title: Immune Evasion Strategies and Persistence of Helicobacter pylori.
abstract: Helicobacter pylori infection is commonly acquired during childhood, can persist lifelong if not treated, and can cause different gastric pathologies, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and eventually gastric cancer. H. pylori has developed a number of strategies in order to cope with the hostile conditions found in the human stomach as well as successful mechanisms to evade the strong innate and adaptive immune responses elicited upon infection. Thus, by manipulating innate immune receptors and related signaling pathways, inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells and inhibiting effector T cell responses, H. pylori ensures low recognition by the host immune system as well as its persistence in the gastric epithelium. Bacterial virulence factors such as cytotoxin-associated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin A, or gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase have been extensively studied in the context of bacterial immune escape and persistence. Further, the bacterium possesses other factors that contribute to immune evasion. In this chapter, we discuss in detail the main evasion and persistence strategies evolved by the bacterium as well as the specific bacterial virulence factors involved.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. raquel.mejias-luque@tum.de.|German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany. raquel.mejias-luque@tum.de.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mejías-Luque
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.|German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerhard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: H. pylori; Immune evasion; Persistence