title: Competence evaluation processes for nursing students abroad: Findings from an international case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessing clinical competence in nursing students abroad is a challenge, and requires both methods and instruments capable of capturing the multidimensional nature of the clinical competences acquired.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to compare the clinical competence assessment processes and instruments adopted for nursing students during their clinical placement abroad.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case study design was adopted in 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  A purposeful sample of eight nursing programmes located in seven countries (Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, Portugal and Italy) were approached.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tools as instruments for evaluating competences developed in clinical training by international nursing students, and written procedures aimed at guiding the evaluation process, were scrutinised through a content analysis method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All clinical competence evaluation procedures and instruments used in the nursing programmes involved were provided in English. A final evaluation of the competences was expected by all nursing programmes at the end of the clinical placement, while only four provided an intermediate evaluation. Great variability emerged in the tools, with between five and 88 items included. Through content analysis, 196 items emerged, classified into 12 different core competence categories, the majority were categorised as 'Technical skills' (=60), 'Self-learning and critical thinking' (=27) and 'Nursing care process' (=25) competences. Little emphasis was given in the tools to competences involving 'Self-adaptation', 'Inter-professional skills', 'Clinical documentation', 'Managing nursing care', 'Patient communication', and 'Theory and practice integration'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Institutions signing Bilateral Agreements should agree upon the competences expected from students during their clinical education abroad. The tools used in the process, as well as the role expected by the student, should also be agreed upon. Intercultural competences should be further addressed in the process of evaluation, in addition to adaptation to different settings. There is also a need to establish those competences achievable or not in the host country, aiming at increasing transparency in learning expectations and evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Udine University, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tommasini
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dobrowolska
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zarzycka
authors.affiliation: Community/Public Health Department, Nursing School of Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bacatum
authors.affiliation: Vestfold/Department of Nursing Science, Vestfold, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne Marie Gran
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bruun
authors.affiliation: Vestfold/Department of Nursing Science, Vestfold, Norway.
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Korsath
authors.affiliation: Telemark University College, Norway.
authors.forename: Siv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette Bro
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: University college Lillebaelt, Department of Nursing, Svendborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Milling
authors.affiliation: Group Health and Wellfare, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Limburg, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deschamps
authors.affiliation: Epirus Institute of Technology (T.E.I. of Epirus), Greece.
authors.forename: Stefanos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mantzoukas
authors.affiliation: Epirus Institute of Technology (T.E.I. of Epirus), Greece.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mantzouka
authors.affiliation: Udine University, Italy. Electronic address: alvisa.palese@uniud.it.
authors.forename: Alvisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palese
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D064700:Nurses, International; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D013338:Students, Nursing; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Competence; Erasmus programme; Evaluation process; Instruments; Nursing student mobility; Study abroad programme; Tool; Traineeship