title: Structural Characterization of a Novel Polysaccharide from Lepidium meyenii (Maca) and Analysis of Its Regulatory Function in Macrophage Polarization in Vitro.
abstract: In our previous study, three novel polysaccharides, named MC-1, MC-2, and MC-3, were separated from the roots of maca (Lepidium meyenii), which is a food source from the Andes region. The structural information and immunomodulatory activity of MC-1 were then investigated. The structure and activity of MC-2 are still unknown. In this study, structural characterization revealed that MC-2 has an average molecular weight of 9.83 kDa and is composed of arabinose (20.9%), mannose (4.5%), glucose (71.9%), and galactose (2.7%). The main linkage types of MC-2 were proven to be (1→5)-α-l-Ara, (1→3)-α-l-Man, (1→)-α-d-Glc, (1→4)-α-d-Glc, (1→6)-α-d-Glc, and (1→6)-β-d-Gal by methylation and NMR analyses. Congo red assay showed that MC-2 possesses a triple-helix conformation. Immunostimulating assays indicated that MC-2 could induce M1 polarization of original macrophages and convert M2 macrophages into M1 phenotype. Although MC-2 could not shift M1 macrophages into M2, it could still inhibit inflammatory reactions induced by lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, Toll-like receptor 2, tTll-like receptor 4, complement receptor 3, and mannose receptor were confirmed as the membrane receptors for MC-2 on macrophages. These results indicate that MC-2 could potentially be used toward hypoimmunity and tumor therapies.
authors.affiliation: College of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
authors.forename: Mengmeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
authors.forename: Wenjia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: College of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
authors.forename: Yuqian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: College of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: College of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
authors.forename: Furao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: College of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-4772
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002236:Carbohydrate Conformation; D002460:Cell Line; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D029686:Lepidium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008745:Methylation; D051379:Mice; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: C556062:IL10 protein, mouse; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009005:Monosaccharides; D011134:Polysaccharides; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; D016753:Interleukin-10; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse
keywords: maca; macrophage; polarization; polysaccharides; structure