title: Orthopedic, ophthalmic, and psychiatric diseases primarily affect activity limitation for Japanese males and females: Based on the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Healthy life expectancy (HLE) is used as one of the primary objectives of fundamental health promotion plans and social development plans. Activity limitation is used to calculate HLE, but little study has been done to identify determinants of activity limitation in order to extend HLE. The purpose of this study is to identify diseases and injuries that commonly lead to activity limitation to prioritize countermeasures against activity limitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used anonymous data from the 2007 "Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions," collected by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan according to the Statistics Act, Article 36. We used logistic regression analyses and calculated odds ratios (ORs) after adjusting for age and sex. Limitation in daily activities was applied as the dependent variable, and each disease/injury was applied as an independent variable in this analysis. Furthermore, population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The provided data included 98,789 subjects. We used data for 75,986 valid subjects aged 12 years or older. The following diseases showed high PAF: backache (PAF 13.27%, OR 3.88), arthropathia (PAF 7.61%, OR 4.82), eye and optical diseases (PAF 6.39%, OR 2.01), and depression and other mental diseases (PAF 5.70%, OR 11.55). PAFs of cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes were higher for males than for females; on the other hand, PAFs of orthopedic diseases were higher among females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that orthopedic diseases, ophthalmic diseases, and psychiatric diseases particularly affect activity limitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan. Electronic address: motoya1014@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Myojin
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ojima
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Eisaku
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Mieko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Activities of daily living; Activity limitation; Healthy life expectancy; Life expectancy; Population attributable fraction