title: Secondary hyperalgesia occurs regardless of unilateral or bilateral knee osteoarthritis involvement in individuals with mild or moderate level.
abstract: Secondary hyperalgesia in individuals with less severe levels of knee osteoarthritis remains unclear. The objective of this study was to measure the pressure pain threshold of individuals with mild or moderate knee osteoarthritis and compare with no osteoarthritis.
  
  
  
  Ten healthy controls and 30 individuals with mild or moderate knee osteoarthritis divided into two groups (unilateral and bilateral involvement) were included. Dermatomes in lumbar levels (L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5) and sacral level (S1 and S2), myotomes (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, adductor longus, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, iliacus, quadratus lumborum, and popliteus muscles), and sclerotomes in lumbar levels (L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5 supraspinous ligaments), over the L5-S1 and S1-S2 sacral areas, pes anserinus bursae, and at the patellar tendon pressure pain threshold were assessed and compared between individuals with and without knee osteoarthritis.
  
  
  
  Knee osteoarthritis groups (unilateral and bilateral) reported lower pressure pain threshold compared to the control group in most areas (dermatomes, myotomes, and sclerotomes). There were no between group differences in the supra-spinous ligaments and over the L5-S1 and S1-S2 sacral areas of the sclerotomes. No difference was seen between knee osteoarthritis.
  
  
  
  These findings suggest that individuals with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis had primary and secondary hyperalgesia, independent of unilateral or bilateral involvement. These results suggest that the pain have to be an assertive focus in the clinical practice, independent of the level of severity or involvement of knee osteoarthritis.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: vanessamartinsfisio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vanessa Martins
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Pereira Silva Moreira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Saulo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delfino Barboza
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Faculdade de Educação Física, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borges Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Faculdade de Matemática, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Janser
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moura Pereira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valdeci
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carlos Dionisio
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007717:Knee / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D061028:Trigger Points
keywords: Dor; Hiperalgesia secundária; Knee osteoarthritis; Limiar de dor à pressão; Osteoartrite de joelho; Pain; Pressure pain threshold; Secondary hyperalgesia