title: [Regional anesthesia for carotid surgery : An overview of anatomy, techniques and their clinical relevance].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perioperative care for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) often presents a challenge to the anesthesia provider, as this patient group commonly suffers from a wide range of comorbidities. Although clinical trials could not demonstrate a significant benefit associated with regional anesthesia for outcomes such as insult, cardiac infarction or mortality, many authors concur that regional anesthetic techniques might be preferential in specific patient populations for this type of surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article aims to present an overview of the currently used techniques for regional anesthesia in CEA, as well as discussing their influence on the perioperative outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  After performing an extensive search of medical databases (Pubmed/Medline) the authors present a narrative analysis and interpretation of recent literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Currently there is a clear trend towards ultrasound guided regional anesthesia and away from classic landmark based techniques. The literature seems to support the notion that superior and intermediate cervical blocks are safer and less invasive than deep blocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With regional anesthetic techniques evolving to be more and more complex, the use of ultrasound is becoming increasingly indispensable in the operating theatre. For anesthesiologists with sufficient training and a profound knowledge of the respective anatomy, regional anesthesia seems to be a veritable alternative to general anesthesia for CEA.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Anästhesiologie, perioperative Medizin und allgemeine Intensivmedizin, Landeskrankenhaus Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Österreich. a.kokoefer@salk.at.|Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Salzburg, Österreich. a.kokoefer@salk.at.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koköfer
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Anästhesiologie, perioperative Medizin und allgemeine Intensivmedizin, Landeskrankenhaus Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Österreich.|Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Salzburg, Österreich.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nawratil
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Anästhesiologie, perioperative Medizin und allgemeine Intensivmedizin, Landeskrankenhaus Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Österreich.|Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Salzburg, Österreich.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Opperer
mesh_terms: D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications
keywords: Carotid; Cervical block; Endarterectomy; Regional anesthesia; Ultrasound