title: Plasma Cytokines and Chemokines in Zambian Children With Measles: Innate Responses and Association With HIV-1 Coinfection and In-Hospital Mortality.
abstract: To identify immune factors present during the acute rash phase of measles and associations with outcome and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coinfection, we measured the plasma levels of 22 cytokines and chemokines in Zambian children hospitalized with measles (n = 148) and control children (n = 44). Children with measles had higher levels of innate cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 18, and interleukin 6; chemokines CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, CCL22, CXCL8, and CXCL10; and T-cell cytokines interferon γ, and interleukin 2, 10, and 17. Children who died in the hospital had higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, interleukin 12p70; CCL2, CCL4, CCL13, CCL17, CXCL8, CXCL10; and interleukin 2 and interferon γ than children who survived, and lower levels of interleukin 4. Children coinfected with HIV-1 had higher levels of TNF-α and IL-1β than HIV-uninfected children with measles, and lower levels of interleukin 4 and 5. Therefore, acute measles was characterized by activation of macrophages and T cells producing type 1, but not type 2, cytokines, which was more pronounced in fatal disease.
authors.affiliation: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Wen-Hsuan W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Judith J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ryon
authors.affiliation: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.affiliation: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality*; D015497:HIV-1; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality*; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: NF-κB; innate responses; macrophage activation; measles; inflammasome