title: Linking "what" and "where" information: How the strength of object categories influences children's memory for object locations.
abstract: We conducted three experiments to examine how the degree of category relatedness among objects in a group affects the magnitude of spatial bias in memory for their locations. Four age groups-7-, 9-, and 11-year-old children and adults-learned the locations of 20 objects marked by dots on a touchscreen monitor. After learning the object locations, participants attempted to place the objects without the aid of the dots. We compared spatial bias at test (i.e., placing objects in the same quadrant closer together than they really were) when objects within the same quadrant were strongly related versus unrelated (Experiment 1) or weakly related versus unrelated (Experiment 2). The 9-year-olds, 11-year-olds, and adults exhibited significant spatial bias when groups of objects were composed of either strongly or weakly related exemplars, but the 7-year-olds exhibited significant spatial bias only when the objects were strongly related. A third experiment revealed that the 7-year-olds exhibited only marginally significant spatial bias when objects within the same quadrant were weakly related and we cued them about the category labels beforehand. The General Discussion focuses on developmental changes in bottom-up associative processes and top-down strategic processes in memory for object locations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Electronic address: jodie-plumert@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Jodie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Plumert
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Lucas J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Franzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Violante
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000070379:Attentional Bias / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D065853:Spatial Learning / Q000502:physiology; D065852:Spatial Memory / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Category exemplars; Cognitive development; Object categories; Spatial biases; Spatial memory; Strategies