title: Psychological, social and role functioning as predictors of psychosis in an adolescent psychiatric sample.
abstract: Recent evidence from psychosis risk studies of preselected samples suggests that early functional impairment may be a vulnerability marker for psychosis. We investigated whether functional impairment predicted later risk of psychotic disorder and psychiatric hospitalizations in adolescents at entry to general psychiatric services.
  
  
  
  A total of 154 adolescents, aged 15 to 18 years, were recruited to the study at entry to general adolescent psychiatric services in Helsinki, Finland. Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndrome and Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder for DSM-IV, Clinical version interviews were used to assess psychotic-like symptoms, psychosis risk and psychiatric diagnoses. Of the adolescents, 46 met the criteria for clinical high risk status. The level of functioning was assessed with Global Functioning Social, Role and Psychological scales. The adolescents were followed for 3 to 9 (median = 5) years via a hospital discharge register. Cox regression analyses were used to examine whether baseline functioning predicted psychotic disorders and psychiatric hospitalizations when controlling for the effect of psychosis risk symptoms.
  
  
  
  Impairments in social, role or psychological functioning did not predict psychotic disorders beyond risk symptoms. Impairment in psychological functioning was the only significant predictor of any psychiatric hospitalization after adjusting for positive psychosis risk symptom severity and level of social and role functioning.
  
  
  
  Psychosis was predicted by psychotic-like experiences at entry to psychiatric services. No aspect of functioning predicted psychosis in adolescents, which is likely to be explained by the low incidence of psychosis transitions. Severe mental disorders as assessed by psychiatric hospitalizations were predicted by more severe symptomatology as assessed by the psychological functioning scale.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ärmänen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|The Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lahti
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9407-4905
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Therman
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suvisaari
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Maija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindgren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012917:Social Adjustment
keywords: adolescents; follow-up studies; functioning; psychosis; psychosis risk