title: Percutaneous liver biopsy: retrospective study of primary and secondary hepatic lymphoma in twenty-one patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic lymphoma (HL) is categorized as primary and secondary hepatic lymphoma (PHL and SHL). This disorder can present as hepatic mass or mass-like lesion. Chemotherapy often is the first line treatment for patients with HL. Thus, an accurate pre-management histological diagnosis is essential to potentially improve clinical outcomes. The present study was to explore the prevalence of HL in ultrasound guided liver biopsies for hepatic mass or mass-like lesions, to investigate HL associated clinicopathological features, to raise the awareness of early recognition and proper diagnosis of this entity, and to assess specimen adequacy in needle core biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one cases of HL were enrolled. Clinical and pathological characteristics were evaluated, quality of biopsies was assessed and pertinent literature was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HL was diagnosed in 0.94% of 2242 liver biopsy cases with ambiguous clinical presentation, laboratory tests and image studies. There were two cases of PHL (0.09%), and nineteen cases of SHL (0.85%). Histopathologically, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most common type, followed by B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified, T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Additionally, three lymphocytic infiltration patterns were documented microscopically. The nodular infiltration was the most common type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HL is a rare entity and histopathology along with ancillary tests remains the only way to make the diagnosis. Clinicians' awareness of this entity and early liver biopsy are essential in patient management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, and Division of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China. shusenzheng@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yan-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Ji-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiu-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chao-Zhe
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Shu-Sen
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018951:Antigens, CD20 / Q000032:analysis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D062005:Biopsy, Large-Core Needle; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D018951:Antigens, CD20; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor