Particulates Induce Type-2 Immune Responses.
Particulates are considered to be one of the causative factors for allergic asthma and rhinitis in developed countries. Indeed, particulates and crystals are reported to activate type-2 immunity, which is associated with allergic responses. Thus far, many studies have been carried out to determine how particulates trigger immune responses; however, the detailed mechanisms by which immune responses are triggered are still unknown. One important clue is that particulates have an adjuvant activity and boost immune responses toward type-2 responses. Most adjuvants are considered to activate innate immunity, and then activated innate immune cells stimulate adaptive immunity, which involves T cells and B cells. That is why many scientists believe that particulate adjuvants directly stimulate innate cells through unique sensor proteins such as pattern-recognition receptors. In this review, we will introduce the proposed mechanisms of particulate-induced immune activation from the viewpoint of the activation of innate immune responses and related receptors and sensors.
Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University.
Etsushi
E
Kuroda
Ken J
KJ
Ishii
D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000276:immunology*; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000276:immunology; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
D052638:Particulate Matter; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition