title: Engineered Muscle Tissues for Disease Modeling and Drug Screening Applications.
abstract: Animal models have been the main resources for drug discovery and prediction of drugs' pharmacokinetic responses in the body. However, noticeable drawbacks associated with animal models include high cost, low reproducibility, low physiological similarity to humans, and ethical problems. Engineered tissue models have recently emerged as an alternative or substitute for animal models in drug discovery and testing and disease modeling. In this review, we focus on skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle tissues by first describing their characterization and physiology. Major fabrication technologies (i.e., electrospinning, bioprinting, dielectrophoresis, textile technology, and microfluidics) to make functional muscle tissues are then described. Finally, currently used muscle tissue models in drug screening are reviewed and discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Canada.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai. Japan.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Obregón
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Canada.
authors.forename: Samad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahadian
authors.affiliation: Biosensors for Bioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Edifici Clúster, c/ Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona. Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramón-Azcón
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9. Canada.
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radisic
mesh_terms: D062028:Bioprinting; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D009206:Myocardium
keywords: Cardiac muscle; Engineering muscle; Human pharmacological response; Skeletal muscle; drug screening; physiological similarity