title: "Black Bone" MRI: a novel imaging technique for 3D printing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensionally printed anatomical models are rapidly becoming an integral part of pre-operative planning of complex surgical cases. We have previously reported the "Black Bone" MRI technique as a non-ionizing alternative to CT. Segmentation of bone becomes possible by minimizing soft tissue contrast to enhance the bone-soft tissue boundary. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the potential of utilizing this technique to produce three-dimensional (3D) printed models.
  
  
  METHODS
  "Black Bone" MRI acquired from adult volunteers and infants with craniosynostosis were 3D rendered and 3D printed. A custom phantom provided a surrogate marker of accuracy permitting comparison between direct measurements and 3D printed models created by segmenting both CT and "Black Bone" MRI data sets using two different software packages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  "Black Bone" MRI was successfully utilized to produce 3D models of the craniofacial skeleton in both adults and an infant. Measurements of the cube phantom and 3D printed models demonstrated submillimetre discrepancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this novel preliminary study exploring the potential of 3D printing from "Black Bone" MRI data, the feasibility of producing anatomical 3D models has been demonstrated, thus offering a potential non-ionizing alterative to CT for the craniofacial skeleton.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.|2 Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Eley
authors.affiliation: 3 Eastman Dental Hospital, UCLH, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Watt-Smith
authors.affiliation: 2 Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|4 University College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Golding
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional
keywords: 3D imaging; 3D printing; MRI; anatomical models; segmentation