Mitogen-activated protein kinases participate in determination of apical-basal symmetry in Pisum sativum.
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are implicated in various processes in plants. Apart from response to biotic and abiotic stresses they are involved in regulation of embryo development. Although MAPKs were found to be indispensable during embryo development it has never been established at which stages of embryogenesis and in which regions of a plant embryo activated MAPKs can be observed. Here, we show that apical and basal regions display activation of the same types of MAPKs and the only difference concerns the level of their phosphorylation and cellular localization. Dually-phosphorylated MAPKs were found in nuclei of the apical region of an embryo both at the early and late cotyledonary stage while no immunofluorescence signals were detected in nuclei of the basal region. However, in this case phosphorylated MAPKs were immunodetected in cytoplasm in the apical domain of cortex cells, indicating their role in auxin transport from the basal to apical region of an embryo. Furthermore, obtained data indicate that nuclear localization of activated MAPKs may result from epigenetic modifications and polar auxin transport. The presented data and previous studies lead to the conclusion that activated MAPKs and their cellular localization define apical and basal regions during formation of an apical-basal axis.
Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143 9, 90-236 Lodz, Poland. Electronic address: winnicki@biol.uni.lodz.pl.
Konrad
K
Krajewski
Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143 9, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
Justyna Teresa
JT
Polit
Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143 9, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
Aneta
A
Żabka
Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143 9, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
Janusz
J
Maszewski
D001692:Biological Transport; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D063245:Plant Development; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
AZA; Apical-basal symmetry; Auxin; Embryogenesis; Mitogen-activated protein kinases; PCIB; TIBA