title: Nitraria retusa fruit prevents penconazole-induced kidney injury in adult rats through modulation of oxidative stress and histopathological changes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch. (Nitrariaceae) is a medicinal plant which produces edible fruits whose antioxidant activity has been demonstrated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study elucidates the potential protective effect of N. retusa fruit aqueous extract against nephrotoxicity induced by penconazole, a triazole fungicide, in the kidney of adult rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult Wistar rats were exposed either to penconazole (67 mg/kg body weight), or to N. retusa extract (300 mg/kg body weight) or to their combination. Penconazole was administered by intra-peritoneal injection every 2 days from day 7 until day 15, the sacrifice day, while N. retusa extract was administered daily by gavage during 15 days. Oxidative stress parameters, kidney biomarkers and histopathological examination were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nitraria retusa extract administration to penconazole treated rats decreased kidney levels of malondialdehyde (-10%), hydrogen peroxide (-12%), protein carbonyls (PCOs, -11%) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP, -16%); antioxidant enzyme activities: catalase (-13%), superoxide dismutase (-8%) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx, -14%), and the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants: non-protein thiols (-9%), glutathione (-7%) and metallothionein (-12%). Furthermore, this plant extract prevented kidney biomarker changes by reducing plasma levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid and LDH and increasing those of ALP and GGT. Histopathological alterations induced by penconazole (glomeruli fragmentation, Bowman's space enlargement, tubular epithelial cells necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory leucocytes) were attenuated following N. retusa administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicated that N. retusa fruit extract had protective effects against penconazole-induced kidney injury, which could be attributed to its phenolic compounds.
authors.affiliation: a Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences , University of Sfax, Sciences Faculty of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia.|b Enzymes and Bioconversion Unit, Department of Biological Engineering , National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Mariem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chaâbane
authors.affiliation: c Department of Industrial Process Engineering, Integrated Transformations of Renewable Material Unit, Research Center of Royallieu , Sorbonne University, Compiegne University of Technology , Compiegne Cedex , France.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koubaa
authors.affiliation: a Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences , University of Sfax, Sciences Faculty of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Nejla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soudani
authors.affiliation: a Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences , University of Sfax, Sciences Faculty of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Awatef
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elwej
authors.affiliation: d Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry , University of Sfax, CHU Hedi Chaker , Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Malek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grati
authors.affiliation: d Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry , University of Sfax, CHU Hedi Chaker , Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Kamel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jamoussi
authors.affiliation: e Histopathology Laboratory, Department of Anatomo-pathology , University of Sfax, CHU Habib Bourguiba , Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Tahia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boudawara
authors.affiliation: b Enzymes and Bioconversion Unit, Department of Biological Engineering , National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Semia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellouze Chaabouni
authors.affiliation: a Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences , University of Sfax, Sciences Faculty of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Najiba
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zeghal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D019684:Magnoliopsida; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D014230:Triazoles; C087058:penconazole
keywords: Triazole fungicides; nephrotoxicity; nitrariaceae; polyphenols