Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1: A Urinary Biomarker of Kidney Disease.
Identifying noninvasive biomarkers of kidney disease is valuable for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) expression is known to be elevated in the kidneys in several renal disease pathologies. We hypothesized that the urinary HIF-1a mRNA level may be a suitable biomarker for expression of this protein in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We compared HIF-1a mRNA levels from urine pellets of CKD and healthy subjects. To ensure that urinary HIF-1a mRNA is of kidney origin, we examined colocalization of HIF-1a mRNA with two kidney specific markers in urine cells. We found that HIF-1a mRNA is readily quantifiable in urine pellets and its expression was significantly higher in CKD patients compared with healthy adults. We also showed that the urinary HIF-1a mRNA comes primarily from cells of renal origin. Our data suggest that urinary HIF-1a mRNA is a potential biomarker in CKD and can be noninvasively assessed in patients.
Department of Pharmacogenomics, Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
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Movafagh
Department of Nephrology, George Washington University Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Washington, DC, USA.
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D
Raj
Kidney and Hypertension Specialists, Manassas, Virginia, USA.
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Sanaei-Ardekani
Department of Pharmacogenomics, Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
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D
Bhatia
Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
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Vo
Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
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Mahmoudieh
Kidney and Hypertension Specialists, Manassas, Virginia, USA.
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R
Rahman
Kidney and Hypertension Specialists, Manassas, Virginia, USA.
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EH
Kim
Department of Pharmacogenomics, Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
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Harralson
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D020043:Genes, Essential; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012015:Reference Standards; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine*
D015415:Biomarkers; D015820:Cadherins; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003404:Creatinine