title: Acute Effects of Stretching on Leg and Vertical Stiffness During Treadmill Running.
abstract: Pappas, PT, Paradisis, GP, Exell, TA, Smirniotou, AS, Tsolakis, CK, and Arampatzis, A. Acute effects of stretching on leg and vertical stiffness during treadmill running. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3417-3424, 2017-The implementation of static (SS) and dynamic (DS) stretching during warm-up routines produces significant changes in biological and functional properties of the human musculoskeletal system. These properties could affect the leg and vertical stiffness characteristics that are considered important factors for the success of athletic activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of SS and DS on selected kinematic variables, and leg and vertical stiffness during treadmill running. Fourteen men (age: 22.58 ± 1.05 years, height: 1.77 ± 0.05 m, body mass: 72.74 ± 10.04 kg) performed 30-second running bouts at 4.44 m·s, under 3 different stretching conditions (SS, DS, and no stretching). The total duration in each stretching condition was 6 minutes, and each of the 4 muscle groups was stretched for 40 seconds. Leg and vertical stiffness values were calculated using the "sine wave" method, with no significant differences in stiffness found between stretching conditions. After DS, vertical ground reaction force increased by 1.7% (p < 0.05), which resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increases in flight time (5.8%), step length (2.2%), and vertical displacement of the center of mass (4.5%) and a decrease in step rate (2.2%). Practical durations of SS and DS stretching did not influence leg or vertical stiffness during treadmill running. However, DS seems to result in a small increase in lower-limb force production which may influence running mechanics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Athletics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.affiliation: Department of Athletics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Giorgos P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Paradisis
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Exell
authors.affiliation: Department of Athletics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasia S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Smirniotou
authors.affiliation: Department of Athletics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Charilaos K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Tsolakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humbold-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Adamantios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arampatzis
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D052580:Muscle Stretching Exercises / Q000379:methods*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D063996:Warm-Up Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult