Effects of very-low-calorie diet on body composition, metabolic state, and genes expression: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Very low-calorie diets (VLCDs, < 800 kcal day-1) and Ketogenic diet (KD) are generally used as part of integrated intervention, medical monitoring and a program of lifestyle modification, to improve a multitude of clinical states. The effect of three different very low calories KD (VLCKD), with (VLCKD1) or without (VLCKD2,3) synthetic amino acid replacement of the 50% protein intake, were analyzed after weight loss.



The clinical study used a cross-over randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Obese subjects, who were eligible for the study, were randomly (R) divided into three groups: one intervention group (IG) and two control groups (CG1 and CG2). We comprehensively analyzed body composition, serum metabolites, superoxide dismutase (SOD1), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NfKB), Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 2 (CCL2) gene expression.



After VLDKDs a significant decreased in BMI was observed. TBF (kg) significantly decrease after VLCKD1 and VLCKD3. After VLCKD2, a reduction of waist circumference (p = 0.02), FM L2-L5 (p < 0.05) was observed. After VLCKD1 reduction of IMAT (p = 0.00), LDL-C (p = 0.00) and HDL-C (p = 0.00) were observed. No significant changes of GH, ESR, and fibrinogen were highlighted. CRP (p = 0.02) reduced significantly after VLCKD3. Significant modulation of SOD1 expression (p = 0.009), CRP and decrease of glucose levels (p = 0.03) were obtained after VLCKD3.



This is the first study that analyzes comprehensively body composition, metabolic profile, and inflammation and oxidative stress genes expression after VLCKD. Our results show the efficacy of VLCKD with synthetic aminoacidic protein replacement, for the reduction of cardiovascular risk, without the development of sarcopenia and activation of inflammatory and oxidative processes.
Emergency Department, "A. Gemelli" General Hospital Foundation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy. giuseppe.merra@policlinicogemelli.it.
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Merra
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Gratteri
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De Lorenzo
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Barrucco
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Perrone
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Avolio
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Bernardini
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Marchetti
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Di Renzo
D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D055423:Diet, Ketogenic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015431:Weight Loss
D001786:Blood Glucose; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606290:SOD1 protein, human; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1