title: A longitudinal study of atrazine and 2,4-D exposure and oxidative stress markers among iowa corn farmers.
abstract: Reactive oxygen species, potentially formed through environmental exposures, can overwhelm an organism's antioxidant capabilities resulting in oxidative stress. Long-term oxidative stress is linked with chronic diseases. Pesticide exposures have been shown to cause oxidative stress in vivo. We utilized a longitudinal study of corn farmers and non-farming controls in Iowa to examine the impact of exposure to the widely used herbicides atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on markers of oxidative stress. 225 urine samples were collected during five agricultural time periods (pre-planting, planting, growing, harvest, off-season) for 30 farmers who applied pesticides occupationally and 10 controls who did not; all were non-smoking men ages 40-60. Atrazine mercapturate (atrazine metabolite), 2,4-D, and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA], 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG], and 8-isoprostaglandin-F2α[8-isoPGF]) were measured in urine. We calculated β estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for each pesticide-oxidative stress marker combination using multivariate linear mixed-effect models for repeated measures. Farmers had higher urinary atrazine mercapturate and 2,4-D levels compared with controls. In regression models, after natural log transformation, 2,4-D was associated with elevated levels of 8-OHdG (β = 0.066, 95%CI = 0.008-0.124) and 8-isoPGF (β = 0.088, 95%CI = 0.004-0.172). 2,4-D may be associated with oxidative stress because of modest increases in 8-OHdG, a marker of oxidative DNA damage, and 8-isoPGF, a product of lipoprotein peroxidation, with recent 2,4-D exposure. Future studies should investigate the role of 2,4-D-induced oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of human diseases. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:30-38, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lerro
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Beane Freeman
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lützen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Portengen
authors.affiliation: Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Daehee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Samsung Health Research Institute, Samsung Electronics, Yongin-City, 446-711, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoungho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health Surveillance, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bakke
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Anneclaire J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: De Roos
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508, The Netherlands.|Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roel C H
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000633:toxicity*; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D000067565:Farmers; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D006540:Herbicides; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D015237:Dinoprost; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D001280:Atrazine
keywords: agriculture; herbicide; oxidative damage; pesticide