title: Antiparasitic activity, histopathology and physiology of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) exposed to the essential oil of Lippia sidoides (Verbenaceae).
abstract: In vivo and in vitro antiparasitic activity of the essential oil of Lippia sidoides and blood and histological alterations were assessed in Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui). Essential oil concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320mg/L were assayed in vitro against monogenoideans Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri from fish gills. Lippia sidoides essential oil concentrations of 320 and 160mg/L were 100% effective against monogenoideans in 10min and 1h of exposure, respectively. However, the effectiveness of 100% concentrations of 80mg/L and 40mg/L occurred in 3 and 6h, respectively. In the in vivo tests, juvenile fish were submitted to 60min of baths with 10mg/L and 15min of baths with 20mg/L of the essential oil of L. sidoides. These therapeutic baths were not efficient against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and monogenoideans present in the gills of C. macropomum. In addition, 10 and 20mg/L of the essential oil of L. sidoides caused an anesthetic effect on the fish and did not influence total glucose and protein plasma levels; however, it decreased the number of total erythrocytes in fish exposed to the higher concentration of this essential oil. Severe alterations and irreversible damage were observed in the fish gills just after L. sidoides essential oil baths and after 24h of recovery. The most recurrent lesions found were hyperplasia and fusion of the lamellar epithelium, vasodilation, detachment of the gill epithelium and lamellar aneurism, epithelial breakdown with hemorrhage, congestion, edema and necrosis, proliferation of the mucous cells and chloride cells and lamellar hypertrophy. Therefore, since the essential oil of L. sidoides has in vitro antiparasitic activity and low concentrations of it have shown toxic effects, the bioactive potential of its main chemical components should be investigated, as well as more efficient forms of its administration in therapeutic baths in order to eliminate fish parasites.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical (PPGBIO), Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, AP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna Viana
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lígia Rigôr
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Drielly Oliveira
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Aquáticos Continentais Amazônicos (PPG-RACAM), Universidade do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, PA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Sidney Brito
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Célio Maia
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edsandra Campos
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Chagas
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raissa Alves
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical (PPGBIO), Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá, AP, Brazil; Embrapa Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil. Electronic address: marcos.tavares@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavares-Dias
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D060125:Characiformes / Q000469:parasitology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D032411:Lippia / Q000737:chemistry*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D014200:Trematoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Blood; Medicinal plant; Monogenoidea; Parasites; Tambaqui