title: Cocoa and Grape Seed Byproducts as a Source of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Proanthocyanidins.
abstract: Phenolic compounds, which are secondary plant metabolites, are considered an integral part of the human diet. Physiological properties of dietary polyphenols have come to the attention in recent years. Especially, proanthocyanidins (ranging from dimers to decamers) have demonstrated potential interactions with biological systems, such as antiviral, antibacterial, molluscicidal, enzyme-inhibiting, antioxidant, and radical-scavenging properties. Agroindustry produces a considerable amount of phenolic-rich sources, and the ability of polyphenolic structures to interacts with other molecules in living organisms confers their beneficial properties. Cocoa wastes and grape seeds and skin byproducts are a source of several phenolic compounds, particularly mono-, oligo-, and polymeric proanthocyanidins. The aim of this work is to compare the phenolic composition of Theobroma cacao and Vitis vinifera grape seed extracts by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer and equipped with an electrospray ionization interface (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) and its phenolic quantitation in order to evaluate the proanthocyanidin profile. The antioxidant capacity was measured by different methods, including electron transfer and hydrogen atom transfer-based mechanisms, and total phenolic and flavan-3-ol contents were carried out by Folin-Ciocalteu and Vanillin assays. In addition, to assess the anti-inflammatory capacity, the expression of MCP-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was measured.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, c/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.|Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda. Del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio BioRegion, 18016 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: María De La Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cádiz-Gurrea
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, c/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.|Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda. Del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio BioRegion, 18016 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Borrás-Linares
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, c/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.|Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda. Del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio BioRegion, 18016 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lozano-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain. jorge.joven@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joven
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain. salvador.fernandezarroyo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernández-Arroyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, c/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.|Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), PTS Granada, Avda. Del Conocimiento s/n., Edificio BioRegion, 18016 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Segura-Carretero
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000737:chemistry; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C017616:phenolic acid
keywords: HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS; Theobroma cacao; Vitis vinifera seed; anti-inflammatory activity; antioxidant activity; byproduct; polyphenols; proanthocyandins