Insulin resistance, atherogenicity, and iron metabolism in multiple sclerosis with and without depression: Associations with inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and uric acid.
Depression is accompanied by metabolic disorders in iron metabolism, lipoproteins, and insulin resistance. We measured plasma levels of ferritin, iron, lipids, insulin, and glucose and computed the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA2IR) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in MS patients with and without depression and healthy controls. Explanatory variables were serum uric acid, interleukin (IL)-6, lipid hydroperoxides (CL-LOOH), albumin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Depression was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), neurological disability using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and disease progression using ∆EDSS over five years earlier. HOMA2IR and insulin were predicted by diagnosis (increased in MS), age and body mass index (BMI); AIP by diagnosis, sex, BMI, CRP, and uric acid; triglycerides by diagnosis (higher in MS without depression), age, BMI and uric acid; ferritin by diagnosis (higher in MS), sex, CRP, and albumin; and iron by albumin. The HADS score was significantly predicted by ∆EDSS, gastro-intestinal symptoms, iron (inverse), and age. MS is characterized by significantly increased insulin resistance, which is determined by increased insulin levels; and increased ferritin, a biomarker of inflammation. Depression in MS is not associated with increased insulin resistance and atherogenicity but with lowered iron.
Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
Sayonara Rangel
SR
Oliveira
Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
Ana Paula
AP
Kallaur
Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
Josiane
J
Lopes
Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
Andrea Name
AN
Colado Simão
Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
Edna Maria
EM
Reiche
Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
Elaine Regina Delicato
ERD
de Almeida
Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
Helena Kaminami
HK
Morimoto
Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil; Outpatient Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
Wildea Lice
WL
de Carvalho Jennings de Pereira
Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
Daniela Frizon
DF
Alfieri
Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
Tamires
T
Flauzino
Medicine School, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
Caio
C
de Meleck Proença
Outpatient Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
Anna Maria
AM
Gomes
Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
Damacio Ramón
DR
Kaimen-Maciel
Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Revitalis, Waalre, The Netherlands. Electronic address: dr.michaelmaes@hotmail.com.
Michael
M
Maes
D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron
Atherogenicity; Depression; IL-6; Immune; Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Metabolism; Oxidative