title: Exposure to sub-10nm particles emitted from a biodiesel-fueled diesel engine: In vitro toxicity and inflammatory potential.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The inflammatory effects of organic sub-10nm particles generated and emitted from a diesel engine fueled with a biodiesel and a commercial diesel oil are analyzed in this paper. Diesel combustion is the major sources of ultrafine particles (UFP) in the environment, particularly in urbanized areas. In the last years, there is an increasing use of biomass-derived fuels because they are a renewable source of energy that may mitigate climate change through the reduction of net CO2with respect to conventional fossil fuels. Although there is a general agreement on biofuels ability to reduce conventional pollutants, new and potentially harmful pollutants can be formed during biofuel combustion. In particular, the emission of sub-10nm particles is strongly increased with respect to that of larger soot particles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Organic sub-10nm particles are separated from larger sizes particulate matter by collection in water suspension for toxicological and inflammatory tests. After exposure to sub-10nm particles, the effects on proliferation, apoptosis and secretion of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors networks production is analyzed in immortalized non-tumorigenic human dermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and human alveolar epithelial-like cells (A549).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nanoparticles exert different cytotoxic effects in the two cell lines, suggesting that the dermal way of exposure is more sensitive than the inhalant way. These differences are most evident in the secretion of pro-inflammatory, angiogenic and proliferative cytokines and chemokines whose expression is more finely modulated in HaCaT cells compared to A-549 cells. Considering the size of these particles, it is important to promote the culture of prevention also for the dermal way in particularly exposed workers.
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione- via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy. Electronic address: livia.malorni@isa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Malorni
authors.affiliation: Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale- Sezione di Igiene, Medicina del Lavoro e Medicina Legale, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli, 16- 80138 Napoli, Campania, Italy. Electronic address: enzoguida@hotmail.it.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guida
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale - DICMAPI, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sirignano
authors.affiliation: Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale- Sezione di Igiene, Medicina del Lavoro e Medicina Legale, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli, 16- 80138 Napoli, Campania, Italy. Electronic address: dottssagenovese@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Università "G. D'Annunzio"- Center of Ageing Science, Unit of Allergy and Immunotoxicology, via dei Vestini, 31- 66100 Chieti, Abruzzo, Italy. Electronic address: c.petrarca@unich.it.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petrarca
authors.affiliation: Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale- Sezione di Igiene, Medicina del Lavoro e Medicina Legale, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli, 16- 80138 Napoli, Campania, Italy. Electronic address: paola.pedata@unina2.it.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pedata
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005742:Gasoline / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; C494772:BAK1 protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D005742:Gasoline; C579095:MCL1 protein, human; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Biodiesel; Cytokines; Diesel; Health effects; Nanoparticles