title: Nocturnal enuresis impaired children's quality of life and friendships.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There have not been any continence-specific measurement tools in Swedish that have allowed clinicians to investigate the quality of life (QoL) in children with bladder dysfunction. This study evaluated the QoL in Swedish children with nocturnal enuresis and tested the reliability of a Swedish translation of the Paediatric Incontinence Questionnaire (PinQ).
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study comprised 46 children aged six to 18 years with nocturnal enuresis, who completed the PinQ after it was translated into Swedish. It was completed twice by 33 patients, and these responses were included in the test-retest evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The self-reported mean sum score for the whole group was 26.3 ± 13.37 (range: 5-58), and the most affected domains were social relations with peers and self-esteem. The highest individual scores were four, three or two for 71.7%, 17.4% and 10.9% of the study population, respectively. Cronbach's alpha was 0.87 for the whole questionnaire, indicating good internal consistency. The test-retest stability was excellent, with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.76.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with nocturnal enuresis had impaired self-esteem, and their impaired QoL affected their relationships with friends. The Swedish version of the PinQ proved to be a reliable tool that will be used in further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Public Dental Service, Uppsala, Sweden.|Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jönson Ring
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tryggve
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nevéus
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Lung, Allergy, and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Markström
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Department, Public Dental Service, Region Örebro County, Örebro, Sweden.|School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arnrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Postgraduate Dental Education Centre, Public Dental Service, Region Örebro County, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Farhan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bazargani
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Nocturnal enuresis; Quality of life; Questionnaire; Self-esteem; Urinary incontinence