title: A Copolymer Scaffold Functionalized with Nanodiamond Particles Enhances Osteogenic Metabolic Activity and Bone Regeneration.
abstract: Functionalizing polymer scaffolds with nanodiamond particles (nDPs) has pronounced effect on the surface properties, such as improved wettability, an increased active area and binding sites for cellular attachment and adhesion, and increased ability to immobilize biomolecules by physical adsorption. This study aims to evaluate the effect of poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (poly(LLA-co-CL)) scaffolds, functionalized with nDPs, on bone regeneration in a rat calvarial critical size defect. Poly(LLA-co-CL) scaffolds functionalized with nDPs are also compared with pristine scaffolds with reference to albumin adsorption and seeding efficiency of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Compared with pristine scaffolds, the experimental scaffolds exhibit a reduction in albumin adsorption and a significant increase in the seeding efficiency of BMSCs (p = 0.027). In the calvarial defects implanted with BMSC-seeded poly(LLA-co-CL)/nDPs scaffolds, live imaging at 12 weeks discloses a significant increase in osteogenic metabolic activity (p = 0.016). Microcomputed tomography, confirmed by histological data, reveals a substantial increase in bone volume (p = 0.021). The results show that compared with conventional poly(LLA-co-CL) scaffolds those functionalized with nDPs promote osteogenic metabolic activity and mineralization capacity. It is concluded that poly(LLA-co-CL) composite matrices functionalized with nDPs enhance osteoconductivity and therefore warrant further study as potential scaffolding material for bone tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Yassin
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Center for Nuclear Medicine/PET, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristine Eldevik
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Fasmer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Waag
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.affiliation: DiaCoating GmbH, 6112, Wattens, Austria.
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steinmüller-Nethl
authors.affiliation: Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finne-Wistrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Clinical Dentistry-Periodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Knut N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Leknes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D002208:Caproates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058612:Nanodiamonds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002208:Caproates; D007783:Lactones; D058612:Nanodiamonds; C121056:caprolactone
keywords: bone marrow stromal cells; bone tissue engineering; hydrophilicity; nanoparticles; polyesters