Arboviruses and the eye.
Arthropod-borne viruses, or arboviruses, are viruses that are transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes and ticks. There are numerous arboviruses throughout the world capable of causing human disease spanning different viral families and genera. Recently, dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses have emerged as increasingly important arboviruses that can cause human disease, however no specific treatment or vaccine is available for them. In addition, ocular manifestations of these diseases have become more prevalent over the past few years. This review highlights the current understanding on the pathogenesis, systemic changes and ocular findings, emphasizing the retinal manifestations related to dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses.
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo - Paulista Medical School, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1st Floor, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
Gabriel Costa
GC
de Andrade
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo - Paulista Medical School, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1st Floor, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
Camila V
CV
Ventura
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo - Paulista Medical School, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1st Floor, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
Paulo Augusto de Arruda
PA
Mello Filho
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo - Paulista Medical School, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1st Floor, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
Maurício
M
Maia
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo - Paulista Medical School, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1st Floor, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
Silvana
S
Vianello
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo - Paulista Medical School, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1st Floor, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
Eduardo Büchele
EB
Rodrigues
Arboviral disease; Arbovirus; Brazil; Chikungunya virus; Dengue virus; Ocular manifestations; Retinal manifestations; Zika virus