title: Differences in pollination success between local and foreign flower color phenotypes: a translocation experiment withGentiana lutea(Gentianaceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The adaptive maintenance of flower color variation is frequently attributed to pollinators partly because they preferentially visit certain flower phenotypes. We tested whetherGentiana lutea-which shows a flower color variation (from orange to yellow) in the Cantabrian Mountains range (north of Spain)-is locally adapted to the pollinator community.
  
  
  METHODS
  We transplanted orange-flowering individuals to a population with yellow-flowering individuals and vice versa, in order to assess whether there is a pollination advantage in the local morph by comparing its visitation rate with the foreign morph.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our reciprocal transplant experiment did not show clear local morph advantage in overall visitation rate: local orange flowers received more visits than foreign yellow flowers in the orange population, while both local and foreign flowers received the same visits in the yellow population; thus, there is no evidence of local adaptation inGentiana luteato the pollinator assemblage. However, some floral visitor groups (such asBombus pratorum,B. soroensis ancaricusandB. lapidarius decipiens) consistently preferred the local morph to the foreign morph whereas others (such asBombus terrestris) consistently preferred the foreign morph.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that there is no evidence of local adaptation to the pollinator community in each of the twoG. luteapopulations studied. The consequences for local adaptation to pollinator onG. luteaflower color would depend on the variation along the Cantabrian Mountains range in morph frequency and pollinator community composition.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botánica/Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , A Coruña , Spain.
authors.forename: Javier A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Guitián
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Ecoloxía/Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , A Coruña , Spain.
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sobral
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botánica/Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , A Coruña , Spain.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Veiga
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Ecoloxía/Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , A Coruña , Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Losada
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botánica/Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , A Coruña , Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guitián
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Ecoloxía/Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , A Coruña , Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guitián
keywords: Flower color variation; Gentiana lutea; Local adaptation; Pollinator preferences; Reciprocal transplants