Condensin, master organizer of the genome.
A fundamental requirement in nature is for a cell to correctly package and divide its replicated genome. Condensin is a mechanical multisubunit complex critical to this process. Condensin uses ATP to power conformational changes in DNA to enable to correct DNA compaction, organization, and segregation of DNA from the simplest bacteria to humans. The highly conserved nature of the condensin complex and the structural similarities it shares with the related cohesin complex have provided important clues as to how it functions in cells. The fundamental requirement for condensin in mitosis and meiosis is well established, yet the precise mechanism of action is still an open question. Mutation or removal of condensin subunits across a range of species disrupts orderly chromosome condensation leading to errors in chromosome segregation and likely death of the cell. There are divergences in function across species for condensin. Once considered to function solely in mitosis and meiosis, an accumulating body of evidence suggests that condensin has key roles in also regulating the interphase genome. This review will examine how condensin organizes our genomes, explain where and how it binds the genome at a mechanical level, and highlight controversies and future directions as the complex continues to fascinate and baffle biologists.
From Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
Paul
P
Kalitsis
From Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
Tao
T
Zhang
Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
Kathryn M
KM
Marshall
From Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
Christian F
CF
Nielsen
From Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia. damien.hudson@mcri.edu.au.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia. damien.hudson@mcri.edu.au.
Damien F
DF
Hudson
D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007399:Interphase; D008540:Meiosis; D008938:Mitosis; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; C108312:condensin complexes; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases
Chromosome condensation; Chromosome segregation; Condensin; Genome