title: Epac1 agonist decreased inflammatory proteins in retinal endothelial cells, and loss of Epac1 increased inflammatory proteins in the retinal vasculature of mice.
abstract: Increased inflammatory mediator levels are reported in diabetic retinopathy. We previously reported that β-adrenergic receptor agonists reduced inflammatory mediators in the diabetic retina; however, these agents cannot be given systemically. Here, we investigated whether Epac1 is key to the protective effects of β-adrenergic receptor agonists.
  
  
  
  We cultured primary human retinal endothelial cells (RECs) in normal (5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose and treated them with an Epac1-specific agonist. Additionally, we generated Epac1 conditional vascular endothelial cell knockout mice by breeding Epac1 floxed mice with Cdh5 Cre mice to investigate the role of Epac1 in the retinal levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB), and inhibitor of kappa beta (IκB). Confocal microscopy was performed to localize Epac1 in the mouse retina.
  
  
  
  Data showed that high glucose increased the TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the RECs, which were reduced cells treated with the Epac1 agonist. The loss of Epac1 in the retinas of the conditional knockout mice resulted in statistically significantly increased levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as NFκB.
  
  
  
  These data indicate that Epac1 may be protective to the retina through inhibition of key inflammatory mediators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Youde
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chahine
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Curtiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Jena J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Steinle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C482601:Epac protein, mouse; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha