title: Intestinal Barrier Disturbances in Haemodialysis Patients: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Therapeutic Options.
abstract: There is accumulating evidence that the intestinal barrier and the microbiota may play a role in the systemic inflammation present in HD patients. HD patients are subject to a number of unique factors, some related to the HD process and others simply to the uraemic milieu but with common characteristic that they can both alter the intestinal barrier and the microbiota. This review is intended to provide an overview of the current methods for measuring such changes in HD patients, the mechanisms behind these changes, and potential strategies that may mitigate these modifications. Lastly, intradialytic exercise is an increasingly employed intervention in HD patients; however the potential implications that this may have for the intestinal barrier are not known; therefore future research directions are also covered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: D S
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1468-6918
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: March
authors.affiliation: John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK; National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine and School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: M P M
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Graham-Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: C M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0125-4868
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stover
authors.affiliation: John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: N C
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6221-3907
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Burton
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*