title: High-intensity intermittent exercise training with chlorella intake accelerates exercise performance and muscle glycolytic and oxidative capacity in rats.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic chlorella intake alone or in combination with high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) training on exercise performance and muscle glycolytic and oxidative metabolism in rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the four groups: sedentary control, chlorella intake (0.5% chlorella powder in normal feed), HIIE training, and combination of HIIE training and chlorella intake for 6 wk (n= 10 each group). HIIE training comprised 14 repeats of a 20-s swimming session with a 10-s pause between sessions, while bearing a weight equivalent to 16% of body weight, 4 days/week. Exercise performance was tested after the interventions by measuring the maximal number of HIIE sessions that could be completed. Chlorella intake and HIIE training significantly increased the maximal number of HIIE sessions and enhanced the expression of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)1, MCT4, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α concomitantly with the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), phosphofructokinase, citrate synthase (CS), and cytochrome-coxidase (COX) in the red region of the gastrocnemius muscle. Furthermore, the combination further augmented the increased exercise performance and the enhanced expressions and activities. By contrast, in the white region of the muscle, MCT1 expression and LDH, CS, and COX activities did not change. These results showed that compared with only chlorella intake and only HIIE training, chlorella intake combined with HIIE training has a more pronounced effect on exercise performance and muscle glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, in particular, lactate metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horii
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and.|Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and.|Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shumpei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujie
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and.
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miyamoto-Mikami
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and.
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; and iemitsu@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Motoyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iemitsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002708:Chlorella; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D000072696:High-Intensity Interval Training / Q000379:methods*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: high-intensity intermittent exercise; lactate dehydrogenase, monocarboxylate transporter 1; monocarboxylate transporter 4; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator-1α