title: Is apelin gene expression and concentration affected by dietary intakes? A systematic review.
abstract: Overproduction of apelin in obesity could be one of the last protective defenses before type 2 diabetes develops. To summarize the existing evidence on the association between dietary intake and apelin gene expression and concentration. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and google scholar and hand-searched bibliographies, including peer-reviewed articles with English abstracts, without restriction in publication date, updated until 21 February 2016 that reported the association between dietary intake and apelin gene expression or concentration. From a total of 1075 articles, we identified 12 relevant studies. There were 6 clinical trials in human and 6 studies in animals. Overall, two of three studies conducted in humans showed that calorie-restriction diet in obese subjects decreases apelin concentration. Five animal studies reported that higher intake of fatty acids and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) increased apelin expression and concentration. Given the paucity of data available, the heterogeneity of study designs used, and exposures tested, no quantitative meta-analysis was justified. Based on human studies, hypocaloric diet can reduce apelin concentration in obese individuals. In addition, higher intakes of total fatty acids and EPA may increase apelin gene expression and concentration.
authors.affiliation: a Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|b Student Research Committee, Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yuzbashian
authors.affiliation: c Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zarkesh
authors.affiliation: a Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Golaleh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asghari
authors.affiliation: c Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedayati
authors.affiliation: d Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safarian
authors.affiliation: a Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirmiran
authors.affiliation: e Obesity Treatment Center, Department of Surgery , Shahed University , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khalaj
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000073861:Apelin / Q000235:genetics*; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000073861:Apelin
keywords: Fatty acids; adipose tissue; eicosapentaenoic acid; hypocaloric diet