title: Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis.
abstract: In patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement is almost universal. Any segment of the GI tract from mouth to anus can be involved, and GI symptoms are a frequent cause of morbidity. In severe cases, GI tract involvement can progress to the point of malnutrition requiring parenteral nutrition. GI tract involvement in SSc contributes to disease-related mortality although mostly as a co-morbidity rather than direct cause of death. The review is intended to help address challenges in the assessment and treatment of GI tract involvement in SSc.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Shreiner
authors.affiliation: Royal Free Hospital and Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Royal Free Hospital and Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Denton
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khanna
keywords: gastrointestinal; motility; scleroderma; systemic sclerosis