Ecological and evolutionary consequences of tri-trophic interactions: Spatial variation and effects of plant density.
OBJECTIVE
The factors driving variation in species interactions are often unknown, and few studies have made a link between changes in interactions and the strength of selection.


METHODS
We report on spatial variation in functional responses by a seed predator (SP) and its parasitic wasps associated with the herbRuellia nudiflora. We assessed the influence of plant density on consumer responses and determined whether density effects and spatial variation in functional responses altered natural selection by these consumers on the plant. We established common gardens at two sites in Yucatan, Mexico, and plantedR. nudifloraat two densities in each garden. We recorded fruit output and SP and parasitoid attack; calculated relative fitness (seed number) under scenarios of three trophic levels (accounting for SP and parasitoid effects), two trophic levels (accounting for SP but not parasitoid effects), and one trophic level (no consumer effects); and compared selection strength on fruit number under these scenarios across sites and densities.


RESULTS
There was spatial variation in SP recruitment, whereby the SP functional response was negatively density-dependent at one site but density-independent at the other; parasitoid responses were density-independent and invariant across sites. Site variation in SP attack led, in turn, to differences in SP selection on fruit output, and parasitoids did not alter SP selection. There were no significant effects of density at either site.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results provide a link between consumer functional responses and consumer selection on plants, which deepens our understanding of geographic variation in the evolutionary outcomes of multitrophic interactions.
Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico abdala.luis@yahoo.com.
Luis
L
Abdala-Roberts
Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
Víctor
V
Parra-Tabla
Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain.
Xoaquín
X
Moreira
Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
José
J
Ramos-Zapata
D027901:Acanthaceae / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004463:Ecology; D017753:Ecosystem; D005638:Fruit / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D008800:Mexico; D011156:Population Density; D012639:Seeds / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology*
divergent selection; functional response; herbivory; parasitism; plant density; spatial variation