Sea Buckthorn Leaf Extract Inhibits Glioma Cell Growth by Reducing Reactive Oxygen Species and Promoting Apoptosis.
Hippophae rhamnoides L., also known as sea buckthorn (SBT), possesses a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. However, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. The present study examined whether SBT leaf extract could inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of rat glioma C6 cells. The results revealed that the treatment with SBT leaf extract inhibited proliferation of rat C6 glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner. SBT-induced reduction of C6 glioma cell proliferation and viability was accompanied by a decrease in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are critical for the proliferation of tumor cells. SBT treatment not only significantly upregulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) but also promoted its localization in the nucleus. Although increased expression and nuclear translocation of Bax were observed in SBT-treated C6 glioma cells, the induced nuclear morphological change was distinct from that of typical apoptotic cells in that most of SBT-treated cells were characterized by convoluted nuclei with cavitations and clumps of chromatin. All of these results suggest that SBT leaf extract could inhibit the rapid proliferation of rat C6 glioma cells, possibly by inducing the early events of apoptosis. Thus, SBT may serve as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of glioma.
Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, 165, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, 31499, Republic of Korea.
Sung-Jo
SJ
Kim
Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, 165, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, 31499, Republic of Korea.
Eunmi
E
Hwang
Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea.
Sun Shin
SS
Yi
Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
Ki Duk
KD
Song
Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
Hak-Kyo
HK
Lee
Laboratory of Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
Tae-Hwe
TH
Heo
Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea.
Sang-Kyu
SK
Park
Corea Cosmedical Center, 3-103, 38, Wolgok-gil, Gangnae-myeon, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28171, Republic of Korea. dbswn7@hanmail.net.
Yun Joo
YJ
Jung
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea. toddjun@korea.ac.kr.
Hyun Sik
HS
Jun
D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002392:Catechin / Q000032:analysis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology*; D031281:Hippophae / Q000737:chemistry*; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D002392:Catechin
Antiproliferation; Apoptosis; Bax; Glioma; Reactive oxygen species; Sea buckthorn