title: Impaired intestinal cholecystokinin secretion, a fascinating but overlooked link between coeliac disease and cholesterol gallstone disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coeliac disease is a chronic, small intestinal, immune-mediated enteropathy caused by a permanent intolerance to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Clinical studies have found that intestinal cholecystokinin secretion and gallbladder emptying in response to a fatty meal are impaired before coeliac patients start the gluten-free diet (GFD).
  
  
  METHODS
  However, it was never really appreciated whether coeliac disease is associated with gallstones because there were very few studies investigating the mechanism underlying the impact of coeliac disease on the pathogenesis of gallstones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We summarize recent progress on the relationship between coeliac disease and gallstones and propose that coeliac disease is an important risk factor for gallstone formation because defective intestinal cholecystokinin secretion markedly increases susceptibility to cholesterol gallstones via a mechanism involving dysmotility of both the gallbladder and the small intestine. Because GFD can significantly improve the coeliac enteropathy, early diagnosis and therapy in coeliac patients is crucial for preventing the long-term impact of cholecystokinin deficiency on the biliary and intestinal consequences. When gluten is reintroduced, clinical and histologic relapse often occurs in coeliac patients. Moreover, some of the coeliac patients do not respond well to GFD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is imperative to routinely examine by ultrasonography whether gallbladder motility function is preserved in coeliac patients and monitor whether biliary sludge (a precursor of gallstones) appears in the gallbladder, regardless of whether they are under the GFD programme. To prevent gallstones in coeliac patients, it is urgently needed to investigate the prevalence and pathogenesis of gallstones in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Helen H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaodan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Portincasa
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: David Q-H
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005544:Forecasting; D016473:Gallbladder Emptying / Q000502:physiology; D042882:Gallstones / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin; D002766:Cholecystokinin
keywords: bile salt; cholesterol crystallization; gallbladder motility; lithogenic bile