title: A rare cause for Hartmann's procedure due to biliary stent migration: A case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biliary stent migration (proximal or distal) occurs in 6% of all cases. The majority of these migrating stents are passing through the intestine, without causing any complications. Usually when a stent migration occurs, endoscopic retrieval is the proper treatment option, except in case of complications when surgical removal is the only treatment option. This report presents a case of a biliary stent which migrated and caused a sigmoid colon perforation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 75 years old female patient presented to the emergency department with diffuse abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Clinical examination showed distended abdomen and signs of peritoneal irritation. CT scan of the abdomen revealed free gas and fluid in the left iliac fossa, as well as a foreign body penetrating the sigmoid colon. Emergency laparotomy was performed. A plastic stent was found perforating the sigmoid colon through a diverticulum. The rest of the sigmoid colon was intact presenting only uncomplicated diverticula. Hartmann's operation was performed, involving the diseased segment, together with part of the descending colon due to profound diverticulosis. Patient's post-surgical course was uneventful and was discharged on postoperative day 10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Migration of a biliary stent can cause life-threatening complications such as perforation of the intestine and peritonitis. The migration of the stent from the biliary tree may be mostly asymptomatic except in cases of intestinal perforation that immediate surgery is the proper treatment option. On the other hand, even in cases of benign lesions of the bile duct, the stent should be removed immediately after dislocation in order to reduce the risk of secondary complications such as obstruction, infection or perforation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cases of non-complicated stent migration endoscopic retrieval is the indicated treatment. In patients who suffer serious complications due to stent dislocation, emergency surgery may be the proper treatment option.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sismanoglion General Hospital, Sismanoglou 1-P.O. BOX 15126, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: petrossiap@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siaperas
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sismanoglion General Hospital, Sismanoglou 1-P.O. BOX 15126, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: agis.ioannidis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Argyrios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ioannidis
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sismanoglion General Hospital, Sismanoglou 1-P.O. BOX 15126, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: andrewskarpas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skarpas
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sismanoglion General Hospital, Sismanoglou 1-P.O. BOX 15126, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: aargangel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Argiris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angelopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sismanoglion General Hospital, Sismanoglou 1-P.O. BOX 15126, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: johndrikos@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Drikos
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sismanoglion General Hospital, Sismanoglou 1-P.O. BOX 15126, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: ikaranikas@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karanikas
keywords: Biliary stents; Hartmann’s procedure; Intestinal perforation; Stent migration