title: Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of seven recreational drugs in human whole blood using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: Recreational drugs have large impact on public health and security, and to monitor them is of urgent demand. In the present study, ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with the detection of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to the determination of seven common recreational drugs, including amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, meperidine, methadone and ketamine in 200μL of human whole blood. A series of factors which would affect the extraction efficiency were systematically investigated, including the nature and the volume of extraction and dispersing solvents, ultrasonication time, salting-out effect and pH value. The method consumed small amount of sample. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for each analyte were 10 and 40ng/mL, respectively, and the linearity was in the range of 0.04-25μg/mL (R2higher than 0.99). Good specificity, precision (1.5-8.2% for the intra-day study and 2.6-12.8% for the inter-day study), satisfactory accuracy (85.0-117.1%) and extraction recovery (77.0-92.4%) were obtained, which makes it a high performance method for the determination of recreational drugs in human whole blood samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine (Center of Forensic Science), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Zebin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine (Center of Forensic Science), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Jiaolun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine (Center of Forensic Science), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Meihong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine (Center of Forensic Science), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Zhibin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine (Center of Forensic Science), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. Electronic address: yulan_rao@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yulan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000097:blood*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS); Human whole blood; Recreational drugs; Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME)