title: Cropping system diversification for food production in Mindanao rubber plantations: a rice cultivar mixture and rice intercropped with mungbean.
abstract: Including food production in non-food systems, such as rubber plantations and biofuel or bioenergy crops, may contribute to household food security. We evaluated the potential for planting rice, mungbean, rice cultivar mixtures, and rice intercropped with mungbean in young rubber plantations in experiments in the Arakan Valley of Mindanao in the Philippines. Rice mixtures consisted of two- or three-row strips of cultivar Dinorado, a cultivar with higher value but lower yield, and high-yielding cultivar UPL Ri-5. Rice and mungbean intercropping treatments consisted of different combinations of two- or three-row strips of rice and mungbean. We used generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the yield of each crop alone and in the mixture or intercropping treatments. We also evaluated a land equivalent ratio for yield, along with weed biomass (whereAgeratum conyzoideswas particularly abundant), the severity of disease caused byMagnaporthe oryzaeandCochliobolus miyabeanus, and rice bug (Leptocorisa acuta) abundance. We analyzed the yield ranking of each cropping system across site-year combinations to determine mean relative performance and yield stability. When weighted by their relative economic value, UPL Ri-5 had the highest mean performance, but with decreasing performance in low-yielding environments. A rice and mungbean intercropping system had the second highest performance, tied with high-value Dinorado but without decreasing relative performance in low-yielding environments. Rice and mungbean intercropped with rubber have been adopted by farmers in the Arakan Valley.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern Mindanao, Cotabato, Philippines.
authors.forename: Rosa Fe
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hondrade
authors.affiliation: University of Southern Mindanao, Cotabato, Philippines.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hondrade
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.|Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.|Current affiliation:  Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Lianqing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Elazegui
authors.affiliation: University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, North Cotabato, Philippines.
authors.forename: Jo-Anne Lynne Joy E
authors.initials: JLJE
authors.lastname: Duque
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mundt
authors.affiliation: Genetics and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
authors.forename: Casiana M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Vera Cruz
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.|Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.|Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.|Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Garrett
keywords: Agricultural diversification; Agroforestry; Cultivar mixtures; Hevea brasiliensis; Intercropping; Mindanao; Mungbean; Philippines; Rice; Rubber plantations