title: Rapid Automatic Motor Encoding of Competing Reach Options.
abstract: Mounting neural evidence suggests that, in situations in which there are multiple potential targets for action, the brain prepares, in parallel, competing movements associated with these targets, prior to implementing one of them. Central to this interpretation is the idea that competing viewed targets, prior to selection, are rapidly and automatically transformed into corresponding motor representations. Here, by applying target-specific, gradual visuomotor rotations and dissociating, unbeknownst to participants, the visual direction of potential targets from the direction of the movements required to reach the same targets, we provide direct evidence for this provocative idea. Our results offer strong empirical support for theories suggesting that competing action options are automatically represented in terms of the movements required to attain them. The rapid motor encoding of potential targets may support the fast optimization of motor costs under conditions of target uncertainty and allow the motor system to inform decisions about target selection.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Electronic address: gallivan@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gallivan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
authors.forename: Brandie M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
authors.forename: Lee A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Baugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wolpert
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Electronic address: flanagan@queensu.ca.
authors.forename: J Randall
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Flanagan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: action; decision making; motor planning; parallel encoding; reaching; sensorimotor; visuomotor adaptation