title: Life-time history of insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms as correlates of alcohol, cocaine and heroin use and relapse among adults seeking substance use treatment in the United States from 1991 to 1994.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between a life-time history of insomnia and hypersomnia compared with no sleep disturbance and substance use patterns and amounts before and after a substance use treatment episode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies conducted from 1991 to 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected at 96 substance use treatment programs in 11 United States cities, including short-term in-patient, long-term residential, methadone maintenance and out-patient drug-free treatment modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study samples included 7168 adults at treatment entry and 2965 at 12 months post-treatment entry whose primary substance use at entry was alcohol (14.7%), cocaine (62.7%) or heroin (22.6%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Life-time history of insomnia and hypersomnia was assessed via self-report. Type and frequency of substance use were assessed at treatment entry. Substance use was also assessed 12 months following treatment completion. Associations were examined using linear and logistic regression with age, sex, race, education level, depression history, treatment modality and in-treatment substance use as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Life-time history of insomnia, hypersomnia, both or neither was reported by 26.3, 9.5, 28.0 and 36.2% of participants, respectively. Compared with no sleep disturbance, life-time insomnia and hypersomnia were associated at treatment entry with unique substance use patterns and a higher frequency of any substance use (P < 0.001). All types of sleep disturbance were associated with higher rates of cocaine use at 12-month post-entry (odds ratios: 1.30-1.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence of an adverse association between substance use and sleep disturbance including higher frequency of all substance use before substance abuse treatment and higher rates of cocaine use after a treatment episode.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2770-2796
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dolsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
authors.forename: Allison G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Harvey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States
keywords: Alcohol; cocaine; heroin; hypersomnia; insomnia; relapse; sleep; substance use; substance use treatment