title: Blown by the wind: the ecology of male courtship display behavior in orchid bees.
abstract: Many insects rely on chemical signals to transmit precise information on the location, identity, and quality of potential mates. Chemical signals are often broadcasted at sites with physical properties that maximize signal propagation and signal transmission. Male neotropical orchid bees (Euglossini) perch and display on vertical branches and tree trunks in the forest to expose volatile blends (perfumes) that they previously collected from their environment. Previous studies have shown that the chemical composition of perfume blends is highly differentiated even between closely related species. However, variation in behavioral components of perfume exposure and male display remain poorly understood. We conducted a four-year study on orchid bee display sites (8 species) in pacific Costa Rica, using field observations along with chemical analysis and cage experiments to assess display niche partitioning among sympatric species. We evaluated the influence of physical factors (terrain, wind, light) on the distribution of perch sites and on display behavior, and tested a prediction of the sex pheromone-analogue hypothesis, i.e., that displaying males have above-average quantities or qualities of acquired perfumes. Males of different species displayed in the same general area and sometimes in close proximity to each other, but partitioned the display niche by selecting different perch diameters, display heights, and by displaying at different times of the day. Most perch sites were located inside the forest on elevated ground, especially along ridges, where stronger winds may help disperse perfume signals. Furthermore, the angular position of displaying males on perches was narrowly determined by wind direction, with males being positioned on the downwind side of the perch, where they would be most conspicuous to conspecifics approaching on an odor trail. Although our results generally support the hypothesis that perfumes serve as pheromone analogues, we did not find differences in the perfume composition of males caught at display perches and males captured at chemical baits. This suggests that, while chemical communication is an integral part of orchid bee display, male display activity is not determined by the history of, and success in, volatile acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pokorny
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vogler
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Losch
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schlütting
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Juarez
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bissantz
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Santiago R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eltz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D003364:Costa Rica; D003380:Courtship; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D013045:Species Specificity; D014919:Wind
keywords: Euglossini; chemical communication; chemical ecology; fragrance; hilltopping; lek; perfume; pheromone; sexual display