title: Sports-Related Emergency Preparedness in Oregon High Schools.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Best practice recommendations for sports-related emergency preparation include implementation of venue-specific emergency action plans (EAPs), access to early defibrillation, and first responders-specifically coaches-trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator (AED) use. The objective was to determine whether high schools had implemented these 3 recommendations and whether schools with a certified athletic trainer (AT) were more likely to have done so.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Schools with an AT were more likely to have implemented the recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  All Oregon School Activities Association member school athletic directors were invited to complete a survey on sports-related emergency preparedness and AT availability at their school. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to analyze the associations between emergency preparedness and AT availability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 108 respondents (37% response rate) completed the survey. Exactly half reported having an AT available. Only 11% (95% CI, 6%-19%) of the schools had implemented all 3 recommendations, 29% (95% CI, 21%-39%) had implemented 2, 32% (95% CI, 24%-42%) had implemented 1, and 27% (95% CI, 19%-36%) had not implemented any of the recommendations. AT availability was associated with implementation of the recommendations (χ2= 10.3, P = 0.02), and the proportion of schools with ATs increased with the number of recommendations implemented (χ2= 9.3, P < 0.01). Schools with an AT were more likely to implement venue-specific EAPs (52% vs 24%, P < 0.01) and have an AED available for early defibrillation (69% vs 44%, P = 0.02) but not more likely to require coach training (33% vs 28%, P = 0.68).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite best practice recommendations, most schools were inadequately prepared for sports-related emergencies. Schools with an AT were more likely to implement some, but not all, of the recommendations. Policy changes may be needed to improve implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most Oregon high schools need to do more to prepare for sports-related emergencies. The results provide evidence for sports medicine professionals and administrators to inform policy changes that ensure the safety of athletes.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
authors.forename: Samuel T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
authors.forename: Marc F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Norcross
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
authors.forename: Viktor E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Bovbjerg
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
authors.forename: Eunwook
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Slocum Center for Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Eugene, Oregon.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Koester
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D047548:Defibrillators; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009922:Oregon; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D012574:Schools / Q000458:organization & administration*
keywords: athlete injury; prehospital emergency care; sudden cardiac arrest; sudden death