title: Automation and Optimization of Multipulse Laser Zona Drilling of Mouse Embryos During Embryo Biopsy.
abstract: Laser zona drilling (LZD) is a required step in many embryonic surgical procedures, for example, assisted hatching and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. LZD involves the ablation of the zona pellucida (ZP) using a laser while minimizing potentially harmful thermal effects on critical internal cell structures.
  
  
  
  Develop a method for the automation and optimization of multipulse LZD, applied to cleavage-stage embryos.
  
  
  
  A two-stage optimization is used. The first stage uses computer vision algorithms to identify embryonic structures and determines the optimal ablation zone farthest away from critical structures such as blastomeres. The second stage combines a genetic algorithm with a previously reported thermal analysis of LZD to optimize the combination of laser pulse locations and pulse durations. The goal is to minimize the peak temperature experienced by the blastomeres while creating the desired opening in the ZP.
  
  
  
  A proof of concept of the proposed LZD automation and optimization method is demonstrated through experiments on mouse embryos with positive results, as adequately sized openings are created.
  
  
  
  Automation of LZD is feasible and is a viable step toward the automation of embryo biopsy procedures.
  
  
  
  LZD is a common but delicate procedure performed by human operators using subjective methods to gauge proper LZD procedure. Automation of LZD removes human error to increase the success rate of LZD. Although the proposed methods are developed for cleavage-stage embryos, the same methods may be applied to most types LZD procedures, embryos at different developmental stages, or nonembryonic cells.
authors.forename: Christopher Yee
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000166:cytology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology* / Q000601:surgery*; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D051379:Mice; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000648:ultrastructure*