Community-Acquired Pneumonia in HIV-Positive Patients: an Update on Etiologies, Epidemiology and Management.
OBJECTIVE
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the cause of a considerable burden of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected patients. The purpose of this study was to review recent literature for epidemiological trends and management of CAP in HIV patients.


RESULTS
While the specific infectious etiologies are very diverse, bacterial infection and tuberculosis are the main causes of CAP in this population. Bacterial CAP mostly affects high-income countries, while tuberculosis is mostly in low-/middle-income countries. Early antiretroviral therapy is of benefit for all patients regardless of etiology and immune status. Specific etiologies require individualized approaches, both therapeutically and prophylatically. Antiretroviral therapy is recommended for all patients.
Department of Internal Medicine 4, Hospital de Santa Marta, Central Lisbon Hospital Centre, Rua de Santa Marta, 1169-124, Lisbon, Portugal. andre.almeida@chlc.min-saude.pt.|NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal. andre.almeida@chlc.min-saude.pt.
André
A
Almeida
Department of Internal Medicine 4, Hospital de Santa Marta, Central Lisbon Hospital Centre, Rua de Santa Marta, 1169-124, Lisbon, Portugal.|NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.
Matteo
M
Boattini
Community-acquired pneumonia; Human immunodeficiency virus; Pneumonia; Tuberculosis