title: A Method for Measuring Orientation Within a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner Using Gravity and the Static Magnetic Field (VectOrient).
abstract: In MRI brain imaging, subject motion limits obtainable image clarity. Due to the hardware layout of an MRI scanner, gradient excitations can be used to rapidly detect position. Orientation, however, is more difficult to detect and is commonly calculated by comparing the position measurements of multiple spatially constrained points to a reference dataset. The result is increased size of the apparatus the subject must wear, which can influence the imaging workflow. In optical based methods marker attachment sites are limited due to the line of sight requirement between the camera and marker, and an external reference frame is introduced. To address these challenges a method called VectOrient is proposed for orientation measurement that is based on vector observations of gravity and the MRI scanner's static magnetic field. A prototype device comprising of an accelerometer, magnetometer and angular rate sensor shows good MRI compatibility. Phantom scans of a pineapple with zero scanner specific calibration achieve comparable results to a rigid body registration algorithm with deviations less than 0.8 degrees over 28 degree changes in orientation. Dynamic performance shows potential for prospective motion correction as rapid changes in orientation (peak 20 degrees per second) can be corrected. The pulse sequence implemented achieves orientation updates with a latency estimated to be less than 12.7 ms, of which only a small fraction (<1 ms) is used for computing orientation from the raw sensor signals. The device is capable of quantifying subject respiration and heart rates. The proposed approach for orientation estimation could help address some limitations of existing methods such as orientation measurement range, temporal resolution, ease of use and marker placement.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Niekerk
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Kouwe
authors.forename: Ernesta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meintjes
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies