Beyond experimentation: Five trajectories of cigarette smoking in a longitudinal sample of youth.
The first goal of this study was to identify the most appropriate measure of cigarette smoking for identifying unique smoking trajectories among adolescents; the second goal was to describe the resulting trajectories and their characteristics. Using 15 annual waves of smoking data in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), we conducted an exploratory latent class growth analysis to determine the best of four outcome variables for yearly smoking (cigarettes per day on days smoked, days smoked per month, mean cigarettes per day, and total cigarettes per month) among individuals aged 12 to 30 (n = 8,791). Days smoked per month was the best outcome variable for identifying unique longitudinal trajectories of smoking and characteristics of these trajectories that could be used to target different types of smokers for prevention and cessation. Objective statistics were used to identify four trajectories in addition to never smokers (34.1%): experimenters (13.6%), quitters (8.1%), early established smokers (39.0%), and late escalators (5.2%). We identified a quitter and late escalator class not identified in the only other comparable latent class growth analysis. Logistic regressions were used to identify the characteristics of individuals in each trajectory. Compared with never smokers, all trajectories except late escalators were less likely to be black; experimenters were more likely to be out of school and unemployed and drink alcohol in adolescence; quitters were more likely to have a mother with a high school degree/GED or higher (versus none) and to use substances in adolescence and less likely to have ever married as a young adult; early established smokers were more likely to have a mother with a high school diploma or GED, be out of school and unemployed, not live with both parents, have used substances, be depressed, and have peers who smoked in adolescence and to have children as young adults and less likely to be Hispanic and to have ever married as young adults; and late escalators were more likely to be Hispanic, drink alcohol, and break rules in adolescence and less likely to have ever married as young adults. Because of the number of waves of data analyzed, this analysis provided a clearer temporal depiction of smoking behavior and more easily distinguishable smoking trajectories than previous analyses. Tobacco control interventions need to move beyond youth-focused approaches to reach all smokers.
Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.|Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, RTI International, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Lauren M
LM
Dutra
Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.|Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
Stanton A
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4620-6672
SA
Glantz
Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
Nadra E
NE
Lisha
Psychological Sciences, Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, United States of America.
Anna V
AV
Song
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011379:Prognosis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000639:trends*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D062789:Tobacco Products; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult