title: Cigarette Smoking and Sociodemographic, Military, and Health Characteristics of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans: 2009-2011 National Health Study for a New Generation of US Veterans.
abstract: We examined the sociodemographic, military, and health characteristics of current cigarette smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) / Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans and estimated smoking prevalence to better understand cigarette use in this population.
  
  
  
  We analyzed data from the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) 2009-2011 National Health Study for a New Generation of US Veterans. On the basis of a stratified random sample of 60 000 OEF/OIF veterans, we sought responses to a 72-item questionnaire via mail, telephone, or Internet. Cigarette smoking status was based on self-reported cigarette use in the past year. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate associations between smoking status and sociodemographic, military, and health characteristics.
  
  
  
  Among 19 911 veterans who provided information on cigarette smoking, 5581 were current smokers (weighted percentage: 32.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.7-33.2). Current smokers were more likely than nonsmokers or former smokers to be younger, to have less education or income, to be separated/divorced or never married/single, and to have served on active duty or in the army. Comparing current smokers and nonsmokers, some significant associations from adjusted analyses included the following: having a Mental Component Summary score (a measure of overall mental health) above the mean of the US population relative to below the mean (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73-0.90); having physician-diagnosed depression (aOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.33-1.74), respiratory conditions (aOR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04-1.30), or repeated seizures/blackouts/convulsions (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.22-2.67); heavy alcohol use vs never use (aOR = 5.49, 95% CI: 4.57-6.59); a poor vs excellent perception of overall health (aOR = 3.79, 95% CI: 2.60-5.52); and being deployed vs nondeployed (aOR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78-0.96). Using health care services from the VA protected against current smoking.
  
  
  
  Mental and physical health, substance use, and military service characteristics shape cigarette-smoking patterns in OEF/OIF veterans.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Patient Care Services, Post-Deployment Health Services, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Yasmin S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cypel
authors.affiliation: US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Patient Care Services, Mental Health Services, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamlett-Berry
authors.affiliation: US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Patient Care Services, Post-Deployment Health Services, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Patient Care Services, Mental Health Services, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Dana E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Christofferson
authors.affiliation: US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.affiliation: US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Patient Care Services, Post-Deployment Health Services, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eber
authors.affiliation: US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Patient Care Services, Post-Deployment Health Services, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Schneiderman
authors.affiliation: US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Patient Care Services, Post-Deployment Health Services, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bossarte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Afghanistan; Iraq; OEF/OIF; Operation Enduring Freedom; Operation Iraqi Freedom; cigarettes; health; smoking; veterans