Management of Hypertension in the Elderly and Frail Elderly.
An elevated systolic but not diastolic blood pressure level represents a common finding in elderly patients and is associated with an increased risk for developing coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, progressive cognitive decline and renal failure. Although less frequently, elderly patients manifest not only with systolic but also diastolic hypertension. Also in this case, the elderly patient will present an increased risk for developing hypertension-related abnormalities. Based on several trials conducted in patients ≥65 years and one single trial in patients ≥80 years the most recent European guidelines recommend antihypertensive treatment in elderly hypertensive patients with a systolic blood pressure ≥60 mmHg, with a systolic target between 140 and 150 mmHg. In fit elderly patients <80 years treatment may be considered at a systolic level ≥140 mmHg with a target SBP <140 mmHg if treatment is well tolerated. Despite of the above, at least three issues related to antihypertensive drug treatment in aged individuals are still debated, particularly after the publication of a recent large scale clinical trial that included also 2.636 patients ≥75 years and a study in nursing home residents ≥80 years, i.e. the frailest oldest patients: (1) the blood pressure threshold at which antihypertensive drug should be initiated, (2) the blood pressure targets of the therapeutic intervention, and (3) the approach to frail elderly hypertensive patients. This review will critically review the evidence available so far on these important issues as well as the position of current guidelines and consensus statements.
MeSVA Department, Chair and School of Internal Medicine - San Salvatore Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine and Nephrology - University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy. claudio.ferri@cc.univaq.it.
Claudio
C
Ferri
Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
Livia
L
Ferri
MeSVA Department, Chair and School of Geriatric Medicine - Civil Hospital of Avezzano, Division of Geriatric Medicine - University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy.
Giovambattista
G
Desideri
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D032921:Consensus; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D010809:Physical Fitness; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013599:Systole; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
Elderly; Frailty; Hypertension; Systolic