The genome of Chenopodium quinoa.
Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa) is a highly nutritious grain identified as an important crop to improve world food security. Unfortunately, few resources are available to facilitate its genetic improvement. Here we report the assembly of a high-quality, chromosome-scale reference genome sequence for quinoa, which was produced using single-molecule real-time sequencing in combination with optical, chromosome-contact and genetic maps. We also report the sequencing of two diploids from the ancestral gene pools of quinoa, which enables the identification of sub-genomes in quinoa, and reduced-coverage genome sequences for 22 other samples of the allotetraploid goosefoot complex. The genome sequence facilitated the identification of the transcription factor likely to control the production of anti-nutritional triterpenoid saponins found in quinoa seeds, including a mutation that appears to cause alternative splicing and a premature stop codon in sweet quinoa strains. These genomic resources are an important first step towards the genetic improvement of quinoa.
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
David E
DE
Jarvis
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Yung Shwen
YS
Ho
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Damien J
DJ
Lightfoot
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Sandra M
SM
Schmöckel
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Bo
B
Li
Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Theo J A
TJ
Borm
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Hajime
H
Ohyanagi
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences &Engineering Division (CEMSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Katsuhiko
K
Mineta
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Craig T
CT
Michell
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Noha
N
Saber
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Analytical Core Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Najeh M
NM
Kharbatia
Brigham Young University, Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
Ryan R
RR
Rupper
Brigham Young University, Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
Aaron R
AR
Sharp
Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
Nadine
N
Dally
Metabolomics Australia, The School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Berin A
BA
Boughton
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Yong H
YH
Woo
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Ge
G
Gao
PRI Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Elio G W M
EG
Schijlen
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Xiujie
X
Guo
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Afaque A
AA
Momin
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Sónia
S
Negrão
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Salim
S
Al-Babili
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Christoph
C
Gehring
Metabolomics Australia, The School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Ute
U
Roessner
Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
Christian
C
Jung
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Kevin
K
Murphy
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Stefan T
ST
Arold
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Takashi
T
Gojobori
Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
C Gerard van der
CG
Linden
Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Eibertus N
EN
van Loo
Brigham Young University, Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
Eric N
EN
Jellen
Brigham Young University, Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
Peter J
PJ
Maughan
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences &Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
Mark
M
Tester
D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics; D027465:Chenopodium quinoa / Q000235:genetics*; D004171:Diploidy; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005788:Gene Pool; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D009154:Mutation; D011123:Polyploidy; D012503:Saponins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
D012503:Saponins; D014157:Transcription Factors