Effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac in freshwater fish Rhamdia quelen.
The presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment and its impact on humans and the ecosystem are emerging issues in environmental health. This study evaluated the potential biochemical, genetic and reproductive effects of the diclofenac by waterborne exposure, in a semi-static bioassay for 21 days. The fish Rhamdia quelen were exposed to environmental concentrations of diclofenac (0, 0.2, 2 and 20µg/L). The results showed that in the liver, diclofenac reduced the catalase and ethoxyresorufin- O- deethylase activities in fish exposed to 2µg/L, and superoxide dismutase in all exposed groups. The levels of reduced glutathione and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased at all tested concentrations. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was reduced in the groups exposed to 0.2 and 20µg/L of diclofenac, but there was no protein oxidation. In the testis, the concentration of 0.2µg/L caused major changes as inhibition of SOD, glutathione peroxidase and GST activities and also LPO decrease. Diclofenac was not genotoxic and not altered plasma testosterone and estradiol levels and testicular morphology. In brain, there was a reduction of dopamine and its metabolite DOPAC (3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) in exposure to diclofenac, but this not disrupted the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: iguiloski@gmail.com.
Izonete Cristina
IC
Guiloski
Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: laerciopiancini@gmail.com.
Laercio Dante
LD
Stein Piancini
Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: carolinadagostim@gmail.com.
Ana Carolina
AC
Dagostim
Ecology and Conservation Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: sahbio@hotmail.com.
Sabrina Loise
SL
de Morais Calado
Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: lufavaro@ufpr.br.
Luis Fernando
LF
Fávaro
Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: su_boschen@yahoo.com.br.
Suelen Lúcio
SL
Boschen
Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: martaces@gmail.com.
Marta Margarete
MM
Cestari
Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: dacunha@ufpr.br.
Cláudio
C
da Cunha
Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: helassis@ufpr.br.
Helena Cristina
HC
Silva de Assis
D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002397:Catfishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005618:Fresh Water; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; D004008:Diclofenac; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione; D004298:Dopamine
Genotoxicity; NSAIDs; Neurotransmitters; Oxidative stress; Steroids