Biomarkers of Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction.
Biomarkers are increaingly being used in the management of heart failure not only for the purpose of screening, diagnosis, and risk stratification, but also as a guide to evaluate the response to treatment in the individual patient and as an entry criterion and/or a surrogate marker of efficacy in clinical trials testing novel drugs. In this chapter, we review the role of established biomarkers for heart failure management, according to the main classification of HF phenotypes, based on the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction, including heart failure with reduced (<40%), preserved (≥50%), and, as recently proposed, mid-range (40-49%) ejection fraction.
Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy. msenni@hpg23.it.|CardioVascular Department, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy. msenni@hpg23.it.
Michele
M
Senni
CardioVascular Department, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy.
Emilia
E
D'Elia
Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.|Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.
Michele
M
Emdin
Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.|Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.
Giuseppe
G
Vergaro
D053607:Adrenomedullin / Q000378:metabolism; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D059347:Cardio-Renal Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000378:metabolism; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D012083:Renin / Q000378:metabolism; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014336:Troponin / Q000378:metabolism; D020107:Troponin T / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D048828:beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase / Q000378:metabolism
D015415:Biomarkers; D002395:Catecholamines; D053379:Chromogranin A; D037502:Galectin 3; D006020:Glycopeptides; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; C079241:IL1RL1 protein, human; D007375:Interleukin-1; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D020382:Interleukin-18; D015850:Interleukin-6; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D035683:MicroRNAs; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D014336:Troponin; D020107:Troponin T; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C048197:copeptins; C552580:midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, human; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D000804:Angiotensin II; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D000450:Aldosterone; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine; D048828:beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase; D012083:Renin
Biomarkers; Diagnosis; Heart failure management; Prognosis; Screening