The effect of temperature, gradient, and load carriage on oxygen consumption, posture, and gait characteristics.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of load carriage in a range of temperatures to establish the interaction between cold exposure, the magnitude of change from unloaded to loaded walking and gradient.


METHODS
Eleven participants (19-27 years) provided written informed consent before performing six randomly ordered walking trials in six temperatures (20, 10, 5, 0, -5, and -10 °C). Trials involved two unloaded walking bouts before and after loaded walking (18.2 kg) at 4 km · h-1, on 0 and 10% gradients in 4 min bouts.


RESULTS
The change in absolute oxygen consumption (V̇O2) from the first unloaded bout to loaded walking was similar across all six temperatures. When repeating the second unloaded bout, V̇O2at both -5 and -10 °C was greater compared to the first. At -10 °C, V̇O2was increased from 1.60 ± 0.30 to 1.89 ± 0.51 L · min-1. Regardless of temperature, gradient had a greater effect on V̇O2and heart rate (HR) than backpack load. HR was unaffected by temperature. Stride length (SL) decreased with decreasing temperature, but trunk forward lean was greater during cold exposure.


CONCLUSIONS
Decreased ambient temperature did not influence the magnitude of change in V̇O2from unloaded to loaded walking. However, in cold temperatures, V̇O2was significantly higher than in warm conditions. The increased V̇O2in colder temperatures at the same exercise intensity is predicted to ultimately lead to earlier onset of fatigue and cessation of exercise. These results highlight the need to consider both appropriate clothing and fitness during cold exposure.
Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS6 3QS, UK. k.hinde@leedsbeckett.ac.uk.
Katrina
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2721-0732
K
Hinde
Leeds Trinity University, Brownberrie Lane, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK.
Ray
R
Lloyd
Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS6 3QS, UK.
Chris
C
Low
Leeds Trinity University, Brownberrie Lane, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK.
Carlton
C
Cooke
D003080:Cold Temperature; D058639:Cold-Shock Response; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011187:Posture; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
Cold exposure; Load carriage; Oxygen consumption; Stride length