title: May argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region-associated protein synthesis be used for selecting the most reliable dose of drugs such as rhamnetin in cancer treatments?
abstract: Rhamnetin is a flavonoid that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Nucleolar-organizing regions are the ribosomal genes region. We aimed to identify whether rhamnetin has an effect on cell proliferation and whether AgNOR proteins may be used for the detection of therapeutic benefits of the drugs and new metabolites, which have the potential of being used for cancer treatments.
  
  
  
  Twenty-four mice with Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) were randomly assigned to three main groups as positive control, and groups 2 and 3 treated intraperitoneally with rhamnetin (100 µg/kg and 200 µg/kg, respectively). All the animals were sacrificed on day16, 24 h after the last dose; the tumors, which developed at the site of injection were removed. Then, mean AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA) were detected for each mouse.
  
  
  
  Significant differences were detected among all groups for mean AgNOR number (p = 0.000) and TAA/NA ratio (p = 0.000). While the difference between positive control and Rhamnetin (100 µg/kg) group was not significant (p = 0.387), there are significant differences between positive control and Rhamnetin (200 µg/kg) group (p = 0.000) and between Rhamnetin (100 µg/kg) and Rhamnetin (200 µg/kg) groups (p = 0.000) for TAA/NA ratio.
  
  
  
  Rhamnetin has an important role in preventing cancer formation. Our study showed that mean AgNOR numbers and TAA/NA values may be used also as biomarkers for evaluating the success rate of the performed therapeutic strategy and accurate dose selection for the management of the disease (Tab. 3, Fig. 3, Ref. 45).
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ertekin
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eroz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nisari
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bircan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nisari
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Unur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002286:Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor / Q000473:pathology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D051379:Mice; D011794:Quercetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; C051963:nucleolar organizer region associated proteins; C063423:rhamnetin; D011794:Quercetin
keywords: AgNORs; NOR; cancer treatments rDNA.; rhamnetin