The Relationship of Obesity to Hospice Use and Expenditures: A Cohort Study.
BACKGROUND
Obesity complicates medical, nursing, and informal care in severe illness, but its effect on hospice use and Medicare expenditures is unknown.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the associations between body mass index (BMI) and hospice use and Medicare expenditures in the last 6 months of life.


METHODS
Retrospective cohort.


METHODS
The HRS (Health and Retirement Study).


METHODS
5677 community-dwelling Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries who died between 1998 and 2012.


METHODS
Hospice enrollment, days enrolled in hospice, in-home death, and total Medicare expenditures in the 6 months before death. Body mass index was modeled as a continuous variable with a quadratic functional form.


RESULTS
For decedents with BMI of 20 kg/m2, the predicted probability of hospice enrollment was 38.3% (95% CI, 36.5% to 40.2%), hospice duration was 42.8 days (CI, 42.3 to 43.2 days), probability of in-home death was 61.3% (CI, 59.4% to 63.2%), and total Medicare expenditures were $42 803 (CI, $41 085 to $44 521). When BMI increased to 30 kg/m2, the predicted probability of hospice enrollment decreased by 6.7 percentage points (CI, -9.3 to -4.0 percentage points), hospice duration decreased by 3.8 days (CI, -4.4 to -3.1 days), probability of in-home death decreased by 3.2 percentage points (CI, -6.0 to -0.4 percentage points), and total Medicare expenditures increased by $3471 (CI, $955 to $5988). For morbidly obese decedents (BMI ≥40 kg/m2), the predicted probability of hospice enrollment decreased by 15.2 percentage points (CI, -19.6 to -10.9 percentage points), hospice duration decreased by 4.3 days (CI, -5.7 to -2.9 days), and in-home death decreased by 6.3 percentage points (CI, -11.2 to -1.5 percentage points) versus decedents with BMI of 20 kg/m2.


CONCLUSIONS
Baseline data were self-reported, and the interval between reported BMI and time of death varied.


CONCLUSIONS
Among community-dwelling decedents in the HRS, increasing obesity was associated with reduced hospice use and in-home death and higher Medicare expenditures in the last 6 months of life.


BACKGROUND
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program.
From University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
John A
JA
Harris
From University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Elena
E
Byhoff
From University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Chithra R
CR
Perumalswami
From University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Kenneth M
KM
Langa
From University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Alexi A
AA
Wright
From University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Jennifer J
JJ
Griggs
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics*; D009765:Obesity; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States