title: Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy.
abstract: Cancer immunotherapy can induce long lasting responses in patients with metastatic cancers of a wide range of histologies. Broadening the clinical applicability of these treatments requires an improved understanding of the mechanisms limiting cancer immunotherapy. The interactions between the immune system and cancer cells are continuous, dynamic, and evolving from the initial establishment of a cancer cell to the development of metastatic disease, which is dependent on immune evasion. As the molecular mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy are elucidated, actionable strategies to prevent or treat them may be derived to improve clinical outcomes for patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Immunology,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: padsharma@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Padmanee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Siwen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu-Lieskovan
authors.affiliation: Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wargo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: aribas@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ribas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
keywords: T cells; immunotherapy; resistance mechanisms