title: Transmembrane Pathways and Mechanisms of Rod-like Paclitaxel Nanocrystals through MDCK Polarized Monolayer.
abstract: Drug nanocrystals (NCs) appear to be favorable to improving oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs as evidenced by the great success they have had in the market. However, the pathway and mechanism of drug NCs through epithelial membrane are still unclear. In an attempt to clarify their transport features, paclitaxel nanocrystals (PTX-NCs), and paclitaxel hybrid NCs with lipophilic carbocyanine dyes, were prepared and characterized as the models. The endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, paracellular transport, and transcytosis of PTX-NCs were carefully investigated with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis, as well as a colocalization assay, flow cytometry, gene silencing, Western-blot, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) study and other approaches on MDCK cells. It was found that rod-like PTX-NCs could transport through the monolayer intact, and the process of endocytosis proved to be time and energy dependent. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complexes were colocalized with PTX-NCs in cells, so the ER-Golgi complexes/Golgi complexes-basolateral membrane pathway may be involved in the intracellular trafficking and transcytosis of PTX-NCs. It was demonstrated here that cav-1, dynamin, and actin filament modulated the endocytosis process, and Cdc 42 regulated the transcytosis process. In addition, no paracellular transport of PTX-NCs was observed. These findings demonstrated that the rod-like nanocrystals not only enhanced the transcytosis of PTX compared with microparticles of raw drug materials but also changed the pathways of drug delivery. This study certainly provides insight for the oral absorption mechanism of nanocrystals of poorly soluble drugs.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Feiyang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island , Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Hongxiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Siyang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Wenbing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Xueqing
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-630X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China.|The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D004285:Dogs; D004705:Endocytosis; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D053758:Nanoparticles; D017239:Paclitaxel
chemical_list: D017239:Paclitaxel
keywords: MDCK monolayer; endocytosis; intracellular transport; nanocrystals; transcytosis