title: Estimating cardiovascular disease incidence from prevalence: a spreadsheet based model.
abstract: Disease incidence and prevalence are both core indicators of population health. Incidence is generally not as readily accessible as prevalence. Cohort studies and electronic health record systems are two major way to estimate disease incidence. The former is time-consuming and expensive; the latter is not available in most developing countries. Alternatively, mathematical models could be used to estimate disease incidence from prevalence.
  
  
  
  We proposed and validated a method to estimate the age-standardized incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), with prevalence data from successive surveys and mortality data from empirical studies. Hallett's method designed for estimating HIV infections in Africa was modified to estimate the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) in the U.S. population and incidence of heart disease in the Canadian population.
  
  
  
  Model-derived estimates were in close agreement with observed incidence from cohort studies and population surveillance systems. This method correctly captured the trend in incidence given sufficient waves of cross-sectional surveys. The estimated MI declining rate in the U.S. population was in accordance with the literature. This method was superior to closed cohort, in terms of the estimating trend of population cardiovascular disease incidence.
  
  
  
  It is possible to estimate CVD incidence accurately at the population level from cross-sectional prevalence data. This method has the potential to be used for age- and sex- specific incidence estimates, or to be expanded to other chronic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 180B, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6 N5, Canada.
authors.forename: Xue Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-387, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
authors.forename: Kue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 180B, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6 N5, Canada. laurie.chan@uottawa.ca.
authors.forename: Hing Man
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Health Survey; Incidence; Model; NHANES, Canadian Community; Prevalence