title: Effect of different wavelengths and dyes on Candida albicans: In vivo study using Galleria mellonella as an experimental model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies on photodynamic inactivation against microorganisms had a great development in recent years. The aim of this work was to test the application of different laser wavelengths with or without different photosensitizing dyes on Candida albicans cells in vitro and in photodynamic therapy protocols in vivo in larvae of Galleria mellonella.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laser application was realized on C. albicans cells suspended in saline solution or cultured on solid medium for the in vitro study, and in a model of G. mellonella candidal infection for the in vivo study. Three wavelengths (650, 405, and 532nm) were used in continuous mode with different values of applied fluences: 10, 20 and 30J/cm2for the in vitro study and 10J/cm2for the in vivo study, without and with photosensitizing dyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No growth inhibition was obtained on yeast cells in saline solution without photosensitizers. The maximum inhibition of growth (100%) was obtained with 405nm diode laser and curcumin at any used fluence. No growth inhibition was observed for yeast cells cultured on solid medium after laser application without dyes. An inhibition was observed after laser application when curcumin and erythrosine were added to the medium. The survival curves of G. mellonella larvae infected with C. albicans with or without the different dyes and after laser application showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) in comparison with the proper control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation exploiting a suitable combination of light and dyes against C. albicans and the potential of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of candidal infections.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Laser Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), University of Parma, Parma, Italy; MicOralIS Laboratory EA7354 - UFR of Odontology, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France. Electronic address: elisabetta.merigo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merigo
authors.affiliation: Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.affiliation: Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Tecla
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ciociola
authors.affiliation: Unit of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Laser Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), University of Parma, Parma, Italy; MicOralIS Laboratory EA7354 - UFR of Odontology, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fornaini
authors.affiliation: Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Polonelli
authors.affiliation: Unit of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Laser Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), University of Parma, Parma, Italy; MicOralIS Laboratory EA7354 - UFR of Odontology, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lagori
authors.affiliation: Unit of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Laser Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manfredi
authors.affiliation: Unit of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Laser Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vescovi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008029:Lighting / Q000379:methods; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents
keywords: Candida albicans; Diode lokaser; Photodynamic inactivation; Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitizers