Anti-inflammatory effect of geranium nanoemulsion macrophages induced with soluble protein of Candida albicans.
Pelargonium graveolens is a member of the Geraniaceae family and has been used in folk medicine in many countries because of its anti-inflammatory activity. No studies have yet been reported to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of a nanoemulsion containing geranium oil (GO) model in macrophages. In this study the anti-inflammatory effect of Geranium nanoemulsion (NEG) macrophages induced with soluble proteins of Candida albicans was investigated. GO presented citronellol (17.74%) and geraniol (14.43%) as main constituents. The characterization in NEG was demonstrated, showing the particle size of 164 ± 3.5 nm, PDI of 0.12 ± 0.006 and zeta potential -10 mV ± 1.7. The MIC obtained for NEG and GO were 3.64 μg ml-1and 1.82 μg ml-1, respectively. The viability of the macrophages treated with NEG and GO concentrations (1/2 x, 1x and 2x MIC) was evaluated. There was a significant reduction of viability and the MTT assay was not confirmed after the LDH assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by determining nitric oxide (NO), cytokines (interleukin IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and the expression levels gene of interleukin (IL-2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The apoptosis inhibition capacity was assessed by determination of INFγ, caspase 3 and caspase 8. The results indicated that there was a significant increase of NO in the levels after treatment with NEG and significantly reduced levels after treatment with GO. The cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF) were evaluated and NEG (½ x, 1x MIC) decreased IL-1 levels by 1.25-1.37 times, respectively. The NEG did not decrease IL-6 levels and a significant increase was observed for IL-10. GO significantly decreased IL-6 and IL-10 levels. There was a significant decrease in IL-2 and COX-2 levels and increased levels of iNOs. The levels of IFNγ and caspase-3 after treatment with NEG decreased indicating an anti-inflammatory effect and can inhibit apoptosis. Finally, the levels of caspase-8 do not change. Thus, pretreatment with NEG induced an anti-inflammatory effect against soluble proteins of C. albicans model macrophages.
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai (URI), Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Electronic address: janicegiongo@hotmail.com.
Janice Luehring
JL
Giongo
Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Nanotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Rodrigo
R
de Almeida Vaucher
Laboratório de Cultura Celular e Biologia Molecular, Centro Universitário Francicano, UNIFRA, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Michele Rorato
MR
Sagrillo
Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Roberto Christ
RC
Vianna Santos
Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Marta M M F
MMMF
Duarte
Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Vírginia Cielo
VC
Rech
Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Nanotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Leonardo Quintana
LQ
Soares Lopes
Laboratório de Biogenômica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Ivana
I
Beatriz da Cruz
Laboratório de Bioquímica Clínica, Departamento de Analíses Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Etiane
E
Tatsch
Laboratório de Bioquímica Clínica, Departamento de Analíses Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Rafael Noal
RN
Moresco
Laboratório de Nanotecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Patricia
P
Gomes
Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Cristiane
C
Luchese
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Martin
M
Steppe
D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000946:Antigens, Fungal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000737:chemistry*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004655:Emulsions / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031316:Pelargonium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis
D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000946:Antigens, Fungal; D016207:Cytokines; D004655:Emulsions; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D013729:Terpenes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C007836:geraniol; C007078:citronellol
Anti-inflammatory; Cytokines; Nanoemulsion; Pelargonium graveolens; RAW 264.7 macrophages