title: Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium Salts Based on Diketopyrrolopyrroles Skeletons and Their Applications in Copper Electroplating.
abstract: A series of DPP derivatives bearing quaternary ammonium salt centers with different lengths of carbon chains have been designed and synthesized. Their inhibition actions on copper electroplating were first investigated. A total of four diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives showed different inhibition capabilities on copper electroplating. To investigate interactions between metal surface and additives, we used quantum chemical calculations. Static and dynamic surface tension of four DPP derivatives had been measured, and the results showed DPP-10C (1c) with a faster-decreasing rate of dynamic surface tension among the four derivatives, which indicated higher adsorption rate of additive on the cathode surface and gives rise to stronger inhibiting effect of copper electrodeposition. Then, DPP-10C (1c) as the representative additive, was selected for the systematic study of the leveling influence during microvia filling through comprehensive electroplating tests. In addition, field-emission scanning electron microscope images and X-ray diffraction results showed the surface morphology, which indicated that addition of DPP derivative (1c) could lead a fine copper deposit and cause the preferential orientations of copper deposits to change from [220] to [111], which happened in particular at higher concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory for Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory for Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory for Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
authors.forename: Limin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4025-5361
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory for Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
authors.forename: Longfeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory for Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
authors.forename: Shengying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
keywords: diketopyrrolopyrrole; electroplating; leveler; microvia; quaternary ammonium salts