Relationship of depression with cognitive insight and socio-occupational outcome in patients with schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the prevalence of depression using different measures in patients with schizophrenia and to study the relationship of depression in schizophrenia with cognitive insight and clinical insight, disability and socio-occupational functioning.


METHODS
A total of 136 patients with schizophrenia were evaluated for depression, cognitive insight and socio-occupational functioning.


RESULTS
Of the 136 patients included in the study, one-fourth ( N = 34; 25%) were found to have depression as per the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The prevalence of depression as assessed by Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) and Depressive Subscale of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS-D) was 23.5%, 19.9% and 91.9%, respectively. Among the different scales, CDSS has highest concordance with clinician's diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for CDSS was also higher than that noted for HDRS and PANSS-D. When those with and without depression as per clinician's diagnosis were compared, those with depression were found to have significantly higher scores on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive and general psychopathology subscales, PANSS total score, participation restriction as assessed by P-scale and had lower level of functioning as assessed by Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). No significant difference was noted on negative symptom subscale of PANSS, clinical insight as assessed on G-12 item of PANSS, disability as assessed by Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale (IDEAS) and socio-occupational functioning as assessed by Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFS). In terms of cognitive insight, those with depression had significantly higher score for both the subscales, that is, self-reflective and self-certainty subscales as well as the mean composite index score.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that one-fourth of patients with schizophrenia have depression, compared to HDRS and PANSS-D, CDSS has highest concordance with clinician's diagnosis of depression and presence of depression is related to cognitive insight.
Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
Sandeep
S
Grover
Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
Swapnajeet
S
Sahoo
Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
Ritu
R
Nehra
Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
Subho
S
Chakrabarti
Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
Ajit
A
Avasthi
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012923:Social Class; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D055815:Young Adult
Depression; cognitive insight; outcome; schizophrenia