title: New Combination Strategies Using Programmed Cell Death 1/Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Checkpoint Inhibitors as a Backbone.
abstract: The discovery of immune checkpoints and subsequent clinical development of checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the field of oncology. The durability of the antitumor immune responses has raised the hope for long-term patient survival and potential cure; however, currently, only a minority of patients respond. Combination strategies to help increase antigen release and T-cell priming, promote T-cell activation and homing, and improve the tumor immune microenvironment, all guided by predictive biomarkers, can help overcome the tumor immune-evasive mechanisms and maximize efficacy to ultimately benefit the majority of patients. Great challenges remain because of the complex underlying biology, unpredictable toxicity, and accurate assessment of response. Carefully designed clinical trials guided by translational studies of paired biopsies will be key to develop reliable predictive biomarkers to choose which patients would most likely benefit from each strategy.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Siwen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu-Lieskovan
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ribas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D050130:Oncolytic Virotherapy; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
chemical_list: D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor