title: Markers of Oxidative Stress in Human Milk do not Differ by Maternal BMI But are Related to Infant Growth Trajectories.
abstract: Objective Obesity in adults is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Whether or not this phenotype is reflected in human milk (HM) composition, or may impact infant growth remains unknown. We investigated whether HM from overweight/obese (OW/Ob) mothers exhibited higher concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress. We also correlated these bioactive components with infant growth patterns. Methods This was an observational cohort of 56 breastfeeding mothers and their infants [33 normal weight (NW) and 23 OW/Ob]. Infants were followed until 6 months of age and HM collected at 2-weeks and 4-months. Results Markers of oxidative stress, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) and 4-hydroxynonenol (HNE), decreased in HM over time (p < 0.001) and did not differ between NW and OW/Ob women. Concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, were all inter-correlated (p < 0.001) but did not differ between NW and OW/Ob women. HM fat, protein, lactose, and total calories did not differ between NW and OW/Ob women. Infant growth patterns did not differ by group. In a model of infant weight-for-length-Z score trajectory, there was a significant interaction between both lactose and 8OHdG with maternal group: HM lactose and 8OHdG concentrations were both positively associated with increases in WLZ trajectory only among infants breastfed by OW/Ob mothers. Conclusions for Practice HM composition was relatively stable between NW and OW/Ob women. In exclusively breastfed infants, HM concentrations of lactose and 8OHdG, a marker of oxidative stress, may contribute to regulation of infant weight gain, especially among infants of OW/Ob women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. Bridget.Young@UCDenver.edu.
authors.forename: Bridget E
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3257-8179
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Patinkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.|Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health, 12477 E 19Th Avenue, Box A036, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pyle
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Ave, Box 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Becky
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de la Houssaye
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Center for Breastfeeding Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
authors.forename: Sheela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geraghty
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
authors.forename: Ardythe L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krebs
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009035:Mothers; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Breastfeeding; Human milk composition; Infant growth; Maternal obesity; Oxidative stress