title: Indonesia's road to universal health coverage: a political journey.
abstract: In 2013 Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country, declared that it would provide affordable health care for all its citizens within seven years. This crystallised an ambition first enshrined in law over five decades earlier, but never previously realised. This paper explores Indonesia's journey towards universal health coverage (UHC) from independence to the launch of a comprehensive health insurance scheme in January 2014. We find that Indonesia's path has been determined largely by domestic political concerns – different groups obtained access to healthcare as their socio-political importance grew.
  
  A major inflection point occurred following the Asian financial crisis of 1997. To stave off social unrest, the government provided health coverage for the poor for the first time, creating a path dependency that influenced later policy choices. The end of this programme coincided with decentralisation, leading to experimentation with several different models of health provision at the local level. When direct elections for local leaders were introduced in 2005, popular health schemes led to success at the polls. UHC became an electoral asset, moving up the political agenda. It also became contested, with national policy-makers appropriating health insurance programmes that were first developed locally, and taking credit for them.
  
  The Indonesian experience underlines the value of policy experimentation, and of a close understanding of the contextual and political factors that drive successful UHC models at the local level. Specific drivers of success and failure should be taken into account when scaling UHC to the national level. In the Indonesian example, UHC became possible when the interests of politically and economically influential groups were either satisfied or neutralised. While technical considerations took a back seat to political priorities in developing the structures for health coverage nationally, they will have to be addressed going forward to achieve sustainable UHC in Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies, Institute for Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olivier Kok
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Migunani Research, Yogyakarta.
authors.forename: Kharisma
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nugroho
mesh_terms: D006291:Health Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D061889:Healthcare Financing; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011057:Politics; D019472:Universal Health Insurance / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*