title: Ameliorative Effects of Endurance Exercise with Two Different Intensities on Nandrolone Decanoate-Induced Neurodegeneration in Rats: Involving Redox and Apoptotic Systems.
abstract: Despite the importance of this issue, less has been paid to the influence of exercise on the neural side effects of anabolic androgenic steroids and mechanisms. We investigated the effects of two levels of endurance exercise on neurodegeneration side effects of nandrolone. The study period was 8 weeks. Wistar rats were divided into nine groups including the control (CTL) group, mild exercise (mEx) group, and vehicle (Arach) group which received arachis oil intramuscularly, nandrolone (Nan) group which received nandrolone decanoate 5 mg/kg two times weekly, mEx+Arach group which treated with arachis oil along with mild exercise, mEx+Nan group which treated with nandrolone along with mild exercise, severe exercise (sEx) group, sEx+Arach, and sEx+Nan groups. Finally, brain samples were taken for histopathological, biochemical, and western blot analysis. Nandrolone significantly decreased the intact cells of the hippocampus, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P < 0.05 versus CTL and Arach groups), TAC to malondialdehyde ratio (TAC/MDA), and Bcl-2. Nandrolone increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio of the brain tissue (P < 0.01 versus CTL and Arach groups). Combination of mild exercise and nandrolone rescued the intact cells to some extent, and this effect was associated with the improvement of Bcl-2 level and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio of brain tissue. Combination of severe exercise and nandrolone rescued the intact cells and improved the TAC, TAC/MDA, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios. The findings suggest that low- and high-intensity endurance exercise decreased the risk of neurodegeneration effect of nandrolone in the hippocampus of rats. This effect can be explained by the regulation of the redox system and cell homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. sjokar@gmail.com.|Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. sjokar@gmail.com.|Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. sjokar@gmail.com.|Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 7616914115, Kerman, Iran. sjokar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Siyavash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joukar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, Baft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Baft, Iran. reza.vahidi2009@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vahidi
authors.affiliation: Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.|Department of Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farsinejad
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asadi-Shekaari
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 7616914115, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Beydolah
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shahouzehi
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009277:Nandrolone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D000077603:Nandrolone Decanoate; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013550:Swimming; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D009277:Nandrolone; D000077603:Nandrolone Decanoate
keywords: Mild exercise; Nandrolone decanoate; Neurodegeneration; Severe exercise