title: Cortical spreading depression-induced preconditioning in the brain.
abstract: Cortical spreading depression is a technique used to depolarize neurons. During focal or global ischemia, cortical spreading depression-induced preconditioning can enhance tolerance of further injury. However, the underlying mechanism for this phenomenon remains relatively unclear. To date, numerous issues exist regarding the experimental model used to precondition the brain with cortical spreading depression, such as the administration route, concentration of potassium chloride, induction time, duration of the protection provided by the treatment, the regional distribution of the protective effect, and the types of neurons responsible for the greater tolerance. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underlying cortical spreading depression-induced tolerance in the brain, considering excitatory neurotransmission and metabolism, nitric oxide, genomic reprogramming, inflammation, neurotropic factors, and cellular stress response. Specifically, we clarify the procedures and detailed information regarding cortical spreading depression-induced preconditioning and build a foundation for more comprehensive investigations in the field of neural regeneration and clinical application in the future.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Ping-Ping
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Ming
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Qin
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Dian
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Liang-Shu
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Chun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5999-2492
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Feng
keywords: cellular stress response; cortical spreading depression; excitatory neurotransmission; genomic reprogramming; inflammation; ischemic tolerance; nerve regeneration; neural regeneration; neuronal depolarization; neurotropic factors; nitric oxide; peri-infarct depolarization