title: Roadside survey on alcohol and drug use among drivers in the Arctic county of Finnmark (Norway).
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol and potentially impairing drugs among the general driving population in Finnmark and to compare the prevalence among Norwegian, Russian, and other foreign drivers by analyzing samples of oral fluid.
  
  
  
  In collaboration with local police, drivers were selected for a voluntary and anonymous study using a multistage cluster sampling procedure (selection of roads, time intervals, and drivers within each interval) from September 2014 to October 2015. Age, gender, citizenship, time, and geographical site were recorded. Samples of oral fluid were collected using the Quantisal device. The samples were analyzed for alcohol with an enzymatic method and for 12 illicit drugs and 16 medicinal drugs and some metabolites using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection.
  
  
  
  A total of 3,228 drivers were asked to participate in the study. The refusal rate was 6.2%. Of the 3,027 participants in the study, 111 (3.7%) were Russian and 204 (6.7%) had citizenship other than Norwegian or Russian. The total prevalence of psychoactive substances was 4.3%. Alcohol was detected in 0.3%, psychoactive medicinal drugs in 2.5%, and illicit drugs in 1.6% of the samples. The most commonly found substances were the sleeping agent zopiclone (1.1%), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 1.1%), and the analgesic agent codeine (0.6%). Illicit drugs were detected significantly more often in samples from drivers of citizenship other than Norwegian or Russian. The prevalence of alcohol was somewhat higher among Russian drivers but not statistically significant. There were large differences between age groups and genders concerning illicit drugs and psychoactive medicinal drugs; illicit drugs were more frequently in samples from young male drivers, whereas psychoactive medicinal drugs were more frequently in samples from elderly female drivers.
  
  
  
  The total prevalence of alcohol and drugs among the general driving population in Finnmark was low and similar to previous Norwegian roadside surveys. Illicit drugs were detected significantly more often in samples from drivers with citizenship other than Russian and Norwegian and among young male drivers.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Forensic Sciences , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.|b Institute of Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Ragnhild E G
authors.initials: REG
authors.lastname: Jamt
authors.affiliation: a Department of Forensic Sciences , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Hallvard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gjerde
authors.affiliation: a Department of Forensic Sciences , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Per T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Normann
authors.affiliation: a Department of Forensic Sciences , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.|c Lovisenberg Diaconal University College , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Stig T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Bogstrand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000032:analysis; D012426:Russia / Q000208:ethnology; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: DUI; alcohol; drugs; epidemiology