Independent and joint effects of tea and milk consumption on oral cancer among non-smokers and non-drinkers: a case-control study in China.
This study aims to evaluate the independent and joint effects of tea and milk consumption on oral cancer risk among non-smokers and non-drinkers (NS/ND). A hospital-based case-control study was performed in Fujian, China. 421 cases and frequency-matched 1398 controls were included without tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking habits. Unconditional logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship of tea and milk consumption with oral cancer risk. Tea and milk consumption were significantly associated with decreased risk of oral cancer, the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were 0.73 (95% CI: 0.54-0.97) and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.55-0.88), respectively. According to subgroup analysis, the inverse associations between tea consumption and oral cancer risk were only observed among the elders (>60 years) and urban residents. While the protect effect of milk drinking was more obvious in males, normal body mass index population (18.5-23.9), urban residents and those age ≤ 60 years. Additionally, a significantly multiplicative interaction between tea and milk consumption was observed for oral cancer risk (P = 0.001). The present study is the first to simultaneously assess the association of tea consumption and milk drinking with oral cancer risk. The results suggest that tea and milk consumption are independent protective factors for oral cancer among NS/ND, with a joint effect between them.
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.|Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
Fa
F
Chen
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.|Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
Lingjun
L
Yan
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
Lisong
L
Lin
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.|Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
Fengqiong
F
Liu
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
Yu
Y
Qiu
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.|Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
Fangping
F
Liu
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.|Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
Jiangfeng
J
Huang
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.|Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
Junfeng
J
Wu
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
Lin
L
Cai
Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Environmental Research and Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
Guoxi
G
Cai
Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
Kiyoshi
K
Aoyagi
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.|Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
Baochang
B
He
D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry*
D013662:Tea
milk; non-drinker; non-smoker; oral cancer; tea