title: DNA Amplification Techniques for the Detection ofToxoplasma gondiiTissue Cysts in Meat Producing Animals: A Narrative Review Article.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toxoplasma gondiiis an intracellular parasite, which infects one-third population of world. Humans and animals acquire infection by ingesting oocytes from feces of cats or by meat of other animals having cysts that may lead to congenital, ocular or cephalic toxoplasmosis. Either it is important to detectT. gondiifrom meat of food animals from retail shops or directly at slaughterhouses, which is meant for export.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current research was done without time limitation using such terms as follows: "Toxoplasma gondii", "Meat", "Tissue cyst", "PCR", "LAMP", "Screening" and "Immunological assay" alone or in combination, in English language. The used electronic databases for searching included as follows: Pub-Med, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Science Direct. The searches were limited to the published papers to English language.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivity of different molecular techniques for diagnosis ofToxoplasmais real-time PCR > LAMP > conventional PCR. In addition to these DNA analysis tools, bioassay in mice and cats is considered as "gold standard" to detectT. gondii.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review article will help the readers for grasping advantages and limitations of different diagnostic tools for screening meat samples forT. gondii. This review also makes bibliography about the type of meat sample to be processed for diagnosis and different primers or sequences to be targeted forT. gondiiby number of researches for its detection from meat or tissue sample using DNA amplification techniques.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Farooq
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.affiliation: Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.affiliation: Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Haroon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akbar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Wasim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shehzad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saher
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Amna Arshad
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bajwa
authors.affiliation: Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.affiliation: Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ashraf
keywords: Immunological assay; LAMP; Meat; PCR; Tissue cyst; Toxoplasma gondii