title: Evaluation of kodecytes using function-spacer-lipid constructs as a survey material for external proficiency testing for ABO subgrouping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not easy to find natural red blood cells (RBCs) with weak A (Aw) or weak B phenotype (Bw) for use as quality controls in ABO subgroup testing (subgrouping). The aim of this study was to prepare RBC kodecytes with synthetic blood group A and/or B function-spacer-lipid (FSL) constructs and to evaluate the possibility of using such kodecytes as a survey material for an external proficiency test (PT) to improve the quality of subgroup analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three types of survey samples, including O phenotype RBCs and A kodecytes with Aw(0.02 mg/mL FSL-A solution) and B kodecytes with Bw(0.15 mg/mL FSL-B solution) were sent to 53 laboratories for an educational trial of PT for subgrouping. Cell typing was done using the manual tube technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three laboratories responded, and the re-activities of the survey samples varied from 0 to 4+ against anti-A and anti-B monoclonal reagents(MoAbs). Twenty-nine laboratories (67%) correctly grouped the Bwkodecytes as Bw. Fifteen (35%), 21 (48%), and 6 (13%) laboratories grouped the Awkodecytes as Aw, A2, and O phenotypes, respectively. The anti-A MoAb clone affects the results of cell typing for Awkodecytes. The stability of kodecytes was similar to that of natural O RBCs during storage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our kodecytes were useful as a survey material, and the survey results showed the necessity of materials for PT for subgrouping to improve the quality of laboratory analysis regardless of the different reactions according to the MoAb.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ae
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8472-289X
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Seon Joo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification*; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000592:standards*; D060846:Cell Engineering; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D006386:Hemagglutination Tests; D006801:Humans; D059021:Laboratory Proficiency Testing / Q000379:methods*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D008055:Lipids
keywords: blood groups; immunohaematology; proficiency testing; quality control