title: Rapid detection and quantification of Enterovirus 71 by a portable surface plasmon resonance biosensor.
abstract: This study presents the first report on a label-free detection and rapid quantification method for human enterovirus 71 (EV71) using a portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system. The SPR sensor instrument was configured to run on low power in a miniaturized platform to improve the device portability for a wider application both in laboratories and in the field. A color tunable organic light emitting diode in red spectrum was attached on a trapezoidal prism for the disposable light source module. The SPR signal processing using integration area under the reflectivity curve is applied for optimum signal to noise ratio (SNR) enhancement. The major capsid protein VP1 of EV71 was selected as the biomarker target in the detection study. The experimental time required for the EV71 quantification was reduced from 6 days using the conventional viral plaque assay to several minutes using the proposed method. The study results establish a detection limit of approximately 67 virus particles per milliliter (vp/ml) of EV71 in a Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. The VP1 detection in the portable SPR biosensor had a detection limit of approximately 4.8pg/ml in the PBS buffer. Therefore, the proposed direct EV71 viral particle quantification method can be rapidly performed in real time, with high sensitivity and less labor and without assays or fluorescence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33002, Taiwan; Research Center for Informatics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Briliant Adhi
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Prabowo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Robert Y L
authors.initials: RYL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33002, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Khari
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Secario
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Ting
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33002, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Azharul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alom
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33002, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jia-Jung
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33002, Taiwan; Center for Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan; Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan. Electronic address: jacobliu@mail.cgu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Kou-Chen
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D002460:Cell Line; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins
keywords: EV71; Quantification method; SPR; Sensor; VP1; Virus