title: Serum levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin are related to cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine a potential relationship between serum undercarboxylated (ucOC) concentration and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and healthy subjects (HS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 subjects classified into two groups, 70 with T2D and 70 HS. Medical history and physical examination with anthropometric measurements were obtained from all subjects. Body fat percentage was determined by bioelectrical impendency analysis. Serum ucOC concentration was determined by enzyme immunoassay, while serum levels of insulin and hsCRP were obtained using high sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Insulin resistance was determined using the homeostasis model assessment-IR. Lipid profile [triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL-c), low density lipoproteins (LDL-c), very low-density lipoproteins] was determined by spectrophotometry and standard formulas when applicable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The T2D patient group showed significantly higher values of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), current smoking, and alcohol use when compared to the HS group (P< 0.05). We observed a significantly lower serum ucOC concentration in T2D than in HS (1.5 ± 1.4vs2.3 ± 1.8,P< 0.05). In the whole study population, ucOC concentration was inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r= -0.236,P< 0.05), fasting plasma glucose (r= -0.283,P< 0.01) and HDL-c (r= -0.255,P< 0.05); and positively correlated with LDL-c/HDL-c ratio (r= 0.306,P< 0.05) and TC/HDL-c ratio (r= 0.284,P< 0.05). In the T2D group, serum ucOC concentration was inversely correlated with BMI (r= -0.310,P< 0.05) and body-fat percentage (r= -0.311,P< 0.05), and positively correlated with DBP (r= 0.450,P< 0.01). In HS group a positive correlation between serum levels of ucOC and SBP (r= 0.277,P< 0.05) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum ucOC is a potential marker for cardiovascular risk in Mexicans because it is related to adiposity parameters, blood pressure and lipid profile.
authors.affiliation: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Enriquez
authors.affiliation: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Isabel Thalia
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Ballesteros-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Rafael
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Villafán-Bernal
authors.affiliation: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pascoe-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Edgar Alfonso
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rivera-Leon
authors.affiliation: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Blanca Estela
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Bastidas-Ramirez
authors.affiliation: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jorge David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rivas-Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Alcala-Zermeno
authors.affiliation: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Armendariz-Borunda
authors.affiliation: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Iris Monserrat
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Llamas-Covarrubias
authors.affiliation: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zepeda-Moreno
keywords: Bone; Cardiovascular risk; Diabetes; Glucose metabolism; Osteocalcin