title: CAIPIRINHA accelerated SPACE enables 10-min isotropic 3D TSE MRI of the ankle for optimized visualization of curved and oblique ligaments and tendons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that a fourfold CAIPIRINHA accelerated, 10-min, high-resolution, isotropic 3D TSE MRI prototype protocol of the ankle derives equal or better quality than a 20-min 2D TSE standard protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following internal review board approval and informed consent, 3-Tesla MRI of the ankle was obtained in 24 asymptomatic subjects including 10-min 3D CAIPIRINHA SPACE TSE prototype and 20-min 2D TSE standard protocols. Outcome variables included image quality and visibility of anatomical structures using 5-point Likert scales. Non-parametric statistical testing was used. P values ≤0.001 were considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Edge sharpness, contrast resolution, uniformity, noise, fat suppression and magic angle effects were without statistical difference on 2D and 3D TSE images (p > 0.035). Fluid was mildly brighter on intermediate-weighted 2D images (p < 0.001), whereas 3D images had substantially less partial volume, chemical shift and no pulsatile-flow artifacts (p < 0.001). Oblique and curved planar 3D images resulted in mildly-to-substantially improved visualization of joints, spring, bifurcate, syndesmotic, collateral and sinus tarsi ligaments, and tendons (p < 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D TSE MRI with CAIPIRINHA acceleration enables high-spatial resolution oblique and curved planar MRI of the ankle and visualization of ligaments, tendons and joints equally well or better than a more time-consuming anisotropic 2D TSE MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • High-resolution 3D TSE MRI improves visualization of ankle structures. • Limitations of current 3D TSE MRI include long scan times. • 3D CAIPIRINHA SPACE allows now a fourfold-accelerated data acquisition. • 3D CAIPIRINHA SPACE enables high-spatial-resolution ankle MRI within 10 min. • 10-min 3D CAIPIRINHA SPACE produces equal-or-better quality than 20-min 2D TSE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Vermont Medical Center, 111 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.|Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Section of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline Street, JHOC 3140A, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kalia
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 3, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.affiliation: Siemens Healthcare USA, Inc, 221 Gregson Drive, Cary, NC, 27511, USA.
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Siemens Healthcare USA, Inc, 855 N Wolfe Street Suite 100, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Wesley D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Gilson
authors.affiliation: Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Allee am Roethelheimpark 2, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raithel
authors.affiliation: Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Section of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline Street, JHOC 3140A, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. jfritz9@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4456-3043
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fritz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016477:Artifacts; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008022:Ligaments / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013710:Tendons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 3D; Ankle; CAIPIRINHA; SPACE; TSE