title: Sex differences in asthma in swimmers and tennis players.
abstract: Elite athletes, independent of sport, have increased risk of developing asthma, but little is known about sex difference among adolescent athletes.
  
  
  
  To investigate and compare sex-related differences according to symptoms and treatment of asthma, allergy, and health among elite athletes and a reference group.
  
  
  
  Adolescent elite swimmers (n = 101), tennis players (n = 86), and a reference group (n = 1,628) responded to a questionnaire about respiratory symptoms, allergy, health behavior, psychosomatic symptoms, self- esteem, and well-being. The athletes performed a mannitol provocation and a sport-specific exercise provocation. Atopy was assessed by skin prick tests, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide was measured.
  
  
  
  The females reported more asthma symptoms than the males in both the reference group (29.1% vs 22.3%) and the athlete group (56.4% vs 40.2%). However, no significant differences were found in physician-diagnosed asthma or treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. More female athletes had a positive mannitol provocation result (48.7% vs 35.8% in male athletes), and more female swimmers had a positive exercise provocation result (15.1% vs 7.7% in male swimmers). The females in all groups had more psychosomatic symptoms compared with the respective males, and the males in the reference group reported higher self-esteem and felt more well-being compared with the reference group females.
  
  
  
  Overall, we found a higher prevalence of asthma symptoms in the females. However, the frequency of physician-diagnosed asthma and the prescription of inhaled corticosteroids were the same in both sexes. This finding demonstrates an insufficient diagnosis of asthma in females.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Health Care Centre, Näsets Läkargrupp, Höllviken, Sweden. Electronic address: kro@nlg.nu.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Romberg
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tufvesson
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bjermer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D056352:Athletes; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D062486:Public Health Surveillance; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D012882:Skin Tests; D013147:Spirometry; D013550:Swimming; D013715:Tennis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide