title: Candida albicans survival, growth and biofilm formation are differently affected by mouthwashes: an in vitro study.
abstract: Candida albicans is the most common cause of oral mycoses. The aim of the present study was to investigate in vitro the susceptibility of C. albicans to mouthwashes, in terms of growth, survival and biofilm formation. Candida albicans, laboratory strain SC5314, and 7 commercial mouthwashes were employed: 3 with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate; 1 with 0.06% chlorhexidine digluconate and 250 ppm F- sodium fluoride; 3 with fluorine-containing molecules. None of the mouthwashes contained ethanol in their formulations. The anti-Candida effects of the mouthwashes were assessed by disk diffusion, crystal violet and XTT assays. By using five protocols combining different dilutions and contact times the mouthwashes were tested against: 1) C. albicans growth; 2) biofilm formation; 3) survival of fungal cells in early, developing and mature Candida biofilm. Chlorhexidine digluconate-containing mouthwashes consistently exhibited the highest anti-Candida activity, irrespective of the protocols employed. Fungal growth, biofilm formation and survival of Candida cells within biofilm were impaired, the effects strictly depending on both the dilution employed and the time of contact. These in vitro studies provide evidence that mouthwashes exert anti-Candida activity against both planktonic and biofilm fungal structures, but to a different extent depending on their composition. This suggests special caution in the choice of mouthwashes for oral hygiene, whether aimed at prevention or treatment of oral candidiasis.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paulone
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malavasi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ardizzoni
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlotta Francesca
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Orsi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Samuele
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peppoloni
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Rachele Giovanna
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Neglia
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blasi
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009067:Mouthwashes; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D009067:Mouthwashes; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Biofilm; Candida albicans; Chlorhexidine; Mouthwashes; Oral candidiasis