Design of Organic Macrocycle-Modified Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery.
Paul Ehrlich's vision of a "magic bullet" cure for disease inspires the modern design of nanocarriers whose purpose is to deliver drug cargo to specific sites in the body while circumventing endogenous immunological clearance mechanisms. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as particularly promising nanocarriers because of their biodegradability, ability to be guided magnetically to sites of pathology, mediation of hyperthermic therapy, and imaging capabilities. In this review, we focus on the design and drug-delivery aspects of IONPs coated with organic macrocycles (crown ethers, cyclodextrins, calix[n]arenes, cucurbit[n]urils, or pillar[n]arenes), which, by means of reversible complexation, allow for the convenient loading and release of drug molecules. Macrocycles can be attached to IONPs indirectly or directly. Indirect attachment requires the use of small organic linking molecules or conjugation to shell materials. Direct attachment requires neither. We discuss in detail drug release from the macrocycles, highlighting mechanisms that depend on external stimuli such as changes in pH, the competitive binding of ions or small molecules, or the application of ultrasound or electromagnetic radiation.
Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Tina
T
Skorjanc
Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Farah
F
Benyettou
Department of Chemistry, RC Box 270216, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
John-Carl
JC
Olsen
Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Ali
A
Trabolsi
D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D065546:Drug Liberation; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003287:Contrast Media; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; C000499:ferric oxide
binding modes; drug delivery; drug release; iron oxide nanoparticles; organic macrocycles; supramolecular interactions