title: Camel Whey Protein Protects B and T Cells from Apoptosis by Suppressing Activating Transcription Factor-3 (ATF-3)-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Enhancing Phosphorylation of AKT and IκB-α in Type I Diabetic Mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with severe immune system complications. Camel whey protein (CWP) decreases free radicals (ROS) and modulates immune functions, but its effect on DM-impaired immune systems has not been studied. We investigated the impact of CWP on the immune system in a Type 1 diabetes mouse model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three experimental groups were used: (1) non-diabetic control; (2) diabetic; and (3) CWP-treated diabetic mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Induction of diabetes by streptozotocin was associated with reduction of body weight and insulin level, increase in glucose level and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and reduction in IL-2 and IL-4 levels. Upregulated ATF-3 expression was followed by a marked elevation in ROS levels. Lymphocytes from diabetic mice exhibited increased apoptosis through decreased phosphorylation of AKT and IκB-α, increased infiltration of T cells in the spleen and thymus, and decreased B cell numbers in the spleen. Supplementation with CWP decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, ROS, and ATF-3 expression, and increased the levels of IL-4. Treatment with CWP decreased apoptosis by enhancing the phosphorylation of AKT and IκB-α as well as T-cell and B-cell distribution in the spleen and thymus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest the beneficial effects of CWP supplementation during diabetes on decreasing and orchestrating the redox status and subsequently rescuing the immune cells from exhaustion.
authors.forename: Gamal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Badr
authors.forename: Leila H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Sayed
authors.forename: Hossam El-Din M
authors.initials: HEM
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Ali M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abd El-Rahim
authors.forename: Emad A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Mohamed H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
mesh_terms: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D002162:Camelus / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013311:Streptozocin / Q000633:toxicity; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000166:cytology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D020011:Protective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D013311:Streptozocin; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
keywords: Apoptosis; Camel whey protein; Diabetes mellitus; Free radicals; Lymphocytes