title: VirtoScan - a mobile, low-cost photogrammetry setup for fast post-mortem 3D full-body documentations in x-ray computed tomography and autopsy suites.
abstract: Injuries such as bite marks or boot prints can leave distinct patterns on the body's surface and can be used for 3D reconstructions. Although various systems for 3D surface imaging have been introduced in the forensic field, most techniques are both cost-intensive and time-consuming. In this article, we present the VirtoScan, a mobile, multi-camera rig based on close-range photogrammetry. The system can be integrated into automated PMCT scanning procedures or used manually together with lifting carts, autopsy tables and examination couch. The VirtoScan is based on a moveable frame that carries 7 digital single-lens reflex cameras. A remote control is attached to each camera and allows the simultaneous triggering of the shutter release of all cameras. Data acquisition in combination with the PMCT scanning procedures took 3:34 min for the 3D surface documentation of one side of the body compared to 20:20 min of acquisition time when using our in-house standard. A surface model comparison between the high resolution output from our in-house standard and a high resolution model from the multi-camera rig showed a mean surface deviation of 0.36 mm for the whole body scan and 0.13 mm for a second comparison of a detailed section of the scan. The use of the multi-camera rig reduces the acquisition time for whole-body surface documentations in medico-legal examinations and provides a low-cost 3D surface scanning alternative for forensic investigations.
authors.affiliation: Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland. soeren.kottner@irm.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kottner
authors.affiliation: Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lars C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.affiliation: Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Garyfalia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ampanozi
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Institute, Zeughausstrasse 11, 8004, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thali
authors.affiliation: Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/52, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gascho
mesh_terms: D049429:Forensic Pathology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: 3D–surface scanning; Forensic imaging; Multi-camera setup; Surface documentation; Virtopsy