title: Congenital anomalies of the IVC-embryological perspective and clinical relevance.
abstract: With the increased use of cross-sectional imaging, systemic venous anomalies are more frequently being recognized in asymptomatic patients. Accurate characterization of systemic venous anomalies plays a major role in the appropriate selection of a surgical approach or interventional procedure. In this article, we review common and uncommon inferior vena cava (IVC) anomalies. We describe the embryological basis and clinical implications of these anomalies, particularly from an interventional radiology perspective. We also discuss the complications and treatments of these anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Abed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghandour
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Sasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Partovi
authors.affiliation: Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Karunakaravel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karuppasamy
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Imaging, Radiology Department, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Prabhakar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rajiah
keywords: Inferior vena cava (IVC); anomalies; embryology