title: The relative reinforcing value of sweet versus savory snack foods after consumption of sugar- or non-nutritive sweetened beverages.
abstract: The effects of sugar-sweetened (SSB) and non-nutritive sweetened (NSB) beverages on the regulation of appetite, energy intake and body weight regulation remain controversial. Using a behavioral choice paradigm, we sought to determine the effects of consuming a SSB or NSB on appetite and the reinforcing value of sweet relative to salty/savory snack foods. In a randomized crossover study, 21 healthy weight adults consumed 360 ml of SSB (sucrose; 31 g) or NSB (sucralose; 4 g) with a standardized meal. Hedonic ratings for the sweet and salty/savory snack foods used for the reinforcement task were assessed prior to the start of the study. Satiety and the desire to eat foods with a specific taste profile were assessed before and every 30 min post-meal for 4 h. The relative reinforcing value of the snack foods was assessed using a computer-based choice task (operant responding with concurrent schedules of reinforcement) 4 h post-meal. Hedonic ratings did not differ between the most highly liked sweet and salty/savory snack foods. Beverage type did not influence measures of satiety or the desire to eat foods with a specific taste. However, sweet snacks were more (p < 0.05) reinforcing relative to salty/savory snack foods after consuming a NSB than after a SSB. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that NSB can increase the motivation to gain access to sweet snacks relative to salty/savory snack foods later in the day.
authors.affiliation: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Ave. North, Grand Forks, ND, 58203-9034, USA. Electronic address: shanon.casperson@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Shanon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Casperson
authors.affiliation: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Ave. North, Grand Forks, ND, 58203-9034, USA.
authors.forename: LuAnn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Ave. North, Grand Forks, ND, 58203-9034, USA.
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Roemmich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D001628:Beverages; D002755:Choice Behavior; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology; D000073417:Dietary Sugars / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057181:Pleasure; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D012527:Satiation; D062410:Snacks; D013395:Sucrose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D013649:Taste; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D000073417:Dietary Sugars; D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners; D013395:Sucrose; C026285:trichlorosucrose
keywords: Food reinforcement; Non-nutritive sweetened; Snack foods; Sugar-sweetened; “Diet” drinks