title: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginsenoside Rg3 via NF-κB Pathway in A549 Cells and Human Asthmatic Lung Tissue.
abstract: Objective. There is limited information of the anti-inflammatory effects of Rg3 on inflamed lung cells and tissues. Therefore, we confirmed the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 in inflamed human airway epithelial cells (A549) and tissues whether Rg3 regulates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity.Methods. To induce the inflammation, IL-1β(10 ng/ml) was treated to A549 cells for 4 h. The effects of Rg3 on NF-κB activity and COX-2 expression were evaluated by western blotting analysis in both IL-1β-induced inflamed A549 cell and human asthmatic airway epithelial tissues. Using multiplex cytokines assay, the secretion levels of NF-κB-mediated cytokines/chemokines were measured.Result. Rg3 showed the significant inhibition of NF-κB activity thereby reduced COX-2 expression was determined in both IL-1β-induced inflamed A549 cell and human asthmatic airway epithelial tissues. In addition, among NF-κB-mediated cytokines, the secretion levels of IL-4, TNF-α, and eotaxin were significantly decreased by Rg3 in asthma tissues. Even though there was no significant difference, IL-6, IL-9, and IL-13 secretion showed a lower tendency compared to saline-treated human asthmatic airway epithelial tissues.Conclusion. The results from this study demonstrate the potential of Rg3 as an anti-inflammatory agent through regulating NF-κB activity and reducing the secretion of NF-κB-mediated cytokines/chemokines.
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In-Seung
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: InJoon
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Uh
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Suk
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kang-Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Jae
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeung-Jin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4996-9053
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jang
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D000293:Adolescent; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054413:Chemokine CCL11 / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000009:adverse effects; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; C515456:CCL11 protein, human; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D036145:Ginsenosides; C508585:IL1B protein, human; C508598:IL4 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; C508607:IL9 protein, human; D018793:Interleukin-13; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016906:Interleukin-9; C498143:RELA protein, human; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; C097367:ginsenoside Rg3; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human