Modifiable parenting factors associated with adolescent alcohol misuse: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
OBJECTIVE
Adolescent alcohol misuse is a growing global health concern. Substantial research suggests that parents have an important role in reducing young people's risk for early initiation of alcohol and alcohol-related harms. To facilitate research translation, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies examining the range of modifiable parenting factors that are associated with adolescent alcohol initiation and levels of later use/misuse.


METHODS
A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase. Studies were included if they (i) used a longitudinal design; (ii) were published in English; (iii) measured any modifiable parenting factors in adolescence as predictors; (iv) assessed any alcohol-related outcome variables in adolescence and/or alcohol-related problems in adulthood; and (v) had a follow-up interval of at least 1 year. Parental behaviours were categorized into 12 parenting factors. Stouffer's P analyses were used to determine whether the associations between variables were reliable; when there were sufficient studies available, meta-analyses were also conducted to estimate mean effect sizes.


RESULTS
Based on 131 studies, three risk factors (parental provision of alcohol, favourable parental attitudes towards alcohol use and parental drinking) and four protective factors (parental monitoring, parent-child relationship quality, parental support and parental involvement) were identified as longitudinal predictors of both alcohol initiation and levels of later alcohol use/misuse, based on their significant results in both Stouffer's P analyses and meta-analyses. The mean effect sizes were mainly small (rs = -0.224 to 0.263).


CONCLUSIONS
Risk of adolescent alcohol misuse is positively associated with parental provision of alcohol, favourable parental attitudes towards alcohol use and parental drinking. It is negatively associated with parental monitoring, parent-child relationship quality, parental support and parental involvement.
School of Psychological Sciences, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria,, Australia.|School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia.
Marie B H
MBH
Yap
Section of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands.
Tony W K
TWK
Cheong
Section of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands.
Foivos
F
Zaravinos-Tsakos
Turning Point, Eastern Health and Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
Dan I
DI
Lubman
School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia.
Anthony F
AF
Jorm
D000293:Adolescent; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000066608:Underage Drinking / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
Family; prevention; research translation; risk and protective factors; underage drinking; young people