The Effect of Visual Feedback of the Neck During Movement in People With Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders: An Experimental Study.
Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Background Chronic whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) is an important health issue associated with poor recovery outcomes. Sensorimotor incongruence (SMI), defined as a mismatch between the efference copy in the brain and afferent sensory feedback from the body, is proposed as a possible underlying cause of chronic pain. Objectives To determine whether SMI causes sensory disturbances or pain in people with chronic WAD and healthy controls. Methods Sixty-four participants (30 with chronic WAD and 34 healthy controls) participated in a visual feedback experiment involving the neck and a bimanual coordination experiment involving the arms. In both experimental setups, SMI was induced by modifying the visual feedback during movement. Sensory disturbances and pain were the primary outcomes. Results A statistically significant difference in perceived sensory disturbance between conditions was found in the WAD group (P<.001). Intensity scores were highest for induced SMI, but only for visual feedback of the neck and not for visual feedback of the arms. This effect was not present in the control group (P = .139). Sensorimotor incongruence did not affect pain in either group. Conclusion Persons with chronic WAD are more susceptible to sensory disturbances owing to SMI, and this effect is specific to the region affected by pain. The hypothesis that SMI causes pain was not substantiated by the results of the present study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(3):190-199. Epub 3 Feb 2017. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.6891.
Sanneke
S
Don
Margot
M
De Kooning
Lennard
L
Voogt
Kelly
K
Ickmans
Liesbeth
L
Daenen
Jo
J
Nijs
D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009333:Neck; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
bimanual coordination experiment; cervical spine; pain; sensorimotor incongruence; visual feedback experiment