title: Emergence of multi drug resistance among soil bacteria exposing to insecticides.
abstract: Impacts of pesticide exposure on the soil microbial flora and cross resistance to antibiotics have not been well documented. Development of antibiotic resistance is a common issue among soil bacteria which are exposing to pesticides continuously at sub-lethal concentration. The present study was focused to evaluate the correlation between pesticide exposures and evolution of multi drug resistance among isolates collected from soil applied with insecticides. Twenty five insecticide (Monochrotophos) degrading bacteria were isolated from contaminated agricultural soil. The bacterial isolates Bacillus Sps, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus firmus and Bacillus thuringiensis were found to be resistant against chloramphenical, monochrotophos, ampicillin, cefotaxime, streptomycin and tetracycline antibiotics used. Involvement of plasmid in drug as well as insecticide resistant was confirmed through plasmid curing among selected bacterial strains. Bacillus Sps (MK-07), Bacillus cereus (MK-11), Bacillus firmus (MK-13) and Bacillus thuringiensis (MK-24) lost their resistant against insecticides and antibiotics once after removal of plasmid by exposing to 2% sodium dodecyl sulphate. The plasmid was transformed back to bacteria which produced similar derivatives when cultured in Minimal Salt medium (pH 7.0) supplemented with 0.4% of insecticide. Homology modeling was used to prove that organophosphorus hydrolase and able to metabolize all the antibiotics showed positive interaction with high docking score. The present study revealed that persistent of insecticides in the agricultural soil may lead to increasing development of multidrug resistance among soil bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kirubakaran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rangasamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: amuruganpu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Murugan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Athiappan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Natarajan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Devarajan
authors.affiliation: Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, J&K, India.
authors.forename: Javid A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Parray
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001407:Bacillus / Q000187:drug effects; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000494:pharmacology; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D007306:Insecticides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010802:Phylogeny; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D012987:Soil; D002701:Chloramphenicol; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase
keywords: Cross resistance; Emergence of multidrug resistance; Insecticide; Soil bacteria