title: Treatment of Dyslipidemias to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: Current preventive and treatment guidelines for type 2 diabetes have failed to decrease the incidence of comorbidities, such as dyslipidemia and ultimately heart disease. The goal of this review is to describe the physiological and metabolic lipid alterations that develop in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Questions addressed include the differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism that characterize the dyslipidemia of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We also examine the relevance of the new AHA/ADA treatment guidelines to dyslipidemic individuals.
  
  
  
  In this review, we provide an update on the pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia, including the role of several apolipoproteins such as apoC-III. We also point to new studies and new agents for the treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus who need lipid therapies. Type 2 diabetes mellitus causes cardiovascular disease via several pathways, including dyslipidemia characterized by increased plasma levels of apoB-lipoproteins and triglycerides, and low plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol. Treatments to normalize the dyslipidemia and reduce the risk for cardiovascular events include the following: lifestyle and medication, particularly statins, and if necessary, ezetimibe, to significantly lower LDL cholesterol. Other treatments, more focused on triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, are less well supported by randomized clinical trials and should be used on an individual basis. Newer agents, particularly the PCSK9 inhibitors, show a great promise for even greater lowering of LDL cholesterol, but we await the results of ongoing clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-10-305, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khavandi
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-10-305, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-10-305, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Henry N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-10-305, New York, NY, 10032, USA. gr2104@cumc.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Gissette
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reyes-Soffer
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000069438:Ezetimibe / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008074:Lipoproteins; D000069438:Ezetimibe
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; Dyslipidemia; Lipids; Lipoproteins; Treatments