A three-dimensional approach for identifying small pulmonary vessels in smokers.
This study aims to develop a computerized scheme that utilizes a differential geometric approach to identify pulmonary vessels and then evaluate the performance of the scheme on the CT images of heavy smokers.



The scheme consists of two primary steps to segment entire lung vascular tree and identify the number of pulmonary vessels in a cross section. The scheme performance including accuracy, consistency, and efficiency was assessed using 102 chest CT scans. Further assessment was performed on the relationship between pulmonary vessels and the extent of emphysema as well as pulmonary artery alteration.



The mean number of vessels in the cross section at the 5th generation was 17.84±4.74 and 17.23±4.85 assessed by computerized scheme and radiologists, respectively, which are significantly different (t = 2.12, p = 0.055). The results were consistent with those obtained by using a semi-automatic tool (r = 0.75, p = 0.01). In addition, in the 5th generation, the mean number of vessels was inversely related to the percentage of the low attenuation area (r = -0.704, p = 0.000), the mean lumen area of pulmonary vessel was inversely related to the mean value of main pulmonary artery diameter (r = -0.617, p = 0.000). The computational time of segmenting vessels was 6.50±0.02 seconds, which is much less than the average 8 minutes of the time spent by radiologists using the semi-automatic tool.



Applying the computerized scheme yields reasonable performance on the segmentation of pulmonary vessels. The alteration of pulmonary vessels may reflect the presence of pulmonary hypertension, as well as the extent of emphysema.
Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Xian yang, China.
Junchao
J
Ma
Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Xian yang, China.
Nan
N
Yu
Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Cong
C
Shen
Department of Radiology, Tumor Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.
Zhimin
Z
Wang
Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Xian yang, China.
Taiping
T
He
Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
You-Min
YM
Guo
D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000074285:Smokers; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
Emphysema; chronic 
obstructive pulmonary disease; computed tomography; pulmonary vessel; smoke