Pre- and within-meal effects of fluid dairy products on appetite, food intake, glycemia, and regulatory hormones in children.
The effect of beverages commonly consumed by children in-between or with meals on short-term food intake (FI) and glycemic control has received little attention. Therefore, 2 experiments were conducted in 9- to 14-year-old children following a randomized repeated-measures design. Experiment 1 (n = 32) compared the effects of water (control) and isocaloric (130 kcal) amounts of 2% milk, chocolate milk, yogurt drink, and fruit punch on subjective appetite and FI. Experiment 2 (n = 20) compared the effects of isocaloric (130 kcal) amounts of 2% milk and fruit punch on subjective appetite, FI, and glycemic and appetite hormone responses. One serving of the beverages was given as a pre-meal drink at baseline (0 min) and a second serving 60 min later with an ad libitum pizza meal. Meal FI in experiment 1 was lower by 14% and 10%, respectively, after chocolate milk and yogurt drink (p < 0.001), but not milk, compared with water. Cumulative energy intake (beverages plus meal) was higher after caloric beverages than water. In experiment 2, no differences occurred in pre-meal but post-meal glucose was 83% higher in overweight/obese than normal-weight children (p = 0.02). Milk led to higher pre-meal glucagon-like peptide-1 and post-meal peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) than fruit punch (p < 0.01) but insulin did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, dairy products consumed before and with a meal have more favourable effects on FI, appetite, and satiety hormones than a sugar-sweetened beverage, but all caloric beverages result in more cumulative calories than if water is the beverage.
a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
Shirley
S
Vien
b Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada.
Bohdan L
BL
Luhovyy
c Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
Barkha P
BP
Patel
a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
Shirin
S
Panahi
a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
Dalia
D
El Khoury
d Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3P 2N2, Canada.
Rebecca C
RC
Mollard
e Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
Jill K
JK
Hamilton
a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada.
G Harvey
GH
Anderson
D000293:Adolescent; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003611:Dairy Products; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D012527:Satiation
D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
appetite hormones; apport alimentaire; boisson sucrée; children; contrôle glycémique; dairy; enfants; food intake; glycemic control; hormones de l’appétit; lait; milk; produit laitier; sugar-sweetened beverage