title: Lifelong intake of flaxseed or menhaden oil to provide varying n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratios modulate bone microarchitecture during growth, but not after OVX in Sprague-Dawley rats.
abstract: Skeletal health is a lifelong process impacted by environmental factors, including nutrient intake. The n-3 source and PUFA ratio affect bone health in growing rats, or following ovariectomy (OVX), but no study has investigated the longitudinal effect of PUFA-supplementation throughout these periods of bone development.
  
  
  
  One-month-old, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 98) were randomized to receive one of four diets from 1 through 6 months of age. Diets were modified from AIN-93G to contain a varying amount and source of n-3 (flaxseed versus menhaden oil) to provide an n-6 to n-3 ratio of 10:1 or 5:1. At 3 (prior to SHAM or OVX) and 6 months of age, bone microarchitecture of the tibia was quantified using in vivo micro-computed tomography (SkyScan 1176, Bruker microCT). Providing 5:1 (flaxseed) resulted in lower trabecular thickness and medullary area and greater cortical area fraction during growth compared to diets with a 10:1 PUFA ratio, but many of these differences were not apparent following OVX.
  
  
  
  PUFA-supplementation at levels attainable in human diet modulates some bone structure outcomes during periods of growth, but is not an adequate strategy for the prevention of OVX-induced bone loss in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont, Canada.
authors.forename: Amanda B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont, Canada.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont, Canada.
authors.forename: Sandra J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont, Canada.
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Wohl
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont, Canada.|Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont, Canada.
authors.forename: Wendy E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D001846:Bone Development / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004435:Eating; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019597:Flax; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000097:blood; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000097:blood; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005395:Fish Oils; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; C506032:Tnfrsf11b protein, rat; C033266:Menhaden oil
keywords: Alpha-linolenic acid; Docosahexaenoic acid; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Micro-computed tomography; Tibia