title: Toxicity of Plant Secondary Metabolites Modulating Detoxification Genes Expression for Natural Red Palm Weevil Pesticide Development.
abstract: This study aimed to explore the larvicidal and growth-inhibiting activities, and underlying detoxification mechanism of red palm weevil against phenylpropanoids, an important class of plant secondary metabolites. Toxicity of α-asarone, eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, coumarin, coumarin 6, coniferyl aldehyde, diniconazole, ethyl cinnamate, and rosmarinic acid was evaluated by incorporation into the artificial diet. All of the phenylpropanoids exhibited dose- and time-dependent insecticidal activity. Among all the tested phenylpropanoids, coumarin exhibited the highest toxicity by revealing the least LD50value (0.672 g/L). In addition, the most toxic compound (coumarin) observed in the current study, deteriorated the growth resulting tremendous reduction (78.39%) in efficacy of conversion of digested food (ECD), and (ECI) efficacy of conversion of ingested food (70.04%) of tenth-instar red palm weevil larvae. The energy-deficient red palm weevil larvae through their intrinsic abilities showed enhanced response to their digestibility resulting 27.78% increase in approximate digestibility (AD) compared to control larvae. The detoxification response ofRhynchophorus ferrugineuslarvae determined by the quantitative expression ofcytochrome P450,esterases, andglutathione S-transferaserevealed enhanced expression among moderately toxic and ineffective compounds. These genes especiallycytochrome P450andGSTdetoxify the target compounds by enhancing their solubility that leads rapid excretion and degradation resulting low toxicity towards red palm weevil larvae. On the other hand, the most toxic (coumarin) silenced the genes involved in the red palm weevil detoxification mechanism. Based on the toxicity, growth retarding, and masking detoxification activities, coumarin could be a useful future natural red palm weevil-controlling agent.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. aljabr@kfu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Ahmed Mohammed
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: AlJabr
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. solvia_aah@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. mianrizwan15@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizwan-Ul-Haq
authors.affiliation: Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia. alayedh@kacst.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Ayedh
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D000081248:Allylbenzene Derivatives; D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000633:toxicity; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000633:toxicity; D003374:Coumarins / Q000633:toxicity; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D053630:Depsides / Q000633:toxicity; D004950:Esterases / Q000378:metabolism; D005054:Eugenol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic / Q000502:physiology; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D048889:Weevils / Q000187:drug effects*; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid
chemical_list: D000171:Acrolein; D000081248:Allylbenzene Derivatives; D000840:Anisoles; D002934:Cinnamates; D003374:Coumarins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D053630:Depsides; D004950:Esterases; D005054:Eugenol; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D007306:Insecticides; D014230:Triazoles; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid; C012195:asarone; C075384:coniferaldehyde; C451418:ethyl cinnamate; C049346:diniconazole
keywords: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus; cytochrome P450; esterases; feeding indices; glutathione S-transferase; toxicity