title: The effect of radiation dose reduction on computer-aided detection (CAD) performance in a low-dose lung cancer screening population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT has recently been approved for reimbursement, heralding the arrival of such screening services worldwide. Computer-aided detection (CAD) tools offer the potential to assist radiologists in detecting nodules in these screening exams. In lung screening, as in all CT exams, there is interest in further reducing radiation dose. However, the effects of continued dose reduction on CAD performance are not fully understood. In this work, we investigated the effect of reducing radiation dose on CAD lung nodule detection performance in a screening population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The raw projection data files were collected from 481 patients who underwent low-dose screening CT exams at our institution as part of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). All scans were performed on a multidetector scanner (Sensation 64, Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim Germany) according to the NLST protocol, which called for a fixed tube current scan of 25 effective mAs for standard-sized patients and 40 effective mAs for larger patients. The raw projection data were input to a reduced-dose simulation software to create simulated reduced-dose scans corresponding to 50% and 25% of the original protocols. All raw data files were reconstructed at the scanner with 1 mm slice thickness and B50 kernel. The lungs were segmented semi-automatically, and all images and segmentations were input to an in-house CAD algorithm trained on higher dose scans (75-300 mAs). CAD findings were compared to a reference standard generated by an experienced reader. Nodule- and patient-level sensitivities were calculated along with false positives per scan, all of which were evaluated in terms of the relative change with respect to dose. Nodules were subdivided based on size and solidity into categories analogous to the LungRADS assessment categories, and sub-analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the 481 patients in this study, 82 had at least one nodule (prevalence of 17%) and 399 did not (83%). A total of 118 nodules were identified. Twenty-seven nodules (23%) corresponded to LungRADS category 4 based on size and composition, while 18 (15%) corresponded to LungRADS category 3 and 73 (61%) corresponded to LungRADS category 2. For solid nodules ≥8 mm, patient-level median sensitivities were 100% at all three dose levels, and mean sensitivities were 72%, 63%, and 63% at original, 50%, and 25% dose, respectively. Overall mean patient-level sensitivities for nodules ranging from 3 to 45 mm were 38%, 37%, and 38% at original, 50%, and 25% dose due to the prevalence of smaller nodules and nonsolid nodules in our reference standard. The mean false-positive rates were 3, 5, and 13 per case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAD sensitivity decreased very slightly for larger nodules as dose was reduced, indicating that reducing the dose to 50% of original levels may be investigated further for use in CT screening. However, the effect of dose was small relative to the effect of the nodule size and solidity characteristics. The number of false positives per scan increased substantially at 25% dose, illustrating the importance of tuning CAD algorithms to very challenging, high-noise screening exams.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: Pechin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: Wasil
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wahi-Anwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: UCAIR, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, 729 Arapeen Dr, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Noo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McNitt-Gray
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*