title: Minority Representation in Migraine Treatment Trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minorities have historically been underrepresented in clinical research trials despite having comparatively poor health indicators. Recognizing the dual inequalities of increased disease burden and decreased research participation, the National Institute of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act of 1993 mandated the inclusion and reporting of women and minorities in NIH-funded research. While progress has been made in the subsequent decades, this underrepresentation of minorities in research trials persists and has been documented in multiple disciplines. However, the extent of adequate representation and reporting of minority inclusion in clinical trials for migraine remains unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this systematic review and study, we review the literature examining the representation of women and minorities in migraine clinical research trials METHODS: First we searched PubMed for pertinent articles examining the inclusion of women and minorities in migraine clinical research trials. Second, we identified controlled-trials for migraine published since 2011 in major neurology, headache, and general medicine journals using the terms "migraine randomized controlled trial." We then reviewed the results manually and excluded pilot studies and those with fewer than 50 participants. We next determined (a) how frequently representation of minorities and women were reported in these major trials; (b) what factors correlated with reporting; and (c) whether women and minority inclusion comprised their ratios in the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 128 relevant clinical trials, of which 36 met our inclusion criteria. All 36 trials (100%) reported gender frequency, and 25 of 36 (69.4%) reported ethnicity or race. Among all studies, women and Whites represented 84.2 and 82.9% of participants (mean), respectively. Studies conducted in the United States and funded by a private company were more likely to report race than studies conducted exclusively outside of the U.S. or with a public sponsor. No studies stratified efficacy or safety by ethnicity or gender. Men and non-Whites in the U.S. were statistically underrepresented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most recent headache studies comply with the NIH mandate to include women and minorities in research trials, particularly U.S.-based and industry-funded studies. Whites are overrepresented compared to both the general population and the population of migraineurs. Future studies should strive to increase minority participation and investigate race-based differences in migraine expression, treatment response, and medication toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Nathaniel M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.affiliation: Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bernat
mesh_terms: D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D008913:Minority Groups; D039781:PubMed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
keywords: disparity; equity; ethnicity; justice; migraine; race