title: A Systematic Review of Cardiovascular Disease in Sexual Minorities.
abstract: Mental health and HIV disparities are well documented among sexual minorities, but there is a dearth of research on other chronic conditions. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Although sexual minorities have high rates of several modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (including stress, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption), there is a paucity of research in this area.
  
  
  
  In this systematic review, we synthesized and critiqued the existing evidence on cardiovascular disease among sexual minority adults.
  
  
  
  We conducted a thorough literature search of 6 electronic databases for studies published between January 1985 and December 2015 that compared cardiovascular disease risk or prevalence between sexual minority and heterosexual adults.
  
  
  
  We included peer-reviewed English-language studies that compared cardiovascular disease risk or diagnoses between sexual minority and heterosexual individuals older than 18 years. We excluded reviews, case studies, and gray literature. A total of 31 studies met inclusion criteria.
  
  
  
  At least 2 authors independently abstracted data from each study. We performed quality assessment of retrieved studies using the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool.
  
  
  
  Sexual minority women exhibited greater cardiovascular disease risk related to tobacco use, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, poor mental health, and body mass index, whereas sexual minority men experienced excess risk related to tobacco use, illicit drug use, and poor mental health. We identified several limitations in the extant literature. The majority of included studies were cross-sectional analyses that used self-reported measures of cardiovascular disease. Even though we observed elevated cardiovascular disease risk, we found few differences in cardiovascular disease diagnoses (including hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol). Overall, 23 of the 26 studies that examined cardiovascular disease diagnoses used subjective measures. Only 7 studies used a combination of biomarkers and self-report measures to establish cardiovascular disease risk and diagnoses.
  
  
  
  Social conditions appear to exert a negative effect on cardiovascular disease risk among sexual minorities. Although we found few differences in cardiovascular disease diagnoses, we identified an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease in both sexual minority men and women. There is a need for research that incorporates subjective and objective measures of cardiovascular disease risk. Public Health Implications: Cardiovascular disease is a major health concern for clinicians, public health practitioners, and policymakers. This systematic review supports the need for culturally appropriate interventions that address cardiovascular disease risk in sexual minority adults.
authors.affiliation: All the authors are with the Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Billy A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Caceres
authors.affiliation: All the authors are with the Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.affiliation: All the authors are with the Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Luscombe
authors.affiliation: All the authors are with the Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Jillian E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Primiano
authors.affiliation: All the authors are with the Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marusca
authors.affiliation: All the authors are with the Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sitts
authors.affiliation: All the authors are with the Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chyun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D000072339:Sexual and Gender Minorities