title: Food consumption survey of Shanghai adults in 2012 and its associations with phthalate metabolites in urine.
abstract: Diet is considered to be a significant exposure pathway for phthalates. In this study, we assessed the associations between food consumption and urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites among Shanghai adults.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study involving 2418 participants was conducted in the fall of 2012. Recent food consumption was assessed by a 24-h dietary recall survey, and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) characterized long-term dietary patterns. Urinary metabolites of six phthalates were measured.
  
  
  
  Both the 24-h recall survey and FFQ identified wheat, dairy, and fruits as being positively associated with the excretion of phthalate metabolites. The 24-h recall data also showed positive associations with processed meats and alcohol. We evaluated the impact of reported consumption of multiple food categories simultaneously (wheat, fruits, meats, etc.) on metabolite excretion and found that, as more food types were consumed, the number of metabolites excreted, as well as their concentrations, increased with high significance (p values<0.0001). We also evaluated the two survey instruments together. When both surveys reported consumption of fruits and dairy, the numbers of metabolites and their concentrations were significantly higher compared to when both surveys reported non-consumption, (p values<0.000001). Rice consumption was found to be negatively associated with phthalate excretion; frequent and high levels of rice consumption were found to be associated with lower excretion of metabolites.
  
  
  
  Food consumption was associated with phthalate exposure in Shanghai adults. Both 24-h recall and FFQ identified significant associations between consumption of food types and phthalate exposure.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ruihua
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institutes of Preventive Medicine, China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shanzhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Meiru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jingsi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shuguang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: chenb@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid
keywords: 24-hour recall survey; Food Frequency Questionnaire; Phthalate metabolites in urine; Shanghai adults