title: Alu-Derived Alternative Splicing Events Specific toMacacaLineages inCTSFGene.
abstract: Cathepsin F, which is encoded byCTSF, is a cysteine proteinase ubiquitously expressed in several tissues. In a previous study, novel transcripts of theCTSFgene were identified in the crab-eating monkey deriving from the integration of anAluelement-AluYRa1. The occurrence ofAluYRa1-derived alternative transcripts and the mechanism of exonization events in theCTSFgene of human, rhesus monkey, and crab-eating monkey were investigated using PCR and reverse transcription PCR on the genomic DNA and cDNA isolated from several tissues. Results demonstrated thatAluYRa1 was only integrated into the genome ofMacacaspecies and this lineage-specific integration led to exonization events by producing a conserved 3' splice site. Six transcript variants (V1-V6) were generated by alternative splicing (AS) events, including intron retention and alternative 5' splice sites in the 5' and 3' flanking regions ofCTSF_AluYRa1. Among them, V3-V5 transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues of rhesus monkey and crab-eating monkey, whereasAluYRa1-exonized V1 was dominantly expressed in the testis of the crab-eating monkey, and V2 was only expressed in the testis of the two monkeys. These five transcript variants also had different amino acid sequences in the C-terminal region of CTSF, as compared to reference sequences. Thus, species-specificAlu-derived exonization by lineage-specific integration ofAluelements and AS events seems to have played an important role during primate evolution by producing transcript variants and gene diversification.
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Ja-Rang
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Je
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.|University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.|University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Se-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.|University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeon-Mu
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.|University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Rae
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.|University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Uk
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.|University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Su
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Bo-Woong
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Bong-Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Kang-Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Youngjeon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeung Bae
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Philyong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.|University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.|University of Science & Technology (UST), National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D020087:Alu Elements; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D056646:Cathepsin F / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000235:genetics*; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D056646:Cathepsin F
keywords: Alternative splicing; Alu; CTSF; exonization; primate