title: A cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2: Chinese version in patients with chronic visceral pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to develop a culturally appropriate and functional Standard Mandarin Chinese translation of the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (SF-MPQ-2) and to assess its reliability and validity for characterizing chronic visceral pain in Chinese patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The SF-MPQ-2 has been widely used in studies of pain epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, and even pathophysiologic mechanisms to assess the major symptoms of clinical pain. Previous reports have shown favorable reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the SF-MPQ-2 in diverse samples of patients with chronic and acute pain. However, a culturally appropriate, functional Chinese version of the scale has never been developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beaton's guidelines were used for the translation and back-translation procedures. Patients (n=145) with chronic visceral pain were recruited to complete the Standard Mandarin Chinese version of the SF-MPQ-2 (SF-MPQ-2-CN), of which 41 were asked to complete the SF-MPQ-2-CN a second time, 3 days after the initial visit. The test-retest reliability was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess internal consistency. Possible components were determined by exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, and a value of 0.4 was considered requisite for the loading of each factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ICC for subscales ranged from 0.909 to 0.952, and that of the total scale was 0.927, suggesting excellent reliability and validity of the SF-MPQ-2-CN. Cronbach's alpha for subscales ranged from 0.896 to 0.916, and that of the total scale was 0.836 and 0.831 for primary and secondary visits, respectively. The factor loading matrix of the SF-MPQ-2-CN ranged from 0.734 to 0.901 for each of the following subscales: continuous, intermittent, neuropathic, and affective, revealing four components similar to the original scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reliability and validity of the SF-MPQ-2-CN scale are statistically acceptable for the evaluation of Chinese patients with chronic visceral pain.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an.
authors.forename: Jiang-Lin
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Social Development and Public policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing.
authors.forename: Wei-Jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Social Development and Public policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: School of Social Development and Public policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing.
authors.forename: Shengfa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Social Development and Public policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing.
authors.forename: Dong-Hua
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an; Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, Peoples' Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: Chinese version of short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2; chronic visceral pain; exploratory factor analysis; reliability; validity