title: Indirect exposure to client trauma and the impact on trainee clinical psychologists: Secondary traumatic stress or vicarious traumatization?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study investigated the relationship between exposure to trauma work and well-being (general psychological distress, trauma symptoms, and disrupted beliefs) in trainee clinical psychologists. It also assessed the contribution of individual and situational factors to well-being.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Web-based survey was employed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The survey comprised the General Health Questionnaire, Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale, Trauma Screening Questionnaire, and specific questions about exposure to trauma work and other individual and situational factors. The link to the online survey was sent via email to trainee clinical psychologists attending courses throughout the UK RESULTS: Five hundred sixty-four trainee clinical psychologists participated. Most trainees had a caseload of one to two trauma cases in the previous 6 months; the most common trauma being sexual abuse. Exposure to trauma work was not related to general psychological distress or disrupted beliefs but was a significant predictor of trauma symptoms. Situational factors contributed to the variance in trauma symptoms; level of stress of clinical work and quality of trauma training were significant predictors of trauma symptoms. Individual and situational factors were also found to be significant predictors of general psychological distress and disrupted beliefs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides support for secondary traumatic stress but lacks evidence to support belief changes in vicarious traumatization or a relationship between exposure to trauma work and general psychological distress. The measurement and validity of vicarious traumatization is discussed along with clinical, theoretical implications, and suggestions for future research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Secondary traumatic stress is a potential risk for trainee clinical psychologists. Training courses should (a) focus on quality of trauma training as it may be protective; (b) advocate coping strategies to reduce stress of clinical work, as the level of stress of clinical work may contribute to trauma symptoms.
  Exposure to trauma work only uniquely explained a small proportion of variance in trauma symptoms. The study was cross-sectional in nature therefore cannot imply causality.
authors.affiliation: University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Rakhee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Makadia
authors.affiliation: University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sabin-Farrell
authors.affiliation: University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turpin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011584:Psychology / Q000193:education*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: secondary traumatic stress; trainee clinical psychologists; vicarious traumatization