Transverse and Oblique Long Bone Fracture Evaluation by Low Order Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Simulation Study.
Ultrasonic guided waves have recently been used in fracture evaluation and fracture healing monitoring. An axial transmission technique has been used to quantify the impact of the gap breakage width and fracture angle on the amplitudes of low order guided wave modesS0 andA0 under a 100 kHz narrowband excitation. In our two dimensional finite-difference time-domain (2D-FDTD) simulation, the long bones are modeled as three layers with a soft tissue overlay and marrow underlay. The simulations of the transversely and obliquely fractured long bones show that the amplitudes of bothS0 andA0 decrease as the gap breakage widens. Fixing the crack width, the increase of the fracture angle relative to the cross section perpendicular to the long axis enhances the amplitude ofA0, while the amplitude ofS0 shows a nonmonotonic trend with the decrease of the fracture angle. The amplitude ratio between theS0 andA0 modes is used to quantitatively evaluate the fracture width and angles. The study suggests that the low order guided wave modesS0 andA0 have potentials for transverse and oblique bone fracture evaluation and fracture healing monitoring.
Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
Ying
Y
Li
Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
Dan
D
Liu
Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France.
Kailiang
K
Xu
Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) of Shanghai, Shanghai 200032, China.
Dean
0000-0001-6651-4491
D
Ta
Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Lawrence H
LH
Le
Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
Weiqi
W
Wang
D003198:Computer Simulation; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*