title: Effect of orthodontic force on expression levels of ten cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid.
abstract: Various types of inflammatory mediators are involved in the cascade of biological events behind tissue remodeling allowing orthodontic tooth movement. This split-mouth longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of ten cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1β and TNF-α, during initial orthodontic treatment. The sample comprised 15 healthy patients (9 males and 6 females, 13.9±2.5 years). The lower (test) incisors were moved using fixed appliance carrying a 0.014-inch nickel titanium wire, whereas the upper (control) incisors were bonded without any force. The GCF was collected from the test and control teeth before fixed appliance mounting (baseline) and after 1, 7 and 21days. In 6 sites per tooth, from canine to canine, periodontal conditions were defined as the percentage of sites with visible plaque and bleeding on probing. The total GCF cytokines levels were quantified using multianalysis Luminex technology. Throughout the experimental term, and for both test and control teeth, the mean percentage of sites with visible plaque and bleeding on probing were generally below 25% and 15%, respectively, although variability was also seen. In the test teeth, the GCF levels of all the cytokines remained constant throughout the experimental term. On the contrary, significant reductions were seen in the control teeth for each cytokine. Moreover, significantly greater levels of IL-6, GM-CSF, MCP-1 and TNFα were seen in the test teeth as compared to the control teeth at 7days. The reasons for the differential behavior in the levels of all the investigated cytokines between the test and control teeth may be related to the presence of orthodontic forces and/or subclinical tissue inflammation. Further investigation is needed to elucidate potential roles for these biomarkers in the tissue remodeling incident to orthodontic tooth movement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: liviakfn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quintanilha
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perinetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Capelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Cytokine; Gingival crevicular fluid; Orthodontic force