title: The effectiveness of standardized skin care regimens on skin dryness in nursing home residents: A randomized controlled parallel-group pragmatic trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aged residents of institutional long-term care facilities are at high risk for developing skin and tissue diseases. Besides various common skin problems, dry skin (xerosis cutis) is one of the most frequent skin conditions in this setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effectiveness of two structured skin care regimens in comparison to routine skin care on xerosis cutis in nursing home residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-center, pragmatic, randomized, controlled, investigator blinded study with three parallel groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a random sample of ten out of 291 institutional long-term care facilities of the federal state of Berlin, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long-term care residents being 65+ years affected by dry skin were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  The residents were allocated into one of three study groups. Two interventional groups used standardized skin care regimens, consisting of a body wash and twice daily applications of leave-on products for eight weeks. The third control group performed skin care as usual. All participating residents were examined at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks. Xerosis cutis was measured with the Overall Dry Skin score. Instrumental skin barrier measurements were performed at baseline and after 8 weeks. Diaries were used to document washing and skin care frequencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 133 residents were included and allocated to one of the three groups. Mean age was 83.8 (SD 8.3) years, 65.4% were female and most residents had care levels I (42.9%) or II (42.9%) according to the German Social Code Book XI. Mean Barthel score was 46.8 (SD 24.2) and mean Braden score was 17.6 (SD 3.7). Leg skin areas were drier compared to arms and trunk areas. At the end of the study the Overall Dry Skin scores in the intervention groups were lower compared to the control group. There were statistically significant improvements of skin dryness in both intervention groups compared to the control group over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this pragmatic trial indicate that structured skin care regimens are effective in reducing skin dryness in aged nursing home residents within eight weeks.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The study is registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02216526.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: elisabeth.hahnel@charite.de.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hahnel
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Blume-Peytavi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trojahn
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dobos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stroux
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garcia Bartels
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jahnke
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lichterfeld-Kottner
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neels-Herzmann
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klasen
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kottner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007057:Ichthyosis / Q000628:therapy*; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes
keywords: Aged; Clinical trial; Dermatology; Nursing; Skin care; Stratum corneum hydration; Transepidermal water loss; Xerosis cutis