title: The impact of dose on naming accuracy with persons with aphasia.
abstract: Although aphasia rehabilitation has been shown to be efficacious, many questions remain regarding how best to deliver treatment to maximize functional gains for persons with aphasia. Treatment delivery variables, such as intensity and dosage, are likely to influence both behavioral and structural changes during anomia treatment. While numerous protocols have concluded that treatment intensity positively impacts functional outcomes, few studies to date have examined the role that dose plays in patient outcomes for anomia treatment.
  
  
  
  This study sought to investigate how manipulating dose of repeated confrontation naming within sessions influences naming in persons with aphasia. Repeated practice of confrontation naming, without feedback, was hypothesized to improve trained but not untrained words, to be persistent after withdrawal, and to be sensitive to the number of trials (i.e., dose) within sessions.
  
  
  
  A single-subject ABA design with replication across seven participants with aphasia was used to investigate the influence of repeated confrontation naming attempts on the acquisition and maintenance of trained pictures relative to untrained pictures. Training involved repeated attempts to name pictures, along with repeated exposure to pictures of objects (nouns) and their names, without feedback. The primary independent variable was within session dose; the dependent variable was naming accuracy.
  
  
  
  Naming accuracy improved for all participants for trained pictures across both acquisition and maintenance phases per visual inspection; such positive effects were not observed for untrained pictures. Effect size calculations indicate that three of seven participants demonstrated considerable change for trained items, while one of seven participants demonstrated meaningful change for untrained items. The high-dose condition elicited small effect sizes for one participant, and large effect sizes for two of seven participants, while the low-dose condition elicited small and medium effect sizes for two of seven participants.
  
  
  
  Participants across a variety of aphasia severity levels responded positively to two doses of repeated confrontation naming practice, without feedback, across phases of this naming protocol. Results are in line with principles of neuroplasticity and demonstrate that repeated practice, without feedback, can produce significant and persistent changes in naming ability for some persons with aphasia.
authors.affiliation: Communicative Sciences and Disorders, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA, (406) 243-2104, catherine.off@umontana.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Off
authors.affiliation: Communicative Sciences and Disorders, University of Montana, Missoula, USA.
authors.forename: Jenna R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, 1417 N.E. 42 St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA, (206) 543-7980, kas@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Kristie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: Science and Research, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2200 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850-3289, USA, (301) 897-0133, mrogers@asha.org.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rogers
keywords: anomia; aphasia; dose; intensity; picture naming; repetition priming