title: Availability of two self-administered diet history questionnaires for pregnant Japanese women: A validation study using 24-hour urinary markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate and easy dietary assessment methods that can be used during pregnancy are required in both epidemiological studies and clinical settings. To verify the utility of dietary assessment questionnaires in pregnancy, we examined the validity and reliability of a self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ) and a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) to measure energy, protein, sodium, and potassium intake among pregnant Japanese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research was conducted at a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan, between 2010 and 2011. The urinary urea nitrogen, sodium, and potassium levels were used as reference values in the validation study. For the reliability assessment, participants completed the questionnaires twice within a 4-week interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the DHQ (n = 115), the correlation coefficients between survey-assessed energy-adjusted intake and urinary protein, sodium, and potassium levels were 0.359, 0.341, and 0.368, respectively; for the BDHQ (n = 112), corresponding values were 0.302, 0.314, and 0.401, respectively. The DHQ-measured unadjusted protein and potassium intake levels were significantly correlated with the corresponding urinary levels (rs= 0.307 and rs= 0.342, respectively). The intra-class correlation coefficients for energy, protein, sodium, and potassium between the time 1 and time 2 DHQ (n = 58) and between the time 1 and time 2 BDHQ (n = 54) ranged from 0.505 to 0.796.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the DHQ and the BDHQ were valid and reliable questionnaires for assessing the energy-adjusted intake of protein, sodium, and potassium during pregnancy. In addition, given the observed validity of unadjusted protein and potassium intake measures, the DHQ can be a useful tool to estimate energy intake of pregnant Japanese women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Children's and Women's Health, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan. Electronic address: mi-shi@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haruna
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuzaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Nursing Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: Energy; Nutritional assessment; Pregnancy; Urinary marker; Validation