title: Role of socio-cultural and economic factors in cyprinid fish distribution networks and consumption in Lawa Lake region, Northeast Thailand: Novel perspectives on Opisthorchis viverrini transmission dynamics.
abstract: Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov) is a fish-borne parasite endemic in parts of Lao PDR, Cambodia, southern Vietnam and Northeast Thailand (Isaan) where an estimated 10 million people are infected. Human Ov infection, associated with hepatobiliary complications, including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), occurs when infected fish are consumed raw or undercooked, a longstanding cultural tradition in the region. This mixed- methods descriptive study was carried out in Isaan villages around Lawa Lake, Khon Kaen Province, known for their Ov endemicity. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and in depth interviews (IDIs) were used to explore socio-cultural determinants underlying raw fish consumption practices, and global positioning system (GPS) devices to map local fish distribution networks. Qualitative data affirmed major socio-cultural and dietary lifestyle transitions occurring consequent on recent decades of modernization policies and practices, but also the persistence of Isaan traditional raw-fish eating practices and incorrect beliefs about infection risk avoidance. Fish traders/middlemen purchase most of the catch at the lakeshore and play the dominant role in district market fish distribution networks, at least for the larger and less likely infected, fish species. The lower economic value of the small potentially-infected cyprinid fish means local fishermen typically distribute them free, or sell cheaply, to family and friends, effectively concentrating infection risk in already highly Ov infected villages. Our study confirmed the persistence of traditional Isaan raw-fish meal practices, despite major ongoing socio-cultural lifestyle transitions and decades of Ov infection health education programs. We contend that diffuse socio-cultural drivers underpin this practice, including its role as a valued cultural identity marker. A "fish economics" factor was also evident in the concentration of more likely infected fish back into local villages due to their low economic value at district market level. The complexity of factors supporting "risky" fish-eating traditions in Isaan underscores the importance of integrated liver fluke infection control strategies to draw on transdisciplinary knowledge beyond biomedicine and also embrace participatory protocols for engaging communities in developing, implementing and evaluating interventions.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research Center, Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Christina Sunyoung
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research Center, Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Apiporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suwannatrai
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research Center, Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Echaubard
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sasithorn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaewkes
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Paiboon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sithithaworn
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research Center, Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Electronic address: banchob@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Banchob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sripa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003469:Culture; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D060106:Lakes / Q000469:parasitology*; D009889:Opisthorchiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000635:transmission*; D009891:Opisthorchis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Cyprinid fish; Food culture; GPS tracking; Gis; Modernization; Opisthorchis viverrini; Socio-economic