title: Flexible Near-Field Wireless Optoelectronics as Subdermal Implants for Broad Applications in Optogenetics.
abstract: In vivo optogenetics provides unique, powerful capabilities in the dissection of neural circuits implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Conventional hardware for such studies, however, physically tethers the experimental animal to an external light source, limiting the range of possible experiments. Emerging wireless options offer important capabilities that avoid some of these limitations, but the current size, bulk, weight, and wireless area of coverage is often disadvantageous. Here, we present a simple but powerful setup based on wireless, near-field power transfer and miniaturized, thin, flexible optoelectronic implants, for complete optical control in a variety of behavioral paradigms. The devices combine subdermal magnetic coil antennas connected to microscale, injectable light-emitting diodes (LEDs), with the ability to operate at wavelengths ranging from UV to blue, green-yellow, and red. An external loop antenna allows robust, straightforward application in a multitude of behavioral apparatuses. The result is a readily mass-producible, user-friendly technology with broad potential for optogenetics applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Gunchul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Adrian M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Ream
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Hasani
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yu Ra
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Jeonghyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; AML, Department of Engineering Mathematics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoqian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Seung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Display Research Center, Samsung Display Co., Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-920, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Youn
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chul Jong
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Lam
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurniawan
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tureb
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Zhongzhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Jangyeol
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Sung-Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
authors.forename: Sang Yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Yoonho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Walicki
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Samineni
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mickle
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Kunhyuk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Seung Yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Taisong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Machinery and Process Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: AML, Department of Engineering Mathematics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Il
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Yuhang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gereau
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jeongsha@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jeong Sook
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: bruchasm@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bruchas
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA. Electronic address: jrogers@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain; D051379:Mice; D055355:Opsins; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D055355:Opsins
keywords: ChR2; Chrimson; LED; NAc; VTA; dopamine; near-field communication; optogenetics; reward; wireless