title: Correlation between MMP-9 and MMP-9/ TIMPs Complex with Pulmonary Function in Sulfur Mustard Exposed Civilians: Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteinases and have the vigorous capacity to degrade all parts of the extracellular matrix. MMP enzymes strongly participate in physiological processes such as normal tissue remodeling and wound healing and in pathology of pulmonary diseases. They are released in response to environmental stimuli such as toxins and regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical toxic which can cause severe permanent damages to lung tissues. The aim of this study was assessing the possible role of MMP-9 and TIMPs in SM-induced lung symptoms and signs in exposed patients 20 years after exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Totally, 372 male volunteers with a history of SM- exposure and 128 age- and sex-matched unexposed controls participated and were divided into three groups: normal, mild and moderate-severe. All participants underwent clinical evaluation and pulmonary function tests and serum concentrations of MMP-9 and its inhibitors were measured using the ELISA technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum level of MMP-9 was increased in the SM exposed group who had moderate-severe pulmonary complications compared with the SM exposed with normal lung (2.321 ± 2.836 vs. 1.546 ± 2.176, P = 0.001) while only the MMP-9/TIMP-4 complex was elevated in the SM exposed with normal lung individuals compared to its corresponding control group (85 ± 265 vs. 82 ± 222, P = 0.025). Although MMP-9 and its inhibitors did not show any correlation with spirometry findings, elevated circulating MMP-9 was detected in SM exposed patients with chronic chough and hemoptysis (P = 0.013 and P = 0.013 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High level of tissue disruption and remodeling mediators could influence lung structure in long-term after SM-exposure. The correlation of clinical evaluation with these factors efficiently helps us to identify important effectors.
authors.affiliation: 1)Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran.2)Department of Immunology, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghaffarpour
authors.affiliation: 1)Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran.2)Department of Immunology, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
authors.forename: Tooba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghazanfari
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
authors.forename: Sussan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kabudanian Ardestani
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
authors.forename: Shahryar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pourfarzam
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
authors.forename: Faramarz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fallahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology and Hematology, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
authors.forename: Jalaleddin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shams
authors.affiliation: Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
authors.forename: Ensieh Sadat
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Mirsharif
authors.affiliation: Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mohseni Majd
authors.affiliation: Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
authors.forename: Soghrat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faghihzadeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000633:toxicity*; D013147:Spirometry; D013997:Time Factors; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D009151:Mustard Gas