Norovirus genogroups I and II in environmental water samples from Belém city, Northern Brazil.
This study investigated the presence of norovirus (NoV) GI and GII in environmental samples from the northern region of Brazil. Water samples were collected monthly (November 2008/October 2010) from different sources and sewage and concentrated by the adsorption-elution method. The NoV investigation used molecular methods followed by sequencing reactions. The general positivity for NoV was 33.9% (57/168). Considering the results obtained only in the semi-nested RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and only in the TaqMan®real-time PCR, the rates were 26.8% (45/168) and 27.4% (46/168), respectively, being for NoV GI 22.2% (10/45) and 19.6% (9/46); for GII 17.8% (8/45) and 15.2% (7/46); and for GI + GII 60% (27/45) and 65.2% (30/46), respectively. Different GI (GI.1, GI.4, GI.7 and GI.8) and GII (GII.4, GII.6, GII.9, GII.12 and GII.14) genotypes were detected. These results demonstrated the NoV was disseminated in the waters of Belém city due to a lack of sanitation that allowed the discharge of contaminated effluents into these aquatic ecosystems.
Postgraduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Para State, Av. Generalissimo Deodoro, 92, Umarizal, Belém, Para, Brazil E-mail: dielleteixeira@iec.pa.gov.br; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil.
Dielle Monteiro
DM
Teixeira
Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil.
Paula Katharine de Pontes
PK
Spada
Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
Lena Líllian Canto de Sá
LL
Morais
Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil, 4365-Manguinhos 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Tulio Machado
TM
Fumian
Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil.
Ian Carlos Gomes de
IC
Lima
Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil.
Darleise de Souza
DS
Oliveira
Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil.
Renato da Silva
RD
Bandeira
Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
Tereza Cristina Monteiro
TC
Gurjão
Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Para State, Av. Generalissimo Deodoro, 92, Umarizal, Belém, Para, Brazil.
Maísa Silva de
MS
Sousa
Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil.
Joana D'Arc Pereira
JD
Mascarenhas
Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil.
Yvone Benchimol
YB
Gabbay
D001938:Brazil; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D005838:Genotype; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*
D012722:Sewage