title: Self-stigma by people diagnosed with schizophrenia, depression and anxiety: Cross-sectional survey design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated self-attitudes towards schizophrenia, depression and anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was conducted with 564 people with a schizophrenia, depression and anxiety who are currently being treated at a psychiatric clinic in Amman, Jordan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The research found that stigma towards schizophrenia, depression and anxiety was based around three factors: preconceived stereotypes, personal responsibility/blame and the perceived inability of a patient to recover. Schizophrenia, in particular, was linked more strongly to negative stereotypes and an inability to recover and less associated to personal responsibility/blame in comparison to depression and anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three identical stigma factors emerged for each diagnosis which reflected themes identified in previous literature. People with schizophrenia are seen as more dangerous and less likely to recover than those suffering from other mental illness. Anxiety was seen most favourably by the self; it was associated with less negative stereotypes and seen as more likely to cure. Interestingly, anxiety and depression were seen almost identically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The self-perception of mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia, depression and anxiety, have important implications for the planning of anti-stigma and awareness raising programmes. By gaining a thorough understanding of these perceptions and the rationale behind them, it may be possible to develop effective, tailor-made interventions.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor in Mental Health Nursing, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Alhamra District, Palestine Street, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abd Al-Hadi
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor in Mental Health Nursing, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Alhamra District, Palestine Street, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Musleh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000208:ethnology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000208:ethnology*; D012649:Self Concept; D057545:Social Stigma; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anxiety; depression; schizophrenia; stigma perception; survey data