title: Urinary cytokines/chemokines after magnetic resonance-guided high intensity focused ultrasound for palliative treatment of painful bone metastases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain is experienced by 50-75% of patients with bone metastases, representing a major source of morbidity amongst cancer patients. Magnetic resonance-guided high intensity focused ultrasound (MRgHIFU) is a new, non-invasive, outpatient treatment modality for painful bone metastases. The aim of this study was to analyze urinary cytokines/chemokines pattern after MRgHIFU for palliative treatment of painful bone metastases. The findings were compared to the cytokines/chemokines pattern post single 8 Gy fraction radiation from our previous study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples were collected from patients with painful bone metastases 3 days before and 2 days after treatment with MRgHIFU. Each urine sample was tested for pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Patients received teaching on how to collect urine samples on their own. The Millipore Milliplex 42-Plex Cytokine/Chemokine Kit™ was used to measure urinary levels of a panel of cytokines/chemokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients were enrolled for the study. The following 15 cytokines were above the level of detection (LOD) in at least 50% of patients at both pre MRgHIFU and post MRgHIFU: EGF, eotaxin, Fit-3 ligand, fractalkine, G-CSF, GRO, IFNα2, IL-1ra, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, PDGF-AA, RANTES, sIL-2Rα, and VEGF. Nine urinary cytokines significantly decreased post MRgHIFU, namely, eotaxin, GRO, IL-8, IL-13, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1β, RANTES, and sIL-2Rα. In addition, there were significant differences between post MRgHIFU and post-8 Gy fraction radiation in most urinary cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nine urinary cytokines significantly reduced post-MRgHIFU in patients with painful bone metastases. The significance of cytokines/chemokines pattern for palliative treatment of painful bone metastases is still unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bushehri
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Czarnota
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Kullervo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hynynen
authors.affiliation: Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Yuexi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa. Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Kristopher
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.affiliation: Philips Healthcare, Markham, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mougenot
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coccagna
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Arjun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahgal
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. carlo.deangelis@sunnybrook.ca.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeAngelis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery* / Q000652:urine; D000072716:Cancer Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000652:urine*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Bone metastases; cytokines/chemokines; magnetic resonance-guided high intensity focused ultrasound (MRgHIFU); palliative treatment