Transmission dynamics and elimination potential of zoonotic tuberculosis in morocco.
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is an endemic zoonosis in Morocco caused by Mycobacterium bovis, which infects many domestic animals and is transmitted to humans through consumption of raw milk or from contact with infected animals. The prevalence of BTB in Moroccan cattle is estimated at 18%, and 33% at the individual and the herd level respectively, but the human M. bovis burden needs further clarification. The current control strategy based on test and slaughter should be improved through local context adaptation taking into account a suitable compensation in order to reduce BTB prevalence in Morocco and decrease the disease burden in humans and animals. We established a simple compartmental deterministic mathematical model for BTB transmission in cattle and humans to provide a general understanding of BTB, in particular regarding transmission to humans. Differential equations were used to model the different pathways between the compartments for cattle and humans. Scenarios of test and slaughter were simulated to determine the effects of varying the proportion of tested animals (p) on the time to elimination of BTB (individual animal prevalence of less than one in a thousand) in cattle and humans. The time to freedom from disease ranged from 75 years for p = 20% to 12 years for p = 100%. For p > 60% the time to elimination was less than 20 years. The cumulated cost was largely stable: for p values higher than 40%, cost ranged from 1.47 to 1.60 billion euros with a time frame of 12 to 32 years to reach freedom from disease. The model simulations also suggest that using a 2mm cut off instead of a 4mm cut off in the Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical Tuberculin skin test (SICCT) would result in cheaper and quicker elimination programs. This analysis informs Moroccan bovine tuberculosis control policy regarding time frame, range of cost and levels of intervention. However, further research is needed to clarify the national human-bovine tuberculosis ratio in Morocco.
Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Développement, N'Djaména, Chad.|Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Mahamat Fayiz
MF
Abakar
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.|Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco.
Hind
H
Yahyaoui Azami
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Philipp
P
Justus Bless
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Lisa
L
Crump
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Petra
P
Lohmann
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Mirjam
M
Laager
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Nakul
N
Chitnis
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Jakob
J
Zinsstag
D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D006801:Humans; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D014380:Tuberculosis, Bovine / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*