Oral Healthcare and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scoping Review of Current Strategies and Implications for Nurses.
BACKGROUND
There is epidemiological evidence showing an association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite this evidence* no comprehensive review has been undertaken to identify strategies to improve the oral health of people with CVD.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review is to identify current evidence relating to the oral healthcare and management of patients with CVD.


METHODS
A scoping review was undertaken focusing on 4 key areas, namely, the impact of periodontal treatment on CVD, current recommendations regarding oral health and CVD, the role of nurses in promoting oral health, and available resources to support them. Databases were searched using a combination of keywords and search terms and 34 articles were selected.


RESULTS
Systematic reviews suggest that periodontal treatment may improve CVD outcomes by reducing systemic inflammation and improving endothelial function. However, there is insufficient evidence to confirm or refute these findings. International guidelines recognize the link between periodontal disease and CVD and recommend preventative strategies in this area. Non-oral health professionals, including nurses, can promote oral health and have been undertaking this role in areas like aged care and pregnancy. However, this aspect of nursing care has not been explored in the cardiac setting and no relevant training and assessment tools are available.


CONCLUSIONS
Maintaining oral health among cardiovascular patients is important, yet it appears to be neglected during cardiac care. Cardiac nurses are in an excellent position to promote oral health but further research is required to define their role and develop supporting resources.
Paula Sanchez, BN(Hons), GradDipNurs(AcuteCare), GradCert(IntCareNurs) PhD candidate, Casual Academic, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Collaboration for Oral Health Outcomes, Research Translation and Evaluation (COHORTE) Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool BC, NSW, Australia. Bronwyn Everett, BAppSc(Nursing), MSc(Hons), PhD Associate Professor, Centre for Applied Nursing Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Western Sydney University, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, Australia. Yenna Salamonson, BSc, GradDipNurs(Educ), MA(Ed&Wrk), PhD Associate Professor, Western Sydney University, Centre for Applied Nursing Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Campbelltown, Australia. Shilpi Ajwani, BDS, PhD Head, Oral Health Promotion and Research, Sydney Local Health District Oral Health Services, Sydney Dental Hospital, University of Sydney, Australia. Ajesh George, BDS, MPH, PhD Associate Professor, Collaboration for Oral Health Outcomes, Research Translation and Evaluation (COHORTE) Research Group, Western Sydney University, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of Sydney, Liverpool, Australia.
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Bronwyn
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Ajwani
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D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D003729:Dental Care; D006801:Humans; D024802:Nurse's Role; D010517:Periodontics