The Current State of Nanoparticle-Induced Macrophage Polarization and Reprogramming Research.
Macrophages are vital regulators of the host defense in organisms. In response to different local microenvironments, resting macrophages (M0) can be polarized into different phenotypes, pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2), and perform different roles in different physiological or pathological conditions. Polarized macrophages can also be further reprogrammed by reversing their phenotype according to the changed milieu. Macrophage polarization and reprogramming play essential roles in maintaining the steady state of the immune system and are involved in the processes of many diseases. As foreign substances, nanoparticles (NPs) mainly target macrophages after entering the body. NPs can perturb the polarization and reprogramming of macrophages, affect their immunological function and, therefore, affect the pathological process of disease. Optimally-designed NPs for the modulation of macrophage polarization and reprogramming might provide new solutions for treating diseases. Systematically investigating how NPs affect macrophage polarization is crucial for understanding the regulatory effects of NPs on immune cells in vivo. In this review, macrophage polarization by NPs is summarized and discussed.
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China. miaoxiaoyuan91@163.com.
Xiaoyuan
X
Miao
Department of Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China. lxfzqcn@163.com.
Xiangfeng
X
Leng
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China. zhangqiu@sdu.edu.cn.
Qiu
Q
Zhang
D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D010641:Phenotype
D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines
macrophage; nanoparticles; polarization; reprogramming