title: Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy: the current role and development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) has recently been developed to induce rapid liver hypertrophy and reduce post-hepatectomy liver failure in patients with insufficient future liver remnant (FLR). ALPPS is still considered to be in an early developmental phase because surgical indications and techniques have not been standardized. This article aimed to review the current role and future developments of ALPPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed for articles from January 2007 to October 2016 using the keywords "associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy" and "ALPPS". Additional papers were identified by a manual search of references from key articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ALPPS induces more hypertrophy of the FLR in less time than portal vein embolization or portal vein ligation. The benefits of ALPPS include rapid hypertrophy 47%-110% of the liver over a median of 6-16.4 days, and 95%-100% completion rate of the second stage of ALPPS. The main criticisms of ALPPS are centered on its high morbidity and mortality rates. Morbidity rates after ALPPS have been reported to be 15.3%-100%, with ≥ the Clavien-Dindo grade III morbidity of 13.6%-44%. Mortality rates have been reported to be 0%-29%. The important questions to ask even if oncologic long-term results are acceptable are: whether the gain in quality and quantity of life can be off balance by the substantial risks of morbidity and mortality, and whether stimulation of rapid liver hypertrophy also accelerates rapid tumor progression and spread. Up till now, the documentations of the ALPPS procedure come mainly from case series, and most of these series include heterogeneous groups of malignancies. The numbers are also too small to separately evaluate survival for different tumor etiologies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, knowledge on ALPPS is limited, and prospective randomized studies are lacking. From the reported preliminary results, safety of the ALPPS procedure remains questionable. ALPPS should only be used in experienced, high-volume hepatobiliary centers.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China. josephlau@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Wan Yee
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Eric Ch
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Stephanie Hy
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008026:Ligation; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008115:Liver Regeneration; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome