title: Percutaneous transhepatic obliteration and percutaneous transhepatic sclerotherapy for intractable hepatic encephalopathy and gastric varices improves the hepatic function reserve.
abstract: Percutaneous transhepatic obliteration (PTO) and percutaneous transhepatic sclerotherapy (PTS) are widely performed as an emergency measure in cases of variceal hemorrhage and intractable hepatic encephalopathy. The PTO/PTS technique is capable of directly blocking the blood supply in cases in which balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) is not effective, or in cases with complicated collateral flow. Although PTO/PTS is not currently the first choice due to the invasiveness of transhepatic puncture, this procedure can modify the blood flow in an antegrade manner. The present study examined the changes in hepatic function reserve following PTO/PTS for intractable hepatic encephalopathy and/or gastric varices. In total, the study included 37 patients (mean age, 61.75±12.77 years; age range, 32-88 years; male to female ratio, 23:14) with a variety of gastrorenal shunts, or B-RTO-intractable hepatic encephalopathy and gastric varices without gastrorenal shunts. The patients underwent PTO/PTS by embolizing a microcoil or injection of a sclerosing agent (5% ethanolamine oleate iopamidol). Alterations in hepatic function reserve prior to and following the procedure were compared. The patients were treated for hepatic encephalopathy in 11 patients, gastric varices in 19 patients, and both conditions in 7 patients. The results indicated that the blood ammonia level improved from 135.76±75.23 mg/dl to 88.00±42.16 and 61.81±33.75 mg/dl at 3 and 6 months after therapy, respectively. In addition, the Child-Pugh score improved from 8.48±2.01 prior to therapy to 7.70±1.84 and 7.22±2.01 at 3 and 6 months after the procedure, respectively. Although there was a concern that PTO/PTS may cause complications due to an increase in portal venous pressure (PVP) arising from shunt occlusion, no severe complications were observed. In conclusion, for patients with various gastrorenal shunts or those with B-RTO-intractable hepatic encephalopathy and gastric varices without gastrorenal shunts, PTO/PTS can improve the antegrade blood flow to the liver, as demonstrated by improvement in the hepatic function reserve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata 950-1104, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata 950-1104, Japan.
authors.forename: Michitaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata 950-1104, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata 950-1104, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata 950-1104, Japan.
authors.forename: Yujiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nozawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata 950-1104, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoe
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata 950-1104, Japan.
authors.forename: Akito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iwanaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata 950-1104, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata 950-1104, Japan.
authors.forename: Terasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata 950-1104, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
keywords: gastric varices; hepatic encephalopathy; hepatic function reserve; percutaneous transhepatic obliteration; percutaneous transhepatic sclerotherapy; portal hypertension