The suture pullout characteristics of human and porcine linea alba.
There is a substantial prevalence of post-operative incisional hernia for both laparoscopic and laparotomy procedures, but there have been few attempts at quantifying abdominal wound closure methodology in the literature. One method to ascertain a more robust method of wound closure is the identification of the influence of suture placement parameters on suture pullout force. Current surgical practice involves a recommended bite depth and bite separation of 10mm, but the evidence base for this is not clear. In this paper, the suture pullout characteristics of both porcine and human linea alba were investigated to ascertain a suture placement protocol for surgical wound closure. Uniaxial suture pullout force testing on fresh frozen porcine and human linea alba samples was performed using standard materials testing machines. The influence of the number of suture loops, the bite depth and the bite separation of the sutures and the orientation of the sutures with respect to the principal fibre direction in the linea alba were assessed. Results showed a clearly identifiable relationship between pullout force of the suture, bite separation and bite depth, with low suture separation and high suture depth as optimal parameters for increasing pullout force. Resistance to pullout could be improved by as much as 290% when optimizing test conditions. Both human and porcine tissue were observed to exhibit very similar pullout force characteristics, corroborating the use of a porcine model for investigations into wound closure methodology. Orientation of suture application was also found to significantly affect the magnitude of suture pullout, with suturing applied longitudinally across a transverse defect resulting in higher pullout forces for small suture bite separations. Although further assessment in an environment more representative of in vivo conditions is required, these findings indicate that increasing the bite depth and reducing the bite separation with respect to the current surgical recommendations may reduce the risk of post-operative incisional hernia.
Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Parsons Building, Trinity College, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: cooneyg@tcd.ie.
Gerard M
GM
Cooney
Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States. Electronic address: lake.s@seas.wustl.edu.
Spencer P
SP
Lake
Department of Surgery, Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States. Electronic address: thompsonni@wudosis.wustl.edu.
Dominic M
DM
Thompson
Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States. Electronic address: castiler@seas.wustl.edu.
Ryan M
RM
Castile
School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland. Electronic address: des.winter@gmail.com.
Des C
DC
Winter
Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Parsons Building, Trinity College, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: csimms@tcd.ie.
Ciaran K
CK
Simms
D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000601:surgery*; D000818:Animals; D006547:Hernia / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013537:Sutures; D013552:Swine
Abdominal wound closure; Human linea alba; Human versus porcine; Suture orientation; Suture pullout