title: Bio-efficacy, physical integrity, community usage and washing practices of mosquito nets treated with ICON MAXX long-lasting insecticidal treatment in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New brands of potential long lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) and LLIN treatment kits require field evaluation before they are used in a vector control programme.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the bio-efficacy, usage, washing practice and physical integrity of nets treated with LLIN treatment kit, ICON MAXX in a phase III field trial in Odisha state, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 300 polyester nets treated with ICON MAXX and 140 polyester nets treated conventionally with lambda-cyhalothrin CS 2.5% ITNs were distributed. The bio-efficacy was evaluated with WHO cone bioassay. The chemical analysis of netting pieces was done at the beginning, after 12 and 36 months of the trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After one year of distribution of nets, the bioassay showed 100% mortality on both ITNs and ICON MAXX treated nets. At 36 months, the overall pass rate was 58.8% and the mean lambda-cyhalothrin content of LLINs was 34.5 mg ai/m2, showing a loss of 44.4% of the original concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICON MAXX treated LLIN was found to retain bio-efficacy causing 97% knockdown of Anopheles stephensi up to 30 months and met the WHOPES criteria. However, the desired bio-efficacy was not sustained up to 36 months.
authors.affiliation: Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, India.
authors.forename: Sudhansu Sekhar
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sahu
authors.affiliation: Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, India.
authors.forename: Kasinathan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gunasekaran
authors.affiliation: Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, India.
authors.forename: Kilakootil Narayanan
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
authors.affiliation: Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, India.
authors.forename: Purushothaman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jambulingam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D001681:Biological Assay; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007846:Laundering / Q000379:methods*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000072138:Mosquito Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C037304:cyhalothrin