title: Complex regional pain syndrome in children: a systematic review of clinical features and movement disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain clinical features of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in children with a focus on movement disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  all publications with original data on children with CRPS were assessed. Data were tabulated and descriptive statistics were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One population-based study and nine clinic-based studies provided data on demographic and clinical characteristics of childhood CRPS. Mean age of onset was 12.5 years and 85% of patients were females (risk ratio: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.54-1.88). History of trauma in 71% and the lower limbs were affected in 75% of patients. A secondary site involvement was present in 15%. Movement disorders and dystonia were reported in 30% of children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Majority of cases of CRPS in children are females with mean age of 12.5 years. Movement disorders (mainly dystonia) affect at least one in three children with CRPS.
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.|Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Stirlingshire, Larbert, FK5 4WR, UK.
authors.forename: Hashem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abu-Arafeh
authors.affiliation: Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Stirlingshire, Larbert, FK5 4WR, UK.
authors.forename: Ishaq
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abu-Arafeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: children and adolescents; complex regional pain syndrome; dystonia