title: Homelessness, Unsheltered Status, and Risk Factors for Mortality: Findings From the 100    000 Homes Campaign.
abstract: People who live in unsheltered situations, such as the streets, often have poorer health, less access to health care, and an increased risk of premature mortality as compared with their sheltered counterparts. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the characteristics of people experiencing homelessness who were sleeping primarily in unsheltered situations with those who were accessing homeless shelters and other sheltered situations, (2) identify correlates of unsheltered status, and (3) assess the relationship between unsheltered status and increased risk of mortality.
  
  
  
  Using primary data collected as part of the 100    000 Homes Campaign-a national effort to help communities find homes for vulnerable and chronically homeless Americans-we estimated 2 generalized linear mixed models to understand the correlates of unsheltered status and risk factors for mortality. Independent variables included demographic characteristics; history of homelessness, incarceration, foster care, and treatment for mental illness or substance use; sources of income; and past and present medical conditions. The study sample comprised 25489 people experiencing homelessness who responded to an assessment of their housing and health as part of the 100    000 Homes Campaign from 2008 to 2014.
  
  
  
  In the full model, the following characteristics were associated with unsheltered status: being a veteran (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.10); having <high school education (aOR = 1.09); accessing informal income (aOR = 2.37); and having a history of foster care (aOR = 1.14), chronic homelessness (aOR = 1.36 for 1-5 years, aOR = 1.95 for >5 years), incarceration (aOR = 1.32), or substance use (aOR = 1.10 for ever abusing drugs or alcohol, aOR = 1.13 for ever using intravenous drugs, aOR = 1.98 for drinking alcohol every day for past month). Being unsheltered (aOR = 1.12), being female (aOR = 1.22), or receiving entitlements (aOR = 1.63) increased respondents' odds of having risk factors for mortality.
  
  
  
  These findings highlight the need to assertively reach out to vulnerable populations and provide interventions to assist them during their transition-for example, as they exit incarceration or age out of foster care. Such a response could prevent unsheltered homelessness and thereby address increased mortality risk. Connecting people with resources to increase their access to employment, benefits, and other sources of income is especially important.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA; National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, Philadelphia, PA, USA; School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Ann Elizabeth
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.affiliation: National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Szymkowiak
authors.affiliation: Data and Performance Management, Community Solutions, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.affiliation: Data and Performance Management, Community Solutions, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, Philadelphia, PA, USA; School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Culhane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: homeless; mortality; unsheltered