title: The Impacts of Cord Blood Cotinine and Glutathione-S-Transferase Gene Polymorphisms on Birth Outcome.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate the association between cord blood cotinine levels and birth outcome, and to determine whether fetal metabolic gene polymorphisms of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) modulate the effect of environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy.
  
  
  
  This study included 328 maternal and neonatal pairs. Maternal and cord blood cotinine levels were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. The GST T1 (GSTT1) and GST M1 (GSTM1) polymorphisms were examined using the polymerase chain reaction method. The birth outcomes included birth weight, length, and head circumference, and the risks of having low birth weight and being small for gestational age (SGA).
  
  
  
  Cord cotinine level had a dose-dependent impact on the reduction of birth weight, length, and head circumference in newborns. Elevation of cord blood cotinine concentration increased the rate of SGA and low birth weight. The neonates who had GSTT1 or GSTM1 polymorphism were associated with an increased risk of being SGA. A combination of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotype exacerbated the effect of maternal environmental tobacco smoke exposure on SGA more than the presence of either genotype alone (odds ratio=8.90, 95% confidence interval=1.00-79.5).
  
  
  
  Cord blood cotinine adversely affects birth outcomes. GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotype may modify the effect of cord blood cotinine on birth outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuan-Han
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: An-Kuo
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Suh-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-Huei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: pchen@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Pau-Chung
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: hsiehws@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Wu-Shiun
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013624:Taiwan; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1
keywords: cotinine; environmental tobacco smoke; glutathione S-transferase; newborn; premature birth; small for gestational age