title: Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes.
abstract: During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify their influence on void formation in composite parts. Wicking in a fibrous medium described by the Washburn equation was considered equivalent to a flow under the effect of capillary pressure according to the Darcy law. Experimental tests for the characterization of wicking were conducted with both carbon and flax fiber reinforcement. Quasi-unidirectional fabrics were then tested by means of a tensiometer to determine the morphological and wetting parameters along the fiber direction. The procedure was shown to be promising when the morphology of the fabric is unchanged during capillary wicking. In the case of carbon fabrics, the capillary pressure can be calculated. Flax fibers are sensitive to moisture sorption and swell in water. This phenomenon has to be taken into account to assess the wetting parameters. In order to make fibers less sensitive to water sorption, a thermal treatment was carried out on flax reinforcements. This treatment enhances fiber morphological stability and prevents swelling in water. It was shown that treated fabrics have a linear wicking trend similar to those found in carbon fabrics, allowing for the determination of capillary pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanics and Materials Processing, George Friedel Laboratory, Mines Saint-Étienne.
authors.forename: Monica Francesca
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanics and Materials Processing, George Friedel Laboratory, Mines Saint-Étienne; liotier@emse.fr.
authors.forename: Pierre-Jacques
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Liotier
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanics and Materials Processing, George Friedel Laboratory, Mines Saint-Étienne.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Drapier
mesh_terms: D002197:Capillary Action; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D006586:Hexanes; D014867:Water; D002244:Carbon