title: Efficacy and safety of praziquantel 40 mg/kg in preschool-aged and school-aged children: a meta-analysis.
abstract: Children carry most of the schistosomiasis burden. While school-aged children are the principal target group of preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel, limited information on efficacy and safety exists for preschool-aged children.
  
  
  
  Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of clinical trials of praziquantel for treating children with any form of schistosomiasis. Efficacy was reported as cure rate (CR) and egg reduction rates (ERR); statistical corrections were applied based on methodological disparities across trials to derive the predicted geometrical mean ERR (pERRgm). Safety was reported as frequencies of adverse events.
  
  
  
  Forty-seven comparative and non-comparative studies were identified, enrolling 15,549 children of whom 14,340 (92%) were assessed between 3 and 8 weeks post-treatment with praziquantel 40 mg/kg (the WHO-recommended treatment, n = 8,380, 56%) or comparators (n = 5,960, 44%). The median age was 10 years (range 1-19), 11% (n = 1,694) were preschool-aged. The CR and pERRgm with praziquantel 40 mg/kg were respectively: S. haematobium, 73.6% (95% CI: 63.5-81.40, 25 study arms) and 94.7% (95% CI: 92.7-96.4); S. mansoni, 76.4% (95% CI: 71.5-81.0, 34 arms) and 95.3% (95% CI: 94.2-96.2); S. mansoni/S. haematobium, 67.6% (95% CI: 54.1-80.7, 5 arms) and 93.4% (95% CI: 89.9-96.2); S. japonicum, 94.7% (95% CI: 92.2-98.0) and 98.7% (95% CI: 98.3-99.2). Mixed-effect multivariate analysis found no significant difference between preschool- and school-aged children for CR or pERRgm in S. haematobium (P = 0.309 and P = 0.490, respectively) or S. mansoni (P = 0.982 and P = 0.895) after controlling for time of assessment, formulation, intensity of infection and detection method. Praziquantel was reportedly safe at all ages, with only mild reported adverse events which cleared rapidly after treatment.
  
  
  
  Praziquantel 40 mg/kg was effective at reducing infection intensity in all Schistosoma species without differences between preschool- and school-aged children. However, conclusions should be tempered because of the limited number of preschool-aged children enrolled, disparities in study procedures and limited information made available in publications, as well as the current imperfect test-of-cure. Also, although reportedly well-tolerated, safety was inconsistently assessed. Studies in target groups, individual-data meta-analysis and standardised methodologies are needed for more robust evidence-base.
authors.affiliation: Independent researcher, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zwang
authors.affiliation: UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland. olliarop@who.int.|Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. olliarop@who.int.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olliaro
mesh_terms: D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D011223:Praziquantel
keywords: Efficacy; Praziquantel; Preschool-aged children; Safety; Schistosomiasis; School-aged children