction approaches and attitudes regarding common hot topics (e.g., buprenorphine diversion, prescriber patient limits, insurance issues, ancillary treatments). Of 132 email invitations, N=72 respondents completed (n=64) or partially completed (n=8) the survey between January and April 2016. Most (79%) were Medicaid providers in non-psychiatric specialties (72%), working in a hospital-based or community general practice (51%), and board-certified in addiction medicine or psychiatry (58%). Practice sizes were generally 100 patients or fewer (71%); many providers (64%) individually prescribed buprenorphine <25% of total practice time to a median 23 patients (mean 31, range 0-102). Unobserved (home) induction for new patients was a common practice: 49% predominantly prescribed unobserved induction; 16% mixed unobserved and observed inductions. Adjunctive psychosocial counseling was routinely recommended (46%) or considered on a case-by-case basis (17%) versus mandated (37%). Medication prior authorization requirements were the highest rated barriers to practice, followed by inadequate clinic space, limited clinic time and/or support staff, and inadequate psychiatric services for dual diagnoses. Buprenorphine diversion was not rated as an important practice barrier. In conclusion, this targeted survey of buprenorphine prescribers in NYC treating primarily underserved populations showed a consistent pattern of part-time prescribing to modest volumes of patients, routine use of unobserved buprenorphine induction, and primarily elective referrals to psychosocial counseling. Barriers to prescribing included prior authorization requirements, lack of clinical resources (space, staff) and psychiatric services. Federal and local efforts to reduce such barriers may improve buprenorphine access among the underserved.
authors.affiliation: NYU School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, NY, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kermack
authors.affiliation: NYU School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, NY, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.affiliation: NYU School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, NY, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tofighi
authors.affiliation: NYU School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, NY, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McNeely
authors.affiliation: NYU School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, NY, NY 10016, USA. Electronic address: joshua.lee@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009519:New York City; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002047:Buprenorphine
keywords: Attitudes; Barriers; Buprenorphine; Providers