title: Association between particulate matter 2.5 and diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of cohort studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present meta-analysis was carried out to assess the association between exposure to the level of atmospheric particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5; fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) and type 2 diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane and Web of Science databases to obtain articles according to the responding literature search strategies. Among a total of 279 identified articles, 55 were reviewed in depth, of which 10 articles (11 cohort studies) satisfied the inclusion criteria. Only cohort studies that disclosed the association between PM2.5 and type 2 diabetes mellitus or GDM were included in this article. A fixed-effects model was selected if P > 0.1 and I2< 50%; otherwise, a random-effects model would be used to calculate the total effect value. Subgroup analysis was further carried out according to the types of diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes mellitus and GDM). The relative risk was used to estimate the association between PM2.5 and diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The positive associations between PM2.5 and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus were found in the long-term exposure period (relative risk 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.10-1.43), which showed that with every 10-μg/m3increase in PM2.5, the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus would increase by 25% in the long-term exposure. Although the significant associations were not identified between maternal exposure to PM2.5 and GDM in the first trimester, the second trimester and the entire pregnancy periods, we could conclude that maternal exposure to PM2.5 in the entire pregnancy period would be more likely to lead to developing GDM (relative risk 1.162, 95% confidence interval 0.806-1.675) than the other two periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term exposure to PM2.5 would be more likely to lead to developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, but more studies would be required to confirm the association between PM2.5 and GDM. It might be a wise to take effective measures to reduce PM2.5 exposure in vulnerable populations, especially for pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shaowen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Haiping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: School of Health Administration and Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xingming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Meta-analysis; Particulate matter 2.5