title: Cutting edge clinical applications in cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
abstract: Today, the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is widespread in clinical practice. The increased need to evaluate of subtle myocardial changes, coronary artery anatomy, and hemodynamic assessment has prompted the development of novel CMR techniques including T1 and T2 mapping, non-contrast angiography and four dimensional (4D) flow. T1 mapping is suitable for diagnosing pathologies affecting extracellular volume such as myocarditis, diffuse myocardial fibrosis and amyloidosis, and is a promising diagnostic tool for patients with iron overload and Fabry disease. T2 mapping is useful in depicting acute myocardial edema and estimating the amount of salvageable myocardium following an ischemic event. Novel angiography techniques, such as the self-navigated whole-heart or the quiescent-interval single-shot sequence, enable the visualization of the great vessels and coronary artery anatomy without the use of contrast material. The 4D flow technique overcomes the limitations of standard phase-contrast imaging and allows for the assessment of cardiovascular hemodynamics in the great arteries and flow patterns in the cardiac chambers. In conclusion, the future of CMR is heading toward a more reliable quantitative assessment of the myocardium, an improved non-contrast visualization of the coronary artery anatomy, and a more accurate evaluation of the cardiac hemodynamics.
authors.affiliation: Carlo N De Cecco, Akos Varga-Szemes, U Joseph Schoepf, Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
authors.forename: Carlo N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: De Cecco
authors.affiliation: Carlo N De Cecco, Akos Varga-Szemes, U Joseph Schoepf, Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muscogiuri
authors.affiliation: Carlo N De Cecco, Akos Varga-Szemes, U Joseph Schoepf, Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
authors.forename: Akos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varga-Szemes
authors.affiliation: Carlo N De Cecco, Akos Varga-Szemes, U Joseph Schoepf, Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
authors.forename: U Joseph
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Schoepf
keywords: Cardiac magnetic resonance; Four dimensional flow; Magnetic resonance angiography; T1 mapping; T2 mapping