title: Markers of Oxidative Stress in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease are Influenced by Sex, Neuter Status, and Serum Cholesterol Concentration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease has been associated with oxidative stress, which has been suggested to contribute to myocardial remodeling in human patients. Little is known about the relationship between myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and oxidative stress in dogs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether clinical stage of MMVD is associated with changes in the plasma concentrations of certain markers of oxidative stress in clinically healthy dogs and dogs with MMVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy five privately owned dogs: 59 cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) with different severities of MMVD and 16 dogs of different breeds with clinical signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) caused by MMVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Markers of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), and vitamin E (α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol) were measured in plasma and their association with clinical stage of MMVD was assessed by regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma oxLDL concentration was significantly lower in female dogs compared with males (P = .01). Significantly higher plasma γ-tocopherol concentrations were found in neutered (P = .003) dogs. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol [P = .0004] and γ-tocopherol [P = .003]) was associated with body condition score (BCS), but the association disappeared when cholesterol was included in the analyses. All markers of oxidative stress (MDA, oxLDL, and vitamin E) were positively associated with serum cholesterol concentration (P ≤ .04), but none were associated with clinical stage of MMVD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, markers of oxidative stress are associated with sex, BCS, neuter status, and cholesterol. The results cannot confirm a relationship between oxidative stress and clinical stage of the disease in dogs with MMVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reimann
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Häggström
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lykkesfeldt
authors.affiliation: Din Veterinär, Helsingborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008943:Mitral Valve; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013045:Species Specificity; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D014810:Vitamin E; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Malondialdehyde; Oxidized low-density lipoprotein; Valvular disease; Vitamin E