title: Site-specific mapping of the human SUMO proteome reveals co-modification with phosphorylation.
abstract: Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) are post-translational modifications (PTMs) that regulate nuclear cellular processes. Here we used an augmented K0-SUMO proteomics strategy to identify 40,765 SUMO acceptor sites and quantify their fractional contribution for 6,747 human proteins. Structural-predictive analyses revealed that lysines residing in disordered regions are preferentially targeted by SUMO, in notable contrast to other widespread lysine modifications. In our data set, we identified 807 SUMOylated peptides that were co-modified by phosphorylation, along with dozens of SUMOylated peptides that were co-modified by ubiquitylation, acetylation and methylation. Notably, 9% of the identified SUMOylome occurred proximal to phosphorylation, and numerous SUMOylation sites were found to be fully dependent on prior phosphorylation events. SUMO-proximal phosphorylation occurred primarily in a proline-directed manner, and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases dynamically affected co-modification. Collectively, we present a comprehensive analysis of the SUMOylated proteome, uncovering the structural preferences for SUMO and providing system-wide evidence for a remarkable degree of cross-talk between SUMOylation and other major PTMs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Proteomics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (NNF-CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ivo A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1439-3701
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Systems Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.affiliation: Department of Proteomics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (NNF-CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Systems Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alfred C O
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vertegaal
authors.affiliation: Department of Proteomics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (NNF-CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0067-9039
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D064267:Intrinsically Disordered Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008745:Methylation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D025841:Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D058207:Sumoylation; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D064267:Intrinsically Disordered Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D025841:Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; D011392:Proline; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases