title: Automatic diet monitoring: a review of computer vision and wearable sensor-based methods.
abstract: Food intake and eating habits have a significant impact on people's health. Widespread diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, are directly related to eating habits. Therefore, monitoring diet can be a substantial base for developing methods and services to promote healthy lifestyle and improve personal and national health economy. Studies have demonstrated that manual reporting of food intake is inaccurate and often impractical. Thus, several methods have been proposed to automate the process. This article reviews the most relevant and recent researches on automatic diet monitoring, discussing their strengths and weaknesses. In particular, the article reviews two approaches to this problem, accounting for most of the work in the area. The first approach is based on image analysis and aims at extracting information about food content automatically from food images. The second one relies on wearable sensors and has the detection of eating behaviours as its main goal.
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-5982
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hassannejad
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-527X
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matrella
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciampolini
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9872-1695
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Munari
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5916-9770
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mordonini
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4669-512X
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cagnoni
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D064787:Portion Size; D000068997:Smartphone; D012984:Software; D000076251:Wearable Electronic Devices
keywords: Automatic diet monitoring; food image; image analysis; wearable sensors