title: Noninvasive imaging of brain oxygen metabolism in children with primary nocturnal enuresis during natural sleep.
abstract: A series of studies have revealed that nocturnal enuresis is closely related to hypoxia in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE). However, brain oxygen metabolism of PNE children has not been investigated before. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in whole-brain cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) in children suffering from PNE. We used the newly developed T2-relaxation-under-spin-tagging (TRUST) magnetic resonance imaging technique. Neurological evaluation, structural imaging, phase-contrast, and the TRUST imaging method were applied in children with PNE (n = 37) and healthy age- and sex-matched control volunteers (n = 39) during natural sleep to assess whole-brain CMRO2, CBF, OEF, and arousal from sleep scores. Results showed that whole-brain CMRO2and OEF values of PNE children were higher in controls, while there was no significant difference in CBF. Consequently, OEF levels of PNE children were increased to maintain oxygen supply. The elevation of OEF was positively correlated with the difficulty of arousal. Our results provide the first evidence that high oxygen consumption and high OEF values could make PNE children more susceptible to hypoxia, which may induce cumulative arousal deficits and make them more prone to nocturnal enuresis. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2532-2539, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0237-7824
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
authors.forename: Mingzhu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of psychology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
authors.forename: Qiyong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: brain mapping; cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen; children; oxygen extraction fraction; primary nocturnal enuresis