title: Effect of gingival fibroblasts and ultrasound on dogs' root resorption during orthodontic treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of using osteogenic induced gingival fibroblasts (OIGFs) and low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on root resorption lacunae volume and cementum thickness in beagle dogs that received orthodontic tooth movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven beagle dogs were used, from which gingival cells (GCs) were obtained and were induced osteogenically to produce OIGFs. Each third and fourth premolar was randomly assigned to one of the five groups, namely, LIPUS, OIGFs, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), OIGFs + LIPUS, and control. All groups received 4 weeks of bodily tooth movement, then LIPUS-treated groups received LIPUS for 20 min/day for 4 weeks, and OIGFs groups received an injection of OIGFs near the root apex. Microcomputed tomography analysis was used to calculate root resorption lacunae volume and histomorphometric analysis was performed to measure the cementum thickness of each root at 3 root levels on compression and tension sides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in resorption volume between the treatment groups. OIGFs + LIPUS increased cementum thickness (P> 0.05) in third premolars near the apex, and LIPUS increased cementum thickness (P> 0.05) in fourth premolars near the apex. Furthermore, BMP2 increased cementum thickness at the coronal third at the compression side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OIGFs, LIPUS, and BMP-2 can be potential treatments for orthodontically induced root resorption, however, improvements in experimental design and treatment parameters are required to further investigate these repair modalities.
authors.affiliation: 7-020D Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crossman
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ali H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Queen Dental/Medical Center, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.affiliation: Department Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nayef
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Felemban
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saleh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aldaghreer
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fawzi
authors.affiliation: Queen Dental/Medical Center, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Mamdouh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abdel-Ghaffar
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry Ain-Shams University, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya.
authors.forename: Ausama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gargoum
authors.affiliation: 7-020D Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: El-Bialy
keywords: Dental cementum; gingival fibroblasts; root resorption; ultrasound