title: Variable Cyanobacterial Toxin and Metabolite  Profiles across Six Eutrophic Lakes of Differing  Physiochemical Characteristics.
abstract: Future sustainability of freshwater resources is seriously threatened due to the presence  of  harmful  cyanobacterial  blooms,  and  yet,  the  number,  extent,  and  distribution  of  most  cyanobacterial toxins-including "emerging" toxins and other bioactive compounds-are poorly  understood.  We  measured  15  cyanobacterial  compounds-including  four  microcystins  (MC),  saxitoxin (SXT), cylindrospermopsin (CYL), anatoxin-a (ATX) and homo-anatoxin-a (hATX), two  anabaenopeptins (Apt), three cyanopeptolins (Cpt), microginin (Mgn), and nodularin (NOD)-in  six freshwater lakes that regularly experience noxious cHABs. MC, a human liver toxin, was present  in all six lakes and was detected in 80% of all samples. Similarly, Apt, Cpt, and Mgn were detected  in all lakes in roughly 86%, 50%, and 35% of all samples, respectively. Despite being a notable  brackish  water  toxin,  NOD  was  detected  in  the  two  shallowest  lakes-Wingra  (4.3  m)  and  Koshkonong (2.1 m). All compounds were highly variable temporally, and spatially. Metabolite  profiles were significantly different between lakes suggesting lake characteristics influenced the  cyanobacterial community and/or metabolite production. Understanding how cyanobacterial toxins  are  distributed  across  eutrophic  lakes  may  shed  light  onto  the  ecological  function  of  these  metabolites, provide valuable information for their remediation and removal, and aid in the  protection of public health.
authors.affiliation: Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. lucasb@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Lucas J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beversdorf
authors.affiliation: Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. cweirich@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Chelsea A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Weirich
authors.affiliation: School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA. bartle34@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.affiliation: Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. millertr@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D000458:Cyanobacteria; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005068:Eutrophication; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D052998:Microcystins / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D014326:Tropanes / Q000032:analysis; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014922:Wisconsin
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D014326:Tropanes; D014873:Water Pollutants; D010758:Phosphorus; C509783:anatoxin a; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: microcystin;   anabaenopeptin;   anatoxin;   cyanopeptolin;   cylindrospermopsin;   microginin;   nodularin;  saxitoxin