title: Auditory brainstem responses to stop consonants predict literacy.
abstract: Precise temporal coding of speech plays a pivotal role in sound processing throughout the central auditory system, which, in turn, influences literacy acquisition. The current study tests whether an electrophysiological measure of this precision predicts literacy skills.
  
  
  
  Complex auditory brainstem responses were analysed from 62 native German-speaking children aged 11-13years. We employed the cross-phaseogram approach to compute the quality of the electrophysiological stimulus contrast [da] and [ba]. Phase shifts were expected to vary with literacy.
  
  
  
  Receiver operating curves demonstrated a feasible sensitivity and specificity of the electrophysiological measure. A multiple regression analysis resulted in a significant prediction of literacy by delta cross-phase as well as phonological awareness. A further commonality analysis separated a unique variance that was explained by the physiological measure, from a unique variance that was explained by the behavioral measure, and common effects of both.
  
  
  
  Despite multicollinearities between literacy, phonological awareness, and subcortical differentiation of stop consonants, a combined assessment of behavior and physiology strongly increases the ability to predict literacy skills.
  
  
  
  The strong link between the neurophysiological signature of sound encoding and literacy outcome suggests that the delta cross-phase could indicate the risk of dyslexia and thereby complement subjective psychometric measures for early diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: neef@cbs.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Nicole E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Neef
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: schaadt@cbs.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Gesa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schaadt
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: friederici@cbs.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Friederici
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D000067010:Literacy; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics
keywords: Auditory brainstem responses; Early diagnosis; Phonological awareness; Reading disorder; Speech