title: Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors among tuberculosis suspects attending spiritual holy water sites in Northwest Ethiopia.
abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world's deadliest communicable diseases. In Ethiopia, tuberculosis patients have different pattern of health care seeking behavior. They usually adopt other approaches like traditional healers and spiritual holy water sites before consulting public health facilities. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors among tuberculosis suspects attending spiritual holy water sites.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 01, 2015 to March 30, 2015 in seven selected holy water sites in Northwest Ethiopia. During the study period, a total of 1384 adult holy water users were screened for PTB symptoms. A total of 382 pulmonary tuberculosis suspects participated in the study. Socio-demographic data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Spot-morning-spot sputum specimens were collected and examined for acid fast bacilli using Auramine O fluorescence staining technique. Smear positive sputum samples were tested by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for rifampicin resistance. Descriptive statistics, binary and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed using SPSS-16 software.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 2.9% with point prevalence of 795/100, 000 holy water users. History of contact with tuberculosis patient (AOR = 9.174, 95% C.I = 2.195-38.34) and the number of family members > 5 per household (AOR = 9.258, 95% C.I = 1.14-74.97) were significantly associated with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Rifampicin resistance was not detected from all smear positives by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in spiritual holy water sites was 7.4 fold higher than the general population. History of contact with active tuberculosis patients and increased family size were significantly associated with smear positive pulmonary TB. The national tuberculosis program should consider spiritual holy water sites as potential foci for TB transmission and plan regular survey and health education in holy water sites for effective TB prevention and control in the country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Dejene
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Derseh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. BoX 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Feleke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moges
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. BoX 196, Gondar, Ethiopia. bt1488@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Belay
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1475-7357
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tessema
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D012067:Religion; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014195:Travel; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D012293:Rifampin
keywords: Holy water; Pulmonary tuberculosis; Risk factors