title: Effects of Temperature on the Histotripsy Intrinsic Threshold for Cavitation.
abstract: Histotripsy is an ultrasound ablation method that depends on the initiation of a dense cavitation bubble cloud to fractionate soft tissue. Previous work has demonstrated that a cavitation cloud can be formed by a single acoustic pulse with one high amplitude negative cycle, when the negative pressure amplitude exceeds a threshold intrinsic to the medium. The intrinsic thresholds in soft tissues and tissue phantoms that are water-based are similar to the intrinsic threshold of water over an experimentally verified frequency range of 0.3-3 MHz. Previous work studying the histotripsy intrinsic threshold has been limited to experiments performed at room temperature (~20°C). In this study, we investigate the effects of temperature on the histotripsy intrinsic threshold in water, which is essential to accurately predict the intrinsic thresholds expected over the full range of in vivo therapeutic temperatures. Based on previous work studying the histotripsy intrinsic threshold and classical nucleation theory, we hypothesize that the intrinsic threshold will decrease with increasing temperature. To test this hypothesis, the intrinsic threshold in water was investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The probability of generating cavitation bubbles was measured by applying a single pulse with one high amplitude negative cycle at 1 MHz to distilled, degassed water at temperatures ranging from 10°C-90°C. Cavitation was detected and characterized by passive cavitation detection and high-speed photography, from which the probability of cavitation was measured vs. pressure amplitude. The results indicate that the intrinsic threshold (the negative pressure at which the cavitation probability=0.5) significantly decreases with increasing temperature, showing a nearly linear decreasing trend from 29.8±0.4 MPa at 10˚C to 14.9±1.4 MPa at 90˚C. Overall, the results of this study support our hypothesis that the intrinsic threshold is highly dependent upon the temperature of the medium, which may allow for better predictions of cavitation generation at body temperature in vivo and at the elevated temperatures commonly seen in high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) regimes.
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vlaisavljevich
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mancia
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kuang-Wei
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duryea
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sukovich
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cain