title: How Trustworthy Are Clinical Examinations and Plain Radiographs for Diagnosis of Scaphoid Fractures?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sometimes patients with a scaphoid fracture, especially in an acute phase of injury, can have normal radiographs and, therefore, initial diagnosis of the scaphoid fracture may be neglected. In this study, we determined the value in of clinical examination and a radiograph in the diagnosis of scaphoid fracture based on the results of a two-week follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, sought to assess the value of using both a clinical examination (tenderness of scaphoid tubercle, tenderness of anatomical snuffbox, and compression test) and radiographic imaging in the diagnosis of scaphoid fractures based on the results after a two-week follow-up MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  From December 2012 to February 2013, we enrolled 48 patients with suspected scaphoid fractures who had been referred to the emergency department of Baqiyatallah hospital, Tehran, Iran. Patients with negative results for clinical and radiographic examinations were excluded from the study. Cast immobilization was done for patients who had at least one positive finding during a physical examination test and who had normal radiographs. Patients who had a normal physical examination, but abnormal radiographs were referred to the orthopedic clinic after cast or split treatment. These patients also had a follow-up MRI two weeks after wrist trauma; the MRI was used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the clinical and radiographic examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scaphoid tubercle tenderness had a sensitivity of 95.23% and a specificity of 74.07% in the diagnosis of scaphoid fracture. This test did not show a statistically difference with MRI results (P = 0.05). The results of the tenderness of the anatomical snuff box (sensitivity = 85.71%, specificity = 29.62%) was statistically different from the MRI results (P = 0.000). The results for the sensitivity (42.85%) and specificity (29.62%) for a compression test were not statistically different from the MRI results (P = 0.05). All of the radiographic tests that we applied in our project had 100% specificity for the diagnosis of a scaphoid fracture. However, the results were significantly different from the MRI results (P = 0.000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clinical examination combined with a plain radiograph should be considered to improve the diagnostic precision for patients presenting with scaphoid fractures in an emergency department. In this way, both overtreatment and undertreatment of patients can be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ghane
authors.affiliation: Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran; Students' Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Saeid
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rezaee-Zavareh
authors.affiliation: Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Kazem
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Emami-Meibodi
authors.affiliation: Students' Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dehghani
keywords: Diagnosis; Fractures; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Physical Examination; Scaphoid Bone; X-ray Film