Frequency of "Pocket" Hematoma in Patients Receiving Vitamin K Antagonist and Antiplatelet Therapy at the Time of Pacemaker or Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantation (from the POCKET Study).
In patients undergoing cardiac device implantation, anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy are associated with an increased risk of pocket hematoma. In case of vitamin K antagonist therapy, a strategy of continued warfarin with no heparin bridge showed a reduction of pocket hematoma. Evidence regarding antiplatelet therapy management is limited. This is a single-center observational study which reflects our systematic approach to the problem. In 2012, we proposed an improved management protocol for anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy (no-bridge protocol) based on individual thromboembolic risk stratification, noninterruption of oral anticoagulation, no bridge with heparin and elastic adherence compression bandage. The primary end point was the incidence of clinically significant pocket hematoma in the first 30 days after implantation. A total of 1,035 patients were enrolled, of whom 522 received the standard management and 513 the new protocol. The primary end point occurred in 34 patients of the standard management group and 8 patients of the no-bridge protocol group (6.5% vs 1.6%, p <0.001). Patients in the standard management group had a higher incidence of pocket infections (2.3% vs 0.6%, p = 0.02), lead dislodgements (4.8% vs 2.1%, p = 0.02), and thromboembolic events (1.3% vs 0.0%, p <0.01). On a multivariate analysis, heparin and coronary artery disease were independent predictors of pocket hematoma (relative risk [RR] 3.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.55 to 7.83 and RR 2.43, 95% CI 1.25 to 4.76, respectively), whereas the no-bridge protocol was associated with a reduction of pocket hematoma (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.76). New anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy management protocol was associated with a reduced incidence of clinically significant pocket hematomas, thromboembolic events, pocket infections, and lead dislodgements.
Department of Cardiology, University of Ferrara, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy.
Michele
M
Malagù
Department of Cardiology, University of Ferrara, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy.
Filippo
F
Trevisan
Department of Cardiology, University of Ferrara, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy.
Antonella
A
Scalone
Department of Cardiology, University of Ferrara, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy.
Lina
L
Marcantoni
Department of Cardiology, University of Ferrara, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy.
Giuseppe
G
Sammarco
Department of Cardiology, University of Ferrara, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy. Electronic address: doc.matber@gmail.com.
Matteo
M
Bertini
D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015897:Comorbidity; D058128:Compression Bandages; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors