Challenging the foundations of the clinical model of foot function: further evidence that the root model assessments fail to appropriately classify foot function.
BACKGROUND
The Root model of normal and abnormal foot function remains the basis for clinical foot orthotic practice globally. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between foot deformities and kinematic compensations that are the foundations of the model.


METHODS
A convenience sample of 140 were screened and 100 symptom free participants aged 18-45 years were invited to participate. The static biomechanical assessment described by the Root model was used to identify five foot deformities. A 6 segment foot model was used to measure foot kinematics during gait. Statistical tests compared foot kinematics between feet with and without foot deformities and correlated the degree of deformity with any compensatory motions.


RESULTS
None of the deformities proposed by the Root model were associated with distinct differences in foot kinematics during gait when compared to those without deformities or each other. Static and dynamic parameters were not correlated.


CONCLUSIONS
Taken as part of a wider body of evidence, the results of this study have profound implications for clinical foot health practice. We believe that the assessment protocol advocated by the Root model is no longer a suitable basis for professional practice. We recommend that clinicians stop using sub-talar neutral position during clinical assessments and stop assessing the non-weight bearing range of ankle dorsiflexion, first ray position and forefoot alignments and movement as a means of defining the associated foot deformities. The results question the relevance of the Root assessments in the prescription of foot orthoses.
School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK.|Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe Campus, Crewe, UK.
Hannah L
HL
Jarvis
School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
Christopher J
CJ
Nester
School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
Peter D
PD
Bowden
School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
Richard K
RK
Jones
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005530:Foot Deformities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D055815:Young Adult
Assessment; Dynamic; Neutral; Static