title: Pattern of novel object exploration in cynomolgus monkey Macaca fascicularis.
abstract: Primates exhibit substantial capacity for behavioral innovation, expanding the diversity of their behavioral repertoires, and benefiting both individual survival and species development in evolution. Novel object exploration is an integral part of behavioral innovation. Thus, qualitative and quantitative analysis of novel object exploration helps to better understand behavioral innovation.
  
  
  
  To study the pattern of novel object exploration, two different sized balls were sequentially introduced to singly caged cynomolgus monkeys. Two aspects of monkeys' behaviors were analyzed: the types of motor activities in toy playing and whether there is an orderly sequence of such motor activities during novelty exploration.
  
  
  
  Four types of behavioral activities (oral contact, gross and fine forelimb motor, and hind limb motor) followed a pattern: first forelimb gross motor and oral contact, followed by forelimb fine motor and hind limb activities. Oral contact appeared to be an important behavior in monkeys' repertoire of novelty exploratory behaviors, both as an early appearing activity, and showing a consistent pattern of high cumulative time for two different novel objects.
  
  
  
  These results provide a profile of novel object exploratory behaviors in cynomolgus monkeys, contributing to a better understanding of this aspect of behavioral innovation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qinglian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhiheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Meilei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.|ShanghaiBio Corporation, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: ShanghaiBio Corporation, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Gang Jason
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4339-3951
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D010988:Play and Playthings
keywords: cynomolgus monkey; non-human primate; novel object exploration