Molecular mechanisms and mode of tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer.
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women around the globe Tamoxifen is used for the last 40 years as an endocrine therapy for breast cancer. This resulted in the reduction of mortality rate by 30% and it still remains one of the most effective therapies against breast cancer. However, resistance against tamoxifen is still one of the major hurdles in the effective management of breast cancer. Intense research has been conducted in the past decade to further explore its resistance mechanism, but still a lot of research will be needed to effectively alleviate this problem. Several biochemical factors and molecular pathways, such as the modulation of ER signaling, upregulation of growth factors had been observed as key factors for tamoxifen resistance (TR). After, initial therapy of five to ten years, breast cancer patients develops resistance towards this drug. The resistance leads to the development of other cancers like uterine cancer. Here, we briefly explore all the molecular events related to tamoxifen resistance and focus on its mechanism of action as well as other pharmacological approaches to better its beneficial effects in the treatment of breast carcinoma.
School of life science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
Shazia
S
Ali
Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Mahmood
M
Rasool
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Hani
H
Chaoudhry
Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Peter
P
N Pushparaj
Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
Prakash
P
Jha
Ummul Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Abdul
A
Hafiz
Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
Maryam
M
Mahfooz
Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
Ghufrana
G
Abdus Sami
King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Mohammad
M
Azhar Kamal
Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
Sania
S
Bashir
King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Ashraf
A
Ali
King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Mohammad
M
Sarwar Jamal
Breast carcinoma; Endocrine therapy; Estrogen receptor; Tamoxifen resistance