title: Imaging of venous compression syndromes.
abstract: Venous compression syndromes are a unique group of disorders characterized by anatomical extrinsic venous compression, typically in young and otherwise healthy individuals. While uncommon, they may cause serious complications including pain, swelling, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, and post-thrombotic syndrome. The major disease entities are May-Thurner syndrome (MTS), variant iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS), venous thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS)/Paget-Schroetter syndrome, nutcracker syndrome (NCS), and popliteal venous compression (PVC). In this article, we review the key clinical features, multimodality imaging findings, and treatment options of these disorders. Emphasis is placed on the growing role of noninvasive imaging options such as magnetic resonance venography (MRV) in facilitating early and accurate diagnosis and tailored intervention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Evan J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Zucker
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Suvranu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganguli
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Brian B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Ghoshhajra
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Anand M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
keywords: May-Thurner syndrome (MTS); Venous compression; magnetic resonance venography (MRV); nutcracker syndrome (NCS); thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)