title: Does a resistance exercise session with continuous or intermittent blood flow restriction promote muscle damage and increase oxidative stress?
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of low-load resistance exercise (LLRE) with continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR) on the creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and uric acid (UA) levels in military men. The study included 10 recreationally trained men aged 19 ± 0.82 years who underwent the following experimental protocols in random order on separate days (72-96 h): 4 LLRE sessions at a 20% 1RM (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) with continuous BFR (LLRE + CBFR); 4 LLRE sessions at 20% 1RM with intermittent BFR (LLRE + IBFR) and 4 high-intensity resistance exercise (HIRE) sessions at 80% 1RM. The CK and LDH (markers of muscle damage) levels were measured before exercise (BE), 24 h post-exercise and 48 h post-exercise, and the PC, TBARS and UA (markers of oxidative stress) levels were measured BE and immediately after each exercise session. There was a significant increase in CK in the HIRE 24 post-exercise samples compared with the LLRE + CBFR and LLRE + IBFR (P = 0.035, P = 0.036, respectively), as well as between HIRE 48 post-exercise and LLRE + CBFR (P = 0.049). Additionally, there was a significant increase in CK in the LLRE + CBFR samples BE and immediately after each exercise (Δ = 21.9%) and in the HIRE samples BE and immediately after each exercise, BE and 24 post-exercise, and BE and 48 post-exercise (Δ values of 35%, 177.6%, and 177.6%, respectively). However, there were no significant changes in LDH, PC, TBARS, and UA between the protocols (P > 0.05). Therefore, a physical exercise session with continuous or intermittent BFR did not promote muscle damage; moreover, neither protocol seemed to affect the oxidative stress markers.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Education , Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.|b Department of Gymnastics , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.|c Department of Physical Education , Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) Kinanthropometry and Human Development Laboratory , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.affiliation: b Department of Gymnastics , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.
authors.forename: Jefferson S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Novaes
authors.affiliation: d Department of Bioscience of Physical Activity , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.
authors.forename: Verônica P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.affiliation: b Department of Gymnastics , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Physical Education Graduate Program , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.|e Brazilian Army Research Institute of Physical Fitness , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.
authors.forename: Michel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Education , Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.|c Department of Physical Education , Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) Kinanthropometry and Human Development Laboratory , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilmário R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Education , Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.|c Department of Physical Education , Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB) Kinanthropometry and Human Development Laboratory , João Pessoa , Brazil.|f Department of Physical Education , Regional University of Cariri (URCA) , Crato , Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cirilo-Sousa
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014527:Uric Acid; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D003402:Creatine Kinase
keywords: Vascular occlusion; cellular data; kaatsu; resistance training