Bacterial-Derived Polymer Poly-y-Glutamic Acid (y-PGA)-Based Micro/Nanoparticles as a Delivery System for Antimicrobials and Other Biomedical Applications.
In the past decade, poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)-based micro/nanoparticles have garnered remarkable attention as antimicrobial agents and for drug delivery, owing to their controlled and sustained-release properties, low toxicity, as well as biocompatibility with tissue and cells. γ-PGA is a naturally occurring biopolymer produced by several gram-positive bacteria that, due to its biodegradable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic properties, has been used successfully in the medical, food and wastewater industries. Moreover, its carboxylic group on the side chains can offer an attachment point to conjugate antimicrobial and various therapeutic agents, or to chemically modify the solubility of the biopolymer. The unique characteristics of γ-PGA have a promising future for medical and pharmaceutical applications. In the present review, the structure, properties and micro/nanoparticle preparation methods of γ-PGA and its derivatives are covered. Also, we have highlighted the impact of micro/nanoencapsulation or immobilisation of antimicrobial agents and various disease-related drugs on biodegradable γ-PGA micro/nanoparticles.
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK. Grazyna.Adamus@cmpw-pan.edu.pl.|Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Zabrze 41-819, Poland. Grazyna.Adamus@cmpw-pan.edu.pl.
Ibrahim R
IR
Khalil
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK. A.T.Burns@wlv.ac.uk.
Alan T H
AT
Burns
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK. I.Radecka@wlv.ac.uk.
Iza
I
Radecka
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK. Grazyna.Adamus@cmpw-pan.edu.pl.|Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Zabrze 41-819, Poland. Grazyna.Adamus@cmpw-pan.edu.pl.
Marek
M
Kowalczuk
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK. Tamara.Khalaf@wlv.ac.uk.
Tamara
T
Khalaf
Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Zabrze 41-819, Poland. Grazyna.Adamus@cmpw-pan.edu.pl.
Grazyna
G
Adamus
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK. B.Johnston@wlv.ac.uk.
Brian
B
Johnston
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK. mpkhechara@wlv.ac.uk.
Martin P
MP
Khechara
D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D012997:Solvents; D014612:Vaccines; C511775:poly(gamma-glutamic acid); D011099:Polyglutamic Acid
antimicrobial; drug delivery system; γ-PGA