The Visual Association Test-Extended: a cross-sectional study of the performance validity measures.
OBJECTIVE
Given the hazards of knowledge about performance validity tests (PVTs) being proliferated among the general public, there is a continuous need to develop new PVTs. The purpose of these studies was to validate the newly developed Visual Association Test-Extended (VAT-E).


METHODS
The VAT-E consists of 24 pairs of line drawings; it is partly based on Green's Word Memory Test (WMT) paradigm. In study 1, we compared VAT-E total scores of healthy controls (n = 226), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 76), patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 26), and persons instructed to feign memory deficit (n = 29). In study 2, we compared litigating patients classified by Slick's criteria as Malingering of Neurocognitive Dysfunction (MND) (n = 26) or non-MND (n = 67). In addition, we compared the VAT-E to the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) (study 1) and the WMT (study 2).


RESULTS
Results showed that the VAT-E differentiated patients with MCI (specificity 93-100%) or patients with AD (specificity 92-100%) from persons instructed to feign (sensitivity 86-100%). The VAT-E also differentiated MND from non-MND (sensitivity 54%, specificity 97%). The VAT-E was in perfect agreement with the TOMM in classifying healthy controls and persons instructed to feign, and it was in moderate agreement with the WMT in classifying non-MND and MND.


CONCLUSIONS
Preliminary evidence shows that the VAT-E may be a useful PVT based on the ability to differentiate between those with genuine memory impairment, persons instructed to feign memory impairment, and a group suspected of malingering cognitive deficits.
a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS) , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.|b Department of Geriatric Medicine , Northwest Medical Center , Alkmaar , The Netherlands.
Sascha R A
SR
Meyer
b Department of Geriatric Medicine , Northwest Medical Center , Alkmaar , The Netherlands.
Jos F M
JF
de Jonghe
c Department of Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|d Department of Medical Psychology , Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
Ben
B
Schmand
a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS) , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
Rudolf W H M
RW
Ponds
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008306:Malingering / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016544:Patient Simulation; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
Performance validity test; malingering; memory; psychometrics; simulating