title: The chronic effects of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy on early life stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis).
abstract: This study assessed the chronic effects of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy (T2H), one of the main terbuthylazine degradation products, on early life stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) by means of mortality, growth rate, early ontogeny, oxidative stress, antioxidant defence and histopathology. The crayfish were exposed to four concentrations of the tested substance as follows: 0.75μg/l (environmental concentration), 75, 375 and 750μg/l for 62days. Concentrations over 75μg/l caused lower weight compared to the control group. T2H at 750μg/l caused delay in ontogenetic development. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and total superoxide dismutase activity were significantly (p<0.01) lower in groups exposed to 375 and 750μg/l T2H. Crayfish in these treatments also showed alteration of tubular system including disintegration of tubular epithelium with complete loss of structure in some places of hepatopancreas and wall thinning up to disintegration of branchial filaments with focal infiltrations of hemocytes. In conclusion, chronic terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy exposure in concentrations up 75μg/l (100 times higher than environmental concentration) affected growth, ontogenetic development, antioxidant system, caused oxidative stress and pathological changes in hepatopancreas of early life stages of marbled crayfish.
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Dalibor
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koutnik
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alzbeta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stara
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Eliska
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zuskova
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Antonin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kouba
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: velisek@frov.jcu.cz.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Velisek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060829:Arthropod Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003400:Astacoidea / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D006540:Herbicides; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Early development; Histopathology; Oxidative stress; Triazine