Effects over time of self-reported direct and vicarious racial discrimination on depressive symptoms and loneliness among Australian school students.
Racism and racial discrimination are increasingly acknowledged as a critical determinant of health and health inequalities. However, patterns and impacts of racial discrimination among children and adolescents remain under-investigated, including how different experiences of racial discrimination co-occur and influence health and development over time. This study examines associations between self-reported direct and vicarious racial discrimination experiences and loneliness and depressive symptoms over time among Australian school students.



Across seven schools, 142 students (54.2% female), age at T1 from 8 to 15 years old (M = 11.14, SD = 2.2), and from diverse racial/ethnic and migration backgrounds (37.3% born in English-speaking countries as were one or both parents) self-reported racial discrimination experiences (direct and vicarious) and mental health (depressive symptoms and loneliness) at baseline and 9 months later at follow up. A full cross-lagged panel design was modelled using MPLUS v.7 with all variables included at both time points.



A cross-lagged effect of perceived direct racial discrimination on later depressive symptoms and on later loneliness was found. As expected, the effect of direct discrimination on both health outcomes was unidirectional as mental health did not reciprocally influence reported racism. There was no evidence that vicarious racial discrimination influenced either depressive symptoms or loneliness beyond the effect of direct racial discrimination.



Findings suggest direct racial discrimination has a persistent effect on depressive symptoms and loneliness among school students over time. Future work to explore associations between direct and vicarious discrimination is required.
ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Beryl Rawson Building (Building 13) Rm 2.30, Acton, ACT, 2610, Australia. naomi.priest@anu.edu.au.
Naomi
0000-0002-2246-0644
N
Priest
Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, 3010, Australia.
Ryan
R
Perry
Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, 3010, Australia.
Angeline
A
Ferdinand
Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, 3010, Australia.
Margaret
M
Kelaher
Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
Yin
Y
Paradies
D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D063505:Racism / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D057566:Self Report; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology
Depression; Loneliness; Mental health; Racial discrimination; School