title: n-Butylidenephthalide Regulated Tumor Stem Cell Genes EZH2/AXL and Reduced Its Migration and Invasion in Glioblastoma.
abstract: Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most common and aggressive types of brain tumor. Due to its highly recurrent rate and poor prognosis, the overall survival time with this type of tumor is only 20-21 months. Recent knowledge suggests that its recurrence is in part due to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which display radioresistant, chemoresistant, self-renewal and tumorigenic potential. Enhancers of Zeste 2 (EZH2) and AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL) are both highly expressed in GBM. Additionally, they are an essential regulator involved in CSCs maintenance, migration, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness, metastasis and patient survival. In this study, we used a small molecule, n-butylidenephthalide (BP), to assess the anti-GBM stem-like cells potential, and then tried to find out the associated genes involved with regulation in migration and invasion. We demonstrated that BP reduced the expression of AXL and stemness related genes in a dose-dependent manner. The migratory and invasive capabilities of GBM stem-like cells could be reduced by AXL/EZH2. Finally, in the overexpression of AXL, EZH2 and Sox2 by transfection in GBM stem-like cells, we found that AXL/EZH2/TGF-ꞵ1, but not Sox2, might be a key regulator in tumor invasion, migration and EMT. These results might help in the development of a new anticancer compound and can be a target for treating GBM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan. momoyin911@gmail.com.|Buddhist Tzu Chi Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan. momoyin911@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ssu-Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Buddhist Tzu Chi Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan. kavin273@gmail.com.|Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan. kavin273@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hong-Meng
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Buddhist Tzu Chi Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan. spleo0825@gmail.com.|Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan. spleo0825@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mao-Hsuan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Buddhist Tzu Chi Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan. shinnzong@yahoo.com.tw.|Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan. shinnzong@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Shinn-Zong
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan. twchiou@mail.ndhu.edu.tw.|Buddhist Tzu Chi Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan. twchiou@mail.ndhu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Tzyy-Wen
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.affiliation: Buddhist Tzu Chi Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan. arthewduke@gmail.com.|Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan. arthewduke@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Horng-Jyh
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Harn
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D000066673:Cell Self Renewal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000071221:Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D010796:Phthalic Anhydrides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010796:Phthalic Anhydrides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C498409:EZH2 protein, human; D000071221:Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C026105:butylidenephthalide; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; C000722289:AXL protein, human
keywords: AXL receptor tyrosine kinase; cancer stem cells (CSCs); enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2); glioblastoma (GBM); n-butylidenephthalide (BP)