A Longitudinal Examination of the Relation Between Internalizing Problem Behaviors and Early Adolescent Cigarette Smoking.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the longitudinal relation between internalizing problem behaviors (measured with the anxious/depressed and somatic complaints subscales of the Achenbach Teacher's Report Form) and self-reported cigarette smoking behavior and intentions during early adolescence. In addition, a possible mediating role of perceived harm was investigated.


METHODS
Sixth graders and their teachers were surveyed in the sixth grade and students were surveyed again in the seventh grade. Smoking behavior and intentions were assessed with five items including lifetime use, 30-day use, tobacco user status (nonsmoker to heavy smoker), and two intentions/behavioral expectations items. In addition to perceived harm from smoking, reasons for smoking and reasons for not smoking were included on the survey.


RESULTS
As hypothesized, teacher reports of sixth-grade internalizing problem behaviors were negatively related to seventh-grade smoking behavior and intentions. Moreover, perceived harm from smoking was negatively related to smoking and intentions. The hypothesized mediating role of perceived harm in the internalizing to smoking relationship was not supported.


CONCLUSIONS
Potential differences in the relation between internalizing and smoking across adolescence are discussed. Specifically, the results of the present study and an examination of prior literature suggest that in early adolescence internalizing problems are negatively related to cigarette smoking, whereas in middle and late adolescence the opposite is true.
a Department of Psychology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA.
Patricia A
PA
Aloise-Young
b Department of Science and Math , Kauai Community College , Lihue , Hawaii.
Adam C
AC
Zaleski
a Department of Psychology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA.
Randall C
RC
Swaim
D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D000066553:Problem Behavior; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D000070777:School Teachers; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013334:Students
Cigarette smoking; adolescence; internalizing