title: Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Anti-proliferative Capacities of Dried Leaf and Its Extract from Xao tam phan (Paramignya trimera).
abstract: Xao tam phan (Paramignya trimera) has been used for the treatment of cancer and cancer-like aliments. Among different parts of the P. trimera plant, leaf is considered as a residual part after harvesting of the root. This study aimed to determine the physiochemical properties and the antioxidant and anti-proliferative capacities of P. trimera leaf (PTL) using microwave drying for the preparation of dry sample; MeOH and microwave-assisted extraction for the preparation of crude extract; and freeze-drying for the preparation of powdered extract. The results showed that total phenolic, total flavonoid, proanthocyanidin, and saponin contents of PTL prepared by microwave drying at 450 W were 25.4 mg gallic acid equiv. (GAE), 86.3 mg rutin equiv. (RE), 5.6 mg catechin equiv. (CE), and 702.1 mg escin equiv. (EE) per gram dried sample, respectively. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, and quercetin were identified in the PTL MeOH extract. Dried PTL displayed potent antioxidant activity, while the powdered PTL extract exhibited great anti-proliferative capacity on various cancer cell lines including MiaPaCa-2 (pancreas), HT29 (colon), A2780 (ovarian), H460 (lung), A431 (skin), Du145 (prostate), BE2-C (neuroblastoma), MCF-7 (breast), MCF-10A (normal breast), and U87, SJ-G2, and SMA (glioblastoma). Anti-proliferative capacity on pancreatic cancer cells (MiaCaPa2, BxPc3, and CFPAC1) of PTL extract (200 μg/ml) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of ostruthin (20 μg/ml) and gemcitabine (50 nm), and to be comparable to the powdered P. trimera root extract and a saponin-enriched extract from quillajia bark (a commercial product). The findings from this study allow us to conclude that the PTL is a rich source of phytochemicals that possess promising antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities, therefore it shows potential as lead compounds for application in the nutraceutical, medicinal and pharmaceutical industries.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia.|Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, Nha Trang University, No. 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, 8458, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Van Tang
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennette A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sakoff
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Scarlett
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008872:Microwaves; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D027821:Rutaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012503:Saponins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D012503:Saponins; C013221:proanthocyanidin
keywords: 
  Paramignya trimera
  ; Anti-proliferative potential; Antioxidant capaticity; Phytochemicals; Xao tam phan