title: Cardiovascular Mechanisms of Extravascular Lung Water Accumulation in Divers.
abstract: This study assessed the relation between altered cardiac function and the development of interstitial pulmonary edema in scuba divers. Fifteen healthy men performed a 30-minute scuba dive in open sea. They were instructed to fin for 30 minutes and were wearing wet suits. Before and immediately after immersion, cardiac indexes and extravascular lung water were measured using echocardiography and lung ultrasound, respectively. The mean ultrasound lung comet score increased from 0 to 4.6 ± 3.4. The diameter of the inferior caval vein increased by 47 ± 5.2%, systolic pulmonary artery pressure by 105 ± 8.6%, left atrial volume by 18.0 ± 3.3%, and left ventricle end-diastolic volume by 10 ± 2.4% suggesting that both right and left ventricular (LV) filling pressures were elevated. Doppler studies showed an increased mitral E peak (+2.5 ± 0.3%) and E/A ratio (+22.5 ± 3.4%) with a decreased mitral A peak (-16.4 ± 2.7%), E peak deceleration time (-14.5 ± 2.4%) consistent with rapid early LV filling but without a change in LV stroke volume. There was an increase in right/left ventricle diameter ratio (+33.6 ± 4.8%) suggesting a relative increase in right-sided heart output compared with the left. Furthermore, the lung comet score correlated significantly with inferior caval vein diameter, systolic pulmonary artery pressure, right/left ventricle diameter ratio, and E-wave deceleration time. In conclusion, the altered right/left heart stroke volume balance could play an essential role in the development of immersion pulmonary edema. Our findings have important implications for the pathogenesis of cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
authors.affiliation: Underwater Research Team (ERRSO), Military Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Toulon, France; Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health, LAMHESS (EA 6309), La Garde, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Castagna
authors.affiliation: French Navy Diving School, Toulon, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gempp
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, HIA St Anne Military Hospital, Toulon, France.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poyet
authors.affiliation: Underwater Research Team (ERRSO), Military Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Toulon, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.affiliation: Underwater Research Team (ERRSO), Military Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Toulon, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Virginie
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Desruelle
authors.affiliation: Underwater Research Team (ERRSO), Military Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Toulon, France.
authors.forename: Valentin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Crunel
authors.affiliation: Underwater Research Team (ERRSO), Military Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Toulon, France.
authors.forename: Adrien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maurin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, EA3920, Franche Comté University, University Hospital Besançon, Besançon, France.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Choppard
authors.affiliation: Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Taunton and Somerset Hospital, United Kingdom. Electronic address: david.maciver@tst.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: MacIver
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004242:Diving; D004452:Echocardiography; D015633:Extravascular Lung Water / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male