title: Olecranon physeal nonunion in the adolescent athlete: identification of two patterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to present the outcomes of patients undergoing surgical management of persistent, symptomatic olecranon physes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients undergoing surgical management for symptomatic persistent olecranon physeal abnormalities were reviewed. Preoperative data, intraoperative findings, and postoperative clinical outcomes including physical examination findings, radiographs, complications, and reoperations were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13 elbows in 12 patients (100% male; average age, 18 ± 4 years) were identified. All patients were pitchers at the high-school or college level. Two unique radiographic patterns were identified: distal persistent olecranon physis (n = 9), identified by an irregular sclerotic lucency at the site of the olecranon physis; and proximal persistent olecranon physis (n = 4), identified by a radiolucency exiting proximal to the triceps insertion at the site of an accessory ossification center that failed to unite. Surgical management included débridement, autograft bone grafting, and internal fixation. There were 3 reoperations (1 for infection, 2 for painful hardware). All patients achieved successful radiographic union (average, 8 ± 2 weeks). At an average follow-up of 4.4 ± 1.2 years, the average postoperative Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score was 1.1 ± 1.6; the Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 98.5 ± 2.4; the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was 99.3 ± 0.4; and average Likert score for satisfaction was 9.95 ± 0.2. At final follow-up, there were no significant differences in strength, motion, or stability in comparing the operative with the nonoperative elbow (P > .05 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two unique patterns of olecranon physeal abnormalities in young, overhead throwing athletes have been identified. Open reduction with internal fixation is clinically and radiographically successful in obtaining union and symptom resolution in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: rmfrank3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Orlin & Cohen Orthopaedic Group, Merrick, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lenart
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D056740:Olecranon Process / Q000293:injuries*; D000070799:Open Fracture Reduction / Q000379:methods*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Olecranon stress fracture; olecranon nonunion; olecranon physis; persistent physis; throwing athlete; youth pitcher