Differential cytotoxicity and internalization of graphene family nanomaterials in myocardial cells.
Given the well-known physical properties of graphene oxide (GO), numerous applications for this novel nanomaterial have been recently envisioned to improve the performance of biomedical devices. However, the toxicological assessment of GO, which strongly depends on the used material and the studied cell line, is a fundamental task that needs to be performed prior to its use in biomedical applications. Therefore, the toxicological characterization of GO is still ongoing. This study contributes to this, aiming to synthesize and characterize GO particles and thus investigate their toxic effects in myocardial cells. Herein, GO particles were produced from graphite using the Tour method and subsequent mild reduction was carried out to obtain low-reduced GO (LRGO) particles. A qualitative analysis of the viability, cellular uptake, and internalization of particles was carried out using GO (~54% content of oxygen) and LRGO (~37% content of oxygen) and graphite. GO and LRGO reduce the viability of cardiac cells at IC50of 652.1±1.2 and 129.4±1.2μg/mL, respectively. This shows that LRGO particles produce a five-fold increase in cytotoxicity when compared to GO. The cell uptake pattern of GO and LRGO particles demonstrated that cardiac cells retain a similar complexity to control cells. Morphological alterations examined with electron microscopy showed that internalization by GO and LRGO-treated cells (100μg/mL) occurred affecting the cell structure. These results suggest that the viability of H9c2 cells can be associated with the surface chemistry of GO and LRGO, as defined by the amount of oxygen functionalities, the number of graphitic domains, and the size of particles. High angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light-scattering, Fourier-transform infrared, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies were used to characterize the as-prepared materials.
Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Ambiental, Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico. Electronic address: contreras.flavio@itesm.mx.
Flavio F
FF
Contreras-Torres
Department of Chemistry, Universityof Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
Andrés
A
Rodríguez-Galván
Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
Carlos E
CE
Guerrero-Beltrán
Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Erick
E
Martínez-Lorán
Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
Eduardo
E
Vázquez-Garza
Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Ambiental, Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
Nancy
N
Ornelas-Soto
Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Cátedra de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, Tec Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza-García 64849, Mexico.
Gerardo
G
García-Rivas
D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006108:Graphite / Q000633:toxicity*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D051381:Rats; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
D006108:Graphite
Cytotoxicity; Graphene oxide; Myocardial H9c2