Undercorrection of planovalgus deformity after calcaneal lengthening in patients with cerebral palsy.
Calcaneal lengthening (CL) is one of the treatment options for planovalgus deformity in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). However, its indication still needs to be clarified according to the functional status of CP. The aim of this study was to investigate the radiographic outcome after CL in patients with CP and to evaluate the risk factors causing undercorrection of planovalgus deformities. We included consecutive patients with CP who underwent CL for planovalgus deformity, were followed for more than 2 years, and had preoperative and postoperative weight-bearing anteroposterior (AP) and lateral foot radiographs. Six radiographic indices were used to assess the radiographic outcome. The patient age, sex, and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level were evaluated as possible risk factors, and we controlled for the interaction of potentially confounding variables using multivariate analysis. A total of 44 (77 feet) patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 10.5±4.0 years and the mean follow-up was 5.1±2.2 years. Patients with GMFCS III/IV achieved less correction than those with GMFCS I/II in the AP talus-first metatarsal angle (P=0.001), lateral talocalcaneal angle (P=0.028), and the lateral talus-first metatarsal angle (P<0.001). The rate of undercorrection in the GMFCS III/IV group was 1.6 times higher than that in the GMFCS I/II group in the AP talus-first metatarsal angle (odds ratios: 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-2.0; P<0.001) and 1.6 times higher in the lateral talus-first metatarsal angle (odds ratios: 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-1.9; P<0.001). In GMFCS I/II patients with CP, we found CL to be an effective procedure for the correction of planovalgus foot deformities. However, in GMFCS III/IV patients with planovalgus deformities, CL appears to be insufficient on the basis of the high rate of undercorrection in these patients. For patients with GMFCS level III/IV, additional or alternative procedures should be considered to correct the deformity and maintain the correction achieved.


METHODS
Level III, therapeutic study.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.
Byung Chae
BC
Cho
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bumin Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
In Hyeok
IH
Lee
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.
Chin Youb
CY
Chung
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.
Ki Hyuk
KH
Sung
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.
Kyoung Min
KM
Lee
Department of Mathematics, Ajou University, Kyungki.
Soon-Sun
SS
Kwon
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.
Seung Jun
SJ
Moon
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.
Jaeyoung
J
Kim
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.
Hyunwoo
H
Lim
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.
Moon Seok
MS
Park
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005531:Foot Deformities, Acquired / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult