title: Multiphase hydrodechlorination of polychlorinated aromatics - Towards scale-up.
abstract: We describe a chemical technology for the reductive catalytic multiphase hydrodechlorination (HDC) of chlorinated aromatics to greatly reduce their toxicity and aid the disposal of such species. The system requires no solvent and the catalyst displays a high recycling efficiency. In the present case, 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB) was used as a model compound, and was quantitatively hydrodechlorinated to benzene with hydrogen, in a tri-phasic liquid system consisting of the chlorinated aromatic itself as the top organic phase, an aqueous sodium hydroxide bottom phase (that neutralises acids formed), and an Aliquat®336 (A336) intermediate phase containing a Pd/C catalyst. Once the reaction was complete the top phase (now just benzene) and the bottom phase (now principally aqueous NaCl) were removed and the remaining catalytic A336/(Pd/C) phase recycled. This model study was conducted on a multi-gram scale with a view of demonstrating its applicability to the detoxification of PCBs. Comparison of the Mass Intensity (MI) and turnover frequency (TOF) of our model reaction with three examples of published procedures for the HDC of DCB, indicated that the MI for our system (MI = 6.33) was lower by an order of magnitude or more than that of the others (MI = 27.9, 64.6, 96016), and that TOFs were comparable. A preliminary cost analysis indicates approximately 2000 €/tonne to treat tonne-scale amounts of chlorinated aromatics, making the system in principle useful for industrial implementation.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy. Electronic address: alvise@unive.it.
authors.forename: Alvise
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perosa
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Selva
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Advanced Catalysis and Sustainability, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maschmeyer
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D054879:Halogenation; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010165:Palladium / Q000737:chemistry*; D059027:Recycling; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012997:Solvents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D010165:Palladium; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Catalytic multiphase hydrodechlorination; Dichlorobenzene; Metrics; PCBs; Scale-up