Source apportionment of PM2.5in Baton Rouge, Louisiana during 2009-2014.
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5μm (PM2.5) chemical composition data from the Speciation Trends Network (STN) site located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana were analyzed using the receptor Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model version 5.0. The PM2.5samples were collected every third day from January 2009 to December 2014. Seven sources were identified, including secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, industrial emissions, traffic, crustal dust, road dust and sea salt. The contributions of these seven sources to PM2.5total mass were 38.4%, 17.6%, 18.7%, 11.5%, 6.1%, 4.2% and 3.6%, respectively. Secondary sulfate, industrial emissions and secondary nitrate were the top three sources. The contributions of industrial emissions and crustal dust have been rising in recent years while that of traffic and sea salt were decreasing. Secondary sources were higher than primary sources during the winter. The crustal and road dust were dominant during the summer, while traffic was more significant during the fall compared to other seasons. During summer, traffic emission and crustal dust were driven by northeast-north winds, traffic is also driven by northeast-north winds in winter, while industry emissions and sea salt were driven by prevailing west and northwest winds during other seasons. PM mass clearly showed the synergetic effects of local sources and distance sources. Thus, measurements and strategies should focus on not only local sources, but also regional transport. Attention should also be paid to industrial and traffic sources since they also account for secondary sources in addition to the primary contributions.
Department of Civil Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
Fenglin
F
Han
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India.
Sri Harsha
SH
Kota
GAGO Inc., San Jose, CA 95035, USA.
Yungang
Y
Wang
Department of Civil Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. Electronic address: hlzhang@lsu.edu.
Hongliang
H
Zhang
PM(2.5); Particulate matter; Positive matrix factorization (PMF); Secondary sources; Source apportionment