title: Role of inflammatory cytokines in depression: Focus on interleukin-1β.
abstract: According to the World Health Organization, major depression will become the leading cause of disability worldwide by the year 2030. Despite extensive research into the mechanisms underlying this disease, the rate, prevalence and disease burden has been on the rise, particularly in the industrialized world. Epidemiological studies have shown biological and biochemical differences in disease characteristics and treatment responses in different age groups. Notable differences have been observed in the clinical presentation, co-prevalence with other diseases, interaction with the immune system and even in the outcome. Thus, there is an increased interest in characterizing these differences, particularly in terms of contribution of different factors, including age, cytokines and immunotherapy. Research into the possible mechanisms of these interactions may reveal novel opportunities for future pharmacotherapy. The aim of the present review is to document recent literature regarding the impact of inflammatory mechanisms on the pathophysiology of the depressive disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rai Khalid
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Farooq
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH & RC), Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kashif
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shahzina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab 40100, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zulqernain
keywords: cytokines; depression; interleukin-1β; neuroinflammation