title: Detection of lunasin in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and the in vitro evaluation of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lunasin is a novel cancer-preventive peptide that has been detected in various plants. However, the presence and bioactivity of lunasin in quinoa have not been demonstrated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lunasin was detected in quinoa using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-electrosparay ionization-mass spectrometry. The content in 15 quinoa samples ranged from 1.01 × 10-3g kg-1dry seed to 4.89 × 10-3g kg-1dry seed. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in lunasin content among different cultivars (yy22, xsg86, xsg59, yy30 and yy19) from the same area and the same cultivar from different areas (Hainan, Hebei and Shanxi provinces) were observed. The lunasin isolated and purified from quinoa (QLP) exhibited a weak DPPH radical scavenging activity (no IC50value), but a strong ABTS+radical scavenging activity (IC50value, 1.45 g L-1) and oxygen radical scavenging activity (40.06 µmol L-1Trolox equivalents/g QLP when the concentration was 3.20 g L-1). In addition, QLP inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages by up to 44.77%, 39.81% and 33.50%, respectively, at a concentration of 0.40 g L-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these findings indicate that lunasin presents in quinoa and is bioactive, which strengthens the recommendations for the development of quinoa-based functional foods. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.|Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Guixing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.|Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.|Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.
authors.forename: Zhenxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jianhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027465:Chenopodium quinoa / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: anti-inflammatory activity; antioxidant activity; lunasin; quinoa