title: Genotyping of human rhinovirus in adult patients with acute respiratory infections identified predominant infections of genotype A21.
abstract: Human rhinovirus (HRV) is an important causative agent of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). The roles of specific HRV genotypes in patients suffering from ARTIs have not been well established. We recruited 147 adult inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and 291 adult outpatients with upper ARTIs (URTIs). Respiratory pathogens were screened via PCR assays. HRV was detected in 42 patients, with 35 species A, five B and two C. Seventeen genotypes were identified, and HRV-A21 ranked the highest (9/42, 21.4%). The HRV-A21-positive infections were detected in four patients with CAP and in five with URTIs, all without co-infections. The HRV-A21 genome sequenced in this study contained 12 novel coding polymorphisms in viral protein (VP) 1, VP2 EF loop, VP3 knob and 3D regions. The infections of HRV-A21 virus obtained in this study could not be neutralized by antiserum of HRV-A21 prototype strain (VR-1131), indicating remarkable antigenic variation. Metagenomic analysis showed the HRV-A21 reads were dominant in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the three HRV-A21-positive patients with severe CAP, in which two dead. Our results highlight an unexpected infection of genotype HRV-A21 in the clinic, indicating the necessity of precise genotyping and surveillance of HRVs to improve the clinical management of ARTIs.
authors.affiliation: MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Donghong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xianwen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Fondation Mérieux, Lyon 69365, France.
authors.forename: Mingkun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xinlin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory &Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Aerospace General Hospital, Beijing, 100076, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chunliang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Changping Hospital, Beijing, 102200, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiangxin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yusheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100016, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ruiqin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mentougou District Hospital, Beijing, 102300, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Fucheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100016, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shuchang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No. 16, Hepingli Middle Avenue of Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100013, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zichun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No. 16, Hepingli Middle Avenue of Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100013, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhancheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jianwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D003139:Common Cold / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D010802:Phylogeny; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins