title: Leadership in applied psychology: Three waves of theory and research.
abstract: Although in the early years of theJournalleadership research was rare and focused primarily on traits differentiating leaders from nonleaders, subsequent to World War II the research area developed in 3 major waves of conceptual, empirical, and methodological advances: (a) behavioral and attitude research; (b) behavioral, social-cognitive, and contingency research; and (c) transformational, social exchange, team, and gender-related research. Our review of this work shows dramatic increases in sophistication from early research focusing on personnel issues associated with World War I to contemporary multilevel models and meta-analyses on teams, shared leadership, leader-member exchange, gender, ethical, abusive, charismatic, and transformational leadership. Yet, many of the themes that characterize contemporary leadership research were also present in earlier research. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Business School, Durham University.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.affiliation: Kravis Leadership Institute, Claremont McKenna College.
authors.forename: David V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, George Mason University.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zaccaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Management and Organization, University of Washington.
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Avolio
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University.
authors.forename: Alice H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Eagly
mesh_terms: D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011585:Psychology, Applied / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods*; D012106:Research / Q000266:history