title: Effects of a combination of acepromazine maleate and butorphanol tartrate on conventional and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE To determine effects of a combination of acepromazine maleate and butorphanol tartrate on conventional echocardiographic variables and on strain values obtained by use of 2-D speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 18 healthy medium- and large-size adult dogs. PROCEDURES Transthoracic echocardiographic examination (2-D, M-mode, color flow, spectral Doppler, and tissue Doppler ultrasonography) and high-definition oscillometric blood pressure measurement were performed before and after dogs were sedated by IM administration of a combination of acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg). Adequacy of sedation for echocardiographic examination was evaluated. Circumferential and longitudinal global and segmental strains of the left ventricle (LV) were obtained with 2-D STE by use of right parasternal short-axis and left parasternal apical views. Values before and after sedation were compared. RESULTS The sedation combination provided adequate immobilization to facilitate echocardiographic examination. Heart rate and mean and diastolic blood pressures decreased significantly after dogs were sedated. A few conventional echocardiographic variables differed significantly from baseline values after sedation, including decreased end-diastolic LV volume index, peak velocity of late diastolic transmitral flow, and late diastolic septal mitral and tricuspid annulus velocities, increased ejection time, and increased mitral ratio of peak early to late diastolic filling velocity; global strain values were not affected, but 1 segmental (apical lateral) strain value decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that acepromazine and butorphanol at the doses used in this study provided sedation adequate to facilitate echocardiography, with only mild influences on conventional and 2-D STE variables.
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santarelli
authors.forename: Jesús Talavera
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Josefa Fernández
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Del Palacio
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000662:veterinary*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D000075:Acepromazine; D002077:Butorphanol