title: Yeasts from Scarlet ibises (Eudocimus ruber): A focus on monitoring the antifungal susceptibility of Candida famata and closely related species.
abstract: This study aimed to identify yeasts from the gastrointestinal tract of scarlet ibises (Eudocimus ruber) and from plant material collected from the environment where they live. Then, the isolates phenotypically identified as Candida famata were submitted to molecular identification of their closely related species and evaluated for their antifungal susceptibility and possible resistance mechanisms to antifungal drugs. Cloacal swabs from 20 scarlet ibises kept in captivity at Mangal das Garças Park (Brazil), pooled stool samples (n = 20) and samples of trunks and hollow of trees (n = 20) obtained from their enclosures were collected. The samples were seeded on Sabouraud agar supplemented with chloramphenicol. The 48 recovered isolates were phenotypically identified as 15 Candida famata, 13 Candida catenulata, 2 Candida intermedia, 1 Candida lusitaniae, 2 Candida guilliermondii, 1 Candida kefyr, 1 Candida amapae, 1 Candida krusei, 8 Trichosporon spp., and 4 Rhodotorula spp. The C. famata isolates were further identified as 3 C. famata, 8 Debaryomyces nepalensis, and 4 C. palmioleophila. All C. famata and C. palmioleophila were susceptible to caspofungin and itraconazole, while one D. nepalensis was resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole. This same isolate and another D. nepalensis had lower amphotericin B susceptibility. The azole resistant strain had an increased efflux of rhodamine 6G and an alteration in the membrane sterol content, demonstrating multifactorial resistance mechanism. Finally, this research shows that scarlet ibises and their environment harbor C. famata and closely related species, including antifungal resistant isolates, emphasizing the need of monitoring the antifungal susceptibility of these yeast species.
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira
authors.initials: RSN
authors.lastname: Brilhante
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Lobão da
authors.initials: ALD
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Frederico Ozanan Barros
authors.initials: FOB
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Glaucia Morgana de Melo
authors.initials: GMM
authors.lastname: Guedes
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jamille Alencar
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jonathas Sales de
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Erisvaldo
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Maia Junior
authors.affiliation: Parque Mangal das Garças - Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Stefânia Araújo
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Júlio Costa
authors.initials: JJC
authors.lastname: Sidrim
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas Pereira de
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Alencar
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora Souza Collares Maia
authors.initials: DSCM
authors.lastname: Castelo-Branco
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rossana de Aguiar
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Waldemiro de Aquino
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Pereira Neto
authors.affiliation: Posgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.|Posgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Fábio Gadelha
authors.initials: MFG
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001393:Azoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D001717:Birds / Q000382:microbiology*; D001938:Brazil; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000077336:Caspofungin; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D054714:Echinocandins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D055666:Lipopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015003:Yeasts / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001393:Azoles; D054714:Echinocandins; D055666:Lipopeptides; D000077336:Caspofungin
keywords: Candida famata; Eudocimus ruber; antifungal susceptibility testing; yeasts