Glycopyrrolate: It's time to review.
Medication shortages have become an all-too-common inconvenience that has forced anesthesia providers to examine our administering practices. Because of these shortages, commonly used medications are at the greatest risk. Glycopyrrolate (Robinul), which has been in short supply in recent years, is one of the most widely used anticholinergic agents, especially in conjunction with the anticholinesterase neostigmine, for reversal of neuromuscular blockade (NMB) drugs. Here we review multiple studies from 1972 through 1986 that used varying methods of patient selection and dosage and drug combination criteria, and which noted that glycopyrrolate had a superior efficacy and adverse effect profile when compared with atropine in NMB reversal. Meta-analysis from these studies indicated that the dosage of 0.2 mg of glycopyrrolate for every 1 mg of neostigmine, given concomitantly (maximum 1 mg glycopyrrolate and 5 mg neostigmine), demonstrated the greatest efficacy with the lowest incidence of unwanted adverse effects. It has now become common practice to use a dosage ratio of 0.2 mg glycopyrrolate to 1.0 mg neostigmine for NMB reversal. Yet since 1986, there have been no studies on reversal with glycopyrrolate and neostigmine. Frequent medication shortages and good medical practice should be an impetus for clinicians to reevaluate dosing practices of critical medications and revisit these drugs, such as glycopyrrolate, with more current studies.
Resident- Mount Sinai Medical Center of Florida, Miami Beach, FL.
Jonathan
J
Howard
Miami Beach Anesthesiology Associates, Mount Sinai Medical Center of Florida, 4300 Alton Rd., Miami Beach, FL 33145. Electronic address: wigleyja@gmail.com.
Jason
J
Wigley
Miami Beach Anesthesiology Associates, Mount Sinai Medical Center of Florida, 4300 Alton Rd., Miami Beach, FL 33145.
Gerald
G
Rosen
Miami Beach Anesthesiology Associates, Mount Sinai Medical Center of Florida, 4300 Alton Rd., Miami Beach, FL 33145.
Jay
J
D'mello
D035843:Biomedical Research; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006024:Glycopyrrolate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006801:Humans; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000600:supply & distribution; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade / Q000379:methods; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; D009388:Neostigmine; D006024:Glycopyrrolate
Atropine; Atropine alternatives; Glycopyrrolate; Medication shortages; Muscle relaxant reversal; Neostigmine