title: Immunological outcomes of Tenofovir versus Zidovudine-based regimens among people living with HIV/AIDS: a two years retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tenofovir (TDF) based regimen was reported to have better immunological outcomes. Unfortunately, there is limited information regarding the immunologic outcome associated with this regimen in Ethiopia, as its routine utilization in this setting begun since 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2 years retrospective cohort study was conducted at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, 346 km Southwest of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 280 patients' data from September 2012 to July 2014 was extracted from records from February 10, 2015 to March 10, 2015. Records were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data on socio-demographic, clinical and drug related variables were collected; entered into EpiData 3.1 and analyzed by STATA 13.1. Mixed effect linear regression was performed to assess difference in CD4+ change between groups adjusting for baseline characteristics. The change in predicted CD4 count attributed to each regimen was also assessed by marginal analysis. P < 0.05 for slopes of the random effect linear regression was used as indicators for presence of association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SD) duration of cohort follow up was 714.2 (69.6) and 708.8 (78.9) days (P = 0.753) for TDF and AZT groups respectively. The minimum follow up duration was 7.4 and 8.9 months for TDF and AZT groups respectively. Most of TDF (93.6%) and AZT (91.4%) groups completed their follow up, 5 (3.6%) TDF and 6 (4.3%) AZT groups died and 4 (2.9%) TDF and 6 (4.3%) AZT groups were lost for follow-up (P = 0.769). There was statistically significant difference in immunologic recovery between the groups (B = +34.08, 95% CI [7.8, 60.35], P = 0.027) over time. The predicted CD4+ count for TDF/3TC/EFV was (B = +347.65 cells/mm3, P < 0.001) whereas that of AZT/3TC/EFV was (B = +281.54 cells/mm3, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TDF based regimens have shown more efficacy compared to AZT based regimens though AZT based regimens are more affordable in low income countries like Ethiopia. However, we recommend further study with quality design to assess the prevalence of sub-optimal CD4+ response (net CD4 gain <50 cells/µl/6 month) in this set-up among TDF users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Jimma University Medical Centre, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. teshale@mtu.edu.et.
authors.forename: Teshale
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ayele
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Public Health Faculty, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Habtemu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jarso
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Jimma University Medical Centre, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Girma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mamo
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005002:Ethiopia; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000068698:Tenofovir / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015215:Zidovudine; D000068698:Tenofovir
keywords: Ethiopia; Immunological outcomes; Tenofovir regimen; Zidovudine regimen