title: Evaluation of spinal cord stimulation on the symptoms of anxiety and depression and pain intensity in patients with failed back surgery syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is now established as the primary treatment for failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). Commonly, patients with chronic pain and FBSS often report symptoms of anxiety and depression resulting from this condition. These factors can modulate and amplify the pain experience, therefore, further challenging treatment success.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the efficacy of SCS on alleviating the symptoms of anxiety and depression associated with chronic pain as well as pain intensity in a group of patients with FBSS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample (n = 26) was selected for participation. Questionnaires [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI-SF)] were completed and examined pre and post spinal cord implant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the data 1 year following SCS indicates that there was a statistical significant improvement in the symptoms of depression and anxiety reported as well as pain intensity in all participants (p < 0.001). Both anxiety and depression scores on the HADS were significantly lower compared to baseline (p < 0.001). Pain intensity scores decreased by ≥50% from baseline in all participants. Opioid analgesia was discontinued by 90% (n = 8) of participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whilst it is already recognised that SCS reduces pain in FBSS, this study demonstrated that it also reduced the symptoms of anxiety and depression with an associated reduction in opioid consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland. rbblynn@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: McCrory
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D055111:Failed Back Surgery Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062187:Spinal Cord Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Failed back surgery syndrome; Pain; Spinal cord stimulation