title: Genetic characterization of residual Triatoma infestans populations from Brazil by microsatellite.
abstract: In spite of long-term efforts to eliminate Triatoma infestans (Klug 1834) from Brazil, residual foci still persist in the states of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul. Data on the genetic variability and structuring of these populations are however lacking. Using nine microsatellite loci, we characterized one residual T. infestans population from Bahia and four from Rio Grande do Sul, and compared them with bugs originally from an older focus in São Paulo; 224 bugs were genotyped. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 11. Observed and expected heterozygosities per locus ranged, respectively, from 0 to 0.786 and from 0 to 0.764. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, mainly due to heterozygote deficits, were detected in all loci and in most populations. Global indices estimated by AMOVA were: Fis was 0.37; Fst was 0.28; and Fit was 0.55; overall indices with p = 0.00 indicated substantial differentiation. Inter-population Fst ranged from 0.118 to 0.562, suggesting strong genetic structuring and little to no gene flow among populations. Intra-population Fis ranged from 0.301 to 0.307. Inbreeding was apparent in all populations except that from Bahia-which might be either linked by gene flow to nearby unsampled populations or part of a relatively large local population. The overall pattern of strong genetic structuring among pyrethroid-susceptible residual T. infestans populations suggests that their persistence is probably due to operational control failures. Detection and elimination of such residual foci is technically feasible and must become a public health priority in Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Grupo Triatomíneos, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30.190-002, Brazil. carlotabelisario@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Carlota Josefovicz
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Belisário
authors.affiliation: Grupo Triatomíneos, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30.190-002, Brazil.
authors.forename: Grasielle Caldas D'Avila
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Pessoa
authors.affiliation: Grupo Triatomíneos, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30.190-002, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Melos
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Grupo Triatomíneos, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30.190-002, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Cristine Luiz
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Grupo Triatomíneos, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30.190-002, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafaela Elias
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Pesquisas Biológicas, Secretaria de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 5400, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cleonara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bedin
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Pesquisas Biológicas, Secretaria de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 5400, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilhelms
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Pesquisas Biológicas, Secretaria de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 5400, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Mello
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Bahia, Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Secretaria de Saúde da Bahia, Rua Waldemar Falcão 123, Candeal, Salvador, Bahia, 40.296-710, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helder Silveira
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Bahia, Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Secretaria de Saúde da Bahia, Rua Waldemar Falcão 123, Candeal, Salvador, Bahia, 40.296-710, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Lins Oyama
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Bahia, Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Secretaria de Saúde da Bahia, Rua Waldemar Falcão 123, Candeal, Salvador, Bahia, 40.296-710, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto Fonseca
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Parasitoses por Flagelados, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias do Estado de São Paulo, Rua Paula Souza 166, Luz, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01027-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vera Lucia Cortiço Corrêa
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Grupo Triatomíneos, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30.190-002, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Carlos Pinto
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Grupo Triatomíneos, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30.190-002, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liléia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diotaiuti
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000235:genetics*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D014224:Triatoma / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Brazil; Genetic structuring; Genetic variability; Microsatellites; Triatoma infestans