title: Immunostimulatory Effect of Enzyme-Modified Hizikia fusiformein a Mouse Model In Vitro and Ex Vivo.
abstract: Hizikia fusiforme, a brown seaweed, has been utilized as a health food and in traditional medicine. In this study, we investigated whether enzyme-modified H. fusiforme extracts (EH) have immunological effects compared with normal H. fusiforme extracts (NH). The effects of NH and EH on immune responses were investigated by assessing nitric oxide (NO) production, phagocytosis, and cytokine secretion in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages and mice. Also, fucosterol was evaluated to find the active component of NH and EH by addressing cytotoxicity test and NO production. Both of NH and EH significantly increased cell viability and NO synthesis. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression was more induced by EH with LPS treatment. Phagocytic activity, as the primary function of macrophages, was markedly induced by EH treatment. Additionally, EH encouraged splenocyte proliferation and recovered the levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in mice. Finally, fucosterol increased NO production with no cytotoxicity, which means that fucosterol is an active component of EH. In conclusion, EH has the potential to modulate immune function and could offer positive therapeutic effect for immune system diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eunson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Kyong
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, South Korea.
authors.forename: Don-Gil
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea. drhoo@khu.ac.kr.|Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, South Korea. drhoo@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Tae-Hoo
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000819:agonists / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000459:Phaeophyceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D012624:Seaweed / Q000737:chemistry*; D013265:Stigmasterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C587672:IL1B protein, mouse; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C015896:fucosterol; D013265:Stigmasterol
keywords: Enzyme-modified; Ex vivo; Fucosterol; Hizikia fusiforme; Immunostimulatory effect