title: 'Unladylike Commotion': Early feminism and nursing's role in gender/trans dialogue.
abstract: From nursing's history comes the impetus and grounding for our current voice in gender/trans dialogue. Modern nursing struggled its way into being against restrictive, unjust, and oppressive social structures. Many of the obstructions and constraints that nurses and nursing leaders faced were shared by the general populace of women, and yet nurses were different from other women. Nurses worked outside the home, caring for strangers, including unrelated men, in a period when women were otherwise confined to the home. Nurses fought for women's suffrage, for child labor laws, for the welfare of factory workers, for garment workers, for unionization, for vaccination, for housing reform, for the humane treatment of mentally ill persons, for access to birth control, for the amelioration of a panoramic terrain of terrible social injustices, and for the control of nursing education, registration, and practice. For 150 years, nursing has been intrinsically, practically, and politically feminist. The hard-fought gains would eventually position nursing in tension with emerging trans issues. And yet, its history is exactly what situates nursing for fruitful participation in the developing trans discourse and to address issues of transinvisibility and unjust social and health structures that impede dignified and respectful health care.
authors.affiliation: Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Marsha D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fowler
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D019513:Feminism / Q000266:history*; D005783:Gender Identity; D006676:History of Nursing; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000266:history*; D012935:Social Justice / Q000941:ethics / Q000266:history*; D063106:Transgender Persons
keywords: ethics; feminism; gender; history of nursing; transgender