title: Vitamin D status in apparently healthy medication-free Slovaks: Association to blood pressure, body mass index, self-reported smoking status and physical activity.
abstract: Vitamin D plays a role in protecting against chronic degenerative diseases. Slovak adults present one of the highest cardiovascular mortality rates among 27 EU countries.
  
  
  
  We asked whether the 25(OH)D3 status in apparently healthy medication-free Slovaks deteriorates upon ageing, and in the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors.
  
  
  
  We studied the impact of blood pressure, overweight/obesity, smoking, and physical activity on 25(OH)D3 levels determined using RIA method in 578 (5-81 years old) subjects.
  
  
  
  The average level of 25(OH)D3 was 36±17 ng/ml. A proportion of 15 % of participants were 25(OH)D3‑deficient (≤20 ng/ml), 26 % presented insufficient (20-to-30 ng/ml), and 59 % satisfactory (> 30 ng/ml) levels. Neither mean 25(OH)D3 levels, nor the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D showed age dependence. Physically active normotensive non-smokers presented the highest (41±19 ng/ml), and their smoking counterparts with elevated BP the lowest 25(OH)D3 levels (30±12 ng/ml).
  
  
  
  In apparently healthy medication-free Slovaks the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D is high. Vitamin D status does not deteriorate in course of healthy ageing. Physical activity, normotension, and non-smoking status are associated with favorable vitamin D status while low 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with multiple cardiometabolic risk factors. Further studies in subjects at high cardiovascular risk are needed to elucidate the potential association of hypovitaminosis D with high cardiovascular mortality in Slovak adults (Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Ref. 42).
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sebekova
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Krivosikova
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gajdos
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Podracka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D018154:Slovakia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: blood pressure; physical activity body mass index.; smoking; vitamin D