Renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic imaging in healthy Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri collinsi).
BACKGROUND
The combined use of renal biochemistry and ultrasonographic imaging may improve the correct management of renal disease. Although renal disease is frequently observed in nonhuman primates, renal function markers have not yet been studied in Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri collinsi).


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to establish normal renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic features in Squirrel monkeys.


METHODS
Renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic images were documented in 29 healthy Squirrel monkeys (15 males and 14 females). Urea, serum creatinine (SCr), and uric acid (UA) concentrations were measured by kinetic assay. Cystatin C (CysC) was analyzed by immunonephelometry. A multiple frequency linear array probe (5-12 MHz) was used for ultrasonographic imaging. The studied indicators of renal function were related to sex, age, and body mass.


RESULTS
Serum creatinine was influenced by sex and body mass. Serum concentration of urea, UA, and CysC were not influenced by sex, age, and body mass. Ultrasonographic images provided accurate and comprehensive data for making clinical decisions for Squirrel monkeys. The total renal volume was only influenced by the body mass nested in sex and was positively correlated to body mass. Right renal volume was bigger than the left one.


CONCLUSIONS
Normative standards for the renal evaluation, including biochemistry and ultrasonography, in the Squirrel monkey have been established correlated to age, sex, and body mass.
Postgraduate Program in Heath and Animal Production on the Amazon (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belem, Brazil.
Fernanda Luiza de Miranda
FL
Lins E Lins
Postgraduate Program in Heath and Animal Production on the Amazon (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belem, Brazil.|Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Pedro
P
Mayor
Postgraduate Program in Heath and Animal Production on the Amazon (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belem, Brazil.
Ednaldo
E
Silva Filho
National Primate Center (CENP), Health Surveillance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.
Aline Amaral
AA
Imbeloni
Postgraduate Program in Heath and Animal Production on the Amazon (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belem, Brazil.|National Primate Center (CENP), Health Surveillance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil.
Wellington
W
Bandeira da Silva
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal, Brazil.
Maria Vivina Barros
MV
Monteiro
Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCV), State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Brazil.
Diana Célia Sousa
DC
Nunes-Pinheiro
Postgraduate Program in Heath and Animal Production on the Amazon (PPGSPAA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belem, Brazil.
Frederico Ozanan Barros
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1406-9979
FO
Monteiro
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D012453:Saimiri; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000662:veterinary
D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C
Biochemistry; neotropical primates; renal dysfunction; ultrasound