title: Critical review of real-time methods for solid waste characterisation: Informing material recovery and fuel production.
abstract: Waste management processes generally represent a significant loss of material, energy and economic resources, so legislation and financial incentives are being implemented to improve the recovery of these valuable resources whilst reducing contamination levels. Material recovery and waste derived fuels are potentially valuable options being pursued by industry, using mechanical and biological processes incorporating sensor and sorting technologies developed and optimised for recycling plants. In its current state, waste management presents similarities to other industries that could improve their efficiencies using process analytical technology tools. Existing sensor technologies could be used to measure critical waste characteristics, providing data required by existing legislation, potentially aiding waste treatment processes and assisting stakeholders in decision making. Optical technologies offer the most flexible solution to gather real-time information applicable to each of the waste mechanical and biological treatment processes used by industry. In particular, combinations of optical sensors in the visible and the near-infrared range from 800nm to 2500nm of the spectrum, and different mathematical techniques, are able to provide material information and fuel properties with typical performance levels between 80% and 90%. These sensors not only could be used to aid waste processes, but to provide most waste quality indicators required by existing legislation, whilst offering better tools to the stakeholders.
authors.affiliation: School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vrancken
authors.affiliation: School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Longhurst
authors.affiliation: School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK. Electronic address: s.t.wagland@cranfield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Wagland
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D005453:Fluorescence; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007834:Lasers; D008697:Methane; D008872:Microwaves; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000379:methods; D010316:Particle Size; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods; D018505:Waste Management / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D062611:Solid Waste; D002244:Carbon; D008697:Methane
keywords: Energy from waste; Real-time sensors; Solid waste; Waste analysis; Waste derived fuel