title: Anatomic Assessment of Variations in Kambin's Triangle: A Surgical and Cadaver Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship of exiting root and Kambin's triangle is discussed in this article. Transforaminal endoscopic surgery as the gold standard of less invasive lumbar disc surgeries is performed through Kambin's triangle. Existing root damage is one of the most important complication for this type of surgery. Anatomic variations in Kambin's triangle may be the main reason for nerve root damage during endoscopic lumbar disc surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kambin's triangle was investigated with surgical views and cadaver studies. Thirty-four patients with far lateral disc herniation were treated with an extraforaminal approach under the microscope. On the other hand, 48 Kambin's triangles were dissected on 8 cadavers. Three main types of triangle were identified, and patients were grouped according to these 3 types of the triangle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 6 of the 34 patients had type 3 triangles, which is the wide classical triangle described by Kambin; however, 17 patients had type 2, with a narrow space in the triangle, and 11 patients had type 1, with no space inside the triangle. Cadaver results were similar; only 10 of the 48 specimens had the type 3 classical triangle, whereas 23 specimens had type 2, and 15 specimens had type 1 triangles. Our results disclosed narrowed or no space in 82.4% of the patients and 79.2% of the cadavers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that a wide and safe room of the triangle may not be exist in some patients. Therefore, more care must be taken during endoscopic lumbar disc surgery to avoid nerve damage.
authors.affiliation: Koc University Medical School, Neurosurgery Department, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: alifahirozer@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ali Fahir
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.affiliation: Koc University Medical School, Neurosurgery Department, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tuncer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzer
authors.affiliation: Koc University Medical School, Neurosurgery Department, Istanbul, Turkey; Private Pendik Yüzyıl Hospital, Neurosurgery Department, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Halil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Can
authors.affiliation: Koc University Medical School, Neurosurgery Department, Istanbul, Turkey; Iran University of Medical Science, Hazrat Rasoul Medical Complex, Spine Surgery Division, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falsafi
authors.affiliation: Koc University Medical School, Neurosurgery Department, Istanbul, Turkey; Izmir Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Neurosurgery Department, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: Koc University Medical School, Neurosurgery Department, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasani
authors.affiliation: Koc University Medical School, Neurosurgery Department, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tunc
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oktenoglu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D044583:Neuroendoscopy; D059351:Organ Sparing Treatments; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Endoscopic discectomy; Extraforaminal approach; Kambin's triangle