title: Reference Values for Inspiratory Muscle Endurance in Healthy Children and Adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate reference values for two inspiratory muscle endurance (IME) protocols in healthy children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an observational, cross-sectional study, in healthy children and adolescents from 4 to 18 years of age. Weight, height, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and IME were measured using two protocols. A fixed load of 30% of MIP with a 10% increment every 2 minutes was used in the incremental threshold loading protocol. As for the maximal loading protocol, a fixed load of 70% of MIP was used and the time limit (Tlim) achieved until fatigue was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 462 participants were included, 281 corresponding to the incremental loading protocol and 181 to maximal loading. There were moderate and positive correlations between IME and age, MIP, weight and height in the incremental threshold loading. However, the regression model demonstrated that MIP and age were the best variables to predict the IME. Otherwise, weak and positive correlations with age, weight and height were found in the maximal loading. Only age and height influenced endurance in the regression model. The predictive power (r2) of the incremental threshold loading protocol was 0.65, while the maximal loading was 0.15. The reproducibility measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was higher in the incremental loading (0.96) compared to the maximal loading test (0.69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IME in healthy children and adolescents can be explained by age, height and MIP. The incremental threshold loading protocol showed more reliable results and should be the model of choice to evaluate IME in the pediatric age group.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
authors.forename: Cristhiele Taís
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Woszezenki
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.|Laboratory of Pediatric Physical Activity, Centro Infant, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
authors.forename: João Paulo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Heinzmann-Filho
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.|Laboratory of Pediatric Physical Activity, Centro Infant, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Maria
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Vendrusculo
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Nutrition and Physiotherapy, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
authors.forename: Taila Cristina
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Piva
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Nutrition and Physiotherapy, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
authors.forename: Isadora
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Levices
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.|Laboratory of Pediatric Physical Activity, Centro Infant, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.|School of Nursing, Nutrition and Physiotherapy, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
authors.forename: Márcio Vinícius Fagundes
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Donadio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology*