title: Psychological and Familial Factors of Depression in Relation to Adolescent Smoking Behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several common factors have been identified for smoking and depression. The The present study explores the relation of psychological and familial factors with depression, by student smoking behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5500 middle- and high-school students were selected in Isfahan province in 2010. A self-administered questionnaire collected data on background characteristics, smoking status, depression, and risk factors. Univariate analysis multiple logistic regressions were conducted to compare between depressed and nondepressed people by adolescent smoking status. Odds ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fathers lower education attainment was accompanied adolescents higher depression prevalence. Parental smoking and sibling smoking increased the depression likelihood by 1.41 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.68) and 1.43 folds (95% CI: 1.04-1.94) for never-smokers. Positive attitude toward smoking increased the probability of depression by 1.18 among never-smokers. Never-smokers lacking refusal skill had 1.23 (1.03-1.47) higher chance of depression. A higher level of self-efficacy related to lower chance of depression. Taking risky behavior, increased the depression likelihood by 1.56 (95% CI: 1.29-1.89) in never-smokers, by 1.85 (95% CI: 1.37-2.44) in experimental smokers, and by 1.14 times (95% CI: 1.01-1.72) in current smokers. Family conflict increased depression chance by 2.25 times (95% CI: 1.89-2.66) in never-smokers, by 1.95 (95% CI: 1.46-2.61) in experimental smokers, and by 2.06 times (95% CI: 1.38-3.08) in current smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeting self-efficacy level, risky behavior, and family conflict can drop the comorbidity of smoking and depression simultaneously. This may help public health practitioners and policymakers to develop common strategies in reducing adolescents smoking and depression comorbidity.
authors.affiliation: Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamidreza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roohafza
authors.affiliation: Isfahan Province Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Razieh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Omidi
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Tahereh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alinia
authors.affiliation: Isfahan Province Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heidari
authors.affiliation: Deputy of Prevention, Isfahan Province Welfare Organization, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Marziyeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farshad
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Injury Prevention, Isfahan Province Education Organization, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Davari
authors.affiliation: Isfahan Province Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Abtin
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Injury Prevention, Isfahan Province Education Organization, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ezat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahriari
authors.affiliation: Psychosomatic Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahshid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taslimi
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
keywords: Adolescent; depression; familial factors; psychological; smoking