title: Exosomes derived from human menstrual blood-derived stem cells alleviate fulminant hepatic failure.
abstract: Human menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) are a novel source of MSCs that provide the advantage of being easy to collect and isolate. Exosomes contain some mRNAs and adhesion molecules that can potentially impact cellular and animal physiology. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of MenSC-derived exosomes (MenSC-Ex) on AML12 cells (in vitro) and D-GalN/LPS-induced FHF mice (in vivo).
  
  
  
  Transmission electron microscopy and Western blot were used to identify MenSC-Ex. Antibody array was used to examine cytokine levels on MenSC-Ex. MenSC-Ex were treated in D-GalN/LPS-induced AML12 in vitro. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured. MenSC-Ex were injected into the tail veins of mice 24 h before treatment with D-GalN/LPS. Blood and liver tissues served as physiological and biochemical indexes. The number of liver mononuclear cells (MNCs) and the amount of the active apoptotic protein caspase-3 were determined to elaborate the mechanism of hepatoprotective activity.
  
  
  
  Human menstrual blood-derived stem cell-derived exosomes (MenSC-Ex) are bi-lipid membrane vesicles that have a round, ball-like shape with a diameter of approximately 30-100 nm. Cytokine arrays have shown that MenSC-Ex expressed cytokines, including ICAM-1, angiopoietin-2, Axl, angiogenin, IGFBP-6, osteoprotegerin, IL-6, and IL-8. MenSC-Ex markedly improved liver function, enhanced survival rates, and inhibited liver cell apoptosis at 6 h after transplantation. MenSC-Ex migrated to sites of injury and to AML12 cells (a mouse hepatocyte cell line), respectively. Moreover, MenSC-Ex reduced the number of liver mononuclear cells (MNCs) and the amount of the active apoptotic protein caspase-3 in injured livers.
  
  
  
  In conclusion, our results provide preliminary evidence for the anti-apoptotic capacity of MenSC-Ex in FHF and suggest that MenSC-Ex may be an alternative therapeutic approach to treat FHF.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
authors.forename: Bingyu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China. cxiang@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D042702:Angiopoietin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D055354:Exosomes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation*; D005260:Female; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000633:toxicity; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008598:Menstruation / Q000097:blood*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D042702:Angiopoietin-2; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D005688:Galactosamine
keywords: D-GalN/LPS; Exosome; Menstrual blood-derived stem cell