Retrospective and prospective evaluation of the Carbapenem inactivation method for the detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
BACKGROUND
There is an urgent need for accurate and rapid diagnostic tests to identify carbapenemase producing enterobacteria (CPE). Here, we have evaluated the Carbapenem Inactivation Method (CIM) test to detect CPEs from cultured colonies.


METHODS
A total of 256 enterobacterial isolates were used to evaluate the performance of the CIM in comparison to Carba NP test and molecular detection used a reference method. Ninety three well-characterized isolates (including 29 non-CPE and 63 CPEs of worldwide origin) with decreased susceptibility to at least one carbapenem were used to (i) evaluate the efficacy of CIM test and (ii) to compare it to the Carba NP test. We also tested different carbapenems to determine the best substrate for this test. Finally, the CIM test was then evaluated prospectively against 164 isolates referred to the French National Reference Center (NRC) for Antimicrobial Resistance from may 2016 to july 2016.


RESULTS
Based on the results of this retrospective study, sensitivity and specificity of the CIM and the Carba NP test were 92.1% and 100%, respectively. We demonstrated that the meropenem was the best substrate to perform the CIM test since sensitivity and specificity were 81.1% and 100% using ertapenem disk, and 100% and 65,6% using imipenem disk, and respectively. Taking in account the results of retrospective and prospective studies, CIM and Carba NP tests have similar sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values being 96.3%, 98.9%, 99.0% and 98.4% for the CIM test versus 96.9%, 100%, 100% and 100% for the Carba NP test.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results confirm that the CIM test may be a useful tool for the reliable confirmation of carbapenemase-activity in enterobacterial isolates, especially in clinical microbiological laboratories with limited resources, no trained personnel, and no specialized equipment.
Bactériologie-Hygiene unit, APHP, Bicêtre Hospital, EA7361 "Structure, dynamic, function and expression of broad spectrum β-lactamases", Paris-Sud University, LabEx Lermit, Faculty of Medecine, French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
Lauraine
L
Gauthier
Bactériologie-Hygiene unit, APHP, Bicêtre Hospital, EA7361 "Structure, dynamic, function and expression of broad spectrum β-lactamases", Paris-Sud University, LabEx Lermit, Faculty of Medecine, French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
Remy A
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2307-3232
RA
Bonnin
Bactériologie-Hygiene unit, APHP, Bicêtre Hospital, EA7361 "Structure, dynamic, function and expression of broad spectrum β-lactamases", Paris-Sud University, LabEx Lermit, Faculty of Medecine, French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
Laurent
L
Dortet
Bactériologie-Hygiene unit, APHP, Bicêtre Hospital, EA7361 "Structure, dynamic, function and expression of broad spectrum β-lactamases", Paris-Sud University, LabEx Lermit, Faculty of Medecine, French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
Thierry
T
Naas
D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism*
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015780:Carbapenems; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase