title: Evaluating the Effect of Cognitive Dysfunction on Mental Imagery in Patients with Stroke Using Temporal Congruence and the Imagined 'Timed Up and Go' Test (iTUG).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motor imagery (MI) capacity may be altered following stroke. MI is evaluated by measuring temporal congruence between the timed performance of an imagined and an executed task. Temporal congruence between imagined and physical gait-related activities has not been evaluated following stroke. Moreover, the effect of cognitive dysfunction on temporal congruence is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess temporal congruence between the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and the imagined TUG (iTUG) tests in patients with stroke and to investigate the role played by cognitive dysfunctions in changes in temporal congruence.
  
  
  METHODS
  TUG and iTUG performance were recorded and compared in twenty patients with chronic stroke and 20 controls. Cognitive function was measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), the Frontal Assessment Battery at Bedside (FAB) and the Bells Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The temporal congruence of the patients with stroke was significantly altered compared to the controls, indicating a loss of MI capacity (respectively 45.11 ±35.11 vs 24.36 ±17.91, p = 0.02). Furthermore, iTUG test results were positively correlated with pathological scores on the Bells Test (r = 0.085, p = 0.013), likely suggesting that impairment of attention was a contributing factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results highlight the importance of evaluating potential attention disorder in patients with stroke to optimise the use of MI for rehabilitation and recovery. However further study is needed to determine how MI should be used in the case of cognitive dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Inserm Unit 1179, Team 3: Technologies and Innovative Therapies Applied to Neuromuscular diseases, UVSQ, CIC 805, Physiology-Functional Testing Ward, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital, Garches, France.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5427-1146
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geiger
authors.affiliation: Inserm Unit 1179, Team 3: Technologies and Innovative Therapies Applied to Neuromuscular diseases, UVSQ, CIC 805, Physiology-Functional Testing Ward, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital, Garches, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonnyaud
authors.affiliation: STAPS Department of Versailles, Versailles University of Saint-Quentin- en-Yvelines, Saint-Quentin- en-Yvelines, France.
authors.forename: Yves-André
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Fery
authors.affiliation: Inserm Unit 1179, Team 3: Technologies and Innovative Therapies Applied to Neuromuscular diseases, UVSQ, CIC 805, Physiology-Functional Testing Ward, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital, Garches, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bussel
authors.affiliation: Inserm Unit 1179, Team 3: Technologies and Innovative Therapies Applied to Neuromuscular diseases, UVSQ, CIC 805, Physiology-Functional Testing Ward, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital, Garches, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roche
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult