Transmissibility of Clostridium difficile Without Contact Isolation: Results From a Prospective Observational Study With 451 Patients.
Contact precautions are recommended by health authorities in Europe and the United States for patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Recently, the significance of nosocomial transmission has been challenged by screening on admission studies and whole-genome sequencing, providing evidence for an endogenous source of C. difficile. We discontinued contact precautions for patients with CDI, except for patients infected with hypervirulent ribotypes or with stool incontinence, to determine the rate of transmission.



From January 2004 to December 2013, contacts of each index case with CDI were screened for toxigenic C. difficile by culturing rectal swabs. Transmission was defined as possible if toxigenic C. difficile was detected in contacts, as probable if the identical polymerase chain reaction ribotype was identified in index–contact pairs, and as confirmed if next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed clonality of strains.



Four hundred fifty-one contacts were exposed to 279 index patients nursed in 2-to 4-bed rooms. Toxigenic C. difficile was detected in 6.0% (27/451) after a median contact time of 5 days. Identical ribotypes were identified in 6 index–contact pairs, accounting for probable transmission in 1.3% (6/451). NGS was performed for 4 of 6 pairs with identical strains, and confirmed transmission in 2 contact patients.



The rate of transmission of toxigenic, predominantly nonhypervirulent C. difficile, was low and no outbreaks were recorded over a 10-year period after discontinuing contact precautions for patients with CDI who were not severely incontinent and who used dedicated toilets. As contact precautions may lead to lower levels of care, their implementation needs to be balanced against the risk of nosocomial transmission.
Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Andreas F
AF
Widmer
Divisions of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland.
Reno
R
Frei
Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Stefan
S
Erb
Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Anne
A
Stranden
Section of Experimental Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
Ed J
EJ
Kuijper
Section of Experimental Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
Cornelis W
CW
Knetsch
Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Sarah
S
Tschudin-Sutter
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D015897:Comorbidity; D003428:Cross Infection; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D021521:Ribotyping; D012307:Risk Factors
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
C. difficile; transmission; contact precautions; screening; acute care hospital