title: Potential exposure to clothianidin and risk assessment of manual users of treated soil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treated soil is the second most prevalent application technique for all registered pesticides in China. Some developing countries also adopt this method. However, the safety of this scenario has not been reported in the literature. Experiments were therefore conducted to assess exposure using standard whole-body dosimetry and air sampling methodologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dermal deposition was the main route of exposure in this scenario. The total dermal unit exposure (UE) of operators to clothianidin-treated soil was 51.7 mg kg-1AI handled (SD = 20.59, n = 16), and hands accounted for 36%. Inhalation UE was 0.04 mg kg-1AI handled (SD = 0.02, n = 4), negligible compared with dermal exposure. Using an NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) of 10 mg kg-1day-1, the margin of exposure was 773, i.e. greater than 100.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, the scenario of treated soil exposure was assessed and was found to pose less risk than conventional pesticide application. These results can be used as a reference in pesticide management. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: JingXia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: ChuanJiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: LiYing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: XiangDong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: DongMei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: She
mesh_terms: D006146:Guanidines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation; D000073943:Neonicotinoids / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D012987:Soil; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D012987:Soil; D013844:Thiazoles; C480342:clothianidin
keywords: clothianidin; dermal exposure; inhalation exposure; margin of exposure; treated soil