title: An Insight on Salting-out Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction for Phytoanalysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) is a technique that, although simple and not requiring any complex equipment, is very powerful and versatile. It has obtained growing interest in bioanalysis particularly when combined with chromatographic techniques.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Herein, fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) were used as a case-study to show the application of SALLE in phytochemical analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  SALLE combined with HPLC-UV-MS/MS and GC-MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By HPLC-UV-MS/MS analysis of the organic extract it was possible to identify various phenolic compounds, including quercetin derivatives, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid. The main compounds identified by GC-MS were estragole, fenchone, anisaldehyde, anethole, benzaldehyde, camphor and apiole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPLC and GC analysis of the extracts showed that it is possible to isolate, in only one step, a wide range of compounds with distinct properties, allowing a detailed phytochemical analysis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV - Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Inês M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1438-1353
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV - Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|REQUIMTE/LAQV - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuela M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV - Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pâmela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV - Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Campus Araguaia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: da Fé
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV - Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4290-656X
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV - Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paulo J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV - Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D030001:Foeniculum / Q000737:chemistry*; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Foeniculum vulgare; chromatography; phytochemical characterisation; polyphenols; sample preparation