Patterned cell and matrix dynamics in branching morphogenesis.
Many embryonic organs undergo branching morphogenesis to maximize their functional epithelial surface area. Branching morphogenesis requires the coordinated interplay of multiple types of cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM). During branching morphogenesis, new branches form by "budding" or "clefting." Cell migration, proliferation, rearrangement, deformation, and ECM dynamics have varied roles in driving budding versus clefting in different organs. Elongation of the newly formed branch and final maturation of the tip involve cellular mechanisms that include cell elongation, intercalation, convergent extension, proliferation, and differentiation. New methodologies such as high-resolution live imaging, tension sensors, and force-mapping techniques are providing exciting new opportunities for future research into branching morphogenesis.
Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 shaohe.wang@nih.gov kenneth.yamada@nih.gov.
Shaohe
0000-0001-9522-2359
S
Wang
Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Rei
R
Sekiguchi
Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
William P
WP
Daley
Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 shaohe.wang@nih.gov kenneth.yamada@nih.gov.
Kenneth M
0000-0003-1512-6805
KM
Yamada
D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology*; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology*