title: Recent Achievements in Characterizing the Histone Code and Approaches to Integrating Epigenomics and Systems Biology.
abstract: Functional epigenetic regulation occurs by dynamic modification of chromatin, including genetic material (i.e., DNA methylation), histone proteins, and other nuclear proteins. Due to the highly complex nature of the histone code, mass spectrometry (MS) has become the leading technique in identification of single and combinatorial histone modifications. MS has now overcome antibody-based strategies due to its automation, high resolution, and accurate quantitation. Moreover, multiple approaches to analysis have been developed for global quantitation of posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including large-scale characterization of modification coexistence (middle-down and top-down proteomics), which is not currently possible with any other biochemical strategy. Recently, our group and others have simplified and increased the effectiveness of analyzing histone PTMs by improving multiple MS methods and data analysis tools. This review provides an overview of the major achievements in the analysis of histone PTMs using MS with a focus on the most recent improvements. We speculate that the workflow for histone analysis at its state of the art is highly reliable in terms of identification and quantitation accuracy, and it has the potential to become a routine method for systems biology thanks to the possibility of integrating histone MS results with genomics and proteomics datasets.
authors.affiliation: Epigenetics Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Epigenetics Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidoli
authors.affiliation: Epigenetics Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States. Electronic address: bgarci@mail.med.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D057890:Epigenomics; D042421:Histone Code; D006657:Histones / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D049490:Systems Biology
chemical_list: D006657:Histones
keywords: Chromatin; Epigenetics; Histone; Mass spectrometry; Posttranslational modification; Proteomics; Quantitative