Investigating anthelmintic efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle by considering appropriate probability distributions for faecal egg count data.
The Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) is the most widely used field-based method for estimating anthelmintic efficacy and as an indicator of the presence of anthelmintic resistant nematodes in cattle, despite never having been validated against the gold standard of controlled slaughter studies. The objectives of this study were to assess the normality of cattle faecal egg count (FEC) data and their transformed versions, since confidence intervals used to aid the interpretation of the FECRT, are derived from data assumed to be normally distributed, and violation of this assumption could potentially lead to the misclassification of anthelmintic efficacy. Further, probability distributions and associated parameters were evaluated to determine those most appropriate for representing cattle FEC data, which could be used to estimate percentage reductions and confidence limits. FEC data were analysed from 2175 cattle on 52 farms using a McMaster method at two different diagnostic sensitivities (30 and 15 eggs per gram (epg)) and a sensitive centrifugal flotation technique (SCFT) with a sensitivity of 1 epg. FEC data obtained from all egg count methods were found to be non-normal even upon transformation; therefore, it would be recommended that confidence or credible intervals be generated using either a Bootstrapping or Bayesian approach, respectively, since analyses using these frameworks do not necessarily require the assumption of normality. FEC data obtained using the SCFT method were best represented by distributions associated with the negative binomial and hence arithmetic means could be used in FECRT calculations. Where FEC data were obtained with less sensitive counting techniques (i.e. McMaster 30 or 15 epg), zero-inflated distributions and their associated central tendency were the most appropriate and would be recommended to use, i.e. the arithmetic group mean divided by the proportion of non-zero counts present; otherwise apparent anthelmintic efficacy could be misrepresented.
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, UK. Electronic address: johnathan.love@strath.ac.uk.
J W
JW
Love
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, UK; Biomathematics and Risk Research, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
L A
LA
Kelly
Westpoint Research, Dawes Farm, Bognor Road, Warnham, West Sussex RH12 3SH, UK.
H E
HE
Lester
Westpoint Research, Dawes Farm, Bognor Road, Warnham, West Sussex RH12 3SH, UK.
I
I
Nanjiani
VParST Ltd, Wintringham. North Yorkshire YO17 8HX, UK.
M A
MA
Taylor
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, UK.
C
C
Robertson
D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary*; D011336:Probability; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
D000969:Antinematodal Agents
Anthelmintic efficacy; Anthelmintic resistance; Cattle; Compound distributions; FECRT; Zero inflated distributions