Epidemiology of Otitis Media with Spontaneous Perforation of the Tympanic Membrane in Young Children and Association with Bacterial Nasopharyngeal Carriage, Recurrences and Pneumococcal Vaccination in Catalonia, Spain - The Prospective HERMES Study.
The Epidemiology of otitis media with spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane and associated nasopharyngeal carriage of bacterial otopathogens was analysed in a county in Catalonia (Spain) with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) not included in the immunization programme at study time. A prospective, multicentre study was performed in 10 primary care centres and 2 hospitals (June 2011-June 2014), including all otherwise healthy children ≥2 months ≤8 years with otitis media presenting spontaneous tympanic perforation within 48h. Up to 521 otitis episodes in 487 children were included, showing by culture/PCR in middle ear fluid (MEF): Haemophilus influenzae [24.2%], both Streptococcus pneumoniae and H. influenzae [24.0%], S. pneumoniae [15.9%], Streptococcus pyogenes [13.6%], and Staphylococcus aureus [6.7%]. Culture-negative/PCR-positive otitis accounted for 31.3% (S. pneumoniae), 30.2% (H. influenzae) and 89.6% (mixed S. pneumoniae/H. influenzae infections). Overall, incidence decreased over the 3-year study period, with significant decreases in otitis by S. pneumoniae and by H. influenzae, but no decreases for mixed S. pneumoniae/H. influenzae infections. Concordance between species in nasopharynx and MEF was found in 58.3% of cases, with maximal rates for S. pyogenes (71.8%), and with identical pneumococcal serotype in 40.5% of cases. Most patients (66.6%) had past episodes. PCV13 serotypes were significantly more frequent in first episodes, in otitis by S. pneumoniae as single agent, and among MEF than nasopharyngeal isolates. All non-PCV13 serotypes separately accounted for <5% in MEF. Up to 73.9% children had received ≥1 dose of PCV, with lower carriage of PCV13 serotypes than among non-vaccinated children. Pooling pneumococcal isolates from MEF and nasopharynx, 30% were multidrug resistant, primarily belonging to serotypes 19A [29.8%], 24A [14.3%], 19F [8.3%] and 15A [6.0%]. Our results suggest that increasing PCV13 vaccination would further reduce transmission of PCV13 serotypes with special benefits for youngest children (with none or uncompleted vaccine schedules), preventing first otitis episodes and subsequent recurrences.
Department of Paediatrics, H. Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
Robert
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6315-1071
R
Cilveti
Department of Paediatrics, H. Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
Montserrat
M
Olmo
Catlab, Viladecavalls, Barcelona, Spain.
Josefa
J
Pérez-Jove
School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
Juan-José
JJ
Picazo
H. General de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain.
Josep-Lluis
JL
Arimany
Department of Paediatrics, H. Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
Emiliano
E
Mora
CAP Valldoreix, Barcelona, Spain.
Tomás M
TM
Pérez-Porcuna
CAP Turó de Can Mates, San Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.
Ignacio
I
Aguilar
CAP Rambla, Barcelona, Spain.
Aurora
A
Alonso
CAP Terrassa Sud, Barcelona, Spain.
Francesc
F
Molina
Medical Department, Pfizer, Madrid, Spain.
María
M
Del Amo
Medical Department, Pfizer, Madrid, Spain.
Cristina
C
Mendez
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D002353:Carrier State; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D065288:Serogroup; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D000072663:Spontaneous Perforation / Q000473:pathology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000473:pathology*
C538862:13-valent pneumococcal vaccine; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines