Rumen methanogens and mitigation of methane emission by anti-methanogenic compounds and substances.
Methanogenic archaea reside primarily in the rumen and the lower segments of the intestines of ruminants, where they utilize the reducing equivalents derived from rumen fermentation to reduce carbon dioxide, formic acid, or methylamines to methane (CH4). Research on methanogens in the rumen has attracted great interest in the last decade because CH4emission from ruminants contributes to global greenhouse gas emission and represents a loss of feed energy. Some DNA-based phylogenetic studies have depicted a diverse and dynamic community of methanogens in the rumen. In the past decade, researchers have focused on elucidating the underpinning that determines and affects the diversity, composition, structure, and dynamics of methanogen community of the rumen. Concurrently, many researchers have attempted to develop and evaluate interventions to mitigate enteric CH4emission. Although much work has been done using plant secondary metabolites, other approaches such as using nitrate and 3-nitrooxy propanol have also yielded promising results. Most of these antimethanogenic compounds or substances often show inconsistent results among studies and also lead to adverse effects on feed intake and digestion and other aspects of rumen fermentation when fed at doses high enough to achieve effective mitigation. This review provides a brief overview of the rumen methanogens and then an appraisal of most of the antimethanogenic compounds and substances that have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Knowledge gaps and future research needs are also discussed with a focus on methanogens and methane mitigation.
Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.|Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, 700037 India.
Amlan
A
Patra
Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
Tansol
T
Park
Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea.
Minseok
M
Kim
Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
Zhongtang
0000-0002-6165-8522
Z
Yu
Anti-methanogenic compound; Methanogen; Mitigation; Protozoa; Rumen