title: Environmental factors contributed to circannual rhythm of semen quality.
abstract: We investigated whether human semen parameters present circannual rhythm or not, and whether environmental factors exert on semen quality. This retrospective study used data of patients mainly from Reproductive Medicine Center and Urology and Andrology Clinic of a general hospital in China. Sperm concentration and motility were measured by computer aided sperm analysis (CASA). Sperm morphology was scored based on the strict criteria (WHO, 2010). The Kruskal-Wallis rank test was used to investigate the relationship between semen parameters and season/month. Partial correlation coefficients were used to analyze the relationship between semen parameters and environmental factors. In this study, we found that sperm concentration and total amount per ejaculate were significantly lower in summer and higher in winter. But, sperm progressive motility and motility were significantly higher in spring and summer (from March to June), lower in autumn and winter (September and October). Unexpectedly, normal sperm morphology and mixed agglutination reaction (MAR) positive rate didn't vary along with season or month. Furthermore, temperature was negatively related to sperm concentration and total amount per ejaculate. Precipitation was positively associated with progressive motility and normal sperm morphology, but negatively related to sperm head defect percentage. The length of sunlight was positively related to progressive motility. The Air Quality Index (AQI) was positively associated with semen volume and sperm total amount per ejaculate. These suggest seasonal and monthly variation underlying some semen parameters.
authors.affiliation: a Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: b Information Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: c The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Wan-Xi
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology*; D055101:Semen Analysis / Q000379:methods; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000379:methods; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology*; D013696:Temperature
keywords: Ambient air pollution; circannual rhythm; environmental factor; semen quality