Effects of auditory and tactile warning on response to visual hazards under a noisy environment.
A warning signal presented via a visual or an auditory cue might interfere with auditory or visual information inside and outside a vehicle. On the other hand, such interference would be certainly reduced if a tactile cue is used. Therefore, it is expected that tactile cues would be promising as warning signals, especially in a noisy environment. In order to determine the most suitable modality of cue (warning) to a visual hazard in noisy environments, auditory and tactile cues were examined in this study. The condition of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was set to 0ms, 500ms, and 1000ms. Two types of noises were used: white noise and noise outside a vehicle recorded in a real-world driving environment. The noise level LAeq(equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level) inside the experimental chamber of each type of noise was adjusted to approximately 60 dB (A), 70 dB (A), and 80 dB (A). As a result, it was verified that tactile warning was more effective than auditory warning. When the noise outside a vehicle from a real-driving environment was used as the noise inside the experimental chamber, the reaction time to the auditory warning was not affected by the noise level.
Dept. of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan. Electronic address: murata@iims.sys.okayama-u.ac.jp.
Atsuo
A
Murata
Dept. of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Takashi
T
Kuroda
Dept. of Industrial Engineering & Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA. Electronic address: wkar@ucf.edu.
Waldemar
W
Karwowski
D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003463:Cues; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time; D017603:Signal Detection, Psychological; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055698:Touch Perception; D014732:Vibration; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult
Auditory cue; Automotive warning system; Noise outside a vehicle; SOA; Tactile cue; White noise