Modular soft x-ray spectrometer for applications in energy sciences and quantum materials.
Over the past decade, the advances in grating-based soft X-ray spectrometers have revolutionized the soft X-ray spectroscopies in materials research. However, these novel spectrometers are mostly dedicated designs, which cannot be easily adopted for applications with diverging demands. Here we present a versatile spectrometer design concept based on the Hettrick-Underwood optical scheme that uses modular mechanical components. The spectrometer's optics chamber can be used with gratings operated in either inside or outside orders, and the detector assembly can be reconfigured accordingly. The spectrometer can be designed to have high spectral resolution, exceeding 10 000 resolving power when using small source (∼1μm) and detector pixels (∼5μm) with high line density gratings (∼3000 lines/mm), or high throughput at moderate resolution. We report two such spectrometers with slightly different design goals and optical parameters in this paper. We show that the spectrometer with high throughput and large energy window is particularly useful for studying the sustainable energy materials. We demonstrate that the extensive resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) map of battery cathode material LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2can be produced in few hours using such a spectrometer. Unlike analyzing only a handful of RIXS spectra taken at selected excitation photon energies across the elemental absorption edges to determine various spectral features like the localized dd excitations and non-resonant fluorescence emissions, these features can be easily identified in the RIXS maps. Studying such RIXS maps could reveal novel transition metal redox in battery compounds that are sometimes hard to be unambiguously identified in X-ray absorption and emission spectra. We propose that this modular spectrometer design can serve as the platform for further customization to meet specific scientific demands.
Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Yi-De
YD
Chuang
Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
Yu-Cheng
YC
Shao
Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Alejandro
A
Cruz
Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Kelly
K
Hanzel
Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Adam
A
Brown
Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Alex
A
Frano
Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Ruimin
R
Qiao
Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Brian
B
Smith
Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Edward
E
Domning
MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, SE221-00 Lund, Sweden.
Shih-Wen
SW
Huang
Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
L Andrew
LA
Wray
Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Wei-Sheng
WS
Lee
Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Zhi-Xun
ZX
Shen
Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Thomas P
TP
Devereaux
Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
Jaw-Wern
0000000218017420
JW
Chiou
Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
Way-Faung
WF
Pong
Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Valeriy V
VV
Yashchuk
Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Eric
E
Gullikson
Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
Ruben
0000000349920097
R
Reininger
Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Wanli
0000000306668063
W
Yang
Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Jinghua
0000000285762172
J
Guo
Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Robert
R
Duarte
Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Zahid
Z
Hussain