title: Substance and Alcohol Misuse, Drug Pathways, and Offending Behaviors in Association With ADHD in Prison Inmates.
abstract: Objective:The objective of the study is to quantify the extent of specific polysubstance use, drug transitions to current substances, and describe the association with alcohol use disorders among inmates with ADHD. We also examined health risk behaviors and patterns of offending in relation with ADHD.Method:A total of 387 male British prison inmates were screened and interviewed via the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults 2.0 (DIVA-2).Results:Male prisoners with ADHD endorse more methadone and amphetamine use. There was a significantly higher linear trend among those with ADHD for the number of substances ever used. ADHD was positively associated with increasing levels of alcohol use disorder severity, and with alcohol dependence. Transition along the pathways of substance misuse and persistence of drug misuse was better explained by the presence of conduct disorder/antisocial personality traits.Conclusion:Higher rates of alcohol dependence and stimulant-cocaine misuse suggest these inmates have maladaptive coping mechanisms, such as self-medication behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, UK.|West London Mental Health Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, UK.|University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Rafael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Kiriakos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xenitidis
authors.affiliation: King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mutch
authors.affiliation: King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Malet-Lambert
authors.affiliation: King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Gisli H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gudjonsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011329:Prisoners; D011330:Prisons; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: ADHD; alcohol dependence; antisocial personality; prison; self-medication