title: Chemokines in tumor proximal fluids.
abstract: Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines produced by leukocytes and other types of cells including tumor cells. Their action is determined by the expression of cognate receptors and subsequent signaling in target cells, followed by the modulation of cytoskeletal proteins and the induction of other responses. In tumors, chemokines produced by neoplastic/stroma cells control the leukocyte infiltrate influencing tumor growth and progression. Tumor cells also express functional chemokine receptors responding to chemokine signals, promoting cell survival, proliferation and metastasis formation. Chemokines may be detected in serum of cancer patients, but due to the paracrine nature of these molecules, more significant concentrations are found in the tumor adjacent, non-vascular fluids, collectively called tumor proximal fluids. This review summarizes the expression of CC and CXC chemokines in these fluids, namely in interstitial fluid, pleural, ascitic, and cyst fluids, but also in urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, cervical secretions and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Most comparative clinical studies reveal increased chemokine levels in high-grade tumor proximal fluids rather than in low-grade tumors and benign conditions, indicating shorter survival periods. The data confirm peritumoral fluid chemokines as sensitive diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as offer support for chemokines and their receptors as potential targets for antitumor therapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilzen, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jaromir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kotyza
mesh_terms: D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D002582:Cervix Mucus / Q000737:chemistry; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D010994:Pleura / Q000378:metabolism; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine
keywords: chemokine; chemokine receptors; metastasis; tumor proximal fluids