title: Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli without Awareness: Facts and Interpretations.
abstract: Over the past two decades, evidence has accumulated that the human amygdala exerts some of its functions also when the observer is not aware of the content, or even presence, of the triggering emotional stimulus. Nevertheless, there is as of yet no consensus on the limits and conditions that affect the extent of amygdala's response without focused attention or awareness. Here we review past and recent studies on this subject, examining neuroimaging literature on healthy participants as well as brain-damaged patients, and we comment on their strengths and limits. We propose a theoretical distinction between processes involved inattentional unawareness, wherein the stimulus is potentially accessible to enter visual awareness but fails to do so because attention is diverted, and insensory unawareness, wherein the stimulus fails to enter awareness because its normal processing in the visual cortex is suppressed. We argue this distinction, along with data sampling amygdala responses with high temporal resolution, helps to appreciate the multiplicity of functional and anatomical mechanisms centered on the amygdala and supporting its role in non-conscious emotion processing. Separate, but interacting, networks relay visual information to the amygdala exploiting different computational properties of subcortical and cortical routes, thereby supporting amygdala functions at different stages of emotion processing. This view reconciles some apparent contradictions in the literature, as well as seemingly contrasting proposals, such as the dual stage and the dual route model. We conclude that evidence in favor of the amygdala response without awareness is solid, albeit this response originates from different functional mechanisms and is driven by more complex neural networks than commonly assumed. Acknowledging the complexity of such mechanisms can foster new insights on the varieties of amygdala functions without awareness and their impact on human behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg University, TilburgNetherlands; Department of Psychology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diano
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg University, TilburgNetherlands; Department of Psychology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celeghin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Torino Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagnis
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg University, TilburgNetherlands; Department of Psychology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxford, UK.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamietto
keywords: amygdala; attention; blindsight; conscious perception; fMRI neuroimaging; hemispatial neglect; pulvinar; superior colliculus