title: Nanoparticle formulation increases Syzygium cumini antioxidant activity in Candida albicans-infected diabetic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, studies on the use of this plant and of nanoparticle formulations against DM-related fungal infections are scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of the treatments with aqueous seed extract of S. cumini (ASc) and ASc-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NPASc) on biochemical parameters in Candida albicans-infected diabetic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups: Control, DM, C. albicans, C. albicans + ASc, C. albicans + NPASc, DM + C. albicans, DM + C. albicans + ASc and DM + C. albicans + NPASc. Rats were daily treated with ASc or NPASc (100 mg/kg) for 21 days. Biochemical parameters in serum and urine, advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) and TBARS levels in the serum, kidney, liver and pancreas and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities in kidney and urine were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biochemical and oxidative stress parameters increased in rats with DM and/or candidiasis. NPASc was more effective than ASc in decreasing glucose (56%), cholesterol (33%) and creatinine (51%) levels; serum (16%) and pancreatic (46%) AOPP and renal (48%) TBARS levels when compared with DM + C. albicans group. In C. albicans group, both treatments decreased NAG activity but did not decrease creatinine levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the use of nanotechnology is able to improve plant extract properties such as antioxidant activity that may be useful in diabetes-related complications.
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Paula E R
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Bitencourt
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Lariane O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Cargnelutti
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lautenchleger
authors.affiliation: b Departamento de Farmácia Industrial , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Luana M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sangoi
authors.affiliation: c Departamento de Microbiologia , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denardi
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Raphaela M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: b Departamento de Farmácia Industrial , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boligon
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Moresco
authors.affiliation: b Departamento de Farmácia Industrial , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: d Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil.
authors.forename: Régis A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zanette
authors.affiliation: c Departamento de Microbiologia , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Sydney H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Beatriz
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Moretto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine; D004339:Drug Compounding; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012639:Seeds; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013311:Streptozocin; D027842:Syzygium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D013311:Streptozocin
keywords: Advanced oxidation protein product; N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase; TBARS; animal models; diabetic complications; streptozotocin