title: Use of Eye Tracking as an Innovative Instructional Method in Surgical Human Anatomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tobii glasses can record corneal infrared light reflection to track pupil position and to map gaze focusing in the video recording. Eye tracking has been proposed for use in training and coaching as a visually guided control interface. The aim of our study was to test the potential use of these glasses in various situations: explanations of anatomical structures on tablet-type electronic devices, explanations of anatomical models and dissected cadavers, and during the prosection thereof. An additional aim of the study was to test the use of the glasses during laparoscopies performed on Thiel-embalmed cadavers (that allows pneumoinsufflation and exact reproduction of the laparoscopic surgical technique). The device was also tried out in actual surgery (both laparoscopy and open surgery).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a pilot study using the Tobii glasses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dissection room at our School of Medicine and in the operating room at our Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate usefulness, a survey was designed for use among students, instructors, and practicing physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results were satisfactory, with the usefulness of this tool supported by more than 80% positive responses to most questions. There was no inconvenience for surgeons and that patient safety was ensured in the real laparoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first publication to demonstrate the usefulness of eye tracking in practical instruction of human anatomy, as well as in teaching clinical anatomy and surgical techniques in the dissection and operating rooms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Virgen delaArrixaca" University Clinical Hospital and Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: marisasanchez@um.es.
authors.forename: María Luísa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Ferrer
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Institute and CIBER BBN, University Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Grima-Murcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, "San Juan" University Clinical Hospital, University Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Ferrer
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Virgen delaArrixaca" University Clinical Hospital and Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana Isabel
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hernández-Peñalver
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Anatomy, Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernández-Jover
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Anatomy, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sánchez Del Campo
mesh_terms: D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education*; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection / Q000193:education*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; Systems-Based Practice; Tobii glasses; eye tracking; teaching human anatomy; teaching surgery