title: Visual Data Exploration for Balance Quantification in Real-Time During Exergaming.
abstract: Unintentional injuries are among the ten leading causes of death in older adults; falls cause 60% of these deaths. Despite their effectiveness to improve balance and reduce the risk of falls, balance training programs have several drawbacks in practice, such as lack of engaging elements, boring exercises, and the effort and cost of travelling, ultimately resulting in low adherence. Exergames, that is, digital games controlled by body movements, have been proposed as an alternative to improve balance. One of the main challenges for exergames is to automatically quantify balance during game-play in order to adapt the game difficulty according to the skills of the player. Here we perform a multidimensional exploratory data analysis, using visualization techniques, to find useful measures for quantifying balance in real-time. First, we visualize exergaming data, derived from 400 force plate recordings of 40 participants from 20 to 79 years and 10 trials per participant, as heat maps and violin plots to get quick insight into the nature of the data. Second, we extract known and new features from the data, such as instantaneous speed, measures of dispersion, turbulence measures derived from speed, and curvature values. Finally, we analyze and visualize these features using several visualizations such as a heat map, overlapping violin plots, a parallel coordinate plot, a projection of the two first principal components, and a scatter plot matrix. Our visualizations and findings suggest that heat maps and violin plots can provide quick insight and directions for further data exploration. The most promising measures to quantify balance in real-time are speed, curvature and a turbulence measure, because these measures show age-related changes in balance performance. The next step is to apply the present techniques to data of whole body movements as recorded by devices such as Kinect.
authors.affiliation: Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Venustiano
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6833-403X
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soancatl Aguilar
authors.affiliation: Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jasper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: J van de Gronde
authors.affiliation: Center of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: J C Lamoth
authors.affiliation: Center of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|INCAS³, Assen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Diest
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: M Maurits
authors.affiliation: Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: B T M Roerdink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003199:Computer Systems; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018910:Video Games; D055815:Young Adult