title: Pathogenesis of Gastric Cancer: Genetics and Molecular Classification.
abstract: Gastric cancer is the fifth most incident and the third most common cause of cancer-related death in the world. Infection with Helicobacter pylori is the major risk factor for this disease. Gastric cancer is the final outcome of a cascade of events that takes decades to occur and results from the accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. These changes are crucial for tumor cells to expedite and sustain the array of pathways involved in the cancer development, such as cell cycle, DNA repair, metabolism, cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immune surveillance. Comprehensive molecular analyses of gastric cancer have disclosed the complex heterogeneity of this disease. In particular, these analyses have confirmed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive gastric cancer is a distinct entity. The identification of gastric cancer subtypes characterized by recognizable molecular profiles may pave the way for a more personalized clinical management and to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for screening, prognosis, prediction of response to treatment, and monitoring of gastric cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.|Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ceu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, ML, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.affiliation: i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Cancer and Virology, Children's Hospital of Mexico "Federico Gomez", Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ezequiel M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Fuentes-Pananá
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, ML, USA.
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rabkin
authors.affiliation: i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. josem@ipatimup.pt.|Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. josem@ipatimup.pt.|Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. josem@ipatimup.pt.
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D013270:Stomach / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins
keywords: Chromosomal instability; Epstein–Barr virus; Gastric cancer; Helicobacter pylori; Hereditary gastric cancer; Microsatellite instability