title: Toxicity of metronomic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in a UK population of cancer-bearing dogs: a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess the incidence of toxicity in a group of cancer-bearing dogs treated with metronomic chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of dogs treated with metronomic doses of cyclophosphamide: between 5 and 15 mg/m2/day or every other day for treatment of neoplasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 65 dogs included, there were signs of, mostly mild, toxicity in 32 (49%). The most common toxicities were sterile haemorrhagic cystitis (n=16) and gastrointestinal disorders (n=12). Median time to development of sterile haemorrhagic cystitis was 110 days (range 7 to 686 days). Four dogs developed suspected bacterial infections during treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metronomic cyclophosphamide is generally well-tolerated in dogs but the incidence of sterile haemorrhagic cystitis in this study is higher than previously reported. Regular urinalysis is recommended for all dogs receiving cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, as early detection of haemorrhagic cystitis may prevent development of more serious disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blackwood
mesh_terms: D059250:Administration, Metronomic / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D003520:Cyclophosphamide