title: Sufficient levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and protein intake required to increase muscle mass in sarcopenic older adults - The PROVIDE study.
abstract: Inadequate nutritional intake and altered response of aging muscles to anabolic stimuli from nutrients contribute to the development of sarcopenia. Nutritional interventions show inconsistent results in sarcopenic older adults, which might be influenced by their basal nutritional status.
  
  
  
  To test if baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and dietary protein intake influenced changes in muscle mass and function in older adults who received nutritional intervention.
  
  
  
  Post-hoc analysis was performed in the PROVIDE study that was a randomized controlled, double blind trial among 380 sarcopenic older adults. This study showed that those who received a vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein medical nutrition drink for 13 weeks gained more appendicular muscle mass (aMM), and improved lower-extremity function as assessed by the chair stand test compared with controls. To define low and high groups, a baseline serum concentration of 50 nmol/L 25(OH)D and baseline dietary protein intake of 1.0 g/kg/d were used as cut offs.
  
  
  
  At baseline, participants with lower 25(OH)D concentrations showed lower muscle mass, strength and function compared with participants with a high 25(OH)D, while the group with lower protein intake (g/kg/day) had more muscle mass at baseline compared with the participants with higher protein intake. Participants with higher baseline 25(OH)D concentrations and dietary protein intake had, independent of other determinants, greater gain in appendicular muscle mass, skeletal muscle index (aMM/h2), and relative appendicular muscle mass (aMM/body weight × 100%) in response to the nutritional intervention. There was no effect modification of baseline 25(OH)D status or protein intake on change in chair-stand test.
  
  
  
  Sufficient baseline levels of 25(OH)D and protein intake may be required to increase muscle mass as a result of intervention with a vitamin D and protein supplement in sarcopenic older adults. This suggests that current cut-offs in the recommendations for vitamin D and protein intake could be considered the "minimum" for adults with sarcopenia to respond adequately to nutrition strategies aimed at attenuating muscle loss.
authors.affiliation: Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: G.Verlaan@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Sjors
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verlaan
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Aged Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Frailty in Ageing Research Group (FRIA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bautmans
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Human Nutrition, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Donini
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maggio
authors.affiliation: Ageing and Health, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marion E T
authors.initials: MET
authors.lastname: McMurdo
authors.affiliation: Frailty in Ageing Research Group (FRIA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mets
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seal
authors.affiliation: Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sander L J
authors.initials: SLJ
authors.lastname: Wijers
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Cornel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sieber
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Boirie
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cederholm
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007930:Leucine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014815:Vitamins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D007930:Leucine
keywords: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; Muscle mass; Oral nutritional supplement; Protein intake; Sarcopenia