Comparison of the effect of ionic liquids containing hexafluorophosphate and trifluoroacetate anions on the inhibition of growth and oxidative stress in spring barley and common radish.
Ionic liquids are a group of chemical compounds with chemical properties that are of great interest to various fields of science and industry. However, commercial use of these substances raises concern because they may threaten the natural ecosystems. The present study used 2 types of (-)-menthol-containing imidazolium chiral ionic liquids: 1-[(1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthoxymethyl]-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Im-Men][PF6] and 1-[(1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthoxymethyl]-3-methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate [Im-Men][CF3CO2]. The effects of these compounds on growth and development of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common radish (Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers.) were investigated. The present study demonstrated that chiral ionic liquids produced a relatively high phytotoxicity, by shortening the plants' lengths and roots, thus causing a decline in the experimental plants' fresh weights. The investigated ionic liquids also led to a reduction in photosynthetic pigment levels, changes in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content, and changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in both plants. Changes in these enzymes were used to indicate oxidative stress levels in spring barley and common radish. It was demonstrated that imidazolium ionic liquid-induced phytotoxicity depended largely on the type of anion. The liquid [Im-Men][PF6] exhibited higher toxicity toward spring barley and common radish seedlings. Common radish was more resistant to chiral ionic liquids. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2167-2177. © 2017 SETAC.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Częstochowa, Poland.
Robert
R
Biczak
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Częstochowa, Poland.
Barbara
B
Pawłowska
Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland.
Joanna
J
Feder-Kubis
Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland.
Arkadiusz
A
Telesiński
D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000838:Anions; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D001467:Hordeum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D031224:Raphanus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
C000624421:1-(menthoxymethyl)-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; C000624422:1-(menthoxymethyl)-3-methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate; D000085:Acetates; D000838:Anions; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010544:Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
Enzyme activity; Ionic liquid; Oxidative stress; Phytotoxicity; Pigment