title: Speech in Adults Treated for Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: Long-Term Follow-Up After One- or Two-Stage Palate Repair.
abstract: To evaluate speech in adults treated for unilateral cleft lip and palate with one-stage or two-stage palate closure and compare the speech of the patients with that of a noncleft control group.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study with long-term follow-up.
  
  
  
  All unilateral cleft lip and palate patients born from 1960 to 1987 and treated at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, were invited (n = 109). Participation rate was 67% (n = 73) at a mean of 35 years after primary surgery. Forty-seven had been treated according to one-stage palate closure and 26 according to two-stage palate closure. Pharyngeal flap surgery had been performed in 11 of the 73 patients (15%). The noncleft control group consisted of 63 age-matched volunteers.
  
  
  
  Speech-language pathologists rated perceptual speech characteristics from blinded audio recordings.
  
  
  
  Among patients, seven (10%) presented with hypernasality, 12 (16%) had audible nasal emission and/or nasal turbulence, five (7%) had consonant production errors, one (2%) had glottal reinforcements/substitutions, and one (2%) had reduced intelligibility. Controls had no audible signs of velopharyngeal insufficiency and no quantifiable problems with the other speech production variables. No significant differences were identified between patients treated with one-stage and two-stage palate closure for any of the variables.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of speech outcome indicative of velopharyngeal insufficiency among adult patients treated for unilateral cleft lip and palate was low but higher compared with individuals without cleft. Whether palatal closure is performed in one or two stages does not seem to affect the speech outcome at a mean age of 35 years.
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morén
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.forename: Stålhammar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lilian
authors.forename: Per Åke
authors.initials: PÅ
authors.lastname: Lindestad
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holmström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: adult; cross-sectional; long-term; one-stage repair; speech outcome; two-stage repair; unilateral cleft lip and palate