An ethnography of managing emotions when talking about life-threatening illness.
OBJECTIVE
This ethnographic study was concerned with how dying patients, palliative care staff and family caregivers communicate about life-threatening illness in a palliative care setting in Ethiopia.


BACKGROUND
Ethiopia, as a developing country, had few resources for caring for those requiring end-of-life care. However, palliative care was supported by local champions in Ethiopia and by the Federal Ministry of Health.


BACKGROUND
The disclosure of bad news was discouraged because it was believed that such disclosure may lead to unnecessary distress and to loss of hope.


METHODS
Non-participant observation amounting to 276 h of observation and ethnographic interviews with four patients, six family caregivers and five palliative care staff during two periods of data collection (November 2011-January 2012 and May 2012-August 2012) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.


RESULTS
Although palliative care staff create openness in communication with patients and family caregivers about terminal illness and dying, ultimately palliative care staff deferred to family wishes about significant news disclosures, in order to avoid upset. Family caregivers were found to avoid disclosing news of a terminal illness to their family member and wished to keep the patient in closed awareness. In contrast, an open awareness context existed between palliative care staff and family caregivers.


CONCLUSIONS
In managing truth telling in different cultural settings, medical and nursing staff as well as health policy makers need to take into account the various awareness contexts highlighted in this study. Palliative care staff should consider how actions such as protecting patients from upset may inadvertently deny the patient the right to exercise control.
Health policy makers should ensure that the design and implementation of palliative care services should not be a wholesale adoption of Western style services but ensure that such services are adapted to reflect the religious, cultural and social needs of the community. Foreign workers and volunteers who deliver palliative care services and education in Ethiopia should reflect local religious and cultural sensitivities.
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
N E
NE
Ayers
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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V
Vydelingum
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
A
A
Arber
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001293:Attitude to Death; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005002:Ethiopia; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000523:psychology*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000523:psychology*
Breaking Bad News; Communication; Cultural Sensitivity; Death and Dying; Ethiopia; Ethnography; Transcultural Care; Truth Telling