title: Role of Candida species from HIV infected children in enamel caries lesions: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analyzed the capacity of Candida spp. from dental biofilm of HIV infected (HIV+) children to demineralize primary molar enamel in vitro by Transversal Microhardness (TMH), Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) and the quantity of calcium ions (Ca2+) released from the enamel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Candida spp. samples were isolated from the supragingival biofilm of HIV+ children. A hundred and forty (140) enamel blocks were randomly assigned to six groups: biofilm formed by C. albicans (Group 1); mixed biofilm formed by C. albicans and C. tropicalis (Group 2); mixed biofilm formed by C. albicans and C. parapsilosis (Group 3); mixed biofilm formed by C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata (Group 4); biofilm formed by C. albicans ATCC (Group 5) and medium without Candida (Group 6). Enamel blocks from each group were removed on days 3, 5, 8 and 15 after biofilm formation to evaluate the TMH and images of enamel were analyzed by PLM. The quantity of Ca2+ released, from Groups 1 and 6, was determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The SPSS program was used for statistical analysis and the significance level was 5%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TMH showed a gradual reduction in enamel hardness (p<0.05) from the 1st to 15th day, but mainly five days after biofilm formation in all groups. The PLM showed superficial lesions indicating an increase in porosity. C. albicans caused the release of Ca2+ into suspension during biofilm formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Candida species from dental biofilm of HIV+ children can cause demineralization of primary enamel in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.|Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Cariologia, Brasília, DF, Brasil.
authors.forename: Senda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charone
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Clínica e Odontopediatria, Niterói, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Maristela Barbosa
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Portela
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Clínica e Odontopediatria, Niterói, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Karol de Oliveira
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rosangela Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Gloria Fernanda
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002175:Candida / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D006245:Hardness Tests; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization; D012016:Reference Values; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013997:Time Factors; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium