title: Extraction of soil solution by drainage centrifugation-effects of centrifugal force and time of centrifugation on soil moisture recovery and solute concentration in soil moisture of loess subsoils.
abstract: The solute concentration in the subsoil beneath the root zone is an important parameter for leaching assessment. Drainage centrifugation is considered a simple and straightforward method of determining soil solution chemistry. Although several studies have been carried out to determine whether this method is robust, hardly any results are available for loess subsoils. To study the effect of centrifugation conditions on soil moisture recovery and solute concentration, we sampled the subsoil (1.5-3.0 m depth) at commercial farms in the loess region of the Netherlands. The effect of time (20, 35, 60, 120 and 240 min) on recovery was studied at two levels of the relative centrifugal force (733 and 6597g). The effect of force on recovery was studied by centrifugation for 35 min at 117, 264, 733, 2932, 6597 and 14,191g. All soil moisture samples were chemically analysed. This study shows that drainage centrifugation offers a robust, reproducible and standardised way for determining solute concentrations in mobile soil moisture in silt loam subsoils. The centrifugal force, rather than centrifugation time, has a major effect on recovery. The maximum recovery for silt loams at field capacity is about 40%. Concentrations of most solutes are fairly constant with an increasing recovery, as most solutes, including nitrate, did not show a change in concentration with an increasing recovery.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands. dico.fraters@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: Dico
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1558-1920
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fraters
authors.affiliation: TNO Innovation for life, Princetonlaan 6, 3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerard J F L
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Boom
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leo J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Boumans
authors.affiliation: TNO Innovation for life, Princetonlaan 6, 3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Weerd
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolters
mesh_terms: D002498:Centrifugation / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D009426:Netherlands; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water
keywords: Centrifuge drainage; Leaching; Nutrients; Pore water; Silt loam; Water recovery