The association of neonatal morbidity with long-term neurological outcome in infants who were growth restricted and preterm at birth: secondary analyses from TRUFFLE (Trial of Randomized Umbilical and Fetal Flow in Europe).
OBJECTIVE
To study the relationship between neonatal morbidity (NNM) and two-year neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in surviving children after early fetal growth restriction (FGR).


METHODS
Secondary analysis of a European randomised trial (TRUFFLE) of delivery for very preterm fetuses dependent on venous Doppler or cardiotocographic criteria.


METHODS
Tertiary perinatal centres, participants in TRUFFLE.


METHODS
402 surviving children after early FGR.


METHODS
Prospective data were collection from the recognition of FGR until the corrected age of two years. We studied the association between NNM and NDI, retaining trial allocation in all statistical models. NNM included any of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, brain injury, sepsis or necrotising enterocolitis. NDI was a composite of Bayley cognitive score < 85, cerebral palsy or severe sensory impairment.


METHODS
NDI in relation to NNM.


RESULTS
NNM occurred in 104 cases (26%) and was more frequent in 17 of 39 infants with NDI (44%) than in the 87 of 363 infants with normal outcome (24%) [odds ratio 2.5 (95% CI, 1.3-4.8); P = 0.01]. In 22 of 39 NDI cases (56%) there was no preceding NNM. NNM was inversely related to gestational age, but NDI did not vary by gestational age. In multivariable analyses, cerebral ultrasound abnormalities were most strongly associated with NDI, together with trial group allocation, birthweight ratio, infant sex and Apgar score.


CONCLUSIONS
With the exception of cerebral ultrasound abnormalities, commonly used NNMs are poor markers of later NDI and should not be used as surrogate outcomes for NDI.


CONCLUSIONS
Neonatal morbidities cannot be used as surrogate outcomes for neurodevelopmental impairment.
Department of Neonatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
A G
AG
Van Wassenaer-Leemhuis
Department of Academic Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
N
N
Marlow
Department of Obstetrics, Imperial College, London, UK.
C
C
Lees
Department of Obstetrics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
H
H
Wolf
D000328:Adult; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
Fetal growth restriction; neonatal morbidity; neurodevelopmental impairment; prediction