title: Association between Anthropometric Measures and Indicators for Hypertension Control among Kazakh-Chinese Hypertension Patients in Xinjiang, China: Results from a Cross-sectional Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among Kazakh-Chinese population in Xinjiang province of China, prevalence of obesity and hypertension were 40.1% and 50.3% respectively, the highest across all ethnic groups residing in this pastureland. Despite this, there remained a dearth of information regarding the association between the anthropometric measures [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) etc.] and indicators for hypertension control [achieved levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP), pulse pressure index (PPI), ankle-brachial index (ABI) etc.] among them.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in Xinjiang to determine the distribution and inter-relationships of the anthropometric measures and indicators for achieved BP control as well as their predictors among hypertension patients of Kazakh-Chinese ethnicity. Out of 550 randomly selected patients, 516 completed the interview, anthropometry and BP assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the sample population, average SBP, DBP and PP were 156.26±24.40mmHg, 87.55±14.73mmHg and 68.71±19.39mmHg respectively. Bivariate analysis identified age, gender, education, duration of hypertension, WC and BMI being factors influencing the achieved levels of BP. Adjusted multiple linear regression models elicited positive associations of age (βa = 0.152, p = 0.001) and duration of hypertension (βa = 0.132, p = 0.003) with achieved level of SBP as well as BMI (βa = 0.135, p = 0.002) with DBP. Age (βa = 0.207, p<0.001) and WHtR (βa = 0.304, p = 0.005) were positively and WC (βa = -0.406, p<0.001) was negatively associated with PPI. Increasing age (βa = -0.125, p = 0.005), female gender (βa = -0.122, p = 0.005) and 5years' duration of hypertension (βa = -0.091, p<0.039) were negatively associated with ABI. After adjustment for socio-demographic variables, hypertensive patients with (reference = without) abdominal obesity had 93% (p = 0.013) higher odds of missing the target BP control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anthropometric measures and indicators for blood pressure control among Kazakh-Chinese patients were far beyond normal. Several anthropometric measures appeared useful for monitoring BP. Using them, regular screening and consequent targeted intervention were required urgently to control hypertension among Kazakh-Chinese.
authors.affiliation: Xiang Ya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.|School of Nursing, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tanmay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mahapatra
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, FuZhou, Fu Jian, China.
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Xiang Ya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Yufang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Songyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, The people's hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Xiang Ya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Anni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Xiang Ya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Liuyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Xiang Ya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Jingping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002681:China; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D065927:Waist-Height Ratio; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio