Hormonal and Surgical Treatment Options for Transgender Women and Transfeminine Spectrum Persons.
Transgender women and other transfeminine spectrum people may pursue hormonal and/or surgical gender-affirming interventions. Hormone therapy includes androgen blockade and estrogen supplementation. Approaches to hormone treatment vary widely based on patient goals and physiology. Surgical procedures are available, including genital affirmation surgery, breast augmentation, and head or neck feminization procedures. Many people are unable to obtain surgeries owing to prohibitive costs and long waiting lists. Hormonal and surgical therapies improve quality of life and mental health with minimal adverse effects. Ongoing research is needed to improve understanding about specific risks of hormone therapy and surgical outcomes.
College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1921 E. Hartford Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. Electronic address: lmwesp@uwm.edu.
Linda M
LM
Wesp
Department of Family & Community Medicine, Center of Excellence for Transgender Health, University of California - San Francisco, 2356 Sutter Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Madeline B
MB
Deutsch
D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D057830:Gender-Affirming Surgery / Q000523:psychology*; D063106:Transgender Persons / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male
Cross-sex hormones; Feminizing hormones; Feminizing surgery; Gender-affirming care; Transgender