title: Smoking Beliefs Among Chinese Secondary School Students: A Theory-Based Qualitative Study.
abstract: China has the world's greatest number of smokers but theory-based smoking interventions are rare. To develop an effective intervention, understanding the determinants of Chinese adolescent smoking is crucial. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is empirically supported to predict and assist in informing intervention strategies to change health-related behaviors. Based on the TPB, the elicitation of shared smoking beliefs among adolescents can inform future intervention designs among this at-risk population.
  
  
  
  We investigated the beliefs from six focus groups (N = 30) of one senior secondary school in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. We used semi-structured questions based on the TPB framework, including prompts about behavioral (advantages and disadvantages), normative (important referents), and control (barriers and facilitators) beliefs. Following the Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methodology, data were discussed until consensus was reached. Auditing was undertaken by an external researcher.
  
  
  
  Seven domains (advantages, disadvantages, approvers, disapprovers, facilitators, barriers, and smoker images) were examined. Smoking as a gendered behavior, smoking as influenced by cultural and environmental contexts, smoking as a strategy to cope with stress, and awareness of the harm of smoking, are highlighted themes across domains. Data suggested an extended-TPB framework as an appropriate approach to adopt when addressing smoking beliefs among the target population.
  
  
  
  These beliefs can be utilized to inform future school-based interventions and public health campaigns targeting smoking among Chinese adolescents.
  
  
  
  A modified TPB approach has potential for future smoking interventions among Chinese adolescents. Beliefs elicited in this study form a strong basis for designing a location- and population-specific antismoking programme.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Ross McD
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Obst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools / Q000639:trends; D000074285:Smokers / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000639:trends; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000208:ethnology / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*