title: Application of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Product Life Cycle Management. A Case Study with a Carbidopa-Levodopa Extended-Release Formulation.
abstract: Increasing costs in discovering and developing new molecular entities and the continuing debate on limited company pipelines mean that pharmaceutical companies are under significant pressure to maximize the value of approved products. Life cycle management in the context of drug development comprises activities to maximize the effective life of a product. Life cycle approaches can involve new formulations, new routes of delivery, new indications or expansion of the population for whom the product is indicated, or development of combination products. Life cycle management may provide an opportunity to improve upon the current product through enhanced efficacy or reduced side effects and could expand the therapeutic market for the product. Successful life cycle management may include the potential for superior efficacy, improved tolerability, or a better prescriber or patient acceptance. Unlike generic products where bioequivalence to an innovator product may be sufficient for drug approval, life cycle management typically requires a series of studies to characterize the value of the product. This review summarizes key considerations in identifying product candidates that may be suitable for life cycle management and discusses the application of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in developing new products using a life cycle management approach. Examples and a case study to illustrate how pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics contributed to the selection of dosing regimens, demonstration of an improved therapeutic effect, or regulatory approval of an improved product label are presented.
authors.affiliation: Impax Specialty Pharma, a division of Impax Laboratories, Inc., 31047 Genstar Road, Hayward, California, 9454, USA. nmodi@impaxlabs.com.
authors.forename: Nishit B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Modi
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002230:Carbidopa / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004338:Drug Combinations; D058492:Drug Repositioning; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control; D007980:Levodopa / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010599:Pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004338:Drug Combinations; C009265:carbidopa, levodopa drug combination; D007980:Levodopa; D002230:Carbidopa
keywords: carbidopa-levodopa; extended-release; fixed-combination products; life cycle management; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics