title: The contribution of gender-based violence and network trauma to gender differences in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs twice as commonly amongst women as men. Two common domains of trauma, network trauma and gender based violence (GBV), may contribute to this gender difference in PTSD rates. We examined data from a nationally representative sample of the Australian population to clarify the characteristics of these two trauma domains in their contributions to PTSD rates in men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We drew on data from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being to assess gender differences across a comprehensive range of trauma domains, including (1) prevalence of lifetime exposure; (2) identification of an index trauma or DSM-IV Criterion A event; and (3) the likelihood of developing full DSM-IV PTSD symptoms once an index trauma was identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men reported more traumatic events (TEs) overall but women reported twice the prevalence of lifetime PTSD (women, 13.4%; men, 6.3%). Women reported a threefold higher level of exposure to GBV and were seven times more likely to nominate GBV as the index trauma as compared to men. Women were twice more likely than men to identify a network trauma as the index trauma and more likely to meet full PTSD symptoms in relation to that event (women, 20.6%; men, 14.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women are more likely to identify GBV and network trauma as an index trauma. Women's far greater exposure to GBV contributes to their higher prevalence of PTSD. Women are markedly more likely to develop PTSD when network trauma is identified as the index trauma. Preventing exposure to GBV and providing timely interventions for acute psychological reactions following network trauma may assist in reducing PTSD rates amongst women.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Derrick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Silove
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jess R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.|School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohsin
authors.affiliation: Office of Medical Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Maree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teesson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Creamer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Meaghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.affiliation: Office of Medical Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Natacha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carragher
authors.affiliation: Office of Medical Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.affiliation: Office of Medical Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.affiliation: Centre for traumatic Stress Studies, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McFarlane
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Steel
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Felmingham
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rees
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D000069581:Exposure to Violence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D000067073:Psychological Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology