title: Gray Scale and Power Doppler Ultrasonographic Findings in the Assessment of Disease Activity and Their Correlation with Disease Activity Parameters in Rheumatoid Arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the utility of gray scale and power Doppler ultrasonography in assessing the disease activity and correlation of ultrasonographic findings with disease activity parameters in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 RA patients diagnosed as per 2010 classification criteria. Rheumatoid Factor (RF), serum Anti-cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies (ACPA), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C-reactive Protein (CRP), disease activity score with 28-joint counts and ESR (DAS28-ESR), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for global disease activity and Gray Scale Ultrasonography (GSUS) and Power Doppler Ultrsonography (PDUS) scores in hands and wrists were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 100 RA patients with clinically active arthritis, GSUS detected disease activity in all and PDUS in 95 (95%) patients. Of total 2200 joints assessed, disease activity was seen by clinical assessment in 51.31% (1116/2200), GSUS in 57.36% (1262/2200) and PDUS in 48.36% (1064/2200) joints. For detecting active arthritis, clinical assessment showed 79.5% sensitivity and 76.2% specificity while GSUS showed 100% sensitivity and 82.5% specificity using PDUS as a gold standard. GSUS findings of synovitis, joint effusion and bone erosions and PDUS score showed significant correlations with the swollen joint count, tender joint count, ESR and DAS28- ESR (p<0.05 each) but not with VAS, CRP, RF and ACPA (p>0.05 each). Multivariate analysis showed that swollen joint count was independently associated with synovitis (p=0.029) and tender joint count with PDUS score (p=0.036).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSUS and PDUS findings are useful in ascertaining the disease activity and correlate with clinical disease activity in joints in RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, P.O. Jolly Grant-248016, Dehradun, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jindal
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, P.O. Jolly Grant-248016, Dehradun, India.
authors.forename: Reshma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, P.O. Jolly Grant-248016, Dehradun, India.
authors.forename: Shailendra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raghuvanshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, P.O. Jolly Grant-248016, Dehradun, India.
authors.forename: Rajeev M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, P.O. Jolly Grant-248016, Dehradun, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kakkar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ACR; EULAR; Gray scale ultrasonography; India; PDUS; disease activity; rheumatoid arthritis.