title: Job strain and the incidence of coronary heart diseases: does the association differ among occupational classes? A contribution from a pooled analysis of Northern Italian cohorts.
abstract: To assess the association between job strain (JS) and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in North Italian employed men, adopting a stratified analysis by occupational class (OC).
  
  
  
  The study was conducted on 4103 working men, CHD-free at baseline, enrolled in population-based and factory-based cohorts. Risk factor measurements and follow-up procedures were carried out adopting the WHO MONICA standardised procedures. OCs were derived from the Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarero classification. JS categories were defined based on overall sample medians of psychological job demand (PJD) and decision latitude (DL) derived from items of the Job Content Questionnaire, satisfying construct validity criteria. Age-adjusted and risk factors-adjusted CHD HRs were estimated from Cox models, contrasting high-strain (high PJD and low DL) versus non-high-strain categories.
  
  
  
  In a median follow-up of 14.6 years, 172 CHD events occurred, corresponding to a CHD incidence rate of 2.78/1000 person-years. In the overall sample, high-strain compared with non-high-strain workers evidenced a 39% excess CHD risk, not statistically significant. No association was found among managers and proprietors. Conversely, the HR of high strain versus non-high strain was 1.78 (95% CI 1.20 to 2.66) among non-manual and manual workers, with no substantial differences between them. The exclusion of the events occurring in the first 3 years of follow-up did not change the results. Adopting the quadrant-term JS groupings, among manual and non-manual workers, high-strain and active (high PJD and high DL) categories in comparison to the low strain one (low PJD and high DL) showed HRs of 2.92 and 2.47, respectively.
  
  
  
  Our findings support the association of JS and CHD incidence among manual and non-manual workers. The non-high strain may not be the best reference category, when assessing the contribution of JS in determining CHD incidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, EPIMED Research Centre-Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.|Occupational Medicine Unit, Varese University Hospital, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ferrario
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, EPIMED Research Centre-Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4119-6615
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veronesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, EPIMED Research Centre-Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertù
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.|IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cesana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003657:Decision Making; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000073397:Occupational Stress / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: job strain; occupational class; coronary heart disease