Reduced cortical volume and thickness and their relationship to medical and operative features in post-Fontan children and adolescents.
BACKGROUND
We compared brain cortical and subcortical gray matter volumes and cortical thickness between post-Fontan patients and healthy controls, and examined brain anatomical associations with operative and medical history characteristics.


METHODS
Post-Fontan (n = 128 volumes; n = 115 thickness) and control subjects (n = 48 volumes; n = 45 thickness) underwent brain MRI at ages 10-19 y. Subcortical and cortical volumes and cortical thicknesses were measured for intergroup comparison. Associations between brain measures and clinical measures were assessed in the Fontan group.


RESULTS
Widespread, significant reduction in brain volumes and thicknesses existed in the Fontan group compared to controls, spanning all brain lobes and subcortical gray matter. Fontan subjects treated with vs. without the Norwood procedure had smaller volumes in several terminal clusters, but did not differ in cortical thickness. Older age at first operation and increasing numbers of cardiac catheterizations, operative complications, and catheterization complications were associated with lower regional volumes and thicknesses. Increasing numbers of operative complications and cardiac catheterizations were associated with smaller regional volumes in the Norwood group.


CONCLUSIONS
The post-Fontan adolescent brain differs from the normal control brain. Some of these differences are associated with potentially modifiable clinical variables, suggesting that interventions might improve long-term neurocognitive outcome.
Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.|Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Christopher G
CG
Watson
Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Christian
C
Stopp
Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.|Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
David
D
Wypij
Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.|Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Jane W
JW
Newburger
Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.|Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.|Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.|Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Michael J
MJ
Rivkin
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult