title: Sweetened beverage intake in association to energy and sugar consumption and cardiometabolic markers in children.
abstract: Artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) are promoted as healthy alternatives to sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in order to reduce sugar intake, but their effects on weight control and glycaemia have been debated. This study examines associations of SSBs and ASBs with energy and sugar intake and cardiometabolic measures.
  
  
  
  One thousand six hundred eighty-seven children aged 4-18 participated in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (2008/9-2011/12) in the UK. Linear regression was used to examine associations between SSBs and ASBs and energy and sugar, overall and from solid foods and beverages, and body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and blood analytes. Fixed effects linear regression examined within-person associations with energy and sugar.
  
  
  
  Compared with non-consumption, SSB consumption was associated with higher sugar intake overall (6.1%; 4.2, 8.1) and ASB consumption with higher sugar intake from solid foods (1.7%; 0.5, 2.9) but not overall, mainly among boys. On SSB consumption days, energy and sugar intakes were higher (216 kcal; 163, 269 and 7.0%; 6.2, 7.8), and on ASB consumption days, sugar intake was lower (-1.0%; -1.8, -0.1) compared with those on non-consumption days. SSB and ASB intakes were associated with higher levels of blood glucose (SSB: 0.30 mmol L-1; 0.11, 0.49 and ASB: 0.24 mmol L-1; 0.06, 0.43) and SSB intake with higher triglycerides (0.29 mmol L-1; 0.13, 0.46). No associations were found with other outcomes.
  
  
  
  Sugar-sweetened beverage intake was associated with higher sugar intake and both SSBs and ASBs with a less healthy cardiometabolic profile. These findings add to evidence that health policy should discourage all sweetened beverage consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seferidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Millett
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Laverty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D000073417:Dietary Sugars / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D000073417:Dietary Sugars; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Artificially sweetened beverages; cardiometabolic markers; diet beverages; energy