title: Risk Analyses of Pressure Ulcer in Tetraplegic Spinal Cord-Injured Persons: A French Long-Term Survey.
abstract: To identify the long-term clinical, individual, and social risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers (PUs) in traumatic spinal cord-injured persons with tetraplegia (TSCIt).
  
  
  
  Cohort survey with self-applied questionnaires in 1995 and 2006.
  
  
  
  Thirty-five French-speaking European physical medicine and rehabilitation centers participating in the Tetrafigap surveys.
  
  
  
  Tetraplegic adults (N=1641) were surveyed after an initial posttraumatic period of at least 2 years. Eleven years later, a follow-up was done for 1327 TSCIt, among whom 221 had died and 547 could be surveyed again.
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
  
  
  
  The proportion of PUs documented at the various defined time points, relative to the medical and social situations of the TSCIt, by using univariate analyses followed by logistic regression.
  
  
  
  Of the participants, 73.4% presented with a PU during at least 1 period after their injury. Four factors had an effect on the occurrence of PUs in the long-term. Protective features for this population were incomplete motor impairment (odds ratio, 0.5) and the ability to walk (odds ratio, 0.2), whereas a strong predictive factor was the development of a PU during the initial posttrauma phase (odds ratio, 2.7). Finally, a significant situational factor was the lack of a social network (odds ratio, 3.1).
  
  
  
  We believe that the highlighting of a motor incomplete feature of SCI (protective against the development of a PU) and of a medical risk factor, an early PU (which served as a definitive marker of the trajectory of TSCIt), together with a social situational factor, indicates the crucial role of initial management and long-term follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Neurological Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital-Hôpital Saint-Jacques, Nantes, France; MSSH, House of Social Sciences and Disability-EHESP, High School of Public Health, Rennes, France. Electronic address: marc.lefort@chu-nantes.fr.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le Fort
authors.affiliation: IRDES-Institute for Research and Documentation in Health Economics, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Maude
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espagnacq
authors.affiliation: Neurological Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital-Hôpital Saint-Jacques, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Perrouin-Verbe
authors.affiliation: MSSH, House of Social Sciences and Disability-EHESP, High School of Public Health, Rennes, France; CERMES3, INSERM, CNRS, EHESS, Université Paris Descartes, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ravaud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000209:etiology*; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking
keywords: Cohort studies; Follow-up studies; Recurrence; Rehabilitation; Risk factors; Surveys and questionnaires