title: Sexual dimorphism in foramen magnum dimensions in the South Indian population: A digital submentovertex radiographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Personal identification is a vital arena of forensic investigation, facilitating the search for missing persons. This process of identification is eased by the determination of age, sex, and ethnicity. In situations where there are fragmented and mutilated skeletal remains, sex determination is relatively difficult, and it becomes important to establish the accuracy of individual bones.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to evaluate sexual dimorphism in foramen magnum (FM) dimensions in the South Indian population using digital submentovertex (SMV) radiograph.
  
  
  METHODS
  150 individuals (75 males and 75 females) were subjected to digital SMV radiography. FM in the resultant image was assessed for longitudinal and transverse diameters, circumference, and area. Also, one particular shape was assigned to each image based on the classification of Chethanet al. of FM shapes. Three qualified oral radiologists performed all the measurements twice within an interval of 10 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The values obtained for all four parameters were statistically significant and higher in males than in females. The most common morphology of FM was an egg shape while hexagonal was the least common morphology. Circumference was the best indicator of sex followed by area, transverse diameter, and longitudinal diameter. Having achieved a high accuracy of 67.3% with digital SMV radiograph makes it a reliable and reproducible alternative to dry skulls for sex determination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Neha Ajit
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Raikar
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Manasa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Meundi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Chaya M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Mahesh Dathu
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay Chikkarasinakere
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jogigowda
keywords: Area; circumference; diameter; digital submentovertex radiograph; foramen magnum