Nanobiomaterials' applications in neurodegenerative diseases.
The blood-brain barrier is the interface between the blood and brain, impeding the passage of most circulating cells and molecules, protecting the latter from foreign substances, and maintaining central nervous system homeostasis. However, its restrictive nature constitutes an obstacle, preventing therapeutic drugs from entering the brain. Usually, a large systemic dose is required to achieve pharmacological therapeutic levels in the brain, leading to adverse effects in the body. As a consequence, various strategies are being developed to enhance the amount and concentration of therapeutic compounds in the brain. One such tool is nanotechnology, in which nanostructures that are 1-100 nm are designed to deliver drugs to the brain. In this review, we examine many nanotechnology-based approaches to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The review begins with a brief history of nanotechnology, followed by a discussion of its definition, the properties of most reported nanomaterials, their biocompatibility, the mechanisms of cell-material interactions, and the current status of nanotechnology in treating Alzheimer's, Parkinson's diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Of all strategies to deliver drug to the brain that are used in nanotechnology, drug release systems are the most frequently reported.
1 Experimental Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, Mexico.
Daniela
D
Silva Adaya
2 Laboratory of Neuroimmunoendocrinology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suárez, México City, Mexico.
Lucinda
L
Aguirre-Cruz
3 Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mèxico City, Mexico.
Jorge
J
Guevara
4 Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, México City, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico.
Emma
E
Ortiz-Islas
D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D014018:Tissue Distribution
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D053769:Nanocapsules; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents
Alzheimer’s disease; Nanomaterials; Parkinson’s disease; blood–brain barrier; multiple sclerosis