title: Variations in dietary intake and plasma concentrations of plant sterols across plant-based diets among North American adults.
abstract: Phytosterols are bioactive compounds in plants with similar cholesterol-lowering properties as vegetarian diets. However, information on phytosterol intake and plasma plant sterols among vegetarians is sparse.
  
  
  
  We examined dietary intake and plasma concentration of plant sterols and cholesterol across five dietary patterns in the Adventist Health Study-2 Calibration Sub-study (n = 861, 66% females, average age 61 years). To measure intake and plasma concentrations of these compounds, we used 24-h dietary recalls and gas-liquid chromatography-flame ionization detection, respectively. Mean (SD) total phytosterol and cholesterol intake were 363 (176) mg/day and 131 (111) mg/day; plasma β-sitosterol, campesterol, and cholesterol were 3.3 (1.7) μg/mL, 4.2 (2.3) μg/mL, and 1.9 (0.4) mg/mL, respectively. Total phytosterol intake was lowest among non-vegetarians (263 mg/day) and highest among vegans (428 mg/day) (p < 0.0001). Cholesterol intake was lowest among vegans (15.2 mg/day) and highest among non-vegetarians (124.6 mg/day) (p < 0.0001). Plasma plant sterols and cholesterol did not differ by diet. Cholesterol-adjusted plasma β-sitosterol and campesterol were significantly higher in Blacks than Whites, though no ethnic differences were observed in dietary intake of these plant sterols.
  
  
  
  Dietary intake but not plasma concentration of plant sterols and cholesterol varies across distinct plant-based diets.
authors.affiliation: Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaceldo-Siegl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lütjohann
authors.affiliation: Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Rawiwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sirirat
authors.affiliation: Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mashchak
authors.affiliation: Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haddad
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010840:Phytosterols; D012855:Sitosterols; C021273:campesterol; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Beta-sitosterol; Campesterol; Cholesterol; Phytosterols; Vegetarian