title: The influence of proton pump inhibitors and other commonly used medication on the gut microbiota.
abstract: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), used to treat gastro-esophageal reflux and prevent gastric ulcers, are among the most widely used drugs in the world. The use of PPIs is associated with an increased risk of enteric infections. Since the gut microbiota can, depending on composition, increase or decrease the risk of enteric infections, we investigated the effect of PPI-use on the gut microbiota. We discovered profound differences in the gut microbiota of PPI users: 20% of their bacterial taxa were statistically significantly altered compared with those of non-users. Moreover, we found that it is not only PPIs, but also antibiotics, antidepressants, statins and other commonly used medication were associated with distinct gut microbiota signatures. As a consequence, commonly used medications could affect how the gut microbiota resist enteric infections, promote or ameliorate gut inflammation, or change the host's metabolism. More studies are clearly needed to understand the role of commonly used medication in altering the gut microbiota as well as the subsequent health consequences.
authors.affiliation: a University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Groningen , the Netherlands.|b University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen Department of Genetics , Groningen , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Floris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Imhann
authors.affiliation: a University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Groningen , the Netherlands.|b University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen Department of Genetics , Groningen , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arnau
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vich Vila
authors.affiliation: b University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen Department of Genetics , Groningen , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marc Jan
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bonder
authors.affiliation: c University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen Department of Pediatrics , Groningen , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ailine G
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8308-1357
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lopez Manosalva
authors.affiliation: c University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen Department of Pediatrics , Groningen , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Debby P Y
authors.initials: DPY
authors.lastname: Koonen
authors.affiliation: c University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen Department of Pediatrics , Groningen , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jingyuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: b University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen Department of Genetics , Groningen , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cisca
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5635-1614
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wijmenga
authors.affiliation: b University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen Department of Genetics , Groningen , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhernakova
authors.affiliation: a University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Groningen , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rinse K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Weersma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors
keywords: gut microbiota; medication; proton pump inhibitors