title: A unique natural selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist, salvinorin A, and its roles in human therapeutics.
abstract: Until the mid-60s, only the Mazatecs, an indigenous group from Oaxaca, Mexico, used Salvia Divinorum (S. divinorum) due to its hallucinogen properties. Later it was found that the hallucinogen effects of this plant were caused by the presence of a neoclerodane diterpene Salvinorin A (salvinorin A), which is a highly selective agonist of kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) that cause more intense hallucinations than the common hallucinogens as lysergic acid, mushrooms, ecstasy and others. In fact, smoking of only 200-500 μg of S. divinorum leaves is enough to produce these effects thus making it the most potent natural occurring hallucinogen known. Due to its legal status in various countries, this compound has gained a worldwide popularity as a drug of abuse with an easy access through smartshops and internet. Furthermore, salvinorin A gathered an increased interest in the scientific community thanks to its unique structure and properties, and various studies demonstrated that salvinorin A has antinociceptive, antidepressant, in some circumstances pro-depressant and anti-addictive effects that have yielded potential new avenues for research underlying salvinorin A and its semi-synthetic analogs as therapeutic agents.
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Domingos
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology - UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal, 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gallardo
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal. Electronic address: anamartinho@ubi.pt.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinho
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000819:agonists*; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane; D006213:Hallucinogens; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; C090499:salvinorin A
keywords: Hallucinogen; Kappa-opioid receptor; Lamiaceae family; Salvia divinorum; Salvinorin A; Therapeutics