title: Dilated Superior Ophthalmic Vein: Clinical and Radiographic Features of 113 Cases.
abstract: Dilated superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) is an uncommon radiographic finding. The authors review the presentation, etiology, radiography, and visual implications of 113 patients with dilated SOV.
  
  
  
  An observational case series and multicenter retrospective chart review were conducted. There were 113 patients with a dilated SOV. Outcome measures included patient demographics, clinical features, radiographic findings, diagnosis, and treatment, and treatment outcomes were assessed.
  
  
  
  Cases included 75 women (66%) and 38 men (34%) with a mean age of 49 ± 24 years (range, 0.4-90 years). Diagnoses fell under 6 categories: vascular malformation (n = 92, 81%), venous thrombosis (n = 11, 10%), inflammatory (n = 6, 5%), traumatic hemorrhage (n = 2, 2%), lymphoproliferative (n = 1, 1%), and infectious (n = 1, 1%). Imaging modalities utilized included MRI (n = 98, 87%), digital subtraction angiography (n = 77, 68%), CT (n = 29, 26%), and ultrasonography (n = 4, 4%). Disease status at last follow up included no evidence of disease (n = 57, 50%), alive with persistent disease (n = 53, 47%), and expired from disease (n = 3, 3%). Treatment and management was tailored to the underlying disease process with a mean follow up of 18 months (range, 1 day to 180 months). Visual impairment observed at presentation and last follow up across all cases was 26% and 22%, respectively.
  
  
  
  Dilated SOV is a rare radiographic finding resulting from a wide spectrum of etiologies with clinical implications ranging from benign to sight- and life-threatening. Dilated SOV is most often found with dural-cavernous fistula or carotid-cavernous fistula, orbital or facial arteriovenous malformation, and venous thrombosis. Recognition of this finding and management of the underlying condition is critical.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gutman
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: H Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hayek
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braunstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Bryan J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Winn
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vrcek
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Mithra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Altschul
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ortega-Gutierrez
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paramasivam
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Johanna T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Fifi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berenstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Durairaj
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shinder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis; D005123:Eye / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult