Renal Transplant Patients Biopsied for Cause and Tested for C4d, DSA, and IgG Subclasses and C1q: Which Humoral Markers Improve Diagnosis and Outcomes?
The association between donor specific antibodies (DSA) and renal transplant rejection has been generally established, but there are cases when a DSA is present without rejection. We examined 73 renal transplant recipients biopsied for transplant dysfunction with DSA test results available: 23 patients diffusely positive for C4d (C4d+), 25 patients focally positive for C4d, and 25 patients negative for C4d (C4d-). We performed C1q and IgG subclass testing in our DSA+ and C4d+ patient group. Graft outcomes were determined for the C4d+ group. All 23 C4d+ patients had IgG DSA with an average of 12,500 MFI (cumulative DSA MFI). The C4d- patients had average DSA less than 500 MFI. Among the patients with C4d+ biopsies, 100% had IgG DSA, 70% had C1q+ DSA, and 83% had complement fixing IgG subclass antibodies. Interestingly, IgG4 was seen in 10 of the 23 recipients' sera, but always along with complement fixing IgG1, and we have previously seen excellent function in patients when IgG4 DSA exists alone. Cumulative DSA above 10,000 MFI were associated with C4d deposition and complement fixation. There was no significant correlation between graft loss and C1q positivity, and IgG subclass analysis seemed to be a better correlate for complement fixing antibodies in the C4d+ patient group.
VRL Eurofins, Los Angeles, CA, USA; MNIT Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
James C
JC
Cicciarelli
VRL Eurofins, Los Angeles, CA, USA; MNIT Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Nathan A
0000-0001-7746-4442
NA
Lemp
VRL Eurofins, Los Angeles, CA, USA; MNIT Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
Youngil
Y
Chang
VRL Eurofins, Los Angeles, CA, USA; MNIT Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Michael
M
Koss
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
Katrin
K
Hacke
VRL Eurofins, Los Angeles, CA, USA; MNIT Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
Noriyuki
N
Kasahara
BloodSource, Mather, CA, USA; UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA; CNSU College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA.
Kevin M
KM
Burns
MNIT Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA; St. Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
David I
DI
Min
St. Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Transplant Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Robert
R
Naraghi
St. Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Transplant Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Tariq
T
Shah
D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D015922:Complement C1q / Q000276:immunology*; D015935:Complement C4b / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood* / Q000145:classification* / Q000276:immunology; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000276:immunology / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D006680:HLA Antigens; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007518:Isoantibodies; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D015922:Complement C1q; D015935:Complement C4b; C032261:complement C4d