title: Social and Cultural Context of Betel Quid Consumption in Taiwan and Implications for Prevention and Cessation Interventions.
abstract: In Taiwan, betel quid chewing is a part of social life for chewers. Betel quid itself, with or without tobacco, is a Group 1 human carcinogen. Betel quid chewing has become a severe health threat in Taiwan.
  
  
  
  The aim of the present study was to identify the individual, social, contextual, and cultural factors related to initiation, continuous use, and cessation of betel quid chewing.
  
  
  
  Four focus groups and 15 in depth face-to-face interviews were conducted in 2013 with current and former users of betel quid, members of a community organization located in central Taiwan. A thematic analysis identified themes evident across all groups.
  
  
  
  Study participants (N = 41) were 66% male and 34% female; mean age was 40.34 ± 9.23 years. Participants stated that betel quid initiation usually occurs during childhood and that the most frequent reasons for chewing were: to follow cultural/social traditions, to achieve an energetic feeling, and to avoid boredom. Participants perceived betel quid chewing as an addiction and a risk factor for cancer and other health-related conditions. The most frequently mentioned barriers to quitting betel quid included: peer pressure and selected withdrawal symptoms.
  
  
  
  For the development of culturally relevant and effective cessation interventions for betel quid in Taiwan, it is critical to understand and address perceptions of betel quid chewing and barriers to cessation.
authors.affiliation: a College of Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Chieh
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: b Department of Behavioral Science , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tamí-Maury
authors.affiliation: c School of Nursing, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Fen
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychology , Rice University , Houston , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Cho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: a College of Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Hsui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: b Department of Behavioral Science , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Mi-Ting
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: e Department of Medical Research , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Ing
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: f Department of Family Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chiu-Shong
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: g College of Public Health, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsai-Chung
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: h Department of Internal Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chang-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: e Department of Medical Research , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.
authors.forename: I-Ying
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: b Department of Behavioral Science , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Ellen R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gritz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001114:Areca; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D011584:Psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D013624:Taiwan
keywords: Aboriginal; Betel quid; Taiwan; culture of betel quid use; qualitative research