title: Characteristics of Quinolone Resistance inEscherichia coliIsolates from Humans, Animals, and the Environment in the Czech Republic.
abstract: Escherichia coliis a common commensal bacterial species of humans and animals that may become a troublesome pathogen causing serious diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the quinolone resistance phenotypes and genotypes inE. coliisolates of different origin from one area of the Czech Republic.E. coliisolates were obtained from hospitalized patients and outpatients, chicken farms, retailed turkeys, rooks wintering in the area, and wastewaters. Susceptibility of the isolates grown on the MacConkey agar with ciprofloxacin (0.05 mg/L) to 23 antimicrobial agents was determined. The presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and ESBL genes was tested by PCR and sequencing. Specific mutations ingyrA, gyrB, parC, andparEwere also examined. Multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were performed to assess the clonal relationship. In total, 1050E. coliisolates were obtained, including 303 isolates from humans, 156 from chickens, 105 from turkeys, 114 from the rooks, and 372 from wastewater samples. PMQR genes were detected in 262 (25%) isolates. The highest occurrence was observed in isolates from retailed turkey (49% of the isolates were positive) and inpatients (32%). TheqnrS1gene was the most common PMQR determinant identified in 146 (56%) followed byaac(6')-Ib-crin 77 (29%),qnrB19in 41 (16%), andqnrB1in 9 (3%) isolates. All isolates with high level of ciprofloxacin resistance (>32 mg/L) carried double or triple mutations ingyrAcombined with single or double mutations inparC. The most frequently identified substitutions were Ser(83)Leu; Asp(87)Asn in GyrA, together with Ser(80)Ile, or Glu(84)Val in ParC. Majority of these isolates showed resistance to beta-lactams and multiresistance phenotype was found in 95% isolates. Forty-eight different sequence types among 144 isolates analyzed were found, including five major clones ST131 (26), ST355 (19), ST48 (13), ST95 (10), and ST10 (5). No isolates sharing 100% relatedness and originating from different areas were identified. In conclusion, our study identified PMQR genes inE. coliisolates in all areas studied, including highly virulent multiresistant clones such as ST131 producing CTX-M-15 beta-lactamases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc, Czechia.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Röderova
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Brno, Czechia.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Halova
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Brno, Czechia.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papousek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia; Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dolejska
authors.affiliation: Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masarikova
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia; Department of Microbiology, University Hospital OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia.
authors.forename: Vojtech
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hanulik
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc, Czechia.
authors.forename: Vendula
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pudova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Biotechnologies (IAB) Prague, Czechia.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Broz
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia; Department of Microbiology, University Hospital OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia.
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Htoutou-Sedlakova
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia; Department of Microbiology, University Hospital OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc, Czechia.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bardon
authors.affiliation: Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia.
authors.forename: Alois
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cizek
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc, Czechia.
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia; Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno, Czechia.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Literak
keywords: Escherichia coli; MLST; PFGE; animals; human; quinolone resistance; wastewater