title: Establishment and characterization of a novel highly aggressive gallbladder cancer cell line, TJ-GBC2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive malignant neoplasm with a poor prognosis. The development of ideal tools for example tumor cell lines for investigating biological behavior, metastatic mechanism and potential treatment in GBCs is essential. In present study, we established and characterized a GBC cell line derived from primary tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary culture method was used to establish this cell line from a primary GBC. Light and electron microscopes, flow cytometry, chromosome analysis, heterotransplantation and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize the epidemic tumor characteristics and phenotypes of this cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel GBC cell line, named TJ-GBC2, was successfully established from primary GBC. This cell line had characteristic epithelial tumor morphology and phenotypes in consistent with primary GBC, such as polygon and irregular cell shape, increased CA19-9 and AFP levels, and positive expression of CK7, CK8, CK19 and E-cadherin with negative vimentin. Moreover, about 25% of the cells were in the S-G2/M phase; abnormity in structure and number of chromosome with a peak number of 90-105 and 80% hypertetraploid were observed. Furthermore, this cell line had higher invasion and highest migration abilities compared to other GBC cell lines; and metastatic-related marker MMP9 and nm23 were positively expressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel highly aggressive GBC cell line TJ-GBC2 was successfully established from primary GBC. TJ-GBC2 cell line may be efficient tool for further investigating the biological behaviors, metastatic mechanism and potential targeted therapy of human GBC.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065 People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhong-Yan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065 People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guo-Li
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Cytology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui-Hong
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Cytology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yao-Qin
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065 People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yue-Zu
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Fan
keywords: Cell culture; Cell line; Gallbladder neoplasm; Metastasis