title: Hard carbon anodes of sodium-ion batteries: undervalued rate capability.
abstract: The rate capability of hard carbon has long been underestimated in prior studies that used carbon/Na two-electrode half-cells. Through a three-electrode cell setup, we discover that it is the overpotential of the sodium counter electrode that drives the half-cells to the lower cutoff potential prematurely during hard carbon sodiation, particularly at high current rates, which prevents the hard carbon anode from being fully sodiated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. david.ji@oregonstate.edu.
authors.forename: Zhifei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. david.ji@oregonstate.edu.
authors.forename: Zelang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jian
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. david.ji@oregonstate.edu.
authors.forename: Xingfeng
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-7993
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. david.ji@oregonstate.edu.
authors.forename: Ismael A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. david.ji@oregonstate.edu.
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bommier
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. david.ji@oregonstate.edu.
authors.forename: Xiulei
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4649-9594
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ji