title: An approach to understanding tribological behaviour of dental composites through volumetric wear loss and wear mechanism determination; beyond material ranking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the fundamental wear mechanisms of six resin-based composite (RBC) formulations during short-term in vitro wear testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  RBC materials were condensed into rectangular bar-shaped specimens and light irradiated using the ISO 4049 specimen manufacture and irradiation protocol. Wear testing (n=10 specimens for each RBC) was performed on a modified pin-on-plate wear test apparatus and wear facets were analysed for wear volume loss using a white light profilometer. The wear tested RBC specimens and their corresponding antagonists were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively to determine the wear mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data generated using the profilometer showed variations in the mean total wear volume (mm3) between the RBCs tested (p<0.05). Abrasive wear was evident in all RBCs investigated with varying degrees of damage. Material transfer/deposition of the filler particles on the corresponding antagonists was evident in two RBC materials (Filtek Supreme and Kalore) indicative of a further adhesive wear mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is proposed that the approach employed to use a combination of measurement and analytical techniques to quantify the wear facet volume (profilometry), wear trough (SEM) and material transfer (EDS) provides more useful information on the wear mechanism and the tribology of the system rather than relying on a simple wear ranking for the RBC materials as is routinely the case in dental research studies.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Asmaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altaie
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Nigel L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Bubb
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Lincoln Place, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Adam H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Lincoln Place, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Garry J P
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. Electronic address: D.J.Wood@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D019554:Dental Restoration Wear; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D062047:Silorane Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D057085:Tooth Wear; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C474035:Filtek Supreme; C000612380:Kalore GC; D008689:Methacrylates; D062047:Silorane Resins; C488393:Venus (composite resin); C541508:clearfil majesty; C555513:silorane composite resin; C452226:tetric flow composite resin; D015040:Zirconium
keywords: Resin-based composite; Tribology; Wear mechanism