title: Cyanographene and Graphene Acid: Emerging Derivatives Enabling High-Yield and Selective Functionalization of Graphene.
abstract: Efficient and selective methods for covalent derivatization of graphene are needed because they enable tuning of graphene's surface and electronic properties, thus expanding its application potential. However, existing approaches based mainly on chemistry of graphene and graphene oxide achieve only limited level of functionalization due to chemical inertness of the surface and nonselective simultaneous attachment of different functional groups, respectively. Here we present a conceptually different route based on synthesis of cyanographene via the controllable substitution and defluorination of fluorographene. The highly conductive and hydrophilic cyanographene allows exploiting the complex chemistry of -CN groups toward a broad scale of graphene derivatives with very high functionalization degree. The consequent hydrolysis of cyanographene results in graphene acid, a 2D carboxylic acid with pKaof 5.2, showing excellent biocompatibility, conductivity and dispersibility in water and 3D supramolecular assemblies after drying. Further, the carboxyl groups enable simple, tailored and widely accessible 2D chemistry onto graphene, as demonstrated via the covalent conjugation with a diamine, an aminothiol and an aminoalcohol. The developed methodology represents the most controllable, universal and easy to use approach toward a broad set of 2D materials through consequent chemistries on cyanographene and on the prepared carboxy-, amino-, sulphydryl-, and hydroxy- graphenes.
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Aristides
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakandritsos
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pykal
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Błoński
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jakubec
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Demetrios D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Chronopoulos
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Kateřina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poláková
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science, University of Patras , Patras 265 04, Greece.
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Georgakilas
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Klára
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Čépe
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ondřej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tomanec
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Václav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ranc
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.|Physics Department, University of Ioannina , Ioannina 455 00, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Bourlinos
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Radek
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3147-2196
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zbořil
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1066-5677
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otyepka
keywords: 2D acid; fluorographene chemistry; graphene acid; graphene nitrile; nucleophilic substitution