"With a little help from my friends" - The role of microbiota in thyroid hormone metabolism and enterohepatic recycling.
The gut microbiota is composed of over 1200 species of anaerobes and aerobes bacteria along with bacteriophages, viruses and fungal species. Increasing evidence indicates that the intestinal microbiota, beside digestive equilibrium, is also crucial for immunologic, hormonal and metabolic homeostasis. The intestinal microbiota interacts with distant organs by signals which may be part of the bacteria themselves or their metabolites. Dysbiosis has been observed in inflammatory or autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis or type 1 diabetes as well as in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Functional thyroid disorders were associated with bacterial overgrowth and a different microbial composition. Although thyroid metabolism was apparently disregarded, the interference of microbiota on peripheral iodothyronine homeostasis is an intriguing issue. In this review we focused on the interactions of intestinal microbiota with thyroid-related micronutrients and with the metabolic steps of endogenous and exogenous iodothyronines.
Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso Della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; Endocrinology Unit, AUSL Latina, Corso Della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy. Electronic address: camillavirili@libero.it.
Camilla
C
Virili
Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso Della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; Endocrinology Unit, AUSL Latina, Corso Della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy. Electronic address: marco.centanni@uniroma1.it.
Marco
M
Centanni
D004734:Energy Metabolism; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D013970:Thyronines / Q000378:metabolism
D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013970:Thyronines
Enterohepatic circulation; Iodothyronines metabolism; Levothyroxine; Microbiota; Selenium; Thyroxine malabsorption