Neurodegenerative changes and neuroapoptosis induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide administration are reversed by dexmedetomidine treatment in mice.
BACKGROUND
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a frequent and nasty complication of sepsis, associated with patients increased risk of death and long-term brain dysfunctions.


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to explore the effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex), an anesthetic adjuvant, on the development of SAE.


METHODS
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to male BALB/c mice to induce sepsis. Dex (25 μg/kg) was given intraperitoneally immediately after LPS injection. Levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected in mice brains tissue eight hours later after drug administration. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to detect brain pathologic change. We also detected apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay and Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 expressions by western blot.


RESULTS
Levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA and ROS were increased in the brain tissue after LPS treatment, indicating that LPS injection resulted in increased brain inflammation and elevated oxidative stress. We further found a large quantity of degenerative neurons widespread in hippocampal CA1, CA3 regions and cerebral cortex according to HE staining. Dex could significantly decrease brain inflammation and oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA and ROS, and ameliorate neurodegenerative changes. The associated results also demonstrated that Dex treatment ameliorated the LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis, probably by upregulating the Bcl-2 expression and downregulating the Bax expression.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicated that Dex could reverse neurodegenerative changes and neuroapoptosis in mice brain of septic mice induced by LPS through anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects.
a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , China.|b Department of Anesthesiology , Binzhou Medical University Hospital , Binzhou , China.
Qiaoqing
Q
Ning
b Department of Anesthesiology , Binzhou Medical University Hospital , Binzhou , China.
Zhaoguo
Z
Liu
c Department of Respiration , Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou Medical University , Binzhou , China.
Xiuhua
X
Wang
b Department of Anesthesiology , Binzhou Medical University Hospital , Binzhou , China.
Ruyi
R
Zhang
a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , China.
Jing
J
Zhang
a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , China.
Meizi
M
Yang
a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , China.
Hongliu
H
Sun
c Department of Respiration , Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou Medical University , Binzhou , China.
Fang
F
Han
b Department of Anesthesiology , Binzhou Medical University Hospital , Binzhou , China.
Wenxiang
W
Zhao
a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , China.
Xiuli
X
Zhang
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
C494827:Bax protein, mouse; C587672:IL1B protein, mouse; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C052617:Bcl2 protein, mouse; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D020927:Dexmedetomidine
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy; apoptosis; dexmedetomidine; lipopolysaccharide; oxidative stress