title: Children are sensitive to norms of giving.
abstract: People across societies engage in costly sharing, but the extent of such sharing shows striking cultural variation, highlighting the importance of local norms in shaping generosity. Despite this acknowledged role for norms, it is unclear when they begin to exert their influence in development. Here we use a Dictator Game to investigate the extent to which 4- to 9-year-old children are sensitive to selfish (give 20%) and generous (give 80%) norms. Additionally, we varied whether children were told how much other children give (descriptive norm) or what they should give according to an adult (injunctive norm). Results showed that children generally gave more when they were exposed to a generous norm. However, patterns of compliance varied with age. Younger children were more likely to comply with the selfish norm, suggesting a licensing effect. By contrast, older children were more influenced by the generous norm, yet capped their donations at 50%, perhaps adhering to a pre-existing norm of equality. Children were not differentially influenced by descriptive or injunctive norms, suggesting a primacy of norm content over norm format. Together, our findings indicate that while generosity is malleable in children, normative information does not completely override pre-existing biases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States. Electronic address: katherine.mcauliffe.2@bc.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McAuliffe
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nichola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Raihani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Yarrow
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dunham
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005717:Games, Experimental; D037921:Gift Giving; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D002666:Psychology, Child; D066262:Social Norms
keywords: Cooperation; Dictator game; Generosity; Norms; Social cognitive development