title: Health outcomes of bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in selected high burden countries.
abstract: Less than one-third of patients who are estimated to be infected with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) receive MDR-TB treatment regimens, and only 48% of those who received treatment have successful outcomes. Despite current regimens, newer, more effective and cost-effective approaches to treatment are needed. The aim of the study was to project health outcomes and impact on healthcare resources of adding bedaquiline to the treatment regimen of MDR-TB in selected high burden countries: Estonia, Russia, South Africa, Peru, China, the Philippines, and India.
  
  
  
  This study adapted an existing Markov model to estimate the health outcomes and impact on total healthcare costs of adding bedaquiline to current MDR-TB treatment regimens. A price threshold analysis was conducted to determine the price range at which bedaquiline would be cost-effective.
  
  
  
  Adding bedaquiline to the background regimen (BR) resulted in increased disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted, and reduced total healthcare costs (excluding treatment acquisition costs) compared with BR alone in all countries analyzed. Addition of bedaquiline to BR resulted in savings to healthcare costs compared with BR alone in all countries analyzed, with the highest impact expected in Russia (US$194 million) and South Africa (US$43 million). The price per regimen at which bedaquiline would be cost-effective ranged between US$23,904-US$203,492 in Estonia, Russia, Peru, South Africa, and China (high and upper middle-income countries) and between US$6,996-US$20,323 in the Philippines and India (lower middle-income countries); however, these cost-effective prices do not necessarily address concerns about affordability.
  
  
  
  Adding bedaquiline to BR provides improvements in health outcomes and reductions in healthcare costs in high MDR-TB burden countries. The range of prices per regimen for which bedaquiline would be cost-effective varied between countries.
authors.affiliation: Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: HERON™ Commercialization, PAREXEL International, London, UK.
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smare
authors.affiliation: Janssen Global Services LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Chrispin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kambili
authors.affiliation: Johnson and Johnson Middle East FZ LLC, Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Makhtoum Academic Medical Centre, Building 14, PO Box 505080, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. AKhour@its.jnj.com.
authors.forename: Antoine C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: El Khoury
authors.affiliation: Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lara J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wolfson
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D002681:China; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D064687:Diarylquinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D004957:Estonia; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008390:Markov Chains; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010568:Peru; D010679:Philippines; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012426:Russia; D013019:South Africa; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D064687:Diarylquinolines; C493870:bedaquiline
keywords: Cost-effectiveness threshold; DALY