title: Management of Cardiac Electronic Device Infections: Challenges and Outcomes.
abstract: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection is an increasing problem. Reasons for this are uncertain, but likely relate to an increasing proportion of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) devices implanted, as well as implantations in 'higher risk' candidates, i.e. patients with heart failure, diabetes and renal failure. Challenges within the field of CIED infections are multiple with prevention being the most important challenge. Careful prescription of CIED treatment and careful patient preparation before implantation is important. Diagnosis is often difficult and delayed by subtle signs of infection. Treatment of CIED infection includes complete system removal in centres experienced in CIED extraction and prolonged antibiotic therapy. Meticulous planning and preparation before system extraction and later CIED re-implantation is essential for better patient outcome. Future strategies for reducing CIED infection should be tested in sufficiently powered, multicentre, randomised controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke Esberg
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kirkfeldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens Brock
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens Cosedis
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Nielsen
keywords: Cardiac implantable electronic device; implantable cardioverter defibrillator; infection; management; outcomes; pacemaker; predictors; prevention