Comparison of the effects of diets high in animal or plant protein on metabolic and cardiovascular markers in type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial.
To compare high animal protein (AP) with high plant protein (PP) diets, differing in amino acid composition, in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).



We compared isocaloric diets containing 30% of energy either as AP or PP, using newly developed PP-enriched foods, both combined with 30% energy as fat and 40% as carbohydrates in 44 patients with T2DM over 6 weeks in a randomized parallel-group study. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps and cardiovascular variables were measured.



Uric acid decreased in both groups, but significantly more in the AP than the PP group. There were no significant differences in other variables, although glycated haemoglobin levels, diastolic blood pressure and fasting non-esterified fatty acid levels improved significantly in the PP but not in the AP group. Insulin sensitivity (M-value), C-reactive protein and fasting glucose improved significantly in the AP but not in the PP group. Total and LDL cholesterol levels and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly in both groups, and the urinary albumin excretion rate decreased from baseline in participants with microalbuminuria.



Isocaloric diets high in AP or PP allow similar improvements in metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors in people with T2DM, indicating that the differences in amino acid composition do not affect the metabolic responses to the interventions.
Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Potsdam, Germany.
Stephanie
S
Sucher
Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Potsdam, Germany.
Mariya
0000-0002-1217-8952
M
Markova
Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Potsdam, Germany.
Silke
S
Hornemann
Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Potsdam, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Olga
O
Pivovarova
Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Potsdam, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Clinic of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Buelach, Buelach, Switzerland.
Natalia
N
Rudovich
Institut für Getreideverarbeitung GmbH, Nuthetal, Germany.
Ralph
R
Thomann
Institute for Food and Environmental Research, Nuthetal, Germany.
Rosemarie
R
Schneeweiss
Institute for Food and Environmental Research, Nuthetal, Germany.|Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Sascha
S
Rohn
Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Potsdam, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Andreas F H
AFH
Pfeiffer
D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000009:adverse effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
D015415:Biomarkers; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D014527:Uric Acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
animal protein; plant protein; type 2 diabetes