title: Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (CPs) Dominate in Australian Sewage Sludge.
abstract: To simultaneously quantify and profile the complex mixture of short-, median-, and long-chain CPs (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) in Australian sewage sludge, we applied and further validated a recently developed novel instrumental technique, using quadrupole time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometry running in the negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode (APCI-qTOF-HRMS). Without using an analytical column the cleaned extracts were directly injected into the qTOF-HRMS followed by quantification of the CPs by a mathematical algorithm. The recoveries of the four SCCP, MCCP and LCCP-spiked sewage sludge samples ranged from 86 to 123%. This APCI-qTOF-HRMS method is a fast and promising technique for routinely measuring SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in sewage sludge. Australian sewage sludge was dominated by MCCPs with concentrations ranging from 542 to 3645 ng/g dry weight (dw). Lower SCCPs concentrations (<57-1421 ng/g dw) were detected in the Australian sewage sludge, which were comparable with the LCCPs concentrations (116-960 ng/g dw). This is the first time that CPs were reported in Australian sewage sludge. The results of this study gives a first impression on the distribution of the SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in Australia wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
authors.affiliation: VU University , Department of Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sicco H
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4188-4730
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Brandsma
authors.affiliation: VU University , Department of Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|The University of Queensland , The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Mourik
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland , The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Jake W
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9336-9656
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland , The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eaglesham
authors.affiliation: VU University , Department of Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pim E G
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Leonards
authors.affiliation: VU University , Department of Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland , The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Christie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallen
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland , The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland , The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaus
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9137-8663
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogdal
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010232:Paraffin; D012722:Sewage
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D012722:Sewage; D010232:Paraffin