title: Payer Type and Low-Value Care: Comparing Choosing Wisely Services across Commercial and Medicare Populations.
abstract: To compare low-value health service use among commercially insured and Medicare populations and explore the influence of payer type on the provision of low-value care.
  
  
  
  2009-2011 national Medicare and commercial insurance administrative data.
  
  
  
  We created claims-based algorithms to measure seven Choosing Wisely-identified low-value services and examined the correlation between commercial and Medicare overuse overall and at the regional level. Regression models explored associations between overuse and regional characteristics.
  
  
  
  We created measures of early imaging for back pain, vitamin D screening, cervical cancer screening over age 65, prescription opioid use for migraines, cardiac testing in asymptomatic patients, short-interval repeat bone densitometry (DXA), preoperative cardiac testing for low-risk surgery, and a composite of these.
  
  
  
  Prevalence of four services was similar across the insurance-defined groups. Regional correlation between Medicare and commercial overuse was high (correlation coefficient = 0.540-0.905) for all measures. In both groups, similar region-level factors were associated with low-value care provision, especially total Medicare spending and ratio of specialists to primary care physicians.
  
  
  
  Low-value care appears driven by factors unrelated to payer type or anticipated reimbursement. These findings suggest the influence of local practice patterns on care without meaningful discrimination by payer type.
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute, Lebanon, NH.
authors.forename: Carrie H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Colla
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute, Lebanon, NH.
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Morden
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.|Partners Healthcare System, Boston, MA.|Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Sequist
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute, Lebanon, NH.
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mainor
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Zhonghe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Meredith B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D000069342:Medical Overuse / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D000070376:Value-Based Health Insurance / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D062505:Value-Based Purchasing / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Low-value care; overuse; regional variation; waste