title: Electrochemical microfluidic chip based on molecular imprinting technique applied for therapeutic drug monitoring.
abstract: In this work, a novel electrochemical detection platform was established by integrating molecularly imprinting technique with microfluidic chip and applied for trace measurement of three therapeutic drugs. The chip foundation is acrylic panel with designed grooves. In the detection cell of the chip, a Pt wire is used as the counter electrode and reference electrode, and a Au-Ag alloy microwire (NPAMW) with 3D nanoporous surface modified with electro-polymerized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film as the working electrode. Detailed characterization of the chip and the working electrode was performed, and the properties were explored by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Two methods, respectively based on electrochemical catalysis and MIP/gate effect were employed for detecting warfarin sodium by using the prepared chip. The linearity of electrochemical catalysis method was in the range of 5×10-6-4×10-4M, which fails to meet clinical testing demand. By contrast, the linearity of gate effect was 2×10-11-4×10-9M with remarkably low detection limit of 8×10-12M (S/N=3), which is able to satisfy clinical assay. Then the system was applied for 24-h monitoring of drug concentration in plasma after administration of warfarin sodium in rabbit, and the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained. In addition, the microfluidic chip was successfully adopted to analyze cyclophosphamide and carbamazepine, implying its good versatile ability. It is expected that this novel electrochemical microfluidic chip can act as a promising format for point-of-care testing via monitoring different analytes sensitively and conveniently.
authors.affiliation: College of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
authors.forename: Shiguo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Devote Instrumental Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Huai'an, China.
authors.forename: Feilang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China. Electronic address: liyingchun@hit.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yingchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000097:blood*; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D057230:Limit of Detection; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D054802:Molecular Imprinting / Q000379:methods; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D011817:Rabbits; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D014859:Warfarin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006047:Gold Alloys; D011108:Polymers; D012834:Silver; D014859:Warfarin
keywords: Electrochemical microfluidic chip; Molecularly imprinted polymer; Nanoporous alloy microwire; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Warfarin sodium