title: Hair growth-promoting effect of Geranium sibiricum extract in human dermal papilla cells and C57BL/6 mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geranium sibiricum L. has been used as a medicinal plant to treat diarrhea, bacterial infection, and cancer in Bulgaria, Peru, and Korea. However, its hair growth-promoting effect was not investigated so far. This study examined the effects of Geranium sibiricum L. extract (GSE) on hair growth, using in vitro and in vivo models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antioxidant, proliferation and migration assay of GSE was performed with human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs). Hair-growth promoting effect was measured in animal model. Relative expression of interleukin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta 1 was determined by real time RT-PCR. Expression of Ki-67 and stem cell factor were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSE treatment proliferated and migrated human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) more than treatment of 10 μM minoxidil. GSE significantly stimulated the expression of Ki-67 protein and the mRNA levels of hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in hDPCs. Topical application of 1,000 ppm GSE for 3 weeks promoted more significant hair growth on shaved C57BL/6 mice than did 5% minoxidil. The histological morphology of hair follicles demonstrated an active anagen phase with the induction of stem cell factor. GSE treatment significantly reduced the number of mast cells and the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 in mouse skin tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrated that GSE promotes hair growth in vitro and in vivo by regulating growth factors and the cellular response.
authors.affiliation: John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Boisvert
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea.
authors.forename: Miri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea.
authors.forename: Youngbin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea.
authors.forename: Gi Hee
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea.
authors.forename: Yi-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Plant Science, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea.
authors.forename: Sunghun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea.
authors.forename: Changsun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Plant Science, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea.
authors.forename: Sanghyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea. lbheelb@cau.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bog-Hieu
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7730-8538
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020405:Dermis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D031315:Geranium; D006197:Hair / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000187:drug effects; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D019089:Stem Cell Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019089:Stem Cell Factor; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor
keywords: Antioxidant; Geranium sibiricum L; Hair loss; Human dermal papilla cells; Transforming growth factor beta 1