Clinical motivation and the surgical safety checklist.
BACKGROUND
Although the surgical safety checklist (SSC) has been adopted worldwide, its efficacy can be diminished by poor clinical motivation. Systematic methods for improving implementation are lacking.


METHODS
A multicentre prospective study was conducted in 2015 in four academic/teaching hospitals to investigate changes during revision of the SSC for content, staffing and workflow. All modifications were based on feedback from medical staff. Questionnaires were used to monitor dynamic changes in surgeons', nurses' and anaesthetists' perceptions.


RESULTS
Complete information was obtained from 30 654 operations in which the newly developed SSC system was used. Implementation quality was evaluated in 1852 operations before, and 1822 after the changes. The revised SSC content was simplified from 34 to 22 items. Anaesthetists achieved widespread recommendation as SSC coordinators. Completion rates of all stages reached over 80·0 per cent at all sites (compared with 10·2-59·5 per cent at the sign-out stage in the baseline survey). There was a significant change in doctors who participated (for example, surgeon: from 24·6 to 64·5 per cent at one site). The rates of hasty (15·1-33·7 per cent) or casual (0·4-4·4 per cent) checking decreased to less than 6·0 per cent overall. Perceptions about the SSC were studied from 2211 forms. They improved, with a converging trend among the three different professions, to a uniform 80·0 per cent agreeing on the need for its regular use.


CONCLUSIONS
Medical staff members are both the users and owners of the SSC. High-quality SSC implementation can be achieved by clinically motivated adaptation.
Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
X
X
Yu
Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Y
Y
Huang
Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
Q
Q
Guo
Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China.
Y
Y
Wang
First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
H
H
Ma
Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Y
Y
Zhao
D000072080:Anesthesiologists / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D057189:Checklist; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D009042:Motivation; D061214:Patient Safety; D013527:Perioperative Nursing / Q000592:standards*; D010823:Physician Assistants / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D066231:Surgeons / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards*