title: Mouthing activity data for children age 3 to <6 years old and fraction of hand area mouthed for children age <6 years old in Taiwan.
abstract: Non-dietary ingestion is an important exposure pathway for children owing to their frequent hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth activities involving soil and dust contacts. We used videotaping and the computer-based translating methods to quantify the mouthing activity information for 24 children ages 3 to <6 years old living in Taiwan. We also reviewed the entire mouthing activity data collected during the project to determine the lesser studied information on hand surface areas mouthed by children ages <6 years old. The median indoor hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth frequencies were found to be 10 and 4.3 contacts/h, respectively. Hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth contact frequencies used in exposure assessments for children ages 3 to <6 years old in this study were similar to the recommended values reported in United States. Exposure Factors Handbook for comparable age US children. The average fractions of the hand area mouthed for children 6 to <12 months, 1 to <2 years, 2 to <3 years, and 3 to <6 years old were 0.12, 0.12, 0.13, and 0.09, respectively. The fraction of hand area mouthed by children was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with their age. About half of the total hand-to-mouth contact events involved immersion of part of a hand or a finger into the mouth. The findings from this study extend the available mouthing activity information for 3 to <6 years old children and also provide new data for an Asian country, allowing comparison of results with western values collected mostly in the United States.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Chien
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tsou
authors.affiliation: Consultant, Carrboro, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Halûk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Özkaynak
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beamer
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Winston
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsing-Cheng
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.|Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chuen-Bin
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ling-Chu
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chien
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004391:Dust; D004435:Eating; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012987:Soil; D013624:Taiwan; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D012987:Soil