title: Dendritic cell vaccination in combination with docetaxel for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A randomized phase II study.
abstract: We investigated whether the addition of an autologous dendritic cell-based cancer vaccine (DCvac) induces an immune response in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with docetaxel.
  
  
  
  Forty-three patients were randomized 1:1 to receive up to 10 cycles of docetaxel alone, 75 mg/m2every 3 weeks or in combination with DCvac. Monocytes were harvested following a leukapheresis procedure, matured ex vivo and subsequently transfected with messenger RNA encoding multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). DCvac was administered intradermally twice through treatment cycles 1-4 and once through treatment cycles 5-10. Immune cell composition and antigen-specific responses were analyzed using flow cytometry, ELISpot and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) tests. Toxicity was graded according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. Progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
  
  
  
  Prostate-specific antigen responses were similar in patients treated with docetaxel alone and combination therapy (58% versus 38%; P = 0.21). PFS and DSS were comparable: 5.5 versus 5.7 months (P = 0.62, log rank) and 21.9 versus 25.1 months (P = 0.60, log rank). Nine (50%) and 14 (78%) patients treated with docetaxel and DCvac had a TAA-specific or vaccine-specific immune response in the ELISpot and DTH analysis, respectively. Vaccine induced toxicity was limited to local reactions. Decline in myeloid-derived suppressor cells at the third treatment cycle was found to be an independent predictor of DSS.
  
  
  
  The addition of DCvac was safe. Immune responses were detected in approximately half of the patients investigated.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kongsted
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Troels Holz
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Borch
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ellebaek
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Trine Zeeberg
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Özcan
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Met
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sengeløv
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark. Electronic address: inge.marie.svane@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Inge Marie
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Svane
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D000077143:Docetaxel; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D043823:Taxoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D043823:Taxoids; D000077143:Docetaxel
keywords: chemotherapy; dendritic cells; immunotherapy; mCRPC; prostate cancer