title: Clinical and genetic factors predicting Dravet syndrome in infants withSCN1Amutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the prognostic value of initial clinical and mutational findings in infants withSCN1Amutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combining sex, age/fever at first seizure, family history of epilepsy, EEG, and mutation type, we analyzed the accuracy of significant associations in predicting Dravet syndrome vs milder outcomes in 182 mutation carriers ascertained after seizure onset. To assess the diagnostic accuracy of all parameters, we calculated sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, diagnostic odds ratios, and positive and negative predictive values and the accuracy of combined information. We also included in the study demographic and mutational data of the healthy relatives of mutation carrier patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-seven individuals (48.5%) had Dravet syndrome, 49 (23.8%) had generalized/genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, 30 (14.8%) had febrile seizures, 6 (3.5%) had focal epilepsy, and 18 (8.9%) were healthy relatives. The association study indicated that age at first seizure and frameshift mutations were associated with Dravet syndrome. The risk of Dravet syndrome was 85% in the 0- to 6-month group, 51% in the 6- to 12-month range, and 0% after the 12th month. ROC analysis identified onset within the sixth month as the diagnostic cutoff for progression to Dravet syndrome (sensitivity = 83.3%, specificity = 76.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In individuals withSCN1Amutations, age at seizure onset appears to predict outcome better than mutation type. Because outcome is not predetermined by genetic factors only, early recognition and treatment that mitigates prolonged/repeated seizures in the first year of life might also limit the progression to epileptic encephalopathy.
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cetica
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiari
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parrini
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grisotto
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pucatti
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Annarita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sicca
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Specchio
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trivisano
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Contaldo
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Nelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zamponi
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petrelli
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Granata
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ragona
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Avanzini
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories (V.C., S.C., D.M., E.P., C.M., D.P., R.G.), Neuroscience Department, A Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (L.G.), University of Florence; Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory (A.F., F.S., R.G.), IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa; Department of Neurosciences (N.S., M.T.), Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Child Neuropsichiatry Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (D.B., I.C.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (N.Z., C.P.), Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona; and Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., F.R., G.A.), Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy. r.guerrini@meyer.it.
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerrini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004831:Epilepsies, Myoclonic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D062550:NAV1.1 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel / Q000235:genetics*; D012372:ROC Curve; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D062550:NAV1.1 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel; C568242:SCN1A protein, human