title: The Role of Dopamine D1 and D3 Receptors in N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)/GlycineB Site-Regulated Complex Cognitive Behaviors following Repeated Morphine Administration.
abstract: Opiate addiction is associated with complex cognitive impairment, which contributes to the development of compulsive drug use and relapses. Dopamine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors play critical roles in opiate-induced cognitive deficits. However, the roles of D1 and D3 receptors in the N-methyl-D-aspartate/glycineB receptor-regulated cognitive behaviors induced by morphine remain unknown.
  
  
  
  The 5-choice serial reaction time task was used to investigate the cognitive profiles associated with repeated morphine administration in D1 (D1-/-)- and D3 (D3-/-)-receptor knockout mice. The expression of phosphorylated NR1, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the brain was examined by western blotting. D1-/- and D3-/- mice were treated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate/glycineB site agonist l-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the antagonist L-701,324 to chronically disrupt N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function and investigate their effects on morphine-induced cognitive changes.
  
  
  
  Repeated morphine administration impaired attentional function and caused impulsive and compulsive behaviors. D1-/- mice exhibited hardly any premature nosepokes. D3-/- mice showed robustly increased morphine-induced impulsive behavior. The numbers of premature responses were decreased by L-701,324 administration and increased by ACPC administration; these effects were completely abolished in D1-/- mice due to their inability to perform reward-based tasks. In contrast, the inhibitory effects of L-701,324 on impulsive behavior were significantly augmented in D3-/- mice.
  
  
  
  N-methyl-D-aspartate/glycineB site functions may contribute to morphine-induced cognitive deficits, especially those related to impulsive behavior. D1 and D3 receptors may have contrasting effects with respect to modulating impulsive behavior. D3 receptors have inhibitory effects on impulsive behaviors, and these effects are clearly mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate/glycineB receptor and μ-opioid receptor interactions.
authors.affiliation: College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
authors.forename: Yunpeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
authors.forename: Fangyuan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
authors.forename: Jianghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3 / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D018009:Receptors, Glycine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C554503:(1S,2S)-2-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; C501173:Glra2 protein, mouse; D015363:Quinolones; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; D018009:Receptors, Glycine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D009020:Morphine; C094635:L 701324
keywords: NMDA receptor; dopamine receptor; impulsive behavior; morphine