title: Antifouling biocides in German marinas: Exposure assessment and calculation of national consumption and emission.
abstract: The authorization of biocidal antifouling products for leisure boats is the subject of the European Union Biocides Regulation 528/2012. National specifics may be regarded by the member states in their assessment of environmental risks. The aim of this survey was to collect corresponding data and to create a database for the environmental risk assessment of antifouling active substances in German surface waters. Water concentrations of current antifouling active substances and selected breakdown products were measured in a single-sampling campaign covering 50 marinas at inland and coastal areas. Increased levels were found for Zn, Cu, and cybutryne. For the latter, the maximum allowable concentration according to Directive 2013/39/EU was exceeded at 5 marinas. For Cu, local environmental quality standards were exceeded at 10 marinas. Base data on the total boat inventory in Germany were lacking until now. For that reason, a nationwide survey of mooring berths was conducted by use of aerial photos. About 206 000 mooring berths obviously used by boats with a potential antifouling application were counted. The blind spot of very small marinas was estimated at 20 000 berths. Seventy-one percent of berths were located at freshwater sites, illustrating the importance of navigable inland waterways for leisure boat activities and underlining the need for a customized exposure assessment in these areas. Moreover, the national consumption of all antifouling products for leisure boats was calculated. The total amount of 794 tonnes/annum (t/a) consisted of 179 t/a of inorganic Cu compounds, 19 t/a of organic cobiocides, and 49.5 t/a of Zn. With regard to weight proportion, 141 t/a Cu and 40 t/a Zn were consumed. Assuming an emission ratio of 50% during service life, 70.5 t/a of Cu amounted to 15% of all external sources for Cu release to German surface waters. These figures highlight the need for mitigation measures. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:892-905. © 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
authors.affiliation: LimnoMar Laboratory for Freshwater and Marine Research, Norderney, Germany.
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Daehne
authors.affiliation: LimnoMar Laboratory for Freshwater and Marine Research, Norderney, Germany.
authors.forename: Constanze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fürle
authors.affiliation: LimnoMar Laboratory for Freshwater and Marine Research, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.affiliation: LimnoMar Laboratory for Freshwater and Marine Research, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Burkard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Watermann
authors.affiliation: Federal Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feibicke
mesh_terms: D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis*; D005858:Germany; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012767:Ships / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Analytical screening; Antifouling active substances on leisure boats; Antifouling product consumption; Biocidal emission