title: Pain extent and function in youth with physical disabilities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of the role that spatial qualities of pain (location and extent) play in functioning, among youths with disabilities and chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred and fifteen youths (mean age 14.4 years; SD ±3.3 years) with physical disabilities and chronic pain were interviewed and were asked to provide information about pain locations and their average pain intensity in the past week, and to complete measures of pain interference, psychological function and disability. Most of the participants in this sample were males (56%), Caucasian (68%), and had a cerebral palsy (34%) or muscular dystrophy (25%) problem. Most participants did not report high levels of disability ( [Formula: see text], SD ±9.5, range 0-60) or global pain intensity ( [Formula: see text], SD ±2.4, range 0-10).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain at more than one body site was experienced by 91% of participants. There were positive associations between pain extent with pain interference (r= 0.30) and disability (r= 0.30), and a negative association with psychological function (r= -0.38), over and above average pain intensity. Additionally, pain intensity in the back (as opposed to other locations) was associated with more pain interference (r= 0.29), whereas pain intensity in the shoulders was associated with less psychological function (r= -0.18), and pain intensity in the bottom or hips was associated with more disability (r= 0.29).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the need to take into account pain extent in the assessment and treatment of youths with physical disabilities and chronic pain, call our attention about the need to identify potential risk factors of pain extent, and develop and evaluate the benefits of treatments that could reduce pain extent and target pain at specific sites.
authors.affiliation: Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain - ALGOS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Chair in Pediatric Pain, Universitat Rovira i Virgili-Fundación Grünenthal, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miró
authors.affiliation: Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain - ALGOS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de la Vega
authors.affiliation: Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain - ALGOS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomé-Pires
authors.affiliation: Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain - ALGOS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain - ALGOS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castarlenas
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Science and Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Joyce M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Engel
keywords: function; pain extent; pediatric chronic pain; physical disability