title: [Pre- and perinatal risk factors in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder].
abstract: Epidemiological studies indicate the relevance of pre- and perinatal risk factors for the genesis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. This study compares potential risk factors in a clinical sample of children with ADHD, ASD, the combination of both diseases, ADHD and oppositional defiant or conduct disorder (ADHD & ODD/CD) and examined whether the existence of additional risk factors promotes the occurrence of combined diseases.
  
  
  
  We compared the pre- and perinatal risk factors of 341 patients (299 boys, 42 girls) from a clinical population, differentiating between children with ADHD (n=80), ASD (n=122), ADHD & ASD (n=55), or ADHD & ODD/CD (n=84).
  
  
  
  We observed a higher rate of maternal smoking, a higher rate of migration, and lower parental education among the children with ADHD & ODD/CD compared to those with ASD or ADHD. The rate of migration background was higher among the children with ASD compared to children with ADHD. Miscarriage was a specific risk factor for ADHD & ASD.
  
  
  
  Numerous risk factors described in epidemiological studies occurred only rarely in our clinical sample. The distribution of most risk factors was comparable between the examined diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1 Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters; Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main.
authors.forename: Johanna C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.affiliation: 1 Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters; Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cholemkery
authors.affiliation: 1 Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters; Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Medda
authors.affiliation: 1 Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters; Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Freitag
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018743:Perinatal Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: ADHD; ASD; conduct disorder; perinatal risk factors; prenatal risk factors