title: Lethal Effects of the Insect Growth Regulator Cyromazine Against Three Species of Filth Flies, Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Cattle, Swine, and Chicken Manure.
abstract: The presence of various species of filth flies is a widespread problem where livestock, including poultry, are maintained and where manure accumulates. The house fly, Musca domestica L.; the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.); and the little house fly, Fannia canicularis (L.) (each Diptera: Muscidae), the target pests in our study, can mechanically spread diseases, and S. calcitrans can bite cattle, causing losses in meat and milk production. Chemical control is widely used to suppress filth flies, but resistance to conventional insecticides has become problematic. Hence, an alternative approach, insect growth regulators (IGRs), has been adopted by many livestock producers. We assessed the ability of the IGR cyromazine in granular and granular-based aqueous formulations to suppress the three muscid species from developing in poultry, cattle, and swine manure collected from commercial livestock production facilities. Each of the two formulations provided either strong or complete control of the pests for the 4-wk duration of the study, excluding the granular formulation that provides control of only F. canicularis developing in poultry manure for 2 wk. The two cyromazine-based IGR formulations appear to be effective tools that, if rotated appropriately with other insecticides, can be incorporated into integrated pest management strategies for filth fly suppression.
authors.affiliation: Sierra Research Laboratories, 5100 Parker Rd., Modesto, CA 95357 (bill@sierraresearchlaboratories.com; michael@sierraresearchlaboratories.com; bret@sierraresearchlaboratories.com).
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS KBUSLIRL, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX 78028 (allan.showler@ars.usda.gov; weste.osbrink@ars.usda.gov).
authors.forename: Allan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Showler
authors.affiliation: Sierra Research Laboratories, 5100 Parker Rd., Modesto, CA 95357 (bill@sierraresearchlaboratories.com; michael@sierraresearchlaboratories.com; bret@sierraresearchlaboratories.com).
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.affiliation: Sierra Research Laboratories, 5100 Parker Rd., Modesto, CA 95357 (bill@sierraresearchlaboratories.com; michael@sierraresearchlaboratories.com; bret@sierraresearchlaboratories.com).
authors.forename: Bret E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Vinson
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS KBUSLIRL, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX 78028 (allan.showler@ars.usda.gov; weste.osbrink@ars.usda.gov).
authors.forename: Weste L A
authors.initials: WLA
authors.lastname: Osbrink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D006793:Houseflies / Q000254:growth & development; D007300:Insect Control; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008372:Manure; D009117:Muscidae / Q000254:growth & development; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development; D013552:Swine; D014227:Triazines
chemical_list: D007605:Juvenile Hormones; D008372:Manure; D014227:Triazines; C028704:cyromazine
keywords: House fly; Neporex; little house fly; stable fly