Generation of shape complexity through tissue conflict resolution.
Out-of-plane tissue deformations are key morphogenetic events during plant and animal development that generate 3D shapes, such as flowers or limbs. However, the mechanisms by which spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression modify cellular behaviours to generate such deformations remain to be established. We use the Snapdragon flower as a model system to address this problem. Combining cellular analysis with tissue-level modelling, we show that an orthogonal pattern of growth orientations plays a key role in generating out-of-plane deformations. This growth pattern is most likely oriented by a polarity field, highlighted by PIN1 protein localisation, and is modulated by dorsoventral gene activity. The orthogonal growth pattern interacts with other patterns of differential growth to create tissue conflicts that shape the flower. Similar shape changes can be generated by contraction as well as growth, suggesting tissue conflict resolution provides a flexible morphogenetic mechanism for generating shape diversity in plants and animals.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, England.
Alexandra B
AB
Rebocho
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, England.
Paul
P
Southam
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, England.
J Richard
JR
Kennaway
School of Computational Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England.
J Andrew
JA
Bangham
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, England.
Enrico
0000-0001-8454-8767
E
Coen
D032161:Antirrhinum / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D009024:Morphogenesis
Antirrhinum majus; PIN1 polarity; developmental biology; morphogenesis; orthognal cell files; out-of-plane deformations; plant biology; stem cells; tissue conflict resolution