title: Cross-cultural adaptation of the Kidney Transplant Questionnaire for Chinese adult kidney allograft recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a disease-specific instrument for evaluating the health-related quality life of Chinese kidney allograft recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-cultural adaptation of the Kidney Transplant Questionnaire (KTQ) was performed by forward translation of the original English version into Chinese, followed by back translation and evaluation of the Chinese version by health care professionals, language professionals, and the translators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 297 patients (110 women and 187 men; mean age, 43.91 ± 11.38 y; average time since transplant, 40.36 ± 32.86 mo) completed the Chinese versions of the KTQ and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, and the results were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Chinese KTQ. The Cronbach α values for all KTQ dimensions were satisfactory (physical symptoms, α = 0.876; fatigue, α = 0.896; uncertainty/fear, α = 0.686; appearance, α = 0.701; and emotions, α = 0.886) and similar to values reported for the English and Spanish versions. The correlation coefficients among the dimensions of the Chinese KTQ ranged from 0.26 to 0.69, and those between the KTQ and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey physical component summary and mental component summary subscales were low and moderate to high, respectively, except for the appearance dimension. A good fit of the data in the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the individual items of the translated instrument indeed evaluated the intended concepts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Chinese version of the KTQ was found to be similarly valid and reliable compared with the original version and, thus, can be used to evaluate health-related quality of life among Chinese adult kidney allograft recipients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organ Transplantation, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Yujian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Nursing Department, The China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Wenxin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organ Transplantation, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organ Transplantation, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organ Transplantation, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organ Transplantation, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organ Transplantation, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organ Transplantation, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organ Transplantation, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Jianli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organ Transplantation, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China.
authors.forename: Xiongwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology; D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004644:Emotions; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014177:Translations; D035501:Uncertainty
keywords: Chinese; kidney transplantation; quality of life; questionnaire; translation