title: Shell fluctuating asymmetry in the sea-dwelling benthic bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) as morphological markers to detect environmental chemical contamination.
abstract: Investigations on asymmetries showed that deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry are interpreted as environmental changes inducing developmental instability. Since morphological abnormalities increase with pollution, deformations may be considered indicators of the organism exposition to pollution. Therefore, the onset of asymmetry in otherwise normally symmetrical traits has been used as a measure of some stresses as well. In this context, we studied how marine pollution affects the valve morphological alterations in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. We used 180 specimens (30 per site) from the aquaculture area of Goro (River Po delta, northern Adriatic Sea), translocated, and released within 50 × 50 × 50 cm cages in five sites: two disturbed and one undisturbed near Naples (eastern Tyrrhenian Sea), and one disturbed and one undisturbed near Siracusa (western Ionian Sea). Disturbed sites were stressed by heavy industrialization and heavy tankers traffic of crude and refined oil, and were defined basing on sediment contamination. In particular, by the cone-beam computed tomography we obtained 3D virtual valve surfaces to be analyzed by the geometric morphometric techniques. Specifically, we focused the levels of the shell shape fluctuating asymmetry in relation to the degrees of marine pollution in different sites of the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Mahalanobis distances (interpreted as proxy of the individual shape asymmetry deviation from the mean asymmetry) significantly regressed with the sediment contamination gradient. Indeed, although the left-right differences were normally distributed in each studied site, the individual asymmetry scores (IAS) significantly varied amongst the investigated sites. IAS showed higher values in disturbed areas than those of undisturbed ones in both Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea. Our results are consistent with past studies on molluscans and other taxa, demonstrating some detrimental effects of chemicals on organisms, although the investigated morphological marker did not discriminate the real disturbance source. Our findings indicate that the mussels act as a prognostic tool for sea pollution levels driving detrimental effects on benthic community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy. massimiliano.scalici@uniroma3.it.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scalici
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Traversetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spani
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy.|Institute for Research on Pain, ISAL-Foundation, Via San Salvador 204, Rimini, Torre Pedrera, 47922, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malafoglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colamartino
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Persichini
authors.affiliation: National Research Center, Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Spianata S. Raineri 86, Messina, 98122, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cappello
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Catania, Via A. Doria 6, Catania, 95123, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, Naples, 80126, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guerriero
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colasanti
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D015415:Biomarkers; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D049878:Mytilus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Environmental health; Geometric morphometrics; Mytilus galloprovincialis; Pollution; Sediment contaminant; Valve shape