Anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinergic and cytotoxic effects of Sida rhombifolia.
BACKGROUND
Sida (Malvaceae) has been used as a traditional remedy for the treatment of diarrhoea, malarial, gastrointestinal dysentery, fevers, asthma and inflammation.


OBJECTIVE
This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and anti-cholinergic activities of Sida rhombifolia Linn. whole plant for the first time.


METHODS
S. rhombifolia whole plant was extracted by n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The plant extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant (DPPH, FIC and FRAP), anti-inflammatory (NO and protein denaturation inhibitions), cytotoxic (MTT) and anti-cholinesterase (AChE) properties in a range of concentrations to obtain IC50values. GC-MS analysis was carried out on the n-hexane extract.


CONCLUSIONS
The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the most significant antioxidant activities by scavenging DPPH radicals and ferrous ions with EC50of 380.5 and 263.4 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, the n-hexane extract showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity with IC50of 52.16 and 146.03 μg/mL for NO and protein denaturation inhibition assays, respectively. The same extract also revealed the strongest effects in anti-cholinesterase and cytotoxic tests at the concentration of 100 μg/mL, AChE enzyme inhibition was 58.55% and human cancer cells, SNU-1 and Hep G2 inhibition was 68.52% and 47.82%, respectively. The phytochemicals present in the n-hexane extract are palmitic acid, linoleic acid and γ-sitosterol.


CONCLUSIONS
The present study revealed that the n-hexane extract possessed relatively high pharmacological activities in anti-inflammation, cytotoxicity and anti-cholinesterase assays. Thus, further work on the detail mechanism of the bioactive phytochemicals which contribute to the biological properties are strongly recommended.
a School of Biosciences, Taylor's University , Subang Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia.
Siau Hui
SH
Mah
b Department of Engineering and Processing , Malaysian Palm Oil Board , Kajang , Selangor , Malaysia.
Soek Sin
SS
Teh
c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.
Gwendoline Cheng Lian
GC
Ee
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001156:Artemia; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019660:Malvaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
Acetylcholinesterase; MTT; arrowleaf sida; brine shrimp; nitric oxide; protein denaturation