title: Using collaborative two-stage examinations to address test anxiety in a large enrollment gateway course.
abstract: Large enrollment foundational courses are perceived as "high stakes" because of their potential to act as barriers for progression to the next course or admittance to a program. The nature of gateway courses makes them ideal settings to explore the relationship between anxiety, pedagogical interventions, and student performance. Here, two-stage collaborative examinations were implemented to improve test-taking skills and address widespread test anxiety in an introductory human anatomy course. Test anxiety data were collected (using the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire) before the first examination and last examination. Most students experienced decreased test anxiety over the course of the semester; however, some students may have experienced performance limiting conditions due to test anxiety at the end of the semester based on academic ability in the course (in "C" students when compared to "A" students: P < 0.00006 and "B" students: P < 0.05), overall academic ability (in academically weaker students: P < 0.025), and demographic factors (in women: P < 0.025). The strongest performances on examinations were primarily observed in already academically strong students (mean individual performance: P < 0.000, mean group performance: P < 0.000). Furthermore, changes in test anxiety were not significantly associated with the group portion of the examinations. Patterns of changes in test anxiety over the course of the semester underscore a complex interaction between test anxiety, student background, and student performance. Results suggest that pathways for test anxiety in "high stakes" courses may be separate from the mechanisms responsible for the benefits of collaborative testing. Anat Sci Educ 10: 409-422. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Jannelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Couret
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Westfield State University, Westfield, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.affiliation: Office for the Advancement of Teaching and Learning, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Caulkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D003479:Curriculum; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010465:Perception; D012919:Social Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D058013:Test Taking Skills / Q000523:psychology*; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: MSLQ; collaborative testing; gateway course; gross anatomy education; motivated strategies for learning questionnaire; test anxiety; undergraduate education