Improving the Rotterdam European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator for Initial Prostate Biopsy by Incorporating the 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology Gleason Grading and Cribriform growth.
The survival rate for men with International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade 2 prostate cancer (PCa) without invasive cribriform (CR) and intraductal carcinoma (IDC) is similar to that for ISUP grade 1. If updated into the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC Rotterdam) risk calculator number 3 (RC3), this may further improve upfront selection of men who need a biopsy.



To improve the number of possible biopsies avoided, while limiting undiagnosed clinically important PCa by applying the updated RC3 for risk-based patient selection.



The RC3 is based on the first screening round of the ERSPC Rotterdam, which involved 3616 men. In 2015, histopathologic slides for PCa cases (n=885) were re-evaluated. Low-risk (LR) PCa was defined as ISUP grade 1 or 2 without CR/IDC. High-risk (HR) PCa was defined as ISUP grade 2 with CR/IDC and PCa with ISUP grade≥3.



We updated the RC3 using multinomial logistic regression analysis, including data on age, PSA, digital rectal examination, and prostate volume, for predicting LR and HR PCa. Predictive accuracy was quantified using receiver operating characteristic analysis and decision curve analysis.



Men without PCa could effectively be distinguished from men with LR PCa and HR PCa (area under the curve 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68-0.72 and 0.92, 95% CI 0.90-0.94). At a 1% risk threshold, the updated calculator would lead to a 34% reduction in unnecessary biopsies, while only 2% of HR PCa cases would be undiagnosed.



A relatively simple risk stratification tool augmented with a highly sensitive contemporary pathologic biopsy classification would result in a considerable decrease in unnecessary prostate biopsies and overdiagnosis of potentially indolent disease.



We improved a well-known prostate risk calculator with a new pathology classification system that better reflects disease burden. This new risk calculator allows individualized prediction of the chance of having (potentially aggressive) biopsy-detectable prostate cancer and can guide shared decision-making when considering prostate biopsy.
Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.roobol@erasmusmc.nl.
Monique J
MJ
Roobol
Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Jan F M
JFM
Verbeek
Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Theo
T
van der Kwast
Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Intan P
IP
Kümmerlin
Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Charlotte F
CF
Kweldam
Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Geert J L H
GJLH
van Leenders
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001706:Biopsy; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063731:Mobile Applications; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures
Cribriform; International Society of Urological Pathology grading system; Intraductal carcinoma; Prediction model; Prognosis; Prostate cancer; Risk calculator