title: Structural aspects of thyroid hormone binding to proteins and competitive interactions with natural and synthetic compounds.
abstract: Thyroid hormones and their metabolites constitute a vast class of related iodothyronine compounds that contribute to the regulation of metabolic activity and cell differentiation. They are in turn transported, transformed and recognized as signaling molecules through binding to a variety of proteins from a wide range of evolutionary unrelated protein families, which renders these proteins and their iodothyronine binding sites an example for extensive convergent evolution. In this review, we will briefly summarize what is known about iodothyronine binding sites in proteins, the modes of protein/iodothyronine interaction, and the ligand conformations. We will then discuss physiological and synthetic compounds, including popular drugs and food components, that can interfere with iodothyronine binding and recognition by these proteins. The discussion also includes compounds persisting in the environment and acting as endocrine disrupting chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Electronic address: Ulrich.schweizer@uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Towell
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
authors.forename: Allegra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vit
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Electronic address: Clemens.Steegborn@uni-bayreuth.de.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steegborn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013970:Thyronines / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D011506:Proteins; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013970:Thyronines
keywords: Binding site; Complex; Drug; Iodothyronine; Ligand conformation