title: Assessment of Lemna minor (duckweed) and Corbicula fluminea (freshwater clam) as potential indicators of contaminated aquatic ecosystems: responses to presence of psychoactive drug mixtures.
abstract: The pharmaceutical products are emerging pollutants continuously released into the environment, because they cannot be effectively removed by the wastewater treatment plants. In recent years, questions have been raised concerning the environmental risks related to these pollutants. The goal of this research was to evaluate the responses in Lemna minor after 7 days and in Corbicula fluminea after differing durations (1, 3, 7, and 19 days) of exposure to the psychoactive drug mixture (valproic acid, citalopram, carbamazepine, cyamemazine, hydroxyzine, oxazepam, norfluoxetine, lorazepam, fluoxetine, and sertraline) in different concentrations (0, 0 + ethanol, drug concentration (DC) 1 = river water concentration, DC2 = effluent concentration, and DC3 = 10× effluent concentration). In this aim, growth parameters of L. minor, gluthathione S-transferase (GSTs), catalase (CAT), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and/or gene expressions (pi-gst, cat, cytochrome P450 4 (cyp4), multidrug resistant 1 (mdr1), and superoxide dismutase (sod)) were measured. GST activities increased significantly in L. minor exposed to DC3, but no changes were found in CAT activity. In C. fluminea, EROD activity was induced significantly in both gill and digestive gland tissues after 3 days' exposure to DC3, while a GST increase was observed only in digestive gland tissues, suggesting that these pharmaceuticals induced an oxidative effect. Gene expression analysis revealed transient transcriptomic responses of cyp4, sod, and mdr1 under drug concentrations 2 or 3 and no change of expression for the other genes (cat and pi-gst) or condition (environmental drug concentration) tested. Finally, the data reported in this study represent important ecotoxicological information, confirming that this enzyme family (cyp4, sod, and mdr1) may be considered as a sensible and early indicator of exposure to drugs and emphasizing the involvement of selected genes in detoxification pathways.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Biochimie et Toxicologie des substances bioactives (BTSB), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France.|Department of Agronomy, National School of Agriculture, km. 10, Route Haj Kaddour, B.P. S/40, 50001, Meknès, Morocco.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourioug
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Biochimie et Toxicologie des substances bioactives (BTSB), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Mazzitelli
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Biochimie et Toxicologie des substances bioactives (BTSB), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marty
authors.affiliation: UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Budzinsky
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, Université Franche-Comté, 25030, Besançon, France. lotfi.aleya@univ-fcomte.fr.
authors.forename: Lotfi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aleya
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Biochimie et Toxicologie des substances bioactives (BTSB), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonnafé
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Biochimie et Toxicologie des substances bioactives (BTSB), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Geret
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029064:Araceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism*; D049874:Corbicula / Q000187:drug effects*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D005880:Gills / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002220:Carbamazepine; D002374:Catalase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Biomarkers; Defense mechanisms; Emerging contaminants; Gene expression; Psychotropic pharmaceuticals