Risks for tuberculosis in Kazakhstan: implications for prevention.
Four regions in Kazakhstan where participants were recruited from June 2012 to May 2014.



To examine associations between incarceration history and tobacco, alcohol, and drug consumption, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and diabetes mellitus (DM) with TB.



This matched case-control study included 1600 participants who completed a survey on sociodemographics, history of incarceration, tobacco, alcohol and drug use, and HIV and DM diagnosis. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between a TB diagnosis and risk factors.



Participants who had ever smoked tobacco (aOR 1.73, 95%CI 1.23-2.43, P  0.01), ever drank alcohol (aOR 1.41, 95%CI 1.03-1.93, P  0.05), were HIV-positive (aOR 36.37, 95%CI 2.05-646.13, P  0.05) or had DM (aOR 13.96, 95%CI 6.37-30.56, P  0.01) were more likely to have TB.



The association between TB and tobacco use, alcohol use, HIV and DM in Kazakhstan suggests a need for comprehensive intervention and prevention approaches that also address tobacco and alcohol use, DM and HIV.
Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA.
A
A
Davis
Columbia University Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
A
A
Terlikbayeva
Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA.
A
A
Aifah
Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA.
S
S
Hermosilla
Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
Z
Z
Zhumadilov
National Center for Tuberculosis, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
E
E
Berikova
Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
S
S
Rakhimova
Columbia University Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
S
S
Primbetova
Columbia University Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
M
M
Darisheva
Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA.
N
N
Schluger
Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA.
N
N
El-Bassel
D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D060085:Coinfection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007623:Kazakhstan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult
D000995:Antitubercular Agents