title: Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br (Convolvulaceae) relieved nociception and inflammation in mice - A topical herbal medicine against effects due to cnidarian venom-skin contact.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ipomoea pes-caprae is known as bayhops, beach morning glory or goat's foot, and in Brazil as salsa-de-praia. Its leaves are used in worldwide folk medicine for the relief of jellyfish-stings symptoms. The literature only reports the neutralizing effects of nonpolar plant derived over jellyfish venoms, without validating the popular use or exploring the mechanism of action.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate and validate the topical effects of a semisolid containing hydroethanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of I. pes-caprae using different models of paw- and ear-oedema and spontaneous nociception in mice, attempting to better understand the mechanism involved in its effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Leaf and stem of I. pes-caprae were extracted by ethanol 50% (v/v) and the soft-extract was incorporated in Hostacerin® cream base at 0.5%, 1.0% and 2% (w/w). The anti-hypersensitivity effects were evaluated by injecting the Physalia physalis venom into the right mice's hindpaw pre-treated either with the semisolid containing the I. pes-caprae extract or with the isolated majority compound 3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (ISA). The topical anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using both preclinical models: paw oedema induced by trypsin, bradykinin (BK), histamine and carrageenan, and ear oedema induced by capsaicin. Additionally, the model of spontaneous nociception induced by trypsin and capsaicin were used to verify the topical antinociceptive activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The animals pre-treated with the semisolid containing I. pes-caprae extract or with the intraplantar injection of the major component (ISA) had the mechanical hypersensitivity induced by P. physalis venom significantly reduced. Significant inhibition was also observed in paw-oedema induced by trypsin, histamine and BK, and in a less extent in carrageenan-induced paw oedema. Similar effect was observed in mice challenged to the capsaicin-induced ear-oedema. Besides the vascular effects, the extract interfered with leukocyte migration induced by histamine injection. Finally, the semisolid presented significant inhibition in trypsin- and capsaicin-induced spontaneous nociception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hydroethanolic extract of I. pes-caprae showed compliance with the topical popular use of the herbal product to relieve the symptoms evoked by the cnidarian venom-skin contact, such as neurogenic oedema and nociception. The extract components seem to interfere with the effects resulting from the TRPV1, B2R and PAR-2 activation, once it interfered with painful-behaviour and oedema induced by capsaicin, BK and trypsin, pointing the histaminergic system as the main target, once it is an important mediator in the signalling pathway of the aforementioned receptors.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: da Silva Barth
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Itajaí, SC, Brazil; Pharmacy Course, Universidade do Vale de Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hugo Guilherme
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Tolentino de Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lilian W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gislaine Francieli
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Ferreira
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dos Anjos
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Course, Universidade do Vale de Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Veronica D'Avila
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Pastor
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Itajaí, SC, Brazil; Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tania Mari
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Belle Bresolin
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Itajaí, SC, Brazil; Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia Couto
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Itajaí, SC, Brazil; Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roberto Santin
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Itajaí, SC, Brazil; Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Itajaí, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: nara.quintao@univali.br.
authors.forename: Nara Lins
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Meira Quintão
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*; D027722:Convolvulaceae; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D010936:Plant Extracts; D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Aerial part; Hydroethanolic extract; Inflammation; Ipomoea pes-caprae L. Br; Nociception; Topical effect