Mineralization potential of cellulose-nanofibrils reinforced gelatine scaffolds for promoted calcium deposition by mesenchymal stem cells.
Cellulose-nanofibrils (CNFs) enriched gelatine (GEL) scaffolds were fabricated in-situ by the combined freeze-thawing process and carbodiimide crosslinking chemistry. The original- and variously surface anionised CNFs (carboxylated/CNF-COOH/, and phosphonated with 3-AminoPropylphosphoric Acid/CNF-COOH-ApA/) were used in order to tune the scaffolds' biomimetic structure towards a more intensive mineralization process. The pore size reduction (from 208±35μm to 91±35μm) after 50% v/v of CNFs addition to GEL was identified, while separated pore-walls' alignment vs. shorter, dense and elongated pores are observed when using 80% v/v of original-CNFs vs. anionised-CNFs, all of them possessed osteoid-like compressive strength (0.025-0.40MPa) and elasticity (0.04-0.15MPa). While randomly distributed Ca2+-deficient hydroxyapatite/HAp/(Ca/P≈1.4) aggregates were identified in the case of original-CNF prevalent scaffolds after four weeks of incubation in SBF, the more uniform and intensified deposition with HAp-like (Ca/P≈1.69) structures were established using CNF-COOH-Apa. The growth of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) was observed on all CNF-containing scaffolds, resulting in more extensive Ca2+deposition compared to the positive control or pure GEL scaffold. Among them, the scaffold prepared with the 50% v/v CNF-COOH-ApA showed significantly increased mineralization kinetic as well as the capacity for bone-like patterning in bone tissue regeneration.
University of Maribor, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Maribor, Slovenia.
Selestina
S
Gorgieva
Educell Ltd., Trzin, Slovenia.
Lenart
L
Girandon
University of Maribor, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Maribor, Slovenia. Electronic address: vanja.kokol@um.si.
Vanja
V
Kokol
D000818:Animals; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002482:Cellulose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004548:Elasticity; D005780:Gelatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014783:Viscosity
D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D005780:Gelatin; D002482:Cellulose; C030242:phosphoric acid; D002118:Calcium
Calcium deposition; Cellulose nanofibrils; Gelatine; Mesenchymal stem cells; Mineralization; Scaffold