Impact of biodiesel on regulated and unregulated emissions, and redox and proinflammatory properties of PM emitted from heavy-duty vehicles.
The emissions and the potential health effects of particulate matter (PM) were assessed from two heavy-duty trucks with and without emission control aftertreatment systems when operating on CARB ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and three different biodiesel blends. The CARB ULSD was blended with soy-based biodiesel, animal fat biodiesel, and waste cooking oil biodiesel at 50vol%. Testing was conducted over the EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) in triplicate for both trucks. The aftertreatment controls effectively decreased PM mass and number emissions, as well as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compared to the uncontrolled truck. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) exhibited increases with the biodiesel blends, showing some feedstock dependency for the controlled truck. The oxidative potential of the emitted PM, measured by means of the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, showed reductions with the use of biodiesel blends relative to CARB ULSD for the uncontrolled truck. Overall, the cellular responses to the particles from each fuel were reflective of the chemical content, i.e., particles from CARB ULSD were the most reactive and exhibited the highest cellular responses.
University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Electronic address: gkaraval@cert.ucr.edu.
Georgios
G
Karavalakis
University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
Nicholas
N
Gysel
Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Debra A
DA
Schmitz
Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Arthur K
AK
Cho
University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Constantinos
C
Sioutas
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI, USA.
James J
JJ
Schauer
University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
David R
DR
Cocker
University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
Thomas D
TD
Durbin
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels; D005742:Gasoline; D007249:Inflammation; D051379:Mice; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
D000393:Air Pollutants; D056804:Biofuels; D005742:Gasoline; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
Biodiesel; Emissions; Heavy-duty diesel trucks; Oxidative stress; Particles; Toxicity