Potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Sambucus australis.
BACKGROUND
Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. (Adoxaceae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of S. australis.


METHODS
The anti-inﬂammatory activity of ethanol extracts of the leaf and bark of S. australis (1-100 μg/mL) were studied in lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ stimulated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 cells (24 h incubation) by investigating the release of nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and in the TNF-α-induced nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution test (24 h incubation). Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the NO scavenging assays. Chemical composition was assessed by LC-MS/MS.


RESULTS
Antioxidant activities in the DPPH (IC5043.5 and 66.2 μg/mL), FRAP (IC50312.6 and 568.3 μg/mL) and NO radical scavenging assays (IC50285.0 and 972.6 μg/mL) were observed in the leaf and bark ethanol extracts, respectively. Solely the leaf extract showed significant inhibition of NO and TNF-α production in RAW264.7 cells at concentrations of 2 and 100 μg/mL, respectively, and suppression of TNF-α inhibition of NF-κB by 12.8 and 20.4% at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively. The extract also exhibited antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 250 μg/mL) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC 250 μg/mL). LC-MS/MS revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid and rutin as major compounds.


CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that the ethanol leaf extract of S. australis exhibit prominent anti-inﬂammatory effects.
a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Vila Velha , Vila Velha , Espirito Santo , Brazil.
Jhéssica
J
Benevides Bahiense
a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Vila Velha , Vila Velha , Espirito Santo , Brazil.
Franciane Martins
FM
Marques
a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Vila Velha , Vila Velha , Espirito Santo , Brazil.
Mariana Moreira
MM
Figueira
a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Vila Velha , Vila Velha , Espirito Santo , Brazil.
Thais Souza
TS
Vargas
b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy , University of Hawaii at Hilo , Hilo , HI , USA.
Tamara P
TP
Kondratyuk
a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Vila Velha , Vila Velha , Espirito Santo , Brazil.
Denise Coutinho
DC
Endringer
a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Vila Velha , Vila Velha , Espirito Santo , Brazil.
Rodrigo
R
Scherer
a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Vila Velha , Vila Velha , Espirito Santo , Brazil.
Marcio
M
Fronza
D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D024301:Plant Bark; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012431:Rutin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D027923:Sambucus / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D041701:Swiss 3T3 Cells; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002712:Chlorides; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000431:Ethanol; D012431:Rutin; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; C024555:ferric chloride
Natural products; cytokines; macrophages; nitric oxide; nuclear factor-κB; phenolic compounds