Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Is a New Substrate of ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 11.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, after conversion to tenofovir (TFV), is mainly eliminated by glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. The major adverse effect of tenofovir is nephrotoxicity; however, the exact mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, the ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 11 (ABCC11; multidrug resistance protein 8 [MRP8]) transporter, which is abundant in proximal tubular cells, was demonstrated to act as an efflux transporter of tenofovir. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assays were used to determine MRP8 overexpression in a continuous cell line. Tenofovir accumulations were assessed by cytotoxicity, cellular transport, and vesicular uptake assays. Substrate specificity was confirmed using MK-571, an MRP-specific inhibitor, and methotrexate, which served as a known substrate. Intracellular and intravesicular concentrations of tenofovir were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of TDF in MRP8-overexpressing cells was 4.78 times higher than that of parental cells. Transport assays also showed that the intracellular accumulation of tenofovir in MRP8-overexpressing cells was 55 times lower than that in parental cells and was partly reversed by MK-571. Similarly, an "inside-out" vesicular uptake assay, using Sf9 inverted membrane vesicles to allow measuring of accumulation of the substrates into the vesicles, demonstrated a higher intravesicular concentration of tenofovir in MRP8-overexpressing vesicles than in Sf9 insect control vesicles. These effects were effectively reversed by increasing concentrations of the specific inhibitor MK-571. In conclusion, tenofovir is a new substrate of the MRP8 transporter. An alteration in the activity of this efflux pump may increase the intracellular accumulation of tenofovir in proximal renal tubular cells.
Pharmacy Program in Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Wisith
W
Tun-Yhong
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand CHINPAISAL_C@su.ac.th.
Chatchai
C
Chinpaisal
Department of Health and Related Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Perayot
P
Pamonsinlapatham
Pharmacy Program in Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Sindchai
S
Kaewkitichai
D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D061987:Sf9 Cells; D018411:Spodoptera; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013552:Swine; D000068698:Tenofovir / Q000378:metabolism*; D019076:Transgenes; D022161:Transport Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
C435500:ABCC11 protein, human; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists; D011422:Propionates; D011804:Quinolines; C059141:verlukast; D000068698:Tenofovir
ABCC11; ATP-binding cassette subfamily C11; MRP8 transporter; methotrexate; nephrotoxicity; tenofovir; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate