Adaptive strategies for nitrogen metabolism in phosphate deficient legume nodules.
Legumes play a significant role in natural and agricultural ecosystems. They can fix atmospheric N2and contribute the fixed N to soils and plant N budgets. In legumes, the availability of P does not only affect nodule development, but also N acquisition and metabolism. For legumes as an important source of plant proteins, their capacity to metabolise N during P deficiency is critical for their benefits to agriculture and the natural environment. In particular for farming, rock P is a non-renewable source of which the world has about 60-80 years of sustainable extraction of this P left. The global production of legume crops would be devastated during a scarcity of P fertiliser. Legume nodules have a high requirement for mineral P, which makes them vulnerable to soil P deficiencies. In order to maintain N metabolism, the nodules have evolved several strategies to resist the immediate effects of P limitation and to respond to prolonged P deficiency. In legumes nodules, N metabolism is determined by several processes involving the acquisition, assimilation, export, and recycling of N in various forms. Although these processes are integrated, the current literature lacks a clear synthesis of how legumes respond to P stress regarding its impact on N metabolism. In this review, we synthesise the current state of knowledge on how legumes maintain N metabolism during P deficiency. Moreover, we discuss the potential importance of two additional alterations to N metabolism during P deficiency. Our goals are to place these newly proposed mechanisms in perspective with other known adaptations of N metabolism to P deficiency and to discuss their practical benefits during P deficiency in legumes.
Botany and Zoology Department, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa. Electronic address: ajv@sun.ac.za.
Alex J
AJ
Valentine
Botany and Zoology Department, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
Aleysia
A
Kleinert
Division of Plant & Soil Sciences, 3425 New Agricultural Sciences Building, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA.
Vagner A
VA
Benedito
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D010710:Phosphates / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D055170:Plant Root Nodulation; D012231:Rhizobium; D053204:Root Nodules, Plant / Q000378:metabolism*
D010710:Phosphates; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen
Legumes; Metabolism; Nitrogen; Nodules; Phosphate; Respiration; Symbiosis