title: The ameliorating effect of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetylglycerol on scopolamine-induced memory impairment via acetylcholinesterase inhibition and LTP activation.
abstract: In the present study, we investigated whether 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetylglycerol (PLAG), a component of antlers of Cervus nippon Temminck, would have memory-ameliorating properties against cholinergic blockade-induced memory impairment in mice. In the passive avoidance task to investigate the effects of PLAG on long-term memory, PLAG (10mg/kg, p.o.) administration ameliorated scopolamine-induced memory impairment. PLAG also reversed the impairments of working memory in the Y-maze task and spatial memory as shown in the Morris water maze. To identify the mechanism of the memory-ameliorating effect of PLAG, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition assay and the Western blot analysis were conducted. In the AChE inhibition assay, PLAG inhibited the AChE activity in mice and PLAG increased the expression levels of phosphorylated CaMKII, ERK, and CREB in the hippocampus. Additionally, long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength occurred by PLAG treatment in the hippocampal cultures. Overall, the present study suggests that PLAG reversed memory deficits in an animal model and that it affects biochemical pathways related to learning and memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyunghee-daero 26, Dongdeamun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyunghee-daero 26, Dongdeamun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyunghee-daero 26, Dongdeamun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyunghee-daero 26, Dongdeamun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Boseong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyunghee-daero 26, Dongdeamun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyunghee-daero 26, Dongdeamun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jiabao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyunghee-daero 26, Dongdeamun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyunghee-daero 26, Dongdeamun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yubeen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyunghee-daero 26, Dongdeamun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyunghee-daero 26, Dongdeamun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Kyunghee-daero 26, Dongdeamun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jhryu63@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ryu
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: C488567:1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac glycerol; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; C492004:Creb1 protein, mouse; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D004075:Diglycerides; D012601:Scopolamine; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Long-term potentiation; PLAG; cAMP response element-binding protein