title: Detecting discordance enrichment among a series of two-sample genome-wide expression data sets.
abstract: With the current microarray and RNA-seq technologies, two-sample genome-wide expression data have been widely collected in biological and medical studies. The related differential expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis have been frequently conducted. Integrative analysis can be conducted when multiple data sets are available. In practice, discordant molecular behaviors among a series of data sets can be of biological and clinical interest.
  
  
  
  In this study, a statistical method is proposed for detecting discordance gene set enrichment. Our method is based on a two-level multivariate normal mixture model. It is statistically efficient with linearly increased parameter space when the number of data sets is increased. The model-based probability of discordance enrichment can be calculated for gene set detection.
  
  
  
  We apply our method to a microarray expression data set collected from forty-five matched tumor/non-tumor pairs of tissues for studying pancreatic cancer. We divided the data set into a series of non-overlapping subsets according to the tumor/non-tumor paired expression ratio of gene PNLIP (pancreatic lipase, recently shown it association with pancreatic cancer). The log-ratio ranges from a negative value (e.g. more expressed in non-tumor tissue) to a positive value (e.g. more expressed in tumor tissue). Our purpose is to understand whether any gene sets are enriched in discordant behaviors among these subsets (when the log-ratio is increased from negative to positive). We focus on KEGG pathways. The detected pathways will be useful for our further understanding of the role of gene PNLIP in pancreatic cancer research. Among the top list of detected pathways, the neuroactive ligand receptor interaction and olfactory transduction pathways are the most significant two. Then, we consider gene TP53 that is well-known for its role as tumor suppressor in cancer research. The log-ratio also ranges from a negative value (e.g. more expressed in non-tumor tissue) to a positive value (e.g. more expressed in tumor tissue). We divided the microarray data set again according to the expression ratio of gene TP53. After the discordance enrichment analysis, we observed overall similar results and the above two pathways are still the most significant detections. More interestingly, only these two pathways have been identified for their association with pancreatic cancer in a pathway analysis of genome-wide association study (GWAS) data.
  
  
  
  This study illustrates that some disease-related pathways can be enriched in discordant molecular behaviors when an important disease-related gene changes its expression. Our proposed statistical method is useful in the detection of these pathways. Furthermore, our method can also be applied to genome-wide expression data collected by the recent RNA-seq technology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, The George Washington University, 801 22nd St. N.W., Rome Hall, 7th Floor, Washington, 20052, D.C., USA. ylai@gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Yinglei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, The George Washington University, 801 22nd St. N.W., Rome Hall, 7th Floor, Washington, 20052, D.C., USA.
authors.forename: Fanni
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, The George Washington University, 801 22nd St. N.W., Rome Hall, 7th Floor, Washington, 20052, D.C., USA.
authors.forename: Tapan K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, The George Washington University, 801 22nd St. N.W., Rome Hall, 7th Floor, Washington, 20052, D.C., USA.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Modarres
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, 20037, D.C., USA.
authors.forename: Norman H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, 20037, D.C., USA.
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McCaffrey
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015398:Signal Transduction; D059467:Transcriptome
keywords: Discordance; Gene set enrichment; Mixture models