title: Neurobiology of the Premonitory Urge in Tourette's Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Treatment Implications.
abstract: Motor and vocal tics are relatively common motor manifestations identified as the core features of Tourette's syndrome (TS). Although traditional descriptions have focused on objective phenomenological observations, such as anatomical location, number and frequency of tics, patients' first-person accounts have consistently reported characteristic subjective correlates. These sensory phenomena are often described as a feeling of mounting inner tension or urge to move ("premonitory urge"), which is transiently relieved by tic expression. This article reviews the existing literature on the clinical and neurobiological aspects of the premonitory urge in patients with TS, with focus on its pathophysiology and possible treatment implications.
authors.affiliation: This article represents the Report of the American Neuropsychiatric Association's Committee on Research (ANPA CoR).|From the Department of Neuropsychiatry Research Group, BSMHFT and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (AEC); the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (AEC); the University College London and Institute of Neurology, London (AEC); the Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology, and Anatomy & Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (KJB); the Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (MH); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV); the Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV); and the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV).
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Cavanna
authors.affiliation: This article represents the Report of the American Neuropsychiatric Association's Committee on Research (ANPA CoR).|From the Department of Neuropsychiatry Research Group, BSMHFT and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (AEC); the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (AEC); the University College London and Institute of Neurology, London (AEC); the Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology, and Anatomy & Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (KJB); the Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (MH); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV); the Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV); and the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV).
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: This article represents the Report of the American Neuropsychiatric Association's Committee on Research (ANPA CoR).|From the Department of Neuropsychiatry Research Group, BSMHFT and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (AEC); the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (AEC); the University College London and Institute of Neurology, London (AEC); the Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology, and Anatomy & Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (KJB); the Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (MH); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV); the Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV); and the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV).
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.affiliation: This article represents the Report of the American Neuropsychiatric Association's Committee on Research (ANPA CoR).|From the Department of Neuropsychiatry Research Group, BSMHFT and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (AEC); the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (AEC); the University College London and Institute of Neurology, London (AEC); the Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology, and Anatomy & Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (KJB); the Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (MH); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV); the Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV); and the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom (VV).
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Voon
mesh_terms: D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009462:Neurology / Q000379:methods*; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D020323:Tics / Q000503:physiopathology; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Basal Ganglia Disorders; Brain Development and Maturation; Cerebral Disorders; Motor Disorders; Neurology