title: In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-inflammatory Effects of Struthanthus vulgaris.
abstract: Struthanthus vulgarisis probably the most common medicinal mistletoe plant in Brazil, and has been used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent and for cleaning skin wounds. Our proposal was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity ofS. vulgarisethanol leaf extract and provide further insights of how this biological action could be explained usingin vitroandin vivoassays.In vitroanti-inflammatory activity was preliminarily investigated in lipopolysaccharide/interferon gamma-stimulated macrophages based on their ability to inhibit nitric oxide production and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.In vivoanti-inflammatory activity ofS. vulgarisethanol leaf extract was investigated in the mice carrageenan-induced inflammation air pouch model. The air pouches were inoculated with carrageenan and then treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg ofS. vulgarisethanol leaf extract or 1 mg/kg of dexamethasone. Effects on the immune cell infiltrates, pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1, interleukin 10, and nitric oxide, were evaluated. The chemical composition ofS. vulgarisethanol leaf extract was characterized by LC-MS/MS.In vitro S. vulgarisethanol leaf extract significantly decreased the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in macrophages and did not reveal any cytotoxicity.In vivo, S. vulgarisethanol leaf extract significantly suppressed the influx of leukocytes, mainly neutrophils, protein exudation, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin 1 concentrations in the carrageenan-induced inflammation air pouch. In conclusion,S. vulgarisethanol leaf extract exhibited prominent anti-inflammatory effects, thereby endorsing its usefulness as a medicinal therapy against inflammatory diseases, and suggesting thatS. vulgarisethanol leaf extract may be a source for the discovery of novel anti-inflammatory agents.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Franciane Martins
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maycow Rodrigues
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cátia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vittorazzi
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciane De Souza Dos Santos
authors.initials: LSDS
authors.lastname: Gramma
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Produtos Bioativos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Macaé, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tadeu Uggere
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise Coutinho
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Endringer
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fronza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001938:Brazil; D002351:Carrageenan; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D014784:Mistletoe / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002351:Carrageenan