title: Traffic-related air pollution and allergic disease: an update in the context of global urbanization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The review aims to give an update on the literature around traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and allergic disease in the context of global urbanization, as the most populous countries in the world face severe TRAP exposure challenges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As research continues to show that gene-environment interactions and epigenetics contribute to the TRAP-allergy link, evidence around the links to climate change grows. Greenspace may provide a buffer to adverse effects of traffic on health, overall, but pose risks in terms of allergic disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The link between traffic-related pollution and allergy continues to strengthen, in terms of supportive observational findings and mechanistic studies. Levels of TRAP across the world, particularly in Asia, continue to dramatically exceed acceptable levels, suggesting that the related adverse health consequences will accelerate. This could be counterbalanced by primary emission control and urban planning. Attention to combined effects of TRAP and allergen exposure is critical to avoiding misleading inferences drawn though examination only of isolated factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlsten
authors.forename: Christopher F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Rider
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000276:immunology*; D000397:Air Pollution; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000276:immunology*; D014507:Urbanization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens; D052638:Particulate Matter