Highly Reproducible Au-Decorated ZnO Nanorod Array on a Graphite Sensor for Classification of Human Aqueous Humors.
Gold-decorated, vertically grown ZnO nanorods (NRs) on a flexible graphite sheet (Au/ZnONRs/G) were developed for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensing to identify trace amounts of human aqueous humors. This Au/ZnONRs/G SERS-functionalized sensor was fabricated via two steps: hydrothermal synthesis-induced growth of ZnO NRs on graphite sheets for nanostructure fabrication, followed by e-beam evaporator-induced gold metallization on ZnONRs/G for SERS functionalization. The thickness of the Au layer and the height of the ZnO NRs for enhancing SERS performance were adjusted to maximize Raman intensity, and the optimized Au/ZnONRs/G nanostructures were verified by the electric finite element computational models to maximize the electric fields. The proposed Au/ZnONRs/G SERS sensor showed an enhancement factor of 2.3 × 106via rhodamine 6G Raman probe and excellent reproducibility (relative standard deviation of <10%) via Raman mapping of a SERS active area with a square of 100 × 100 μm2. To evaluate the actual bioapplicability of point-of-care-testing (POCT) analysis in clinics, SERS data acquisition was performed with an integration time of 1 s from a 1 μL analytic droplet of the sample. The performance of this Au/ZnONRs/G sensor was evaluated using human aqueous humors with cataract and two oxidative stress-induced eye diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic macular edema. These three eye diseases could be identified without any labeling or modification using the Au/ZnONRs/G SERS sensor and the computational algorithm incorporating a support vector machine and multivariate statistical prediction. Therefore, these findings indicate that our label-free, highly reproducible and flexible Au/ZnONRs/G SERS-functionalized sensor supported by a multivariate statistics-derived bioclassification method has great potential in POCT applications for identifying eye diseases.
Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
Wansun
W
Kim
Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering, Kyung Hee University , Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
Soo Hyun
SH
Lee
Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering, Kyung Hee University , Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
Sang Hun
SH
Kim
Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
Jae-Chul
JC
Lee
Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea.
Sang Woong
SW
Moon
Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering, Kyung Hee University , Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
Jae Su
JS
Yu
Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
Samjin
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3498-0652
S
Choi
D001082:Aqueous Humor; D006108:Graphite; D006801:Humans; D043942:Nanotubes; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D015034:Zinc Oxide
D006108:Graphite; D015034:Zinc Oxide
ZnO nanorod; aqueous humor; finite element method (FEM) computation; graphite sheet; surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)