title: Percutaneous cholecystocentesis in cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease.
abstract: Objectives The objective was to evaluate the safety and diagnostic utility of percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis (PUC) in cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease. Methods Medical records of 83 cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease that underwent PUC were retrospectively reviewed. Results At the time of PUC, at least one additional procedure was performed in 79/83 cats, including hepatic aspiration and/or biopsy (n = 75) and splenic aspiration (n = 18). Complications were noted in 14/83 cases, including increased abdominal fluid (n = 11), needle-tip occlusion (n = 1), failed first attempt to penetrate the gall bladder wall (n = 1) and pneumoperitoneum (n = 1). There were no reports of gall bladder rupture, bile peritonitis or hypotension necessitating treatment with vasopressor medication. Blood products were administered to 7/83 (8%) cats. Seventy-two cats (87%) survived to discharge. Of the cats that were euthanized (9/83) or died (2/83), none were reported as a definitive consequence of PUC. Bacteria were identified cytologically in 10/71 samples (14%); all 10 had a positive aerobic bacterial culture. Bile culture was positive in 11/80 samples (14%). Of the cases with a positive bile culture, cytological description of bacteria corresponded to the organism cultured in fewer than 50% of cases. The most common cytologic diagnosis was hepatic lipidosis (49/66). The most common histopathologic diagnosis was cholangitis (10/21). Conclusions and relevance PUC was safe in this group of cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease. Complications were likely associated with ancillary procedures performed at the time of PUC. Bile analysis yielded an abnormal result in nearly one-third of cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease. Complete agreement between bile cytology and culture was lacking. Further evaluation of the correlation between bile cytology and bile culture is warranted.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.|Current address: Mount Laurel Animal Hospital, Mount Laurel, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Byfield
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.|Current address: New England Animal Medical Center, West Bridgewater, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Callahan Clark
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Anatomic Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.|Current address: Antech Diagnostics, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Turek
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Anatomic Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rondeau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures / Q000662:veterinary; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002415:Cats; D005260:Female; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000662:veterinary