title: Functional Connectivity Anomalies in Adolescents with Psychotic Symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research suggests that, prior to the onset of psychosis, high risk youths already exhibit brain abnormalities similar to those present in patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the present study was to describe the functional organization of endogenous activation in young adolescents who report auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in view of the "distributed network" hypothesis of psychosis. We recruited 20 young people aged 13-16 years who reported AVHs and 20 healthy controls matched for age, gender and handedness from local schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each participant underwent a semi-structured clinical interview and a resting state (RS) neuroimaging protocol. We explored functional connectivity (FC) involving three different networks: 1) default mode network (DMN) 2) salience network (SN) and 3) central executive network (CEN). In line with previous findings on the role of the auditory cortex in AVHs as reported by young adolescents, we also investigated FC anomalies involving both the primary and secondary auditory cortices (A1 and A2, respectively). Further, we explored between-group inter-hemispheric FC differences (laterality) for both A1 and A2. Compared to the healthy control group, the AVH group exhibited FC differences in all three networks investigated. Moreover, FC anomalies were found in a neural network including both A1 and A2. The laterality analysis revealed no between-group, inter-hemispheric differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that young adolescents with subclinical psychotic symptoms exhibit functional connectivity anomalies directly and indirectly involving the DMN, SN, CEN and also a neural network including both primary and secondary auditory cortical regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0837-2100
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amico
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.|Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Hanlon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oertel-Knöchel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.|Department of Psychology, Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Niamh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coughlan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Creegan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heneghan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Emmet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Power
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Power
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frodl
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054022:Cerebrum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*