HIV-1 genetic diversity and transmitted drug resistance frequency among Iranian treatment-naive, sexually infected individuals.
In recent years, the patterns of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) transmission in Iran have been changing gradually from drug injection to unprotected sexual contact. This study sought to investigate the phylogenetic trends and characteristics of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) mutations of HIV-1 in a population that is mainly infected through homo/heterosexual contacts. Sixty newly diagnosed antiretroviral-naive individuals with HIV infection living in Tehran were recruited to this survey, and among them, 42 subjects were established to be infected through sexual intercourse. Following amplification and sequencing of the main part of the HIV-1 pol region, phylogenetic and drug-resistance mutation (DRM) analysis was successfully performed on these 42 patients. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the majority of the subjects were infected with subtype CRF35_AD (88%), followed by subtype B, with 7.1%, and subtype CRF01_AE, with 4.7%. A total of 7.1% of the subjects were found to be infected with HIV-1 variants with surveillance drug-resistant mutations (SDRMs) according to the last world health organisation (WHO) algorithm. All of the identified SDRMs belonged to the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) class, including K103 N and V106A, which were found in three patients. Two minor HIV protease-inhibitor-related mutations (L10I and G73S) were detected in two patients, but these mutations are not included in the WHO SDRMs list. The dominance of HIV-1 subtype CRF35_AD was observed among subjects of this study who were infected through sexual contact. The moderate prevalence of SDRMs (7.1%) in this population emphasises the fact that the risk of treatment failure in HIV-infected individuals might increase in the future, and preventive measures should be considered by health authorities.
Department of Medical Lab Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences;, Tehran, Iran.
Rouhollah
R
Vahabpour
Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. bokharaei.f@iums.ac.ir.|HIV Laboratory of National Center, Deputy of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. bokharaei.f@iums.ac.ir.
Farah
F
Bokharaei-Salim
Departments of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Saeed
S
Kalantari
HIV Laboratory of National Center, Deputy of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Saba
S
Garshasbi
Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Seyed Hamidreza
SH
Monavari
Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Maryam
M
Esghaei
Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Arash
A
Memarnejadian
Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Atousa
A
Fakhim
Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Hossein
H
Keyvani
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015751:Genes, pol; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D055815:Young Adult
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents