title: Preassembled Fluorescent Multivalent Probes for the Imaging of Anionic Membranes.
abstract: A new self-assembly process known as Synthavidin (synthetic avidin) technology was used to prepare targeted probes for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of anionic membranes and cell surfaces, a hallmark of many different types of disease. The probes were preassembled by threading a tetralactam macrocycle with six appended zinc-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) targeting units onto a linear scaffold with one or two squaraine docking stations to produce hexavalent or dodecavalent fluorescent probes. A series of liposome titration experiments showed that multivalency promoted stronger membrane binding by the dodecavalent probe. In addition, the dodecavalent probe exhibited turn-on fluorescence due to probe unfolding during fluorescence microscopy at the membrane surface. However, the dodecavalent probe also had a higher tendency to self-aggregate after membrane binding, leading to probe self-quenching under certain conditions. This self-quenching effect was apparent during fluorescence microscopy experiments that recorded low fluorescence intensity from anionic dead and dying mammalian cells that were saturated with the dodecavalent probe. Conversely, probe self-quenching was not a factor with anionic microbial surfaces, where there was intense fluorescence staining by the dodecavalent probe. A successful set of rat tumor imaging experiments confirmed that the preassembled probes have sufficient mechanical stability for effective in vivo imaging. The results demonstrate the feasibility of this general class of preassembled fluorescent probes for multivalent targeting, but fluorescence imaging performance depends on the specific physical attributes of the biomarker target, such as the spatial distance between different copies of the biomarker and the propensity of the probe-biomarker complex to self-aggregate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.
authors.forename: Felicia M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.
authors.forename: Evan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.
authors.forename: Bradley D
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4120-3210
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions; D015415:Biomarkers; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane; D003503:Cyclobutanes; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010636:Phenols; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D015415:Biomarkers; D003503:Cyclobutanes; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008081:Liposomes; D010636:Phenols; C480596:squaraine