title: Role of cigarette smoking in urological malignancies and clinical interventions for smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking is the single greatest preventable cause of disease and death. Our literature review highlights the increased risk of cigarette smoking and kidney cancer, bladder cancer and prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking cessation improves outcomes at all stages of these disease processes, where patients who quit for 10-20 years appear to obtain a similar risk as those who have never smoked, even after diagnosis of disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urologists, however, very seldom provide smoking cessation assistance. By applying brief smoking cessation intervention techniques, physicians' posses an effective means of providing quitting advice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who receive smoking cessation advice from their urologist are 2.3 times more likely to attempt to quit. Urologists are well-positioned to screen, counsel, and promote cessation at regular intervals, which may improve quit rates, and ultimately improve our patients' outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urooncology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Hospital, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sosnowski
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, NYU Lutheran Medical Center, NYU Langone Health System, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bjurlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verze
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, University 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Cosimo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Nunzio
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Shahrokh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Shariat
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ausl Modena, B. Ramazzini Hospital, Carpi-Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brausi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, UCLA Institute of Urologic Oncology, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Donin
keywords: bladder; erectile dysfunction; kidney; prostate; smoking cessation