title: Primary nocturnal enuresis is associated with lower intelligence quotient scores in boys from poorer socioeconomic status families.
abstract: To explore intelligence quotient in boys with primary nocturnal enuresis compared with normal boys considering their socioeconomic status.
  
  
  
  A total of 152 school-aged boys (including 55 boys with primary nocturnal enuresis and 97 matched normal controls) were assessed. Boys with a history of any neurological or urological disease were excluded. Two different districts of Tehran: Khani-Abad (a poor district) and Pirouzi (a middle class district) districts were enrolled according to socioeconomic status data reported by the World Health Organization. Intelligence tests were carried out using a validated Iranian translation of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised. Total, as well as performance intelligence quotient and verbal intelligence quotient scores and verbal-performance discrepancy (the difference between verbal and performance intelligence quotient scores for each individual) were compared using a t-test between boys with primary nocturnal enuresis in each district and their matched controls.
  
  
  
  Considering each district separately, the total intelligence quotient score was lower in primary nocturnal enuresis cases than controls only in the lower income district (90.7 ± 23.3 vs 104.8 ± 14.7, P = 0.002). Similarly, boys with primary nocturnal enuresis ranked lower in verbal intelligence quotient (P = 0.002) and performance intelligence quotient (P = 0.004) compared with their matched normal controls only in lower income district, whereas in the higher income district, boys with primary nocturnal enuresis ranked similar in total intelligence quotient to their matched controls.
  
  
  
  Boys with primary nocturnal enuresis had a lower intelligence quotient compared with the control participants only in low-income district. It seems important to adjust the results of the intelligence quotient assessment in these children according to their socioeconomic status.
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basiri
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Abdolmajid
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bahrainian
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khoshdel
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Niloofar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jalaly
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shabnam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golshan
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.|Urology and Nephrology Research Center (UNRC), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pakmanesh
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000523:psychology*; D012923:Social Class; D014888:Wechsler Scales
keywords: child; intellectual disability; nocturnal enuresis; social class; socioeconomic factors