title: Superresolution imaging reveals activity-dependent plasticity of axon morphology linked to changes in action potential conduction velocity.
abstract: Axons convey information to nearby and distant cells, and the time it takes for action potentials (APs) to reach their targets governs the timing of information transfer in neural circuits. In the unmyelinated axons of hippocampus, the conduction speed of APs depends crucially on axon diameters, which vary widely. However, it is not known whether axon diameters are dynamic and regulated by activity-dependent mechanisms. Using time-lapse superresolution microscopy in brain slices, we report that axons grow wider after high-frequency AP firing: synaptic boutons undergo a rapid enlargement, which is mostly transient, whereas axon shafts show a more delayed and progressive increase in diameter. Simulations of AP propagation incorporating these morphological dynamics predicted bidirectional effects on AP conduction speed. The predictions were confirmed by electrophysiological experiments, revealing a phase of slowed down AP conduction, which is linked to the transient enlargement of the synaptic boutons, followed by a sustained increase in conduction speed that accompanies the axon shaft widening induced by high-frequency AP firing. Taken together, our study outlines a morphological plasticity mechanism for dynamically fine-tuning AP conduction velocity, which potentially has wide implications for the temporal transfer of information in the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Health Sciences, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France.|Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Ronan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chéreau
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Health Sciences, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France.|Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: G Ezequiel
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Saraceno
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Health Sciences, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France.|Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angibaud
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Health Sciences, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France.|Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cattaert
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Health Sciences, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France; valentin.nagerl@u-bordeaux.fr.|Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: U Valentin
authors.initials: UV
authors.lastname: Nägerl
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D000066670:Cell Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000502:physiology*; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging / Q000379:methods
keywords: STED microscopy; action potential conduction velocity; axons; plasticity; synaptic boutons