title: Anatomical relationships of the procerus with the nasal ala and the nasal muscles: transverse part of the nasalis and levator labii superioris alaeque nasi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to clarify the anatomical relationship of the procerus with the nose, especially focusing on the transverse part of the nasalis, the nasal ala, and the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (LLSAN).
  
  
  METHODS
  The 53 faces from Korean cadavers were examined anatomically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procerus originated from the superficial and deep layers in all specimens. Some fibers of the lateral part of the superficial layer extended to connect to the transverse part of the nasalis, while other such fibers extended to attach to the skin of the upper nasal ala in all specimens. The superficial and deep layers of the procerus merged and then intermingled with the frontalis. The anatomical relationship between the superficial layer of the procerus and the LLSAN was classified into the following two categories according to their connections. Some medial originating fibers of the LLSAN extended superomedially to blend in the area between the superficial layer of the procerus and the depressor supercilii (13.5%). And, some medial originating fibers of the LLSAN extended superomedially and then constituted the lateral portion of the superficial layer of the procerus (7.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has yielded crucial data for understanding the anatomical relationships and functions of the procerus in relation to the nose. They will be helpful when designing effective therapies involving botulinum toxin type A, performing various types of rhinoplasty and facial surgeries, and in electromyography analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Room 503, Gangneung, South Korea. mshur@cku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Mi-Sun
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1482-1657
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D056910:Republic of Korea
keywords: Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi; Nasal ala; Procerus; Transverse part of the nasalis