title: Identification and Quantification of Intravenous Therapy Drugs Using Normal Raman Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.
abstract: Errors in intravenous (IV) drug therapies can cause human harm and even death. There are limited label-free methods that can sensitively monitor the identity and quantity of the drug being administered. Normal Raman spectroscopy (NRS) provides a modestly sensitive, label-free, and completely noninvasive means of IV drug sensing. In the case that the analyte cannot be detected within its clinical range with Raman, a label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) approach can be implemented to detect the analyte of interest. In this work, we demonstrate two individual cases where we use NRS and electrochemical SERS (EC-SERS) to detect IV therapy analytes within their clinically relevant ranges. We implement NRS to detect gentamicin, a commonly IV-administered antibiotic and EC-SERS to detect dobutamine, a drug commonly administered after heart surgery. In particular, dobutamine detection with EC-SERS was found to have a limit of detection 4 orders of magnitude below its clinical range, highlighting the excellent sensitivity of SERS. We also demonstrate the use of hand-held Raman instrumentation for NRS and EC-SERS, showing that Raman is a highly sensitive technique that is readily applicable in a clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaleski
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Madison M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Baxter Healthcare Corporation , 25212 W. Illinois Rt. 120, Round Lake, Illinois 60073, United States.
authors.forename: Jan Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Eilert
authors.affiliation: Baxter Healthcare Corporation , 25212 W. Illinois Rt. 120, Round Lake, Illinois 60073, United States.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doty
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.|Program in Applied Physics, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8861-2228
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Van Duyne
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000032:analysis; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D004280:Dobutamine