Skin Sodium Concentration Correlates with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in CKD.
The pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with CKD is incompletely understood. Sodium intake, which is usually assessed by measuring urinary sodium excretion, has been inconsistently linked with left ventricular hypertrophy. However, tissues such as skin and muscle may store sodium. Using23sodium-magnetic resonance imaging, a technique recently developed for the assessment of tissue sodium content in humans, we determined skin sodium content at the level of the calf in 99 patients with mild to moderate CKD (42 women; median [range] age, 65 [23-78] years). We also assessed total body overhydration (bioimpedance spectroscopy), 24-hour BP, and left ventricular mass (cardiac magnetic resonance imaging). Skin sodium content, but not total body overhydration, correlated with systolic BP (r=0.33,P=0.002). Moreover, skin sodium content correlated more strongly than total body overhydration did with left ventricular mass (r=0.56,P<0.001 versusr=0.35,P<0.001;P<0.01 between the two correlations). Linear regression analysis demonstrated that skin sodium content is a strong explanatory variable for left ventricular mass, unaffected by BP and total body overhydration. In conclusion, we found skin sodium content to be closely linked to left ventricular mass in patients with CKD. Interventions that reduce skin sodium content might improve cardiovascular outcomes in these patients.
Departments of *Nephrology and Hypertension, and Markus.Schneider@uk-erlangen.de.
Markus P
MP
Schneider
Departments of *Nephrology and Hypertension, and.
Ulrike
U
Raff
Departments of *Nephrology and Hypertension, and.
Christoph
C
Kopp
Departments of *Nephrology and Hypertension, and.
Johannes B
JB
Scheppach
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
Sebastian
S
Toncar
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
Christoph
C
Wanner
Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Georg
G
Schlieper
Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Turgay
T
Saritas
Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Jürgen
J
Floege
Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and.
Matthias
M
Schmid
Departments of *Nephrology and Hypertension, and.|Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Anna
A
Birukov
Departments of *Nephrology and Hypertension, and.
Anke
A
Dahlmann
Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Peter
P
Linz
Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Rolf
R
Janka
Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Michael
M
Uder
Departments of *Nephrology and Hypertension, and.
Roland E
RE
Schmieder
Departments of *Nephrology and Hypertension, and.|Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
Jens M
JM
Titze
Departments of *Nephrology and Hypertension, and.
Kai-Uwe
KU
Eckardt
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
D012964:Sodium
blood pressure; kidney diseases; left ventricular hypertrophy; skin; sodium