title: Prevention and Therapy of Pediatric Emergence Delirium: A National Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although pediatric emergence delirium (ED) is common, preventive and therapeutic pharmacological treatment is the matter of an international controversial discussion and evidence on different options is partially vague.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We therefore examined clinical routine in prevention strategies and postoperative therapy of ED with respect to clinical experience in pediatric anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A web-based survey was developed investigating routine management (prevention and treatment) of ED, facility structure, and patient population. The link was sent to all enlisted members of the German Society of Anesthesiology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed 1229 questionnaires. Overall, 88% reported ED as a relevant clinical problem; however, only 5% applied assessment scores to define ED. Oral midazolam was reported as standard premedication by 84% of respondents, the second largest group was 'no premedication' (5%). The first choice prevention strategy was to perform total intravenous (propofol) anesthesia (63%). The first choice therapeutic pharmacological treatment depended on clinical experience. Therapeutic propofol was preferentially chosen by more experienced anesthesiologists (5 to >20 patients per week, n = 538), while lesser experienced colleagues (<5 patients per week, n = 676) preferentially applied opioids. Dexmedetomidine (1%) and non-pharmacological (2%) therapy were rarely stated. The highest satisfaction levels for pharmacological therapy of ED were attributed to propofol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol is the preferred choice for pharmacological prevention and treatment of ED among German anesthesiologists. Further therapy options as well as alternatives to a midazolam-centered premedication procedure are underrepresented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Bonn University Hospital, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huett
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Bonn University Hospital, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baehner
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Bonn University Hospital, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Erdfelder
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoehne
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Bonn University Hospital, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Bonn University Hospital, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoeft
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Bonn University Hospital, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany. richard.ellerkmann@ukb.uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ellerkmann
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000071257:Emergence Delirium / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010372:Pediatrics; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol