Diagnosis by Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath from Lung Cancer Patients Using Support Vector Machine Algorithm.
Monitoring exhaled breath is a very attractive, noninvasive screening technique for early diagnosis of diseases, especially lung cancer. However, the technique provides insufficient accuracy because the exhaled air has many crucial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at very low concentrations (ppb level). We analyzed the breath exhaled by lung cancer patients and healthy subjects (controls) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and performed a subsequent statistical analysis to diagnose lung cancer based on the combination of multiple lung cancer-related VOCs. We detected 68 VOCs as marker species using GC/MS analysis. We reduced the number of VOCs and used support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to classify the samples. We observed that a combination of five VOCs (CHN, methanol, CH₃CN, isoprene, 1-propanol) is sufficient for 89.0% screening accuracy, and hence, it can be used for the design and development of a desktop GC-sensor analysis system for lung cancer.
Department of Information Science and Technology, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagakute 480-1198, Japan. sakumura@ist.aichi-pu.ac.jp.
Yuichi
Y
Sakumura
Department of Information Science and Technology, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagakute 480-1198, Japan. sonic.h.0715@gmail.com.
Yutaro
Y
Koyama
Department of Information Science and Technology, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagakute 480-1198, Japan. tokusanpc@gmail.com.
Hiroaki
H
Tokutake
Department of Thoracic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan. 107974@aichi-cc.jp.
Toyoaki
T
Hida
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, 470-0392, Japan. sato@aitech.ac.jp.
Kazuo
K
Sato
Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Shimo-Shidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan. itoh-toshio@aist.go.jp.
Toshio
T
Itoh
Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Shimo-Shidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan. t-akamatsu@aist.go.jp.
Takafumi
T
Akamatsu
Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Shimo-Shidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan. w.shin@aist.go.jp.
Woosuck
W
Shin
D000465:Algorithms; D001944:Breath Tests; D045853:Exhalation; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
exhaled air; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis; lung cancer; screening; support vector machine (SVM); volatile organic compounds (VOCs)