title: Antispasmodic and bronchorelaxant activities of Salsola imbricata are mediated through dual Ca+2antagonistic and β-adrenergic agonistic effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salsola imbricata Forssk. (Chenopodiaceae) has folkloric repute for the treatment of various gastrointestinal and respiratory ailments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigates spasmolytic and bronchorelaxant effects of S. imbricata.
  
  
  METHODS
  The crude aqueous-ethanol extract of the aerial parts of S. imbricata and its fractions, in cumulative concentrations (0.01-10 mg/mL), were tested on contractions of isolated rabbit jejunum and tracheal preparations. Furthermore, concentration response curves (CRCs) of Ca+2and carbachol were constructed in the absence and presence of the extract. Standard organ bath methods were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crude extract relaxed spontaneous, K+(80 mM) and carbachol (1 μM)-induced contractions in jejunum preparations with respective EC50values of 0.40 (0.35-0.46), 0.69 (0.60-0.79) and 0.66 (0.57-0.75) mg/mL. It shifted Ca+2CRCs rightward in nonparallel manner. In isolated tracheal preparations, the crude extract caused relaxation of K+(80 mM) and carbachol (1 μM)-induced contractions with EC50values of 0.86 (0.75-0.98) and 0.74 (0.66-0.84) mg/mL, respectively. It displaced carbachol CRCs rightward with suppression of maximal response. In both tissues, pretreatment with propranolol (1 μM) caused rightward shift in inhibitory CRCs of the extract against carbachol-induced contractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was found more potent in relaxing smooth muscle contractions than the parent extract and its aqueous fraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the spasmolytic and bronchorelaxant activities of S. imbricata are related to Ca+2antagonistic and β-adrenergic agonistic effects, thus justifying some of the traditional uses of the plant.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aslam
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan , Pakistan.|b Akson College of Pharmacy , MUST , Mirpur , Azad Kashmir , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Khalid Hussain
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Janbaz
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007583:Jejunum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011817:Rabbits; D031248:Salsola / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Salsola baryosma; Salsola foetida; isolated tissue; jejunum; trachea