title: Effects of crude extracts of a saxitoxin-producer strain of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii on the swimming behavior of wild and laboratory reared guppy Poecilia vivipara.
abstract: The cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is an invasive species in water supply reservoirs worldwide, which can produces cylindrospermopsins and saxitoxins. In the wild, guppy (Poecilia vivipara) can be exposed to cyanotoxins, but those born and reared in laboratory are free of this contact. The aim of this paper was to comparatively measure the locomotor activity of 'wild' and 'lab' P. vivipara before and after exposure to crude extracts of two different cultures of C. raciborskii (CYRF-01), a saxitoxin-procucer strain. The movement of each fish was recorded using an image monitoring system (Videomex V®) before and after 48 h exposure to cyanobacterial extracts. Each experiment was performed during 4 h, with 1 h acclimation and 3 h recording period of the parameters Distance performed (DP), Swimming time (SwT), Stereotypic time (StT), Resting time (RT) and Average speed (AS). The quantification of saxitoxin in the solutions was performed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The weight or the total length did not influence the locomotor activity of fish in any of the experiments. The saxitoxin value was similar for both cultures (Culture 1: 7.3 μg L-1and Culture 2: 8.6 μg L-1). However, in experiments with Culture 1 an increased activity in most parameters was observed, while in Culture 2, a decreased activity was observed only in 'lab' fish. Wild fish was less affected, showing higher resistance to both cyanobacterial crude extracts. This study showed that different cultures of the same strain of C. raciborskii and with similar contents of saxitoxin are able to change the locomotor activity of P. vivipara, contributing to the validation of the use of behavioral parameters to the evaluation of sublethal effects of toxic cyanobacteria on fish.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karina C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil. Electronic address: aloysio@ioc.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: Aloysio da S
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ferrão-Filho
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil; Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Rio de Janeiro - FIPERJ, Escritório Regional Metropolitano II, Rua Aílton da Costa, 115, sl. 606 - Vinte Cinco de Agosto, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25071-160, Brazil.
authors.forename: Everton G N
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodolfo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cláudia P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D046891:Cylindrospermopsis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D011036:Poecilia; D012530:Saxitoxin / Q000633:toxicity*; D013550:Swimming; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; C089595:cylindrospermopsin; D012530:Saxitoxin; D014498:Uracil
keywords: Behavioral response; Biomonitoring; Cyanotoxins; Fish; Saxitoxins