title: Contrast enhanced ultrasound in urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder: An underutilized staging and grading modality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as a modality to predict T stage of cancer of urinary bladder (CAUB) and to predict the grade of the tumor preoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  110 patients with CAUB presenting to the Department of Urology at our institution between July 2014 and December 2015 underwent CEUS prior to endoscopic resection and the CEUS findings were compared with histopathology results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CEUS had a sensitivity of 75, 65 and 90% and specificity of 95, 85 and 92% in detecting Ta, T1 and muscle invasion respectively. CEUS had a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 85% in detecting the grade of the lesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CEUS is a good alternative for T staging and grading of CAUB preoperatively. It is uniquely advantageous in detecting clots or necrosis and in patients with low eGFR where other imaging modalities are contraindicated.
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Vijayant Govinda
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Shrawan Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Anupam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kakkar
keywords: bladder cancer; contrast enhanced ultrasound; grading; staging; urooncology; uroradiology