title: Pollen tube access to the ovule is mediated by glycoprotein secretion on the obturator of apple (Malus × domestica, Borkh).
abstract: Within the ovary, the obturator bridges the pathway of the pollen tube from the style to the ovule. Despite its widespread presence among flowering plants, its function has only been studied in a handful of species, and the molecules involved in pollen tube-obturator cross-talk have not been explored hitherto. This work evaluates the involvement of glucans and glycoproteins on pollen tube growth in the obturator of apple flowers ( Malus × domestica) .
  
  
  
  Pollen tube kinetics were sequentially examined in the pistil and related to changes occurring on the obturator using histochemistry and inmunocytochemistry. To discriminate between changes in the obturator induced by pollen tubes from those developmentally regulated, both pollinated and unpollinated pistils were examined.
  
  
  
  Pollen tube growth rates were slow in the stigma, faster in the style and slow again in the ovary. The arrival of pollen tubes at the obturator was concomitant with the secretion of proteins, saccharides and glycoprotein epitopes belonging to extensins and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). While some of these secretions - extensins and AGPs labelled by JIM13 - were developmentally regulated, others - AGPs labelled by JIM8 - were elicited by the presence of pollen tubes. Following pollen tube passage, all these glycoproteins were depleted.
  
  
  
  The results show a timely secretion of glycoproteins on the obturator surface concomitant with pollen tube arrival at this structure. The fact that their secretion is depleted following pollen tube passage strongly suggests their role in regulating pollen tube access to the ovule. Remarkably, both the regulation of the secretion of the different glycoproteins, as well as their association with the performance of pollen tubes exhibit similarities with those observed in the stigma, in line with their common developmental origin.
authors.affiliation: Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA 02131, USA.|Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.|Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.|Pomology Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, Avda Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Losada
authors.affiliation: Pomology Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, Avda Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herrero
mesh_terms: D005936:Glucans / Q000378:metabolism*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D027845:Malus / Q000502:physiology*; D056771:Ovule / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053205:Pollen Tube / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005936:Glucans; D006023:Glycoproteins; D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: AGPs; Malus × domestica; apple; arabinogalactan proteins; extensins; glycoproteins; obturator; ovary; pistil; pollen; syphonogamy; transmitting tract