title: Variable number of tandem repeats of 9 Plasmodium vivax genes among Southeast Asian isolates.
abstract: The variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) provides valuable information about both the functional and evolutionary aspects of genetic diversity. Comparative analysis of 3 Plasmodium falciparum genomes has shown that more than 9% of its open reading frames (ORFs) harbor VNTRs. Although microsatellites and VNTR genes of P. vivax were reported, the VNTR polymorphism of genes has not been examined widely. In this study, 230 P. vivax genes were analyzed for VNTRs by SERV, and 33 kinds of TR deletions or insertions from 29 P. vivax genes (12.6%) were found. Of these, 9 VNTR fragments from 8 P. vivax genes were used for PCR amplification and sequence analysis to examine the genetic diversity among 134 isolates from four Southeast Asian countries (China, Republic of Korea, Thailand, and Myanmar) with different malaria endemicity. We confirmed the existence of extensive polymorphism of VNTR fragments in field isolates. This detection provides several suitable markers for analysis of the molecular epidemiology of P. vivax field isolates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Research, Yangon 11191, Myanmar.
authors.forename: Myat Htut
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nyunt
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Gyu
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea; Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwon-Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won Sun
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seok-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chae-Seung
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jetsumon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sattabongkot
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Yangon 11191, Myanmar.
authors.forename: Myat Phone
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kyaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Liwang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ethan@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Eun-Taek
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000235:genetics; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
keywords: Heterozygosity; Linkage disequilibrium; Malaria; Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR)