title: Synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy enables multiscale spatial visualization of ions involved in fungal lignocellulose deconstruction.
abstract: The role of ions in the fungal decay process of lignocellulose biomaterials, and more broadly fungal metabolism, has implications for diverse research disciplines ranging from plant pathology and forest ecology, to carbon sequestration. Despite the importance of ions in fungal decay mechanisms, the spatial distribution and quantification of ions in lignocellulosic cell walls and fungal hyphae during decay is not known. Here we employ synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) to map and quantify physiologically relevant ions, such as K, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Zn, in wood being decayed by the model brown rot fungus Serpula lacrymans. Two-dimensional XFM maps were obtained to study the ion spatial distributions from mm to submicron length scales in wood, fungal hyphae with the dried extracellular matrix (ECM) from the fungus, and Ca oxalate crystals. Three-dimensional ion volume reconstructions were also acquired of wood cell walls and hyphae with ECM. Results show that the fungus actively transports some ions, such as Fe, into the wood and controls the distribution of ions at both the bulk wood and cell wall length scales. These measurements provide new insights into the movement of ions during decay and illustrate how synchrotron-based XFM is uniquely suited study these ions.
authors.affiliation: Durability and Wood Protection Research, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kirker
authors.affiliation: Building and Fire Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zelinka
authors.affiliation: Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Sophie-Charlotte
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gleber
authors.affiliation: Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vine
authors.affiliation: Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finney
authors.affiliation: Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Si
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Young Pyo
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.|Centro I+D, CMPC Celulosa, Chile.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uyarte
authors.affiliation: Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.affiliation: Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jellison
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goodell
authors.affiliation: Forest Biopolymers Science and Engineering, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jakes
mesh_terms: D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism*; D007477:Ions / Q000378:metabolism*; D008031:Lignin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; C036909:lignocellulose; D008031:Lignin