Associations of maternal macronutrient intake during pregnancy with infant BMI peak characteristics and childhood BMI.
Background:Infant body mass index (BMI) peak characteristics and early childhood BMI are emerging markers of future obesity and cardiometabolic disease risk, but little is known about their maternal nutritional determinants.Objective:We investigated the associations of maternal macronutrient intake with infant BMI peak characteristics and childhood BMI in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes study.Design:With the use of infant BMI data from birth to age 18 mo, infant BMI peak characteristics [age (in months) and magnitude (BMIpeak; in kg/m2) at peak and prepeak velocities] were derived from subject-specific BMI curves that were fitted with the use of mixed-effects model with a natural cubic spline function. Associations of maternal macronutrient intake (assessed by using a 24-h recall during late gestation) with infant BMI peak characteristics (n= 910) and BMIzscores at ages 2, 3, and 4 y were examined with the use of multivariable linear regression.Results:Mean absolute maternal macronutrient intakes (percentages of energy) were 72 g protein (15.6%), 69 g fat (32.6%), and 238 g carbohydrate (51.8%). A 25-g (∼100-kcal) increase in maternal carbohydrate intake was associated with a 0.01/mo (95% CI: 0.0003, 0.01/mo) higher prepeak velocity and a 0.04 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.08) higher BMIpeakThese associations were mainly driven by sugar intake, whereby a 25-g increment of maternal sugar intake was associated with a 0.02/mo (95% CI: 0.01, 0.03/mo) higher infant prepeak velocity and a 0.07 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.13) higher BMIpeakHigher maternal carbohydrate and sugar intakes were associated with a higher offspring BMIzscore at ages 2-4 y. Maternal protein and fat intakes were not consistently associated with the studied outcomes.Conclusion:Higher maternal carbohydrate and sugar intakes are associated with unfavorable infancy BMI peak characteristics and higher early childhood BMI. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
Departments of Pediatrics.
Ling-Wei
0000-0002-2661-8752
LW
Chen
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, and.
Izzuddin M
IM
Aris
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, and.
Jonathan Y
JY
Bernard
Obstetrics and Gynecology, and.
Mya-Thway
MT
Tint
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, and.
Marjorelee
M
Colega
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, and.|Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Peter D
PD
Gluckman
Departments of Maternal Fetal Medicine and.|Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Kok Hian
KH
Tan
Departments of Pediatrics.
Lynette Pei-Chi
LP
Shek
Obstetrics and Gynecology, and.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, and.
Yap-Seng
YS
Chong
Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.|Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Fabian
F
Yap
Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
Keith M
KM
Godfrey
Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and.|Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and.
Rob M
RM
van Dam
Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; yung_seng_lee@nuhs.edu.sg ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.|Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Departments of Maternal Fetal Medicine and.
Mary Foong-Fong
MF
Chong
Departments of Pediatrics, yung_seng_lee@nuhs.edu.sg ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, and.|Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
Yung Seng
YS
Lee
D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D011939:Mental Recall; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012846:Singapore
D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D019422:Dietary Sucrose
adiposity; carbohydrate; childhood BMI; developmental origins; growth modeling; infancy BMI peak; macronutrient; maternal diet; pregnancy diet; sugar