title: Perforator variability in the anterolateral thigh free flap: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of free flaps greatly improves reconstruction options and quality of life for patients undergoing oncological resections. The anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap is frequently used in the head and neck. The aim of this review was to provide a summary of published evidence assessing perforator anatomy of this flap.
  
  
  METHODS
  A broad search was undertaken through the PubMed database using the terms "anterolateral thigh free flap" and "perforator". Search limits included English language and human subjects. Studies that examined more than or equal to ten patients were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 23 studies were identified, which included both clinical and cadaver studies. 1251 thighs were examined with the mean number of perforators ranging from 1.15 to 4.26. In the majority of cases, the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery was the dominant pedicle and took a musculocutaneous route. In some series, up to 5.4% of thighs were identified as having no cutaneous perforators. Venous data is limited with most studies reporting the presence of two concomitant veins of which the largest concomitant vein is selected for venous anastomoses.
  The ALT free flap is a reconstruction option in head and neck cancer. Adequate perforators for reconstruction are identified in the majority of cases. Increased anatomical perforator knowledge may lead to further uptake of ALT free flap reconstruction and improved intraoperative troubleshooting. Further studies investigating those patients with no perforators in the ALT may lead to improved clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. ross.smith@my.jcu.edu.au.|Department of Surgery, Cairns Hospital, 165 The Esplanade, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia. ross.smith@my.jcu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ross K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wykes
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Navin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Niles
mesh_terms: D063405:Anatomic Variation; D006801:Humans; D061525:Perforator Flap; D013848:Thigh / Q000098:blood supply*
keywords: Anterolateral thigh; Free flap; Perforator