GD2-targeted immunotherapy and potential value of circulating microRNAs in neuroblastoma.
Neuroblastoma (NB) with various clinical presentation is a known childhood malignancy. Despite significant progress in treatment of NB afflicted patients, high risk disease is usually associated with poor outcome, resulting in long-term survival of less that 50%. Known as a disease most commonly originated form the nerve roots, the variants involved in NB imitation and progression remain to be elucidated. The outcome of low to intermediate risk disease is favorable whereas the high risk NB disease with dismal prognosis, positing the necessity of novel approaches for early detection and prognostication of advanced disease. Tailored immunotherapy approaches have shown significant improvement in high-risk NB patients. It has found a link between Gangliosides and progression of NB. The vast majority of neuroblastoma tumors express elevated levels of GD2, opening new insight into using anti-GD2 drugs as potential treatments for NBs. Implication of anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies for treatment of high risk NBs triggers further investigation to unearth novel biomarkers as prognostic and response biomarker to guide additional multimodal tailored treatment approaches. A growing body of evidence supports the usefulness of miRNAs to evaluate high risk NBs response to anti-GD2 drugs and further prevent drug-related toxicities in refractory or recurrent NBs. miRNAs and circulating proteins in body fluids (plasma and serum) present as potential biomarkers in early detection of NBs. Here, we summarize various biomarkers involved in diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment in patients with NB. We further attempted to overview prognostic biomarkers in response to treatment with anti-GD2 drugs.
Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.|Department of Bioengineering at California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
Sharareh
S
Gholamin
Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Hamed
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9399-8281
H
Mirzaei
Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Seyed-Mostafa
SM
Razavi
Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.|Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Seyed Mahdi
SM
Hassanian
Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida.
Leila
L
Saadatpour
Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
Aria
A
Masoudifar
Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Soodabeh
S
ShahidSales
Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.|Molecular Medicine group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Amir
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9372-710X
A
Avan
D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D005732:Gangliosides; D035683:MicroRNAs; C019403:ganglioside, GD2
anti-GD2 drugs; miRNAs; neuroblastoma