title: Epidemiology of low-proteinuric chronic kidney disease in renal clinics.
abstract: CKD patients with low-grade proteinuria (LP) are common in nephrology clinics. However, prevalence, characteristics, and the competing risks of ESRD and death as the specific determinants, are still unknown. We analyzed epidemiological features of LP status in a prospective cohort of 2,340 patients with CKD stage III-V referred from ≥6 months in 40 nephrology clinics in Italy. LP status was defined as proteinuria <0.5 g/24h according to current KDIGO guidelines. Patients with higher proteinuria constituted the control group (CON). LP patients were 54.5% of the whole cohort. As compared to CON, LP were older (70.0±12.1 vs 65.4±14.1 y), and less likely to be male (55.8 vs 62.0%) and diabetic (27.6 vs 34.1%), and had hypertension as the most common cause of CKD (39.8%). They had higher eGFR (34.8±13.5 vs 26.8±13.2 mL/min/1.73m2) and hemoglobin (12.7±1.7 vs 12.3±1.7 g/dL), while systolic blood pressure (137±18 vs 140±18 mmHg) and serum phosphorus (3.7±0.8 vs 3.9±0.8 mg/dL) were lower [P<0.001 for all comparisons]. Over a median follow-up of 48 months, an inverse relative risk of ESRD and death was observed in LP (death>>ESRD; P = 0.002) versus CON (ESRD>>death; P<0.0001). Modifiable risk factors were also different in LP, with smoking, lower hemoglobin, and proteinuria being associated with higher mortality risk while lower BMI and higher phosphorus predicting ESRD at multivariable Cox analyses [P<0.05 for all]. Therefore, in nephrology clinics, LP patients are the majority and show distinctive basal features. More important, they are more exposed to death than ESRD and do present specific modifiable determinants of either outcome; indeed, in LP, while smoking plays a role for mortality, lower BMI and higher phosphorus levels -even if in the normal range- are predictors of ESRD. These data support the need to further study the low proteinuric CKD population to guide management.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit at Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Nicola
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit at Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Provenzano
authors.affiliation: Medical Statistics Unit at Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiodini
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit at Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borrelli
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit at University Federico II in Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit at Sant'Anna Hospital in Como, Como, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellasi
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit at University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit at Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit at Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minutolo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis