title: Parabens Accelerate Ovarian Dysfunction in a 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide-Induced Ovarian Failure Model.
abstract: Parabens are widely used preservatives in basic necessities such as cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. In previous studies, xenoestrogenic actions of parabens were reported in an immature rat model and a rat pituitary cell line (GH3 cells). The relationship between parabens and ovarian failure has not been described. In the present study, the influence of parabens on ovarian folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis was investigated. A disruptor of ovarian small pre-antral follicles, 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD, 40 mg/kg), was used to induce premature ovarian failure (POF). Methylparaben (MP, 100 mg/kg), propylparaben (PP, 100 mg/kg), and butylparaben (BP, 100 mg/kg) dissolved in corn oil were treated in female 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rat for 5 weeks. Estrus cycle status was checked daily by vaginal smear test. Ovarian follicle development and steroid synthesis were investigated through real-time PCR and histological analyses. Diestrus phases in the VCD, PP, and BP groups were longer than that in the vehicle group. VCD significantly decreased mRNA level of folliculogenesis-related genes (Foxl2,KitlandAmh). All parabens significantly increased theAmhmRNA level but unchangedFoxl2andKitlgacting in primordial follicles. VCD and MP slightly increasedStarandCyp11a1levels, which are related to an initial step in steroidogenesis. VCD and parabens induced an increase in FSH levels in serum and significantly decreased the total number of follicles. Increased FSH implies impairment in ovarian function due to VCD or parabens. These results suggest that VCD may suppress both formation and development of follicles. In particular, combined administration of VCD and parabens accelerated inhibition of the follicle-developmental process through elevated AMH level in small antral follicles.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. phantom4015@nate.com.
authors.forename: Jae-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. chris7spii@naver.com.
authors.forename: Myeongho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. prac@naver.com.
authors.forename: Changhwan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. nannaingir@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Hee Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. mr.tran90tb@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dinh Nam
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea. ebjeung@chungbuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Eui-Bae
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Jeung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D004971:Estrus / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010226:Parabens / Q000633:toxicity*; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000633:toxicity*; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D010226:Parabens; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C038091:butylparaben; C012606:4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide; C015358:methylparaben; C006068:propylparaben
keywords: folliculogenesis; ovarian failure; paraben; steroidogenesis