title: Hair from different ethnic groups vary in elemental composition and nitrogen and phosphorus mineralisation in soil.
abstract: Disposal of hair wastes at landfills causes nitrate leaching to ground water, and use of the waste as fertiliser could be a viable option. This study was to determine elemental composition of major hair types in South Africa and their nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) release in soil. Wastes of African, White and Indian hair were obtained from local salons and analysed for carbon (C), N and sulphur (S) with the Leco CNS analyzer, and P, bases, aluminium (Al) and micronutrients, with the ICP. We also conducted an incubation study to determine changes in mineral N and P in soil. Hair wastes were added to soil at increasing rates based on N, incubated at 25 °C with destructive sampling after 0, 28, 56 and 84 days and pH, ammonium-N, nitrate-N and extractable P measured. All data were subjected to analysis of variance. Indian and White hair had higher N than African. White hair had higher C and lower potassium (K) than those of other types. The Fe levels in hair were in the order White > African > Indian, whilst those of Al were African > Indian > White. African hair had higher calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co) than the other types. Ammonium-N and nitrate-N releases were in the order: Indian > African > White, especially at higher rates. Ammonium-N increased in the first 28 days and declined thereafter, when nitrate-N increased and pH decreased. The findings implied that hair types differ in elemental composition and nitrogen release in soil, with implications on pollution and soil fertility.
authors.affiliation: School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Malepfane
authors.affiliation: School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa. muchaonyerwa@ukzn.ac.za.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muchaonyerwa
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005006:Ethnicity; D005308:Fertilizers; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013019:South Africa; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D005308:Fertilizers; D008903:Minerals; D009566:Nitrates; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D010758:Phosphorus; D013455:Sulfur; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Elemental composition; Heavy metals; Human hair; Mineralisation; Nitrogen; Phosphorus