title: Molecular Analyses Reveal Unexpected Genetic Structure in Iberian Ibex Populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic differentiation in historically connected populations could be the result of genetic drift or adaptation, two processes that imply a need for differing strategies in population management. The aim of our study was to use neutral genetic markers to characterize C. pyrenaica populations genetically and examine results in terms of (i) demographic history, (ii) subspecific classification and (iii) the implications for the management of Iberian ibex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used 30 neutral microsatellite markers from 333 Iberian ibex to explore genetic diversity in the three main Iberian ibex populations in Spain corresponding to the two persisting subspecies (victoria and hispanica). Our molecular analyses detected recent genetic bottlenecks in all the studied populations, a finding that coincides with the documented demographic decline in C. pyrenaica in recent decades. Genetic divergence between the two C. pyrenaica subspecies (hispanica and victoriae) was substantial (FST between 0.39 and 0.47). Unexpectedly, we found similarly high genetic differentiation between two populations (Sierra Nevada and Maestrazgo) belonging to the subspecies hispanica. The genetic pattern identified in our study could be the result of strong genetic drift due to the severe genetic bottlenecks in the studied populations, caused in turn by the progressive destruction of natural habitat, disease epidemics and/or uncontrolled hunting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous Capra pyrenaica conservation decision-making was based on the clear distinction between the two subspecies (victoriae and hispanica); yet our paper raises questions about the usefulness for conservation plans of the distinction between these subspecies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies (IEU), University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, Switzerland.|Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Samer
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0868-7276
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Angelone-Alasaad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies (IEU), University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Biebach
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s/n, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramón C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Soriguer
authors.affiliation: Espacio Natural de Sierra Nevada, Carretera Antigua de Sierra Nevada, km 7, Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: José E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Granados
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D006041:Goats / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D010802:Phylogeny; D011156:Population Density; D012984:Software; D013030:Spain