title: Resistant nematodes in cattle: Pharmaco-therapeutic assessment of the ivermectin- ricobendazole combination.
abstract: Nematodicidal combinations have been proposed as a valid strategy to achieve effective nematode control in the presence of drug resistance. The goals of this study were: (1) to compare the clinical efficacy (therapeutic response) of ivermectin (IVM) and ricobendazole (RBZ) given subcutaneously either by separate or combined administration to calves naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes resistant to IVM, and (2) to evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic (PK) and/or pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions occurring after the co-administration of both anthelmintics. Sixty male calves naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes resistant to IVM were randomly allocated into four groups (n=15). Untreated control: animals not receiving anthelmintic treatment; IVM alone: animals treated with IVM by subcutaneous (SC) injection (0.2mg/kg); RBZ alone: animals received RBZ by the SC route (3.75mg/kg); IVM+RBZ: animals treated with IVM and RBZ (0.2 and 3.75mg/kg, respectively), by SC injection in two separates sites. Eight animals of each treated group were randomly selected to perform the PK study. Plasma samples were taken from those animals up to 28days post-treatment. IVM and RBZ plasma concentrations were quantified by HPLC. The therapeutic response was determined by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The proportions of third-stage larvae (L3) recovered from coprocultures were used to calculate the efficacy against the main parasite genera. The daily total egg deposition for each experimental group was estimated. Similar pharmacokinetic trends were obtained for both IVM and RBZ allying the single-drug and the combined treatments, which indicates the absence of PK interactions between both anthelmintics. The observed overall clinical drug efficacies were 48% (IVM alone), 94% (RBZ alone) and 98% (IVM+RBZ). Haemonchus spp. and Cooperia spp. were recovered in the coproculture after IVM treatment, suggesting that resistance to IVM includes both genera. In fact, the efficacy against Cooperia spp. was 83% (IVM), 98% (RBZ) and 98% (IVM+RBZ), while the efficacy against Haemonchus spp. was 0% (IVM), 97% (RBZ) and 100% (IVM+RBZ). The combination was the only treatment that achieved 100% clinical efficacy against IVM-resistant Haemonchus spp. The total egg excretion was reduced to 49.9% (IVM alone group), 6.3% (RBZ alone group) and 1.8% (IVM+RBZ combined group) compared to the untreated control. Although the combined treatment did not significantly increase the overall clinical efficacy in the current natural field conditions, an additive effect was achieved against IVM-resistant nematodes. In fact, the combination obtained significantly higher efficacy against IVM-resistant Haemonchus spp. than RBZ alone. Additionally, the epidemiological relevance of the reduction in the number of eggs excreted following the combined treatment is not negligible and should be taken into account in future studies. Further work is required to understand the advantages of nematodicidal combinations in different natural anthelmintic resistance scenarios.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina. Electronic address: ccanton@vet.unicen.edu.ar.
authors.forename: Candela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Canton
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ceballos
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiel
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Private Veterinary Practitioner, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Domingo Yagüez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: Gisele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernat
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lanusse
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D015766:Albendazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D007559:Ivermectin; D015766:Albendazole; C027186:albendazole sulfoxide
keywords: Anthelmintic resistance; Ivermectin; Nematodicidal combination; Pharmaco-parasitological assessment; Pharmacokinetic interaction; Ricobendazole