title: The psychometric properties of the 5-item gratitude questionnaire in Chinese adolescents.
abstract: WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: The GQ-6 is one of the most widely used self-report questionnaires to evaluate the level of gratitude among adults. The GQ-5 appears suitable for adolescents. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: We developed a Chinese version of the GQ-5 and examined evidence for its reliability and validity. Results demonstrated adequate reliability and validity, indicating that it is appropriate for the assessment of gratitude in Chinese adolescents. In addition, Chinese early adolescent females reported higher gratitude than adolescent males. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Screening adolescents who have lower levels of gratitude through the GQ-5 could help identify students who may benefit from empirically validated interventions to promote higher levels of gratitude in an effort to promote positive psychosocial and academic outcomes.
  Background This study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the 5-item Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-5). Method The sample consisted of 2093 middle school students (46.8% males) in mainland China. Confirmatory factor analysis and multigroup confirmatory factor analysis were performed to examine the factor structure and the measurement equivalence across gender. The convergent validity, Cronbach's α and mean interitem correlations of the GQ-5 were also evaluated. Results The results provided evidence of internal consistency reliability through a Cronbach's α of 0.812 and a mean interitem correlation of 0.463 for the total sample. The results also supported a one-dimensional factor structure. In addition, convergent validity was assessed by statistically significant positive correlations between the GQ-5 and the two subscales of the Children's Hope Scale (CHS) and the Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) total score. Finally, multigroup confirmatory factor analysis also demonstrated measurement equivalence across gender. Subsequent analyses of latent mean revealed gender differences in early adolescent male and female students. Conclusions The Chinese version of the GQ-5 appears to be a reliable and valid measure of gratitude among Chinese early adolescents. Early adolescent female students reported higher gratitude than early adolescent male students.
authors.affiliation: College of Education, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9728-960X
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.affiliation: College of Education, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lei
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002681:China; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
keywords: GQ-5; gender differences; gratitude; measurement equivalent