title: Safety of Cancer Therapies: At What Cost?
abstract: The cost of cancer drugs has increased concurrently with drug safety resulting in both increased survivorship and increased out-of-pocket costs and co-payments for patients. This article evaluates the interplay between patient safety and cancer drug costs to determine how cancer drug costs affect patient safety and well-being. A literature review was performed that identified the main drivers of drug safety costs: drug-drug interactions, adverse drug events, medication errors, and nonadherence. Three main types of costs were identified: out-of-pocket spending, drug cost growth, and safety-related costs. Insured patients receiving chemotherapy pay an average of $10,000/month on out-of-pocket expenses. Annual drug cost growth has been as much as 21% in recent years. Over a span of 13 years, 1999-2013, insurance premiums and out-of-pocket payments have increased by 182% and 200%, respectively. Safety-related concerns include the high cost of developing a new drug, estimated at $5 billion. The cost of development is reflected in the cost of the 12 new cancer drugs that received Food and Drug Administration approval in 2012; 11 were priced at 6 figures. Although advances in pharmaceutical technology and research have yielded effective cancer therapies that reduce physical or treatment-related toxicity, patients have had to face worsening financial uncertainty both during and after treatment. Actions are needed to achieve financial safety, as well as therapeutic and clinical safety, for cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: 1 FH Consultants , Sawyer, Michigan.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fitzner
authors.affiliation: 2 Economics Department, DePaul University , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oteng-Mensah
authors.affiliation: 2 Economics Department, DePaul University , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Donley
authors.affiliation: 3 RTC Medical Preparatory School , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A F
authors.initials: EAF
authors.lastname: Heckinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016527:Drug Costs; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics; D061214:Patient Safety; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: cancer; drug cost; patient safety