title: Maximizing Information Yield From Pheromone-Baited Monitoring Traps: Estimating Plume Reach, Trapping Radius, and Absolute Density of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Michigan Apple.
abstract: Novel methods of data analysis were used to interpret codling moth (Cydia pomonella) catch data from central-trap, multiple-release experiments using a standard codlemone-baited monitoring trap in commercial apple orchards not under mating disruption. The main objectives were to determine consistency and reliability for measures of: 1) the trapping radius, composed of the trap's behaviorally effective plume reach and the maximum dispersive distance of a responder population; and 2) the proportion of the population present in the trapping area that is caught. Two moth release designs were used: 1) moth releases at regular intervals in the four cardinal directions, and 2) evenly distributed moth releases across entire approximately 18-ha orchard blocks using both high and low codling moth populations. For both release designs, at high populations, the mean proportion catch was 0.01, and for the even release of low populations, that value was approximately 0.02. Mean maximum dispersive distance for released codling moth males was approximately 260 m. Behaviorally effective plume reach for the standard codling moth trap was < 5 m, and total trapping area for a single trap was approximately 21 ha. These estimates were consistent across three growing seasons and are supported by extraordinarily high replication for this type of field experiment. Knowing the trapping area and mean proportion caught, catch number per single monitoring trap can be translated into absolute pest density using the equation: males per trapping area = catch per trapping area/proportion caught. Thus, catches of 1, 3, 10, and 30 codling moth males per trap translate to approximately 5, 14, 48, and 143 males/ha, respectively, and reflect equal densities of females, because the codling moth sex ratio is 1:1. Combined with life-table data on codling moth fecundity and mortality, along with data on crop yield per trapping area, this fundamental knowledge of how to interpret catch numbers will enable pest managers to make considerably more precise projections of damage and therefore more precise and reliable decisions on whether insecticide applications are justified. The principles and methods established here for estimating absolute codling moth density may be broadly applicable to pests generally and thereby could set a new standard for integrated pest management decisions based on trapping.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824 (adamsch@msu.edu; mcgheeps@gmail.com; gut@msu.edu; miller20@msu.edu).
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824 (jeffrey@math.msu.edu).
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schenker
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824 (adamsch@msu.edu; mcgheeps@gmail.com; gut@msu.edu; miller20@msu.edu).
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: McGhee
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824 (adamsch@msu.edu; mcgheeps@gmail.com; gut@msu.edu; miller20@msu.edu).
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gut
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA 98801 (jfb@wsu.edu).
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824 (adamsch@msu.edu; mcgheeps@gmail.com; gut@msu.edu; miller20@msu.edu).
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002633:Chemotaxis; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000254:growth & development; D008824:Michigan; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011156:Population Density; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012724:Sex Attractants / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; D012724:Sex Attractants; C010411:insect attractants
keywords: economic threshold; findability; random walk; sampling area; trapping area