title: A synthesis of the arctic terrestrial and marine carbon cycles under pressure from a dwindling cryosphere.
abstract: The current downturn of the arctic cryosphere, such as the strong loss of sea ice, melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and permafrost thaw, affects the marine and terrestrial carbon cycles in numerous interconnected ways. Nonetheless, processes in the ocean and on land have been too often considered in isolation while it has become increasingly clear that the two environments are strongly connected: Sea ice decline is one of the main causes of the rapid warming of the Arctic, and the flow of carbon from rivers into the Arctic Ocean affects marine processes and the air-sea exchange of CO2. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of the arctic terrestrial and marine carbon cycle, connections in between, and how this complex system is affected by climate change and a declining cryosphere. Ultimately, better knowledge of biogeochemical processes combined with improved model representations of ocean-land interactions are essential to accurately predict the development of arctic ecosystems and associated climate feedbacks.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høyskoleveien 7, 1430, Ås, Norway. frans-jan@thissideofthearctic.org.
authors.forename: Frans-Jan W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Parmentier
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Torben R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Earth Observation Science (CEOS), Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, 440 Wallace Building, Fort Gary Campus, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.|Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, bldg. 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.|Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, Box 570, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rysgaard
authors.affiliation: ClimateLab, Symbion Science Park, Fruebjergvej 3, Boks 98, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bendtsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ronnie N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Glud
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Else
authors.affiliation: Vrije Universiteit, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate Cluster, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacobus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Huissteden
authors.affiliation: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.affiliation: Vrije Universiteit, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate Cluster, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jorien E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Vonk
authors.affiliation: Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, bldg. 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mikael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sejr
mesh_terms: D001110:Arctic Regions; D057486:Carbon Cycle; D057231:Climate Change; D064308:Ecological Parameter Monitoring; D046448:Ice Cover; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D065946:Permafrost
keywords: Arctic; Carbon cycle; Ocean; Permafrost; Sea ice; Tundra