title: Manipulated Changes in Limb Mass and Rotational Inertia in Trotting Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and Their Effect on Limb Kinematics.
abstract: While the mass distribution of limbs is known to influence the metabolic energy consumed during locomotion, it remains unknown how the mass distribution of limbs may influence overall limb kinematics and whether the influence of limb mass distribution on limb kinematics differs between fore- and hindlimbs. To examine limb mass distribution's influence upon fore- and hindlimb kinematics, temporal stride parameters and swing phase joint kinematics were recorded from four dogs trotting on a treadmill with 0.5% and 1.0% body mass added to each limb, forelimbs alone, and hindlimbs alone, as well as with no added mass. Under all loading conditions, stride period did not differ between fore- and hindlimbs; however, forelimbs exhibited greater duty factors and stance durations, whereas hindlimbs exhibited greater swing durations, which may be related to the hindlimb's greater mass. Changes in forelimb joint and hip range of motion (RoM), flexion, and extension were subject to a high amount of kinematic plasticity among dogs. In contrast, for the knee and ankle, distally loading all four limbs or hindlimbs alone substantially increased joint RoM and flexion. Increased flexion of the knee and ankle has the potential to reduce the hindlimb's rotational inertia during swing phase. The differing response of fore- and hindlimbs with regard to joint kinematics is likely due to differences in their mass and mass distribution and differences in the physiological traits of fore- and hindlimb protractors and joint flexors.
authors.affiliation: Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.|Department of Science & Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.|College for Life Sciences, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.|Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Brandon M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kilbourne
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Carrier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D005552:Forelimb / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion