Use of physical restraint in hospital patients: A descriptive study in a tertiary hospital in South Africa.
BACKGROUND
The use of physical restraint in patient management is a common and emotive issue, and has legal and ethical dimensions.


OBJECTIVE
To document the prevalence of physical restraint use, patient characteristics associated with physical restraint use, and nurses' and doctors' knowledge and perceptions towards the practice.


METHODS
A cross-sectional study of 572 patients, of whom 132 were physically restrained, was conducted in acute wards of a tertiary hospital. Data were collected on the 132 physically restrained patients. Fifty-nine doctors and 159 nurses completed a specially constructed questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were derived and expressed as numbers and percentages.


RESULTS
Prevalence of restraint use was 23% (132/572). The distribution in acute wards was: medical 54.5%; surgical 44.7%; maternity 0.8%; psychiatry none. Mean age (SD) of the restrained patients was 49 years (20.5); 53.8% were male. The commonest types of restraints used were bed rails 93% and wrist belts 12%. Restraints were used largely to protect medical devices and as protection from harm. Less than 15% of the nurses reported having received training and 36% of the doctors reported having received some guidance on the use of restraints. Only a minority of nurses and doctors knew of a hospital policy on restraint use. Documentation on the prescription and indication for the use of restraint was poor.


CONCLUSIONS
Prevalence of restraint use is high and poorly coordinated. A policy on the use of restraint and comprehensive guidelines should be developed to guide health care practitioners in the management of patients where restraint cannot be avoided.
Division of Geriatric Medicine, The Albertina and Walter Sisulu Institute of Ageing in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town. sebastiana.kalula@uct.ac.za.
Sebastiana Z
SZ
Kalula
Sabela G
SG
Petros
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000941:ethics / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000941:ethics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013019:South Africa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data