Three-Dimensional Printing of a Hemorrhagic Cervical Cancer Model for Postgraduate Gynecological Training.
BACKGROUND
A realistic hemorrhagic cervical cancer model was three-dimensionally (3D) printed and used in a postgraduate medical simulation training session.


METHODS
Computer-assisted design (CAD) software was the platform of choice to create and refine the cervical model. Once the prototype was finalized, another software allowed for the addition of a neoplastic mass, which included openings for bleeding from the neoplasm and cervical os. 3D printing was done using two desktop printers and three different materials. An emergency medicine simulation case was presented to obstetrics and gynecology residents who were at varying stages of their training. The scenario included history taking and physical examination of a standardized patient. This was a hybrid simulation; a synthetic pelvic task trainer that allowed the placement of the cervical model was connected to the standardized patient. The task trainer was placed under a drape and appeared to extend from the standardized patient's body. At various points in the simulation, the standardized patient controlled the cervical bleeding through a peripheral venous line. Feedback forms were completed, and the models were discussed and evaluated with staff.


RESULTS
A final cervical model was created and successfully printed. Overall, the models were reported to be similar to a real cervix. The models bled well. Most models were not sutured during the scenarios, but overall, the value of the printed cervical models was reported to be high.


CONCLUSIONS
The models were well received, but it was suggested that more colors be integrated into the cervix in order to better emphasize the intended pathology. The model design requires further improvement, such as the addition of a locking mechanism, in order to ensure that the cervix stays inside the task trainer throughout the simulation. Adjustments to the simulated blood product would allow the bleeding to flow more vigorously. Additionally, a different simulation scenario might be more suitable to explore the residents' ability to suture the cervical models, as cervical suturing of a neoplasm is not a common emergency department procedure.


CONCLUSIONS
3D-printed cervical models are an economical and anatomically accurate option for simulation training and other educational purposes.
Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Michael
M
Bartellas
Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Stephen
S
Ryan
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Gregory
G
Doucet
Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Deanna
D
Murphy
Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Jacqueline
J
Turner
cancer; cervix; hybrid simulation; neoplasm; post-graduate training; simulation; three-dimensional printing