title: The Role of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic ABC Transporter Family in Failure of Chemotherapy.
abstract: Over the years chemotherapy failure has been a vital research topic as researchers have been striving to discover reasons behind it. The extensive studies carried out on chemotherapeutic agents confirm that resistance to chemotherapy is a major reason for treatment failure. "Resistance to chemotherapy," however, is a comprehensive phrase that refers to a variety of different mechanisms in which ATP-binding cassette (ABC) mediated efflux dominates. The ABC is one of the largest gene superfamily of transporters among both eukaryotes and prokaryotes; it represents a variety of genes that code for proteins, which perform countless functions, including drug efflux - a natural process that protects cells from foreign chemicals. Up to date, chemotherapy failure due to ABC drug efflux is an active research topic that continuously provides further evidence on multiple drug resistance (MDR), aiding scientists in tackling and overcoming this issue. This review focuses on drug resistance by ABC efflux transporters in human, viral, parasitic, fungal and bacterial cells and highlights the importance of the MDR permeability glycoprotein being the mutual ABC transporter among all studied organisms. Current developments and future directions to overcome this problem are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Raafat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: El-Awady
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of SharjahSharjah, United Arab Emirates; National Cancer Institute - Cancer Biology Department, Cairo UniversityCairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ekram
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Amna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Nehal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dallah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Azza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elrasheed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Ghada
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elakraa
keywords: ABC family; BCRP1; chemotherapy efflux; chemotherapy failure; multiple drug resistance; p-glycoprotein