De Facto Versus de Jure Political Institutions in the Long-Run: A Multivariate Analysis, 1820-2000.
In this paper we use the components of the PolityIV project's polity2 and Vanhanen's Index of Democracy indicators to analyse the relationship between de jure and de facto political institutions from 1820 until 2000 with a canonical correlation method corrected for the sample selection bias. We find considerable fluctuation in the relationship between the two measures. After a moderate positive correlation found during the first half of the nineteenth century, the two measures become statistically unrelated until the 1940s. The relationship becomes strong and positive only in the second half of the twentieth century. The relationship between de jure and de facto political institutions hence can be described as a U-curve, reminiscent to an inverse Kuznets-curve.
International Institute of Social History, Cruquiusweg 31, 1019 AT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Utrecht University, Drift 6, 3512 BS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Peter
P
Foldvari
Canonical correlation; De facto and de jure institutions; Democratization; Polity IV; Vanhanen’s Index of Democracy