Possible Opioid Shopping and its Correlates.
BACKGROUND
We created an operational definition of possible opioid shopping in US commercial health insurance data and examined its correlates.


METHODS
The population consisted of 264,204 treatment courses in persons with a fill for an opioid or diuretic prescription in 2012 and a second within 18 months. We examined counts of prescribers and pharmacies and the numbers of fills and overlaps for ability to discriminate courses of opioids from diuretics, which were a negative control. The most discriminatory measure, indicating possible shopping behavior, was cross-tabulated against other prescriptions filled and diagnoses as found in insurance claims. The associations between claims characteristics and shopping behavior were assessed in a logistic regression.


RESULTS
A definition that classified possible "moderate" or "extensive" shopping when a person obtained drug through at least 3 practices and at least 3 pharmacies over 18 months was highly discriminatory between opioid and diuretic treatment. Overlaps between fills and number of fills did not improve the discrimination. Data from insurance claims strongly predicted moderate-to-extensive levels of possible shopping (c=0.82). Prominent among 20 significant predictors were: state of residence; amount of opioid dispensed; self-payment; use of nonspecialist prescribers; high use of anxiolytics, hypnotics, psychostimulants, and antipsychotics; and use of both immediate release and extended-release or long-acting opioids.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of ≥3 prescribing practices and ≥3 dispensing pharmacies over 18 months sharply discriminated courses of opioid treatment from courses of diuretics. This pattern of fills was additionally associated with the numbers of nonspecialist and self-paid fills, the total morphine milligram equivalents dispensed, and heavier use of drugs for anxiety, sleep, attention, and psychosis.
*WHISCON, Newton, MA †Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ ‡IMS Health, Plymouth Meeting, PA.
Alexander M
AM
Walker
Lisa B
LB
Weatherby
M Soledad
MS
Cepeda
Daniel
D
Bradford
Yingli
Y
Yuan
D000367:Age Factors; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D058999:Drug-Seeking Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010594:Pharmacies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014481:United States
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004232:Diuretics