title: Identification of crude drugs in the Japanese pharmacopoeia using a DNA barcoding system.
abstract: Kampo is the general designation for traditional Japanese herbal medicines, which are recognized as official medicines and listed in the Japanese pharmacopoeia (JP). In most cases, it is difficult to identify the crude drug materials to species level using only traditional identification methods. We report the first online DNA barcode identification system, which includes standard barcode sequences from approximately 95% of the species recorded in the JP (16thedition). This tool provides users with basic information on each crude drug recorded in the JP, DNA barcoding identification of herbal material, and the standard operating procedure (SOP) from sampling to data analysis. ITS2 sequences (psbA-trnH was an alternative when ITS2 could not be amplified) were generated from a total of 576 samples to establish the database. An additional 100 samples (from different medicinal parts, from both single origin and multiple origins and from both retailers and the planting base) were identified using the system. A total of 78% of the test samples were identified as the species listed on their label. This system establishes a model platform for other pharmacopeias from countries like China, Korea, the US and the European Union, for the safe and effective utilization of traditional herbal medicines.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaochen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Linchun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: China Medico Corporation, Talent International Building, No. 80, Guangqumen Nei Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100062, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jingyuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shilin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D019992:Databases as Topic; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D010602:Pharmacopoeias as Topic; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations