Quantification of Acetaminophen and Its Metabolites in Plasma Using UPLC-MS: Doors Open to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Special Patient Populations.
Acetaminophen (APAP, paracetamol) is the most commonly used drug for pain and fever in both the United States and Europe and is considered safe when used at registered dosages. Nevertheless, differences between specific populations lead to remarkable changes in exposure to potentially toxic metabolites. Furthermore, extended knowledge is required on metabolite formation after intoxication, to optimize antidote treatment. Therefore, the authors aimed to develop and validate a quick and easy analytical method for simultaneous quantification of APAP, APAP-glucuronide, APAP-sulfate, APAP-cysteine, APAP-glutathione, APAP-mercapturate, and protein-derived APAP-cysteine in human plasma by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.



The internal standard was APAP-D4 for all analytes. Chromatographic separation was achieved with a reversed-phase Acquity ultraperformance liquid chromatography HSS T3 column with a runtime of only 4.5 minutes per injected sample. Gradient elution was performed with a mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate, formic acid in Milli-Q ultrapure water or in methanol at flow rate of 0.4 mL/minute.



A plasma volume of only 10 μL was required to achieve both adequate accuracy and precision. Calibration curves of all 6 analytes were linear. All analytes were stable for at least 48 hours in the autosampler; the high quality control of APAP-glutathione was stable for 24 hours. The method was validated according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines.



This method allows quantification of APAP and 6 metabolites, which serves purposes for research, as well as therapeutic drug monitoring. The advantage of this method is the combination of minimal injection volume, a short runtime, an easy sample preparation method, and the ability to quantify APAP and all 6 metabolites.
*Department of Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center; †Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia, Rotterdam; ‡Department of Pharmacy, Radboudumc, Nijmegen; and §Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Robert B
RB
Flint
Paola
P
Mian
Bart
B
van der Nagel
Nuria
N
Slijkhuis
Birgit C P
BC
Koch
D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000097:blood*; D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase / Q000379:methods; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
D020719:Glucuronides; D000082:Acetaminophen