Genetic Analysis of Norovirus Strains that Caused Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Among River Rafters in the Grand Canyon, Arizona.
Toilet solid waste samples collected from five outbreaks among rafters in the Grand Canyon were subjected to sequencing analysis of norovirus partial capsid gene. The results revealed that a GI.3 strain was associated with one outbreak, whereas the other outbreaks were caused by GII.5 whose sequences shared >98.9% homology.
Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Room A-357, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan. mkitajima@eng.hokudai.ac.jp.
Masaaki
M
Kitajima
Amway, 7575 Fulton Street East, Ada, MI, 49355-0001, USA.
Brandon C
BC
Iker
Physician Assistant Program, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
Anne
A
Magill-Collins
Environmental Health Division, Coconino County Health Department, Flagstaff, AZ, 86004, USA.
Marlene
M
Gaither
Physician Assistant Program, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
James D
JD
Stoehr
Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
Charles P
CP
Gerba
D001130:Arizona / Q000453:epidemiology; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011998:Recreation; D045483:Rivers / Q000821:virology*
Gastroenteritis; Genotype; Norovirus; PCR; Phylogenetic analysis