title: Adult exposure to ocean acidification is maladaptive for larvae of the Sydney rock oysterSaccostrea glomeratain the presence of multiple stressors.
abstract: Parental effects passed from adults to their offspring have been identified as a source of rapid acclimation that may allow marine populations to persist as our surface oceans continue to decrease in pH. Little is known, however, whether parental effects are beneficial for offspring in the presence of multiple stressors. We exposed adults of the oysterSaccostrea glomeratato elevated CO2and examined the impacts of elevated CO2(control = 392; 856 µatm) combined with elevated temperature (control = 24; 28°C), reduced salinity (control = 35; 25) and reduced food concentration (control = full; half diet) on their larvae. Adult exposure to elevated CO2had a positive impact on larvae reared at elevated CO2as a sole stressor, which were 8% larger and developed faster at elevated CO2compared with larvae from adults exposed to ambient CO2These larvae, however, had significantly reduced survival in all multistressor treatments. This was particularly evident for larvae reared at elevated CO2combined with elevated temperature or reduced food concentration, with no larvae surviving in some treatment combinations. Larvae from CO2-exposed adults had a higher standard metabolic rate. Our results provide evidence that parental exposure to ocean acidification may be maladaptive when larvae experience multiple stressors.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia l.parker@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3139-1844
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, New South Wales 2316, Australia.
authors.forename: Wayne A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.|School of Medical Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Ross A
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4136-5914
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.affiliation: Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
authors.forename: Patti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Virtue
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, New South Wales 2316, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dove
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.affiliation: Central Coast Primary Industries Centre, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, New South Wales, 2258, Australia.
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spohr
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scanes
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Pauline M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D054712:Salinity; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: larvae; multiple stressors; ocean acidification; oyster; parental effects; temperature