title: Oral Colonization by Nosocomial Pathogens During Hospitalization in Intensive Care Unit and Prevention Strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critically ill patients are very susceptible to a variety of disorders and infections during hospitalization in Intensive Care Units [ICU]. Among these problems, nosocomial infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nosocomial pneumonias, specifically ventilator associated pneumonias have become a major health care issue. The implication of oral care in hospital presents challenges that can prevent or reduce the risk of nosocomial pneumonias in ICU. In this review article, we reviewed the most important nosocomial pathogens which colonize the oral cavity and causes severe infections during hospitalization in ICU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finally, we discuss that the prevention strategies against oral colonization of nosocomial pathogens include classical methods and novel methods such as Photodynamic therapy, NO based therapy, anti-virulence therapy and other new under investigation antimicrobial strategies.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kazemian
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Samane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bourbour
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beheshti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahador
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D018441:Biofilms; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000379:methods; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053038:Quorum Sensing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Critically ill patients; ICU; Staphylococcus aureus; nosocomial infection; oral colonization; probiotics.