Bioaccumulation, stress, and swimming impairment in Daphnia magna exposed to multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphene oxide.
The use of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene, and graphene oxide (GO) is increasing across many applications because of their unique and versatile properties. These CNMs may enter the aquatic environment through many pathways, creating the potential for organism exposure. The present study addresses the bioaccumulation and toxicity seen in Daphnia magna exposed to CNMs dispersed in sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). In study I, D. magna were exposed to varying outer diameters of MWCNTs for 24 h in moderately hard or hard freshwater. Bioaccumulation of MWCNT was found in all treatments, with the highest concentrations (0.53 ± 0.27 μg/g) in D. magna exposed in hard freshwater (p < 0.005). The median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined for D. magna exposed to CNMs in moderately hard and hard freshwater. In study II, D. magna were exposed to CNMs for 72 h in moderately hard freshwater to assess swimming velocity and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. An overall decrease was seen in D. magna swimming velocity after exposure to CNMs. The generation of ROS was significantly higher (1.54 ± 0.38 dichlorofluorescein mM/mg dry wt) in D. magna exposed to MWCNTs of smaller outer diameters than in controls after 72 h (p < 0.05). These results suggest that further investigation of CNM toxicity and behavior in the aquatic environment is needed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2199-2204. © 2017 SETAC.
Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
Amanda M
AM
Cano
Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
Jonathan D
JD
Maul
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
Mohammad
M
Saed
Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Smit A
SA
Shah
Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Micah J
MJ
Green
Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
Jaclyn E
JE
Cañas-Carrell
D000818:Animals; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000633:toxicity; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D006108:Graphite / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000633:toxicity*; D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013550:Swimming; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C001114:dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid; D006108:Graphite
Benthic macroinvertebrates; Bioaccumulation; Carbon nanomaterials; Nanoecotoxicology; Reactive oxygen species