title: Genetics of schizophrenia: A consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Genetics.
abstract: Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disease affecting about 1% of the general population. The relative contribution of genetic factors has been estimated to be up to 80%. The mode of inheritance is complex, non-Mendelian, and in most cases involving the combined action of large numbers of genes.
  
  
  
  This review summarises recent efforts to identify genetic variants associated with schizophrenia detected, e.g., through genome-wide association studies, studies on copy-number variants or next-generation sequencing.
  
  
  
  A large, new body of evidence on genetics of schizophrenia has accumulated over recent years. Many new robustly associated genetic loci have been detected. Furthermore, there is consensus that at least a dozen microdeletions and microduplications contribute to the disease. Genetic overlap between schizophrenia, other psychiatric disorders, and neurodevelopmental syndromes raised new questions regarding the current classification of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases.
  
  
  
  Future studies will address especially the functional characterisation of genetic variants. This will hopefully open the doors to our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other related diseases. Complementary, integrated systems biology approaches to genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics may also play crucial roles in enabling a precision medicine approach to the treatment of individual patients.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics , Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany.|b Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany.
authors.forename: Ina
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8407-7512
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giegling
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychiatriy , Charles University, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ladislav
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hosak
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Rainald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mössner
authors.affiliation: e Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4363-3759
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serretti
authors.affiliation: f Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal, Pôle Neurosciences , Paris , France.|g Equipe 1, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bellivier
authors.affiliation: h GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.|i Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.affiliation: j Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre , Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK.|k Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Erl Wood Manor , Surrey , UK.
authors.forename: David A
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4087-1559
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.affiliation: l Argentinean Association of Biological Psychiatry , National University, UNT, Buenos Aires , Argentina.
authors.forename: Alejo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corrales
authors.affiliation: m VA Boston Health Care System , Brockton , MA , USA.|n Department of Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Lynn E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: DeLisi
authors.affiliation: o Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: p Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: q Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , ON , Canada.|r Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada.|s Department of Psychiatry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.|t Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.
authors.forename: James L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8733-3806
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: u Equipe Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Inserm U955 , Créteil , France.|v DHU Pe-Psy, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie , AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor , Créteil , France.|w Pôle de Psychiatrie , Hôpital Albert Chenevier , Créteil , France.|x Fondation FondaMental , Créteil , France.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leboyer
authors.affiliation: y Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Bonn, Bonn , Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.affiliation: z Asistencia, Docencia e Investigación en Neurociencia , Buenos Aires , Argentina.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marquez
authors.affiliation: aa UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, ULB , Bruxelles , Belgium.|ab National Fund of Scientific Research (FNRS) , Bruxelles , Belgium.|ac Laboratory of Experimental Neurology , ULB , Bruxelles , Belgium.|ad UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherche Cognition et Neurosciences , Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Bruxelles , Belgium.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Massat
authors.affiliation: ae Psychosis Research Unit , Aarhus University Hospital , Risskov , Denmark.|af The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus , Denmark.
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mors
authors.affiliation: ag UCB Biopharma, Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: Pierandrea
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muglia
authors.affiliation: ah Head, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.|ai Department of Genomics , Life and Brain Center , Bonn , Germany.
authors.forename: Markus M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nöthen
authors.affiliation: aj Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Antioquia , Medellín , Colombia.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ospina-Duque
authors.affiliation: ak MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.|al National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: am University of Bonn, Bonn , Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Propping
authors.affiliation: an Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.|ao Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabloic Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , P.R. China.|ap Institute of Social Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P.R. China.
authors.forename: YongYong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: aq Department of Psychiatry, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences , Aberdeen , UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: St Clair
authors.affiliation: ar INSERM U 894 Centre Psychiatry and Neurosciences , University Hospital Cochin (Site Tarnier), University Sorbonne Paris Cité (Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes) , Paris , France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0204-5435
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thibaut
authors.affiliation: ah Head, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.|ai Department of Genomics , Life and Brain Center , Bonn , Germany.|as Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland.|at Genomic Imaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine , Research Center Juelich , Juelich , Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9475-086X
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cichon
authors.affiliation: au Laboratoire de Psychologie Medicale, Centre Europe´en de Psychologie Medicale , Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles and Psy Pluriel , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mendlewicz
authors.affiliation: ak MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.|al National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: O'Donovan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics , Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany.|b Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1432-313X
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rujescu
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Genetics; genetic; genome; polygenic; psychiatry; psychosis; schizophrenia; sequencing