title: Clinical and dosimetric predictors of late rectal bleeding of prostate cancer after TomoTherapy intensity modulated radiation therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rectal bleeding after radiotherapy impacts the quality of life of long-term surviving prostate cancer patients. We sought to identify factors associated with late rectal bleeding following intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using TomoTherapy for prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analysed 82 patients with localised prostate cancer treated with TomoTherapy. Most patients (95.1%) received neoadjuvant and concurrent hormone therapy. Forty-two patients (51.2%) graded as high risk using D'Amico's classification underwent radiotherapy involving the pelvic nodal area. Late bleeding complications were quantified using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0. Multiple clinical and dosimetric factors were considered with reference to rectal bleeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up period was 538 (range, 128-904) days. Grades 1, 2 and 3 rectal bleeding were observed in 14 (17.1%), four (4.9%) and one (1.2%) patient respectively. In multivariate analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with Grade ≥1 late rectal bleeding: volume, mean dose (P = 0.012) and rectal V30 (P = 0.025), V40 (P = 0.011), V50 (P = 0.017) and V60 (P = 0.036). When exclusively considering Grade 2-3 rectal bleeding, significant associations were observed with the use of anticoagulants or antiaggregates (P = 0.007), rectal V30 (P = 0.021) and V40 (P = 0.041) in univariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggested that the intermediate rectal dose-volume (V30-V60) was a significant predictor for mild to severe late rectal bleeding (Grade ≥1). Rectal dose-volumes >V70, which represented the volume of the highest doses, were not predictive in this study.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.|Radiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katahira-Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omura
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.|Radiology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kengo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hongo
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yamakabe
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Shonan Fujisawa Tokusyukai Hospital, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Harumitsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Urology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Radiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011874:Radiometry; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Adverse effects; cancer of prostate; gastrointestinal haemorrhage; intensity modulated radiotherapy; radiotherapy dosage