title: Survival and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes among Periviable Infants.
abstract: Data reported during the past 5 years indicate that rates of survival have increased among infants born at the borderline of viability, but less is known about how increased rates of survival among these infants relate to early childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  
  
  
  We compared survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes among infants born at 22 to 24 weeks of gestation, as assessed at 18 to 22 months of corrected age, across three consecutive birth-year epochs (2000-2003 [epoch 1], 2004-2007 [epoch 2], and 2008-2011 [epoch 3]). The infants were born at 11 centers that participated in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. The primary outcome measure was a three-level outcome - survival without neurodevelopmental impairment, survival with neurodevelopmental impairment, or death. After accounting for differences in infant characteristics, including birth center, we used multinomial generalized logit models to compare the relative risk of survival without neurodevelopmental impairment, survival with neurodevelopmental impairment, and death.
  
  
  
  Data on the primary outcome were available for 4274 of 4458 infants (96%) born at the 11 centers. The percentage of infants who survived increased from 30% (424 of 1391 infants) in epoch 1 to 36% (487 of 1348 infants) in epoch 3 (P<0.001). The percentage of infants who survived without neurodevelopmental impairment increased from 16% (217 of 1391) in epoch 1 to 20% (276 of 1348) in epoch 3 (P=0.001), whereas the percentage of infants who survived with neurodevelopmental impairment did not change significantly (15% [207 of 1391] in epoch 1 and 16% [211 of 1348] in epoch 3, P=0.29). After adjustment for changes in the baseline characteristics of the infants over time, both the rate of survival with neurodevelopmental impairment (as compared with death) and the rate of survival without neurodevelopmental impairment (as compared with death) increased over time (adjusted relative risks, 1.27 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.01 to 1.59] and 1.59 [95% CI, 1.28 to 1.99], respectively).
  
  
  
  The rate of survival without neurodevelopmental impairment increased between 2000 and 2011 in this large cohort of periviable infants. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00063063 and NCT00009633 .).
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Noelle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Younge
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Ricki F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Carla M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bann
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hintz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Ravi M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: P Brian
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rysavy
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Andrea F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Betty R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Vohr
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Abhik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Ronald N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: Rosemary D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham (N.Y., R.F.G., P.B.S., R.N.G., C.M.C.), and the Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (C.M.B., A.D.) - both in North Carolina; the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA (S.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison (M.A.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston (A.F.D.); the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V.); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.D.H.).
authors.forename: C Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cotten
mesh_terms: D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology