The Dynamics of the Defense Strategy of Pea Induced by Exogenous Nitric Oxide in Response to Aphid Infestation.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO), i.e.,S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), on the metabolic status ofPisum sativumL. cv. Cysterski leaves infested byAcyrthosiphon pisumHarris, population demographic parameters andA. pisumfeeding activity. A reduction in the level of semiquinone radicals in pea seedling leaves pretreated with exogenous NO occurred 24 h afterA. pisuminfestation, which was earlier than in non-pretreated leaves. A decrease in the level of O₂•-was observed in leaves pretreated with GSNO and infested by aphids at 48 and 72 h post-infestation (hpi). Directly after the pretreatment with GSNO, an increase in the level of metal ions was recorded. NO considerably induced the relative mRNA levels for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in 24-h leaves pretreated with NO donors, both non-infested and infested. NO stimulated the accumulation of pisatin in leaves until 24 h. The Electrical Penetration Graph revealed a reduction in the feeding activity of the pea aphid on leaves pretreated with NO. The present study showed that foliar application of NO donors induced sequentially defense reactions of pea againstA. pisumand had a deterrent effect on aphid feeding and limited the population growth rate.
Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland. agnieszkam.wozniak@gmail.com.
Agnieszka
A
Woźniak
Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland. formelamagda@o2.pl.
Magda
M
Formela
Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland. p.bilman@o2.pl.
Piotr
P
Bilman
Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland. grzeskiewiczkasia@gmail.com.
Katarzyna
K
Grześkiewicz
Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland. Waldemar.Bednarski@ifmpan.poznan.pl.
Waldemar
W
Bednarski
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland. lukasmar@ibch.poznan.pl.
Łukasz
Ł
Marczak
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland. dorna@o2.pl.
Dorota
D
Narożna
Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland. k.dancewicz@wnb.uz.zgora.pl.
Katarzyna
K
Dancewicz
Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland. chungmv@vinhuni.edu.vn.
Van Chung
VC
Mai
Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland. borowiak@up.poznan.pl.
Beata
B
Borowiak-Sobkowiak
Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland. florysza@up.poznan.pl.
Jolanta
J
Floryszak-Wieczorek
Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland. b.gabrys@wnb.uz.zgora.pl.
Beata
B
Gabryś
Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland. morkunas@up.poznan.pl.
Iwona
I
Morkunas
D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000378:metabolism; D060467:Disease Resistance; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D006027:Glycosides / Q000378:metabolism; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010373:Lice Infestations; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D036343:Pterocarpans / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism; D000094162:Phytoalexins
D016227:Benzoquinones; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D007501:Iron; D008345:Manganese; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase; D036343:Pterocarpans; D013481:Superoxides; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; C025232:semiquinone radicals; C003161:pisatin; D000094162:Phytoalexins
edible pea; electrical penetration graph; flavonoids; nitric oxide; pea aphid; pisatin; population demographic parameters; semiquinone radicals