title: Exposure to silver nanoparticles produces oxidative stress and affects macromolecular and metabolic biomarkers in the goodeid fish Chapalichthys pardalis.
abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most commercialized nanomaterial worldwide, mainly due to their microbicidal activity. Although, AgNPs have been shown to be toxic to aquatic species, their effect on endemic fish, like Goodeidae, has not been demonstrated. Endemic species are under strong pressures by anthropogenic contamination and destruction of their habitat; therefore, we studied adult Chapalichthys pardalis, an endemic fish of Mexico. We evaluated the toxic effect of AgNPs through oxidative stress, macromolecular and metabolic biomarkers. We determined the LC50(96h) and performed subchronic tests (21days) using sublethal AgNPs concentrations (equivalent to CL1and CL10). At the end of the bioassay, we quantified 10 stress biomarkers in the liver, gills, and muscle, including the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and glutathione [GPx]), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), protein oxidation (CO), macromolecules (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates), and metabolites (glucose and lactate). In addition, we determined the integrated biomarkers response (IBR). LC50was of 10.32mgL-1. Results of subchronic exposure (21days) revealed that AgNPs produce oxidative stress in C. pardalis adults, as evidenced by a diminution in antioxidant enzymes activity and an increase in TBARS and oxidized proteins. AgNPs also diminished levels of macromolecules and generated a high-energy consumption, reflected in the reduction of glucose levels, although lactate levels were not altered. The IBR analysis evidenced that the largest effect was produced in organisms exposed to LC10, being the liver and gills the organs with the greatest damage. Results demonstrated that exposure to AgNPs induces acute and chronic toxic effects on C. pardalis and forewarns about the impact that these nanomaterials can exert on these ecologically relevant aquatic organisms.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico.
authors.forename: Roberto Carlos
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Valerio-García
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana Laura
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Carbajal-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico.
authors.forename: Erika Berenice
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Martínez-Ruíz
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico.
authors.forename: Víctor Hugo
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Jarquín-Díaz
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Pablo No. 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, Mexico City C.P. 02200, Mexico.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haro-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico. Electronic address: ferjeronimo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martínez-Jerónimo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003532:Cyprinodontiformes / Q000502:physiology*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012834:Silver; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Biomarkers; Chapalichthys pardalis; Goodeidae; Integrated biomarker response; Livebearer fish; Oxidative stress