title: Head injury serum markers for assessing response to trauma: Design of the HeadSMART study.
abstract: Accurate diagnosis and risk stratification of traumatic brain injury (TBI) at time of presentation remains a clinical challenge. The Head Injury Serum Markers for Assessing Response to Trauma study (HeadSMART) aims to examine blood-based biomarkers for diagnosing and determining prognosis in TBI.
  
  
  
  HeadSMART is a 6-month prospective cohort study comparing emergency department patients evaluated for TBI (exposure group) to (1) emergency department patients evaluated for traumatic injury without head trauma and (2) healthy persons. Study methods and characteristics of the first 300 exposure participants are discussed.
  
  
  
  Of the first 300 participants in the exposure arm, 70% met the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine criteria for TBI, with the majority (80.1%) classified as mild TBI. The majority of subjects in the exposure arm had Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 13-15 (98.0%), normal head computed tomography (81.3%) and no prior history of concussion (71.7%).
  
  
  
  With systematic phenotyping, HeadSMART will facilitate diagnosis and risk-stratification of the heterogeneous group of individuals currently diagnosed with TBI.
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Vani
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Bechtold
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Durga
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Haris I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Sair
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Jeannie-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leoutsakos
authors.affiliation: b Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Diaz-Arrastia
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: c ImmunArray , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: D Scott
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Batty
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Hayley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Uju
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ofoche
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vassila
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Anna J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Braden
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bessman
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Constantine G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lyketsos
authors.affiliation: a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Allen D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Everett
authors.affiliation: d The Heart Institute , Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai , Los Angeles , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Eyk
authors.affiliation: e University of Michigan Health System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Frederick K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Korley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000097:blood; D051579:Neurogranin / Q000097:blood; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D051579:Neurogranin
keywords: TBI; Traumatic brain injury; biomarkers; blunt head trauma