title: Lipoprotein (a) Evolution: Possible Benefits and Harm. Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors Influencing its Plasma Levels.
abstract: The limited distribution of lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) to humans, Old World primates and to the European hedgehog, has raised considerable interest and speculation regarding its possible physiological role. Lp(a) has variable circulating concentrations (<0.1 - >100 mg/ml) which are highly genetically determined in humans. These characteristics gave rise to several theories concerning the origins and evolution of Lp(a). Lp(a) has a protective role after injury since Lp(a) particles bind to macrophages and platelets membrane receptors, leading to fibrin activation and injury healing. On the other hand, Lp(a) seems to be implicated in the formation of atheromatic plaques but also in cerebrovascular events and stenosis of the aortic valve. The main genetic factor determining plasma Lp(a) levels is the Lp(a) gene (LPA). Most Caucasian people have normal plasma Lp(a) concentrations, but there is important distribution variation according to race. Women seem to have increased Lp(a) levels compared with men, while diabetes mellitus type 2 favours lower plasma Lp(a) levels. Nutrition, hormones and several drugs may also influence circulating Lp(a) levels.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, General Hospital of Elefsina "Thriassio", Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Peggy M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kostakou
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hatzigeorgiou
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Vana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kolovou
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mavrogeni
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Clinics and LDL Apheresis Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 356 Sygrou Ave 176 74, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Genovefa D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kolovou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008074:Lipoproteins
keywords: Lipoprotein (a); drugs; evolution; gender; genetic factor; hormones; race