Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Genes of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Raw Milk, Fish, Poultry, and Red Meat.
This study was designed and conducted to evaluate the frequency, antimicrobial resistance, and presence of six virulence-associated genes among thermophilic Campylobacters isolated from raw milk, poultry (chicken, turkey, and duck), fish, cattle, and sheep meat. Out of 590 samples, which were recovered from different origins, 141 (23.9%) samples were positive for Campylobacters. Campylobacter spp. was isolated in 40.8% (106/260), 14% (28/200), and 8.7% (7/80) of poultry meat, red meat, and milk samples, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated a high frequency of resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid among the isolates. Furthermore, prevalence of waaC, ciaB, and pldA genes were 91.7%, 86.7%, and 80.8%, respectively; and, none of the isolates harbored both wlaN and cgtB genes, simultaneously. Moreover, there was a weak correlation between antibiotics resistance and presence of the pathogen genes. However, the existence of Campylobacter spp. isolates in food animal products, with high resistance to antibiotics and several virulence gene possessions, is alarming and increases the attention to the widespread use of antibiotics.
1 Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan, Iran .|2 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan, Iran .
Mojtaba
M
Raeisi
3 Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies , Amol, Iran .
Rahem
R
Khoshbakht
1 Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan, Iran .
Ezzat Allah
EA
Ghaemi
4 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University , Semnan, Iran .
Mahsan
M
Bayani
5 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran .
Mohammad
M
Hashemi
6 Golestan Deputy of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan, Iran .
Navisa Sadat
NS
Seyedghasemi
1 Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan, Iran .
Hesamaddin
H
Shirzad-Aski
D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002417:Cattle; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005399:Fishes; D005516:Food Microbiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D009268:Nalidixic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011200:Poultry; D012756:Sheep; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D014774:Virulence
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009268:Nalidixic Acid; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D013752:Tetracycline
antimicrobial resistance; meat; milk; prevalence; thermophilic Campylobacters; virulence-associated genes