title: The Potential Role of an Endotoxin Tolerance-Like Mechanism for the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Spirulina platensis Organic Extract in Macrophages.
abstract: Endotoxin tolerance is a phenomenon where exposure of innate immune cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a refractory state to subsequent endotoxin exposures. The goal of this study was to investigate if Spirulina platensis organic extract (SPE) induces an endotoxin tolerance-like state. We used splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS) control or a HF/HS diet containing 0.25% (w/w) SPE for 16 weeks for ex vivo LPS stimulation and endotoxin-tolerant (ET) macrophages to evaluate the effects of SPE on endotoxin tolerance. Cells from SPE-fed mice displayed significantly less expression of proinflammatory genes than those from control mice. ET macrophages were produced in vitro by incubating RAW 264.7 macrophages with low-dose LPS to determine the energy phenotype of naive, SPE-treated, and ET macrophages. Compared to naive macrophages exposed to a high-dose LPS (100 ng/mL) for the first time, ET macrophages showed significantly less proinflammatory gene expression after LPS stimulation, which was also observed with SPE treatment. Consistently, nuclear translocation of p65 was markedly reduced in both ET- and SPE-treated macrophages on LPS stimulation with increase in nuclear protein levels of p50 and B cell lymphoma 3-encoded protein. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory effect of SPE is at least partly attributable to the induction of an endotoxin tolerance-like state in macrophages, which shares common characteristics of macrophage endotoxin tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA .
authors.forename: Tho X
authors.initials: TX
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA .
authors.forename: Young-Ki
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA .
authors.forename: Minkyung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA .
authors.forename: Ji-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D053545:Spirulina / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004731:Endotoxins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Spirulina platensis; endotoxin tolerance; inflammation