Prevalence, awareness and risk factors associated with Hepatitis B infection among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Mbagathi District Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.
BACKGROUND
Hepatitis B Viral Infection (HBV) remains one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally accounting for 38-53% of chronic liver diseases and about 686,000 deaths annually. The prevalence of HBV is 9-20% in Sub-Saharan Africa, and in Kenya it is 5-30% among the general population and 9.4% among pregnant women. This study was aimed at identifying the prevalence, awareness and risk factors associated with HBV infections among pregnant women attending Antenatal clinic (ANC) at Mbagathi District hospital, Nairobi.


METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study involving 287 pregnant women enrolled for three months (September to December 2014) from Nairobi and neighbouring counties. A structured questionnaire that captured social, demographic and explanatory variables was administered to the study participants. Blood samples were also drawn from the participants and tested for HBV using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) system.


RESULTS
The study established that the prevalence of HBV infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Mbagathi District Hospital was 3.8% with highest infection rate among the 20-24 years age group. Seventy six (60.8 %) of the participants reported sexual encounters in less than a month before the interview of which 5 (7.6%) reported encounters involving other partners apart from their spouses. HBV awareness among the study participants was 12.2%. Before the interview, those with at least tertiary education (Mean =1.33, SD = 1.131), were more informed about HBV infection as compared to those with primary and secondary education (Mean = 0.63, SD = 0.722; (Mean =0.31, SD= 0.664). In regards to assessment of the risk factors; type of family (χ²=19.753 df2 p<0.01), parity (χ²=7.128 df2 p<0.01), History of abortions (χ²=9.094 df1 p<0.01), early age (11-15 years) at first sexual encounter (χ²=8.185 df1 p<0.01) were significantly associated with HBV positivity.


CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women attending Antenatal clinic (ANC) at Mbagathi District hospital, Nairobi was lower (3.8%) than the prevalence among pregnant women nationally (9.4%). These women also showed a low level of HBV awareness (12.2%.).
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Kenya.
Jacqueline Asundula Malungu
JA
Ngaira
Kenya Medical Research Institute.
James
J
Kimotho
Kenya Medical Research Institute.
Isaac
I
Mirigi
Kenya Medical Research Institute.
Saida
S
Osman
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Kenya; Southern Eastern Kenya University, Kenya.
Zipporah
Z
Ng'ang'a
Kenya Medical Research Institute.
Raphael
R
Lwembe
Kenya Medical Research Institute.
Missiani
M
Ochwoto
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006767:Hospitals, District; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
Hepatitis B; pregnant women; prevalence; risk factors