title: Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of overall cancer in Japanese: A pooled analysis of population-based cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A series of recent reports from large-scale cohort studies involving more than 100,000 subjects reported no or only very small inverse associations between fruit and vegetable intake and overall cancer incidence, despite having sufficient power to do so. To date, however, no such data have been reported for Asian populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide some indication of the net impact of fruit and vegetable consumption on overall cancer prevention, we examined these associations in a pooled analysis of large-scale cohort studies in Japanese populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed original data from four cohort studies that measured fruit and vegetable consumption using validated questionnaires at baseline. Hazard ratios (HRs) in the individual studies were calculated, with adjustment for a common set of variables, and combined using a random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 2,318,927 person-years of follow-up for a total of 191,519 subjects, 17,681 cases of overall cancers were identified. Consumption of fruit or vegetables was not associated with decreased risk of overall cancers: corresponding HRs for the highest versus lowest quartiles of intake for men and women were 1.03 (95% CI, 0.97-1.10; trend p = 1.00) and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.95-1.11; trend p = 0.97), respectively, for fruit and 1.07 (95% CI, 1.01-1.14; trend p = 0.18) and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.91-1.06; trend p = 0.99), respectively, for vegetables, even in analyses stratified by smoking status and alcohol drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this pooled analysis do not support inverse associations of fruit and vegetable consumption with overall cancers in the Japanese population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University Guraduate School of of Humanities and Sciences, Nara, Japan.
authors.forename: Ribeka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takachi
authors.affiliation: AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: mnminoue@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Manami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsugane
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Keitaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Saga Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: Keitaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and International Health, International Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shizuka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasazuki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003644:Death Certificates; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Cancer risk; Fruit and vegetable intake; Japanese; Pooled analysis