title: Genome-wide SNP identification, linkage map construction and QTL mapping for seed mineral concentrations and contents in pea (Pisum sativum L.).
abstract: Marker-assisted breeding is now routinely used in major crops to facilitate more efficient cultivar improvement. This has been significantly enabled by the use of next-generation sequencing technology to identify loci and markers associated with traits of interest. While rich in a range of nutritional components, such as protein, mineral nutrients, carbohydrates and several vitamins, pea (Pisum sativum L.), one of the oldest domesticated crops in the world, remains behind many other crops in the availability of genomic and genetic resources. To further improve mineral nutrient levels in pea seeds requires the development of genome-wide tools. The objectives of this research were to develop these tools by: identifying genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using genotyping by sequencing (GBS); constructing a high-density linkage map and comparative maps with other legumes, and identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) for levels of boron, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorous, sulfur, and zinc in the seed, as well as for seed weight.
  
  
  
  In this study, 1609 high quality SNPs were found to be polymorphic between 'Kiflica' and 'Aragorn', two parents of an F6-derived recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Mapping 1683 markers including 75 previously published markers and 1608 SNPs developed from the present study generated a linkage map of size 1310.1 cM. Comparative mapping with other legumes demonstrated that the highest level of synteny was observed between pea and the genome of Medicago truncatula. QTL analysis of the RIL population across two locations revealed at least one QTL for each of the mineral nutrient traits. In total, 46 seed mineral concentration QTLs, 37 seed mineral content QTLs, and 6 seed weight QTLs were discovered. The QTLs explained from 2.4% to 43.3% of the phenotypic variance.
  
  
  
  The genome-wide SNPs and the genetic linkage map developed in this study permitted QTL identification for pea seed mineral nutrients that will serve as important resources to enable marker-assisted selection (MAS) for nutritional quality traits in pea breeding programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing, Pullman, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Clarice J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Coyne
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grusak
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazourek
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Dorrie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Main
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research, Pullman, WA, USA. rebecca.mcgee@ARS.USDA.GOV.
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McGee
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism*; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals
keywords: Comparative analysis; Linkage map; Mineral nutrients; Pea; QTL; SNP