title: Antibiotic administration alleviates the aggravating effect of orthodontic force on ligature-induced experimental periodontitis bone loss in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is recognized that orthodontic force (OF) has an aggravating effect on the progression of destructive periodontitis if periodontitis have not been well controlled. However, the underlying mechanism is not completely clear. This study was to investigate the effect of antibiotic administration on OF-aggravated, ligature-induced experimental periodontitis in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice (male, 8 wk old) were divided into three groups (n = 8). Silk ligatures (SL) were tied around the maxillary right (group 1) or both (groups 2 and 3) first molars on day 0, removed on day 8 and systemic antibiotics was administered through drinking water (group 3) since day 8. OF was applied on the maxillary right first molars since day 13 (groups 2 and 3). All mice were killed on day 20.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total oral bacteria load was significantly higher in group 2 when compared to group 1 on day 20, whereas such count was greatly reduced in group 3 when antibiotics were administered. Periodontal bone loss was significantly increased on SL side vs. control side in group 1. Periodontal bone loss was significantly increased on OF + SL side vs. SL side in group 2 (p < 0.05) but not in group 3 when systemic antibiotics were administered. Gingival mRNA and protein expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand/osteoprotegerin were significantly increased on OF + SL side vs. SL side in group 2 (p < 0.01) but not in group 3. However, comparable levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cell formation within periodontal space and tooth movement were observed on OF + SL side in groups 2 and 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that reduction of oral bacterial load by antibiotic administration alleviate orthodontic force-aggravated periodontitis bone loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.|Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.|Department of Stomatology, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000378:metabolism; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000378:metabolism; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
keywords: antibiotics; bone loss; orthodontic force; periodontitis