title: Synchronicity of influenza activity within Phoenix, AZ during the 2015-2016 seasonal epidemic.
abstract: Variability in the timing of influenza epidemics has been observed across global and regional scales, but this variability has not been studied extensively at finer spatial scales. As such, the aim of this study was to test whether influenza cases were synchronized across sites and/or age-groups within a major city.
  
  
  
  We used influenza cases identified by rapid influenza tests from a network of clinics across Phoenix, AZ during the 2015-2016 influenza A season. We used a combination of KS tests and a bootstrapping approach to evaluate whether the temporal distribution of cases varied by site and/or age group.
  
  
  
  Our analysis indicates that the timing of influenza cases during the 2015-2016 seasonal influenza epidemic were generally synchronized across sites and age groups. That said, we did observe some statistically significant differences in the timing of cases across some sites, and by site and age group. We found no evidence that influenza activity consistently begins or peaks earlier in children than in adults.
  
  
  
  To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate differences in the intra-urban timing of influenza using influenza-specific case data. We were able to show evidence that influenza cases are not entirely synchronized across an urban area, but the differences we observed were relatively minor. It is important to understand the geographic scale at which influenza is synchronized in order to gain a better understanding of local transmission dynamics, and to determine the appropriate geographic scale that influenza surveillance data should be aggregated for prediction and warning systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. james-tamerius@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tamerius
authors.affiliation: Quidel Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jhobe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steadman
authors.affiliation: Quidel Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tamerius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001130:Arizona / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002947:Cities; D003710:Demography; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D044382:Population Groups; D012621:Seasons; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Age-specific; Influenza epidemic; Scale; Spatiotemporal variability; Variability