title: A new method for the formulation of double nanoemulsions.
abstract: Double emulsions are very attractive systems for many reasons; the most important of these are their capacity to encapsulate hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules simultaneously in a single particle and their potentiality to protect fragile hydrophilic molecules from the continuous phase. Double emulsions represent a technology that is widely present down to the micrometer scale; however, double nanoemulsions, with their new potential applications as nanomedicines or diagnosis agents, currently present a significant challenge. In this study, we propose an original two-step approach for the fabrication of double nanoemulsions with a final size below 200 nm. The process consists of the formulation of a primary water-in-oil (w1/O) nanoemulsion by high-pressure homogenization, followed by the re-emulsification of this primary emulsion by a low-energy method to preserve the double nanostructure. Various characterization techniques were undertaken to confirm the double structure and to evaluate the encapsulation efficiency of a small hydrophilic probe in the inner aqueous droplets. Complementary fluorescence confocal and cryo-TEM microscopy experiments were conducted to characterize and confirm the double structure of the double nanoemulsion.
authors.affiliation: Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Shukai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: CNRS 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB), Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France and Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France. nanton@unistra.fr.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7047-9657
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anton
authors.affiliation: CNRS 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB), Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France and Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France. nanton@unistra.fr.
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akram
authors.affiliation: Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Meriem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Er-Rafik
authors.affiliation: CNRS 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anton
authors.affiliation: CNRS 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2423-830X
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klymchenko
authors.affiliation: Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: CNRS 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB), Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France and Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France. nanton@unistra.fr.
authors.forename: Thierry F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Vandamme
authors.affiliation: Institut Charles Sadron (ICS) - UPR 22 CNRS, Strasbourg, France and Université de Strasbourg, École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Strasbourg, France. ca.serra@unistra.fr.
authors.forename: Christophe A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Serra