title: Occurrence of brominated disinfection byproducts in the air and water of chlorinated seawater swimming pools.
abstract: An undesirable consequence of disinfection is the formation of chemical contaminants known as disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Chronic exposure to DBPs has been linked to adverse health effects. The occurrence of DBPs in chlorinated pools filled with seawater (such as thalassotherapy pools and pools in spas) has received little attention so far. The present study evaluated the speciation and levels of disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pools filled with seawater and treated with chlorine. Water and air samples were collected from three indoor swimming pools located in Southern France. Several classes of DBPs including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and trihaloacetaldehydes were analyzed in water. Halogenated volatile organic compounds were analyzed in air. Extractable organic halides (EOX) contents were determined using combustion/micro-coulometry system. The speciation of DBPs identified in the three pools was predominantly brominated. The mean (arithmetic) concentration of bromoform, dibromoacetic acid, tribromoacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile and bromal hydrate in the three pools was 79.2, 72.9, 59.9, 26.9 and 10.0μg/L, respectively. By weight, HAAs represented the most abundant chemical class followed by THMs. In air, bromoform was the most abundant THM occurring at a mean concentration of 133.2μg/m3in the three pools. The mean EOX level was 706μgCl-/L for the three pools. In average, the quantified DBPs accounted for only 14% of EOX, thus 86% of EOX remained unknown. Further research is warranted to identify the unknown DBPs.
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France. Electronic address: tarek.manasfi@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Manasfi
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France. Electronic address: brice.temime-roussel@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Brice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Temime-Roussel
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bruno.coulomb@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coulomb
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France. Electronic address: laurent.vassalo@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vassalo
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France. Electronic address: jean-luc.boudenne@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Boudenne
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis; D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000032:analysis; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002713:Chlorine; D004202:Disinfectants; D004203:Disinfection; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D054879:Halogenation; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000032:analysis; D013551:Swimming Pools; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000097:Acetonitriles; D000393:Air Pollutants; D004202:Disinfectants; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine
keywords: Brominated compounds; Chlorination; Disinfection byproducts; Extractable organic halide; Seawater swimming pools