Variation of Metabolite and Hormone Contents in Human Milk.
Animal studies show that the lactation period contributes to metabolic programming of the offspring and that oral leptin and insulin show bioactivity. Stage of lactation, duration of gestation, maternal body composition, and maternal diet seem to influence the concentrations of small molecules in human milk. Variability of small molecule concentrations seems higher in preterm milk than in term milk. Insulin in human milk shows concentrations similar to plasma. Leptin concentration is lower in milk than in plasma and reflects maternal body mass index. Early in lactation, leptin could contribute to mediating the association between maternal and infant body composition.
Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337 München, Germany. Electronic address: hans.demmelmair@med.uni-muenchen.de.
Hans
H
Demmelmair
Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337 München, Germany.
Berthold
B
Koletzko
D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005223:Fats / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007774:Lactation; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D047928:Premature Birth; D047929:Term Birth; D013997:Time Factors
D005223:Fats; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D008894:Milk Proteins; D007785:Lactose
Amino acid; Body mass index; Human milk; Insulin; Leptin; Metabolite