title: Relation between brown adipose tissue and measures of obesity and metabolic dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease.
abstract: To evaluate whether brown adipose tissue (BAT) is present in middle-aged patients with cardiovascular comorbidities and to quantify how BAT presence associates with obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
  
  
  
  Supraclavicular and subcutaneous adipose tissue fat-signal-fraction (FF) was determined with 1.5T water-fat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 50 patients with coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery disease. The association between BAT presence, as measured by a higher FF difference between supraclavicular and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and obesity and metabolic dysfunction was quantified using multivariable linear regression.
  
  
  
  Supraclavicular adipose tissue displays a lower FF of 82.6% (interquartile range [IQR] 78.8-84.3) compared to 90.2% (IQR 87.3-91.9) in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT, P < 0.0001). BAT presence was associated with less obesity and metabolic dysfunction. For example, 1 SD lower waist circumference (11.7 cm), 1 SD lower triglycerides (1.0 mmol/L), and absence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes were associated with 1.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1; 2.0), 1.1% (95% CI 0.1; 2.0), 2.1% (95% CI 0.1; 4.1), and 4.1% (95% CI 0.1; 7.1) higher FF difference between supraclavicular adipose tissue and subcutaneous WAT, respectively.
  
  
  
  Supraclavicular adipose tissue has BAT characteristics in adult patients with clinical manifest cardiovascular disease and BAT presence is associated with less obesity and a more favorable metabolic profile.
  
  
  
  2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:497-504.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bas T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Franssens
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoogduin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leiner
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank L J
authors.initials: FLJ
authors.lastname: Visseren
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat
keywords: DIXON chemical-shift magnetic resonance imaging; brown adipose tissue; cardiovascular disease; fat fraction; metabolic dysfunction; obesity