title: Predictors of tanning dependence in white non-Hispanic females and males.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growing evidence suggests that some individuals may exhibit symptoms of dependence on ultraviolet (UV) light, a known carcinogen, in the context of tanning; however, few studies have investigated predictors of tanning dependence (TD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify predictors of TD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-Hispanics of European ancestry who had previously participated in a case-control study of early-onset basal cell carcinoma completed an online survey to ascertain TD and other behaviours (alcohol dependence, nicotine dependence, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), exercise 'addiction' and depression). Information on host factors, such as skin and eye colour and history of sunbathing and indoor tanning, was obtained from a study in which the participants were previously enrolled. Lifetime TD was assessed using the modified Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener (mCAGE) and the modified Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (mDSM-IV-TR) questionnaires. Participants were classified as 'TD' if positive on both questionnaires and not TD if negative on both questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 499 individuals completed the online survey (81.9% participation rate), and 24.4% were classified as 'TD'. In the multivariate model, women were more likely to be TD [odds ratio (OR) 6.93; 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) (3.36-14.27)] than men. Alcohol dependence (OR 6.55: 95% CI 3.19-13.42), SAD (OR 2.77; 95% CI 1.26-6.09) and exercise 'addiction' (OR 5.47; 95% CI 1.15-26.06) were all significant predictors for TD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased knowledge of those at risk for TD will allow appropriate interventions to be designed.
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.|Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cartmel
authors.affiliation: Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.|Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bale
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.|Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Mayne
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gelernter
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: DeWan
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spain
authors.affiliation: Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.|Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Leffell
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pagoto
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.|Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055108:Sunbathing; D044465:White People