title: Associations between food insecurity and the severity of psychological distress among African-Americans.
abstract: Little research exists on the association between food insecurity and mild to moderate psychological distress (MPD) among Black/African-Americans. In this study, we assess the relationship between food insecurity with and without hunger to that of both MPD and serious psychological distress (SPD) among this population.
  
  
  
  2009 and 2011/2012 adult public-use data from African-American respondents of the California Health Interview Survey were utilized for this study (n = 4003). Descriptive statistics were utilized to identify prevalence of psychological distress among sociodemographic and mental-health associated variables. Bivariate analyses were conducted between these variables and psychological distress using survey-weighted chi-square analyses. To evaluate the association between psychological distress, our primary exposure variable of food security, and other variables, we utilized survey-weighted multinomial logistic regression.
  
  
  
  Prevalence of mild to MPD was higher among those reporting food insecurity while SPD was highest for those with food insecurity and hunger. Results of multinomial logistic regression analysis demonstrate that while MPD was significantly associated with food insecurity, Black/African-Americans with food insecurity and hunger displayed over sixfold odds of higher serious psychological distress, as compared to those living at or above 200% federal poverty level.
  
  
  
  Our findings add to this growing segment of the literature on psychological distress and food insecurity. Further focus should be placed on improving the efficacy and reach of both formal and informal food support networks to improve the collective health and well-being of poor Black/African-American communities.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Science and Human Ecology , California State University, San Bernardino , San Bernardino , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Nickolas L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: b School of Allied Health Professions , Loma Linda University , Loma Linda , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Becerra
authors.affiliation: c Department of Health Science and Human Ecology , California State University, San Bernardino , San Bernardino , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Monideepa B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Becerra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D002140:California; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Black Americans; California Health Interview Survey; food security; serious psychological distress