Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for determination of Long Chain Free Fatty Acid concentration in oily wastewater using the double wavenumber extrapolation technique.
Long Chain Free Fatty Acids (LCFFAs) from the hydrolysis of fat, oil and grease (FOG) are major components in the formation of insoluble saponified solids known as FOG deposits that accumulate in sewer pipes and lead to sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs). A Double Wavenumber Extrapolative Technique (DWET) was developed to simultaneously measure LCFFAs and FOG concentrations in oily wastewater suspensions. This method is based on the analysis of the Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectrum, in which the absorbance of carboxyl bond (1710cm-1) and triglyceride bond (1745cm-1) were selected as the characteristic wavenumbers for total LCFFAs and FOG, respectively. A series of experiments using pure organic samples (Oleic acid/Palmitic acid in Canola oil) were performed that showed a linear relationship between the absorption at these two wavenumbers and the total LCFFA. In addition, the DWET method was validated using GC analyses, which displayed a high degree of agreement between the two methods for simulated oily wastewater suspensions (1-35% Oleic acid in Canola oil/Peanut oil). The average determination error of the DWET approach was ~5% when the LCFFA fraction was above 10wt%, indicating that the DWET could be applied as an experimental method for the determination of both LCFFAs and FOG concentrations in oily wastewater suspensions. Potential applications of this DWET approach includes: (1) monitoring the LCFFAs and FOG concentrations in grease interceptor (GI) effluents for regulatory compliance; (2) evaluating alternative LCFFAs/FOG removal technologies; and (3) quantifying potential FOG deposit high accumulation zones in the sewer collection system.
Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
Zisu
Z
Hao
Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
Divya
D
Malyala
Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
Lisa
L
Dean
Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States. Electronic address: jducoste@ncsu.edu.
Joel
J
Ducoste
D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D055641:Mathematical Concepts; D009821:Oils / Q000032:analysis*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*
D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D009821:Oils; D062065:Wastewater
Attenuated Total Reflectance; Double wavenumber extrapolation technique; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Long chain free fatty acids; Sanitary sewer overflows