Phishing suspiciousness in older and younger adults: The role of executive functioning.
Phishing is the spoofing of Internet websites or emails aimed at tricking users into entering sensitive information, with such goals as financial or identity theft. The current study sought to determine whether age is associated with increased susceptibility to phishing and whether tests of executive functioning can predict phishing susceptibility. A total of 193 cognitively intact participants, 91 younger adults and 102 older adults, were primarily recruited through a Psychology department undergraduate subject pool and a gerontology research registry, respectively. The Executive Functions Module from the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery and the Iowa Gambling Task were the primary cognitive predictors of reported phishing suspiciousness. Other predictors included age group (older vs. younger), sex, education, race, ethnicity, prior knowledge of phishing, prior susceptibility to phishing, and whether or not browsing behaviors were reportedly different in the laboratory setting versus at home. A logistic regression, which accounted for a 22.7% reduction in error variance compared to the null model and predicted phishing suspiciousness with 73.1% (95% CI [66.0, 80.3]) accuracy, revealed three statistically significant predictors: the main effect of education (b = 0.58, SE = 0.27) and the interactions of age group with prior awareness of phishing (b = 2.31, SE = 1.12) and performance on the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Mazes test (b = 0.16, SE = 0.07). Whether or not older adults reported being suspicious of the phishing attacks used in this study was partially explained by educational history and prior phishing knowledge. This suggests that simple educational interventions may be effective in reducing phishing vulnerability. Although one test of executive functioning was found useful for identifying those at risk of phishing susceptibility, four tests were not found to be useful; these results speak to the need for more ecologically valid tools in clinical neuropsychology.
Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States of America.
Brandon E
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1938-1854
BE
Gavett
Division of Computer Science, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States of America.
Rui
R
Zhao
Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
Samantha E
SE
John
Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States of America.
Cara A
CA
Bussell
Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States of America.
Jennifer R
JR
Roberts
Division of Computer Science, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States of America.
Chuan
C
Yue
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016494:Computer Security; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012984:Software; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult