title: The Promise and Limitations of Using Analogies to Improve Decision-Relevant Understanding of Climate Change.
abstract: To make informed choices about how to address climate change, members of the public must develop ways to consider established facts of climate science and the uncertainties about its future trajectories, in addition to the risks attendant to various responses, including non-response, to climate change. One method suggested for educating the public about these issues is the use of simple mental models, or analogies comparing climate change to familiar domains such as medical decision making, disaster preparedness, or courtroom trials. Two studies were conducted using online participants in the U.S.A. to test the use of analogies to highlight seven key decision-relevant elements of climate change, including uncertainties about when and where serious damage may occur, its unprecedented and progressive nature, and tradeoffs in limiting climate change. An internal meta-analysis was then conducted to estimate overall effect sizes across the two studies. Analogies were not found to inform knowledge about climate literacy facts. However, results suggested that people found the medical analogy helpful and that it led people-especially political conservatives-to better recognize several decision-relevant attributes of climate change. These effects were weak, perhaps reflecting a well-documented and overwhelming effect of political ideology on climate change communication and education efforts in the U.S.A. The potential of analogies and similar education tools to improve understanding and communication in a polarized political environment are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kaitlin T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3301-9520
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Raimi
authors.affiliation: Board on Environmental Change and Society, United States National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.|Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Institute of Energy and Environment and Vanderbilt Climate Change Research Network, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057231:Climate Change; D032882:Comprehension; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D057766:Policy; D011057:Politics; D011932:Reading; D057566:Self Report