title: Effect of antiretroviral therapy on malaria incidence in HIV-infected Ugandan adults.
abstract: Using the data of a trial on cotrimoxazole (CTX) cessation, we investigated the effect of different antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens on the incidence of clinical malaria.
  
  
  
  During the cotrimoxazole cessation trial (ISRCTN44723643), HIV-infected Ugandan adults with CD4 at least 250 cells/μl were randomized to receive either CTX prophylaxis or placebo and were followed for a median of 2.5 years. Blood slides for malaria microscopy were examined at scheduled visits and at unscheduled visits when the participant felt unwell. CD4 cell counts were done 6-monthly. Malaria was defined as fever with a positive blood slide. ART regimens were categorized as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) only, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing or protease inhibitor containing. Malaria incidence was calculated using random effects Poisson regression to account for clustering of events.
  
  
  
  Malaria incidence in the three ART regimen groups was 9.9 (3.6-27.4), 9.3 (8.3-10.4), and 3.5 (1.6-7.6) per 100 person-years, respectively. Incidence on protease inhibitors was lower than that on the other regimens with the results just reaching significance (adjusted rate ratio 0.4, 95% confidence interval = 0.2-1.0, comparing with NNRTI regimens). Stratification by CTX/placebo use gave similar results, without evidence of an interaction between the effects of CTX/placebo use and ART regimen. There was no evidence of an interaction between ART regimen and CD4 cell count.
  
  
  
  There was some evidence that protease inhibitor-containing ART regimens may be associated with a lower clinical malaria incidence compared with other regimens. This effect was not modified by CTX use or CD4 cell count. The antimalarial properties of protease inhibitors may have clinical and public health importance.
authors.affiliation: aMRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, UgandabLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UKcSchool of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricadMRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Ronnie P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kasirye
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grosskurth
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Munderi
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Zacchaeus
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Anywaine
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: Anatoli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baisley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D010919:Placebos