title: Comparative analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum genomes: a new perspective for the industrial production of amino acids.
abstract: Corynebacterium glutamicum is a non-pathogenic bacterium widely used in industrial amino acid production and metabolic engineering research. Although the genome sequences of some C. glutamicum strains are available, comprehensive comparative genome analyses of these species have not been done. Six wild type C. glutamicum strains were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology in our study. Together with 20 previously reported strains, we present a comprehensive comparative analysis of C. glutamicum genomes.
  
  
  
  By average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis, we show that 10 strains, which were previously classified either in the genus Brevibacterium, or as some other species within the genus Corynebacterium, should be reclassified as members of the species C. glutamicum. C. glutamicum has an open pan-genome with 2359 core genes. An additional NAD+/NADP+specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) gene (gdh) was identified in the glutamate synthesis pathway of some C. glutamicum strains. For analyzing variations related to amino acid production, we have developed an efficient pipeline that includes three major steps: multi locus sequence typing (MLST), phylogenomic analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and a thorough comparison of all genomic variation amongst ancestral or closely related wild type strains. This combined approach can provide new perspectives on the industrial use of C. glutamicum.
  
  
  
  This is the first comprehensive comparative analysis of C. glutamicum genomes at the pan-genomic level. Whole genome comparison provides definitive evidence for classifying the members of this species. Identifying an aditional gdh gene in some C. glutamicum strains may accelerate further research on glutamate synthesis. Our proposed pipeline can provide a clear perspective, including the presumed ancestor, the strain breeding trajectory, and the genomic variations necessary to increase amino acid production in C. glutamicum.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.|Shanghai Research Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai, 201201, China.|Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 211816, China.
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. syang@sibs.ac.cn.|Shanghai Research Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai, 201201, China. syang@sibs.ac.cn.|Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, 211816, China. syang@sibs.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D048230:Corynebacterium glutamicum / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Comparative genomics; Corynebacterium glutamicum; Pan-genome; Production of amino acids