title: Do depression and anxiety profiles over time predict persistent post-surgical pain? A study in cardiac surgery patients.
abstract: Rates of depression and anxiety in cardiac surgery patients are higher than in the general population. The development of persistent post-surgical pain (PPSP) in this population is also concerning. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify anxiety and depression trajectories of cardiac surgery patients over a 2-year period; (2) examine demographic and clinical characteristics associated with trajectory memberships and (3) determine if anxiety and/or depression trajectories predict PPSP.
  
  
  
  A total of 1071 patients completed questionnaires before cardiac surgery and 7 days, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months thereafter. Models were run using growth mixture modelling.
  
  
  
  Both anxiety and depression models yielded a 3-trajectory solution. A minority of patients (< 10%) had unremitted major depression, almost one-third of patients had remitted minor depression and the remaining patients had no depression over the 2-year period. < 10% of patients had unremitted elevated anxiety, almost 40% of patients had unremitted mild anxiety symptoms, whereas half of patients did not experience anxiety over the same time period. Patients with unremitted elevated anxiety were more likely to report PPSP; the association between depression and PPSP was not significant.
  
  
  
  The results' novelty lies in the identification of a homogeneous patient subgroup presenting with unremitted elevated anxiety which predicted the presence of PPSP up to 2 years following cardiac surgery. Unlike anxiety, depression subgroups were not predictive of PPSP status.
  
  
  
  This article presents the relationship between anxiety and depression profiles over 2 years in cardiac surgery patients and persistent post-surgical pain. These results suggest the importance of evaluating how early identification and treatment of high-risk patients could prevent PPSP. These results provide potential detection and prevention avenues of chronic pain for high-risk patients based on their anxiety trajectory.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), QC, Canada.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: M Gabrielle
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pagé
authors.affiliation: Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watt-Watson
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), QC, Canada.|Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choinière
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires