Cyclic Dinucleotides in the Scope of the Mammalian Immune System.
First discovered in prokaryotes and more recently in eukaryotes, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) constitute a unique branch of second messenger signaling systems. Within prokaryotes CDNs regulate a wide array of different biological processes, whereas in the vertebrate system CDN signaling is largely dedicated to activation of the innate immune system. In this book chapter we summarize the occurrence and signaling pathways of these small-molecule second messengers, most importantly in the scope of the mammalian immune system. In this regard, our main focus is the role of the cGAS-STING axis in the context of microbial infection and sterile inflammation and its implications for therapeutic applications.
Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, 53127, Germany.
Arun K
AK
Mankan
Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich, 81377, Germany.
Martina
M
Müller
Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich, 81377, Germany.
Gregor
G
Witte
Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, 53127, Germany. hornung@genzentrum.lmu.de.|Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich, 81377, Germany. hornung@genzentrum.lmu.de.|Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitðt Mﺰnchen, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany. hornung@genzentrum.lmu.de.
Veit
V
Hornung
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000187:drug effects; D000099197:STING Protein
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C532857:STING1 protein, human; D000099197:STING Protein
Cyclic dinucleotides; Innate immunity; STING; cGAMP; cGAS