title: Genome editing reveals dmrt1 as an essential male sex-determining gene in Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis).
abstract: Chinese tongue sole is a marine fish with ZW sex determination. Genome sequencing suggested that the Z-linked dmrt1 is a putative male determination gene, but direct genetic evidence is still lacking. Here we show that TALEN of dmrt1 efficiently induced mutations of this gene. The ZZ dmrt1 mutant fish developed ovary-like testis, and the spermatogenesis was disrupted. The female-related genes foxl2 and cyp19a1a were significantly increased in the gonad of the ZZ dmrt1 mutant. Conversely, the male-related genes Sox9a and Amh were significantly decreased. The dmrt1 deficient ZZ fish grew much faster than ZZ male control. Notably, we obtained an intersex ZW fish with a testis on one side and an ovary on the other side. This fish was chimeric for a dmrt1 mutation in the ovary, and wild-type dmrt1 in the testis. Our data provide the first functional evidence that dmrt1 is a male determining gene in tongue sole.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.|Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266273, China.|College of Fisheries and Life, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Zhongkai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.|School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Wenwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.|Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266273, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.|Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266273, China.
authors.forename: Changwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Zhongdian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.|Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266273, China.
authors.forename: Yangzhen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Yingming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Mengzhu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Fengtao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Zhanfei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.|Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266273, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.|Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266273, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.|Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266273, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.|Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266273, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.|School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
authors.forename: Christopher H K
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Physiologische Chemie, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.|Texas A&M Institute for Advanced Studies and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schartl
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.|Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266273, China.
authors.forename: Songlin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005432:Flounder / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D000072669:Gene Editing; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D016678:Genome; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010053:Ovary / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D019849:Sex Determination Processes / Q000235:genetics*; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D013737:Testis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D000069896:Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C110547:DMRT1 protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000069896:Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases