title: Post-deployment screening for mental disorders and tailored advice about help-seeking in the UK military: a cluster randomised controlled trial.
abstract: The effectiveness of post-deployment screening for mental disorders has not been assessed in a randomised controlled trial. We aimed to assess whether post-deployment screening for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or alcohol misuse was effective. We defined screening as the presumptive identification of a previously unrecognised disorder using tests to distinguish those who probably had the disorder from those who probably did not so that those people with a probable disorder could be referred appropriately, and assessed effectiveness and consequences for help-seeking by the odds ratio at follow-up between those receiving tailored help-seeking advice and those who received general mental health advice.
  
  
  
  We did a cluster randomised controlled trial among Royal Marines and Army personnel in the UK military after deployment to Afghanistan. Platoons were randomly assigned (1:1 initially, then 2:1) by stratified block randomisation with randomly varying block sizes of two and four to the screening group, which received tailored help-seeking advice, or the control group, which received general mental health advice. Initial assessment took place 6-12 weeks after deployment; follow-up assessments were done 10-24 months later. Follow-up measures were the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 scale, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), and self-reported help-seeking from clinical and welfare providers comparing those receiving tailored advice and those receiving only general advice. All participants and all investigators other than the person who analysed the data were masked to allocation. The primary outcomes were PTSD, depression or generalised anxiety disorder, and alcohol misuse at follow-up. A key secondary outcome was assessment of whether post-deployment screening followed by tailored advice would modify help-seeking behaviour. Comparisons were made between screening and control groups, with primary analyses by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN Registry, number ISRCTN19965528.
  
  
  
  Between Oct 24, 2011, and Oct 31, 2014, 434 platoons comprising 10 190 personnel were included: 274 (6350 personnel) in the screening group and 160 (3840 personnel) in the control group. 5577 (88%) of 6350 personnel received screening and 3996 (63%) completed follow-up, whereas 3149 (82%) of 3840 received the control questionnaire and 2369 (62%) completed follow-up. 1958 (35%) of 5577 personnel in the screening group declined to see the tailored advice, but those with PTSD (83%) or anxiety or depression (84%) were more likely than non-cases (64%) to view the advice (both p<0·0001). At follow-up, there were no significant differences in prevalence between groups for PTSD (adjusted odds ratio 0·92, 95% CI 0·75-1·14), depression or anxiety (0·91, 0·71-1·16), alcohol misuse (0·88, 0·73-1·06), or seeking support for mental disorders (0·92, 0·78-1·08).
  
  
  
  Post-deployment screening for mental disorders based on tailored advice was not effective at reducing prevalence of mental health disorders nor did it increase help-seeking. Countries that have implemented post-deployment screening programmes for mental disorders should consider monitoring the outcomes of their programmes.
  
  
  
  The US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command-Military Operational Medicine Research Program (USAMRMC-MOMRP).
authors.affiliation: King's Centre for Military Health Research, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. Electronic address: roberto.rona@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Roberto J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rona
authors.affiliation: King's Centre for Military Health Research, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burdett
authors.affiliation: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: Mizanur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khondoker
authors.affiliation: King's Centre for Military Health Research, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chesnokov
authors.affiliation: King's Centre for Military Health Research, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Navy Command Headquarter Operational Stress Management/Trauma Risk Management, West Battery, Whale Island, Portsmouth, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: King's Centre for Military Health Research, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pernet
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Mental Health, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Mental Health, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: King's Centre for Military Health Research, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wessely
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Mental Health, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Fear
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D000066505:Help-Seeking Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008603:Mental Health; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D057566:Self Report; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult