Relationship between gender and clinical characteristics, associated factors, and hypertension treatment in patients with resistant hypertension.
OBJECTIVE
Recent meta-analyses indicate that the pooled prevalence of resistant hypertension (RHT) barely differs between the sexes. However, differences between women and men with RHT in patient characteristics, associated factors, and hypertension (HT) management are still not well-described.


METHODS
In the cross-sectional questionnaire-based observational study we included 7306 hypertensive females and 5069 hypertensive males, ≥ 18 years old, and treated for at least 12 months with antihypertensive drugs. We defined HT control as blood pressure (BP) levels both < 140 mm Hg/< 90 mm Hg. Patients were divided into three groups: controlled HT, uncontrolled HT (not fulfilling the criteria of RHT), and RHT (uncontrolled HT despite using three antihypertensive drugs including diuretic). Cardiovascular (CV) risk was evaluated according to 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines.


RESULTS
There were no differences in the rates of controlled HT (47.6% vs. 47.0%), uncontrolled HT (27.3% vs. 28.8%), and RHT (25.1% vs. 24.2%) between women and men, respectively (p = 0.17). Among patients with RHT, women were older than men and had lower diastolic BP and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as well as higher pulse pressure (PP). Cerebro-vascular diseases (16.9% vs. 14.3%; p = 0.062), abdominal obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MS, 70.5% vs. 60.1%; p < 0.001) were more frequent among women than men with RHT. Women with RHT had higher rate of high/very high added CV risk in comparison to men. In a multivariate model higher PP, presence of MS, CV disease, and eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² were related to the presence of RHT both in males and females. In women RHT was also related to abdominal obesity, cerebro-vascular diseases, and diseases causing disability. In men, RHT was additionally related to diseases requiring treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.


CONCLUSIONS
Although there were no differences in the rate of RHT between women and men, we identified gender-related differences in CV risk profiles in RHT patients and in factors related with the presence of RHT. When divided into age groups, RHT was less frequent in women aged less than 40 years and aged between 40 and 65 years, and among patients 65 years and older there was a tendency towards a higher rate of HT in women.
k.hanus1991@gmail.com.
Katarzyna M
KM
Hanus
Aleksander
A
Prejbisz
Jerzy
J
Gąsowski
Marek
M
Klocek
Roman
R
Topór-Mądry
Wiktoria
W
Leśniak
Marek
M
Kabat
Danuta
D
Czarnecka
Kalina
K
Kawecka-Jaszcz
Krzysztof
K
Narkiewicz
Andrzej
A
Januszewicz
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
antihypertensive treatment; cardiovascular risk; resistant hypertension