title: Biomechanical analysis of injuries of rally driver with head supporting device.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to develop and verify a model of rally driver with a safety system HANS (head supporting device), which will enable biomechanical analysis of injuries in rally accident.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulations were carried out in Madymo® software, the results of which were verified based on sled test performed in the Automotive Industry Institute (PIMOT) in Warsaw. The model being verified allowed us to perform a multivariate simulation of rally accident in terms of assessing effectiveness of protection and usefulness of HANS system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acceleration waveforms of the head and chest were obtained from numerical experiment and also forces and moments occurring in the upper cervical spine. The results obtained allowed driver injuries to be analyzed based on injury criteria of the head and neck: HIC15, NTE, NTF, NCE and NCF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis enabled assessment of the driver safety while using 4 and 5 point harness with HANS system. In further studies the model developed was used to identify factors affecting the safety of a rally driver.
authors.affiliation: Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Joszko
authors.affiliation: Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wolański
authors.affiliation: Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burkacki
authors.affiliation: Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.
authors.forename: Sławomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suchoń
authors.affiliation: Automotive Industry Institute.
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zielonka
authors.affiliation: Automotive Industry Institute.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muszyński
authors.affiliation: Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gzik
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012622:Seat Belts