title: A 10-year observation of PM2.5-bound nickel in Xi'an, China: Effects of source control on its trend and associated health risks.
abstract: This study presents the first long term (10-year period, 2004-2013) datasets of PM2.5-bound nickel (Ni) concentration obtained from the daily sample in urban of Xi'an, Northwestern China. The Ni concentration trend, pollution sources, and the potential health risks associated to Ni were investigated. The Ni concentrations increased from 2004 to 2008, but then decreased due to coal consumption reduction, energy structure reconstruction, tighter emission rules and the improvement of the industrial and motor vehicle waste control techniques. With the comparison of distributions between workday and non-workday periods, the effectiveness of local and regional air pollution control policies and contributions of hypothetical Ni sources (industrial and automobile exhausts) were evaluated, demonstrating the health benefits to the populations during the ten years. Mean Ni cancer risk was higher than the threshold value of 10-6, suggesting that carcinogenic Ni still was a concern to the residents. Our findings conclude that there are still needs to establish more strict strategies and guidelines for atmospheric Ni in our living area, assisting to balance the relationship between economic growth and environmental conservation in China.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.|Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry &Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.|Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry &Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.|Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: Steven Sai Hang
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry &Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.|Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guinot
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Zhenxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kin Fai
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry &Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Suixin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry &Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Zhuzi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry &Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry &Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Ningning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry &Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Chongshu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry &Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Rujin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter