title: Regression equations for calculation of z scores for echocardiographic measurements of right heart structures in healthy Han Chinese children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical decision making in children with congenital and acquired heart disease relies on measurements of cardiac structures using two-dimensional echocardiography. We aimed to establish z-score regression equations for right heart structures in healthy Chinese Han children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography was performed in 515 patients. We measured the dimensions of the pulmonary valve annulus (PVA), main pulmonary artery (MPA), left pulmonary artery (LPA), right pulmonary artery (RPA), right ventricular outflow tract at end-diastole (RVOTd) and at end-systole (RVOTs), tricuspid valve annulus (TVA), right ventricular inflow tract at end-diastole (RVIDd) and at end-systole (RVIDs), and right atrium (RA). Regression analyses were conducted to relate the measurements of right heart structures to 4body surface area (BSA). Right ventricular outflow-tract fractional shortening (RVOTFS) was also calculated. Several models were used, and the best model was chosen to establish a z-score calculator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PVA, MPA, LPA, RPA, RVOTd, RVOTs, TVA, RVIDd, RVIDs, and RA (R2= 0.786, 0.705, 0.728, 0.701, 0.706, 0.824, 0.804, 0.663, 0.626, and 0.793, respectively) had a cubic polynomial relationship with BSA; specifically, measurement (M) = β0 + β1 × BSA + β2 × BSA2+ β3 × BSA.3RVOTFS (0.28 ± 0.02) fell within a narrow range (0.12-0.51).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide reference values for z scores and regression equations for right heart structures in Han Chinese children. These data may help interpreting the routine clinical measurement of right heart structures in children with congenital or acquired heart disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:293-303, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201204, China.
authors.forename: Shan-Shan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Qi
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Bao
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Ying
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, 300204, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Fang
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
authors.forename: Lan-Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jing
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Xue
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044466:Asian People; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis
keywords: children; echocardiography; reference values; right heart; z scores