title: Swimmer's Itch in Belgium: First Recorded Outbreaks, Molecular Identification of the Parasite Species and Intermediate Hosts.
abstract: Cercarial dermatitis or swimmer's itch is a skin condition in humans due to the larval forms of bird schistosomes of some species of the genus Trichobilharzia. The life cycle of these schistosomes requires freshwater snails (intermediate host) and waterfowl (definitive host). Repeated exposures to cercariae can lead to skin sensitization with the induction of pruritic skin lesions.
  
  
  
  We describe, in this study, two outbreaks of human cercarial dermatitis at the Eau d'Heure Lakes, Belgium. In July and August 2012, a total of, respectively, 78 and 10 people reported a sudden skin rash accompanied by pruritus following recreational activities in the Plate Taille Lake. However, no ocellate furcocercariae were detected following light exposure of the snails collected between September 2012 and September 2013 (n = 402). No outbreaks were recorded in 2013 and 2014. In August 2015, about 30 new cases were recorded. Snails were collected (n = 270) in different locations around the lake. PCR was used to identify accurately the intermediate hosts and the parasite species involved.
  
  
  
  After light exposure, seven Radix spp. (2.6%) shed ocellate furcocercariae. Molecular identification based on the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 sequence ascribed the infected snails to R. balthica ( = R. peregra = R. ovata) (6/7) and R. auricularia (1/7). Based on the amplification of the D2 domain of the 28S rDNA, the cercariae were shown to belong to two different haplotypes of Trichobilharzia franki.
  
  
  
  This is the first record in Belgium of T. franki and associated skin condition.
authors.affiliation: 1 Research Unit in Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium .
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Caron
authors.affiliation: 2 Environment and Security Unit, Les Lacs de l'Eau d'Heure (Non-Profit Making Association), Boussu-Lez-Walcourt, Belgium .
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cabaraux
authors.affiliation: 1 Research Unit in Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium .
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marechal
authors.affiliation: 1 Research Unit in Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium .
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Losson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D012551:Schistosomatidae; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*
keywords: Belgium; Radix auricularia; Radix balthica; Trichobilharzia franki; molecular approach; ocellate furcocercariae