title: Comparison of Three Methods of Rating Nasolabial Appearance in Cleft Lip and Palate.
abstract: To investigate which of three methods of rating nasolabial appearance-esthetic index, visual analogue scale (VAS), or numerical scale with reference photographs-is optimal.
  
  
  
  Experimental study.
  
  
  
  Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands and University of Bern, Switzerland.
  
  
  
  Cropped photographs of 60 patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (mean age = 10.8 years) were used for rating. A panel of eight raters rated four components of nasolabial morphology (nasal shape, nose deviation, vermillion border, and profile view) using three methods: 5-point esthetic index, 100 mm VAS, and 0 to 200 numerical scale with reference photographs (reference scores method). Method reliability was assessed by re-evaluation of 20 images after >1 month. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate consistency of each method.
  
  
  
  Overall reference scores method always produced more reproducible results (i.e., higher ICCs) than did VAS or the esthetic index. However, statistically significant differences were found between reference scores and esthetic index in rating nasal shape, nose deviation, and vermillion border only (P < 0.001, <0.001, and 0.012, respectively) and between reference scores and VAS in rating nose deviation and vermillion border (P < 0.001 and 0.017, respectively).
  
  
  
  We recommend the use of reference photographs along with the VAS or numerical (from 0 to 200) semi-continuous scale. The esthetic index, based on a Likert-type scale, seems to produce the most variable results and, therefore, is not preferred.
authors.forename: Sylwia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fudalej
authors.forename: Dries
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Desmedt
authors.forename: Ewald
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bronkhorst
authors.forename: Piotr S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Fudalej
mesh_terms: D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities*; D010781:Photography; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D064232:Visual Analog Scale
keywords: VAS; appearance; cleft lip; cleft palate; esthetic index; esthetics; method; rating