Planned home births: the need for additional contraindications.
Planned home births in the United States are associated with fewer interventions but with increased adverse neonatal outcomes such as perinatal and neonatal deaths, neonatal seizures or serious neurologic dysfunction, and low 5-minute Apgar scores. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Obstetric Practice states that, to reduce perinatal death and to improve outcomes at planned home births, strict criteria are necessary to guide the selection of appropriate candidates for planned home birth. The committee lists 3 absolute contraindications for a planned home birth: fetal malpresentation, multiple gestations, and a history of cesarean delivery.



The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there are risk factors that should be considered contraindications to planned home births in addition to the 3 that are listed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.



We conducted a population-based, retrospective cohort study of all term (≥37 weeks gestation), normal weight (≥2500 grams), singleton, nonanomalous births from 2009-2013 using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's period-linked birth-infant death files that allowed for identification of intended and unintended home births. We examined neonatal deaths (days 0-27 after birth) across 3 groups (hospital-attended births by certified nurse midwives, hospital-attended births by physicians, and planned home births) for 5 risk factors: 2 of the 3 absolute contraindications to home birth listed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (breech presentation and previous cesarean delivery) and 3 additional risk factors (parity [nulliparous and multiparous], maternal age [women <35 and ≥35 years old], and gestational age at delivery [37-40 and ≥41 weeks]).



The overall risk of neonatal death was significantly higher in planned home births (12.1 neonatal death/10,000 deliveries; P<.001) compared with hospital births by certified nurse midwives (3.08 neonatal death/10,000 deliveries) or physicians (5.09 neonatal death/10,000 deliveries). Neonatal mortality rates were increased significantly at planned home births, with the following individual risk factors: breech presentation (neonatal mortality rate, 127.52/10.000 births), nulliparous pregnant women (neonatal mortality rate, 22.5/10,000), previous cesarean delivery (18.91/10,000 births), and a gestational age ≥41 weeks (neonatal mortality rate, 17.17/10,000 births). Planned home births with ≥1 of the 5 risk factors had significantly higher neonatal death risks compared with deliveries with none of the risks. Neonatal death risk was further increased when a woman's age of ≥35 years was combined with either a first-time birth or a gestational age of ≥41 weeks.



In this study, we show 2 risk factors with significantly increased neonatal mortality rates at planned home births in addition to the 3 factors that are listed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. These additional risks factors have neonatal mortality rates that are approaching or exceeding those for planned home birth after cesarean delivery: first-time births and a gestational age of ≥ 41 weeks. Therefore, 2 additional risk factors (first-time births and a gestational age of ≥41 weeks) should be added to the 3 absolute contraindications of planned home births that are listed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (previous cesarean delivery, malpresentation, multiple gestations) for a total of 5 contraindications for planned home births.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY. Electronic address: amg2002@med.cornell.edu.
Amos
A
Grünebaum
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY.
Laurence B
LB
McCullough
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY.
Katherine J
KJ
Sapra
Center for Mother and Child, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany and Clara Angela Foundation, Berlin, Germany.
Birgit
B
Arabin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY.
Frank A
FA
Chervenak
D000328:Adult; D001946:Breech Presentation; D002585:Cesarean Section; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000075202:Contraindications; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006700:Home Childbirth; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D008423:Maternal Age; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
breech; home birth; maternal age; midwife; neonatal death; parity; previous cesarean delivery