title: A comparison of Goldmann III, V and spatially equated test stimuli in visual field testing: the importance of complete and partial spatial summation.
abstract: Goldmann size V (GV) test stimuli are less variable with a greater dynamic range and have been proposed for measuring contrast sensitivity instead of size III (GIII). Since GIII and GV operate within partial summation, we hypothesise that actual GV (aGV) thresholds could predict GIII (pGIII) thresholds, facilitating comparisons between actual GIII (aGIII) thresholds with pGIII thresholds derived from smaller GV variances. We test the suitability of GV for detecting visual field (VF) loss in patients with early glaucoma, and examine eccentricity-dependent effects of number and depth of defects. We also hypothesise that stimuli operating within complete spatial summation ('spatially equated stimuli') would detect more and deeper defects.
  
  
  
  Sixty normal subjects and 20 glaucoma patients underwent VF testing on the Humphrey Field Analyzer using GI-V sized stimuli on the 30-2 test grid in full threshold mode. Point-wise partial summation slope values were generated from GI-V thresholds, and we subsequently derived pGIII thresholds using aGV. Difference plots between actual GIII (aGIII) and pGIII thresholds were used to compare the amount of discordance. In glaucoma patients, the number of 'events' (points below the 95% lower limit of normal), defect depth and global indices were compared between stimuli.
  
  
  
  90.5% of pGIII and aGIII points were within ±3 dB of each other in normal subjects. In the glaucoma cohort, there was less concordance (63.2% within ±3 dB), decreasing with increasing eccentricity. GIII found more defects compared to GV-derived thresholds, but only at outermost test locations. Greater defect depth was found using aGIII compared to aGV and pGIII, which increased with eccentricity. Global indices revealed more severe loss when using GIII compared to GV. Spatially equated stimuli detected the greatest number of 'events' and largest defect depth.
  
  
  
  Whilst GV may be used to reliably predict GIII values in normal subjects, there was less concordance in glaucoma patients. Similarities in 'event' detection and defect depth in the central VF were consistent with the fact that GIII and GV operate within partial summation in this region. Eccentricity-dependent effects in 'events' and defect depth were congruent with changes in spatial summation across the VF and the increase in critical area with disease. The spatially equated test stimuli showed the greatest number of defective locations and larger sensitivity loss.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.|School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9933-6780
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phu
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Sieu K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Khuu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.|School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zangerl
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.|School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalloniatis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer; Ricco's area; glaucoma; partial summation; perimetry; spatial summation