title: BrainScope: interactive visual exploration of the spatial and temporal human brain transcriptome.
abstract: Spatial and temporal brain transcriptomics has recently emerged as an invaluable data source for molecular neuroscience. The complexity of such data poses considerable challenges for analysis and visualization. We present BrainScope: a web portal for fast, interactive visual exploration of the Allen Atlases of the adult and developing human brain transcriptome. Through a novel methodology to explore high-dimensional data (dual t-SNE), BrainScope enables the linked, all-in-one visualization of genes and samples across the whole brain and genome, and across developmental stages. We show that densities in t-SNE scatter plots of the spatial samples coincide with anatomical regions, and that densities in t-SNE scatter plots of the genes represent gene co-expression modules that are significantly enriched for biological functions. We also show that the topography of the gene t-SNE maps reflect brain region-specific gene functions, enabling hypothesis and data driven research. We demonstrate the discovery potential of BrainScope through three examples: (i) analysis of cell type specific gene sets, (ii) analysis of a set of stable gene co-expression modules across the adult human donors and (iii) analysis of the evolution of co-expression of oligodendrocyte specific genes over developmental stages. BrainScope is publicly accessible at www.brainscope.nl.
authors.affiliation: Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.|Division of Image Processing, Dept of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sjoerd M H
authors.initials: SMH
authors.lastname: Huisman
authors.affiliation: Division of Image Processing, Dept of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.|Computer Graphics and Visualisation, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Baldur
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Lew
authors.affiliation: Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.|Division of Image Processing, Dept of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahfouz
authors.affiliation: Division of Image Processing, Dept of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.|Computer Graphics and Visualisation, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pezzotti
authors.affiliation: Computer Graphics and Visualisation, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Höllt
authors.affiliation: Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lieke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michielsen
authors.affiliation: Computer Graphics and Visualisation, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vilanova
authors.affiliation: Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel J T
authors.initials: MJT
authors.lastname: Reinders
authors.affiliation: Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.|Division of Image Processing, Dept of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Boudewijn P F
authors.initials: BPF
authors.lastname: Lelieveldt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001271:Atlases as Topic; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D005819:Genetic Markers; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D012984:Software; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers