title: Sustained Responses to Measles Revaccination at 24 Months in HIV-infected Children on Antiretroviral Therapy in Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are limited data on whether HIV-infected children in resource-limited countries who are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) are able to produce sustained, protective levels of measles antibody after multiple measles vaccinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered an additional measles vaccine to HIV-infected children 15 months to 12 years of age receiving ART in Nairobi, Kenya. Measles antibody concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at enrollment, 1 month, 12 months and 24 months post revaccination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At enrollment, 125 (54%) of 232 study participants had protective concentrations of measles antibody. Measles seropositivity increased to 98% of all children at 1 month post revaccination but decreased to 71% at 12 months and 60% at 24 months post revaccination. Measles seroconversion and sustained measles seropositivity among those who were measles seronegative at enrollment was 25% at 24 months post revaccination. In this group, 39% of children with <50 copies/mL plasma HIV RNA measles seroconverted compared to 4% of children with plasma HIV RNA ≥1000 copies/mL (P = 0.018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measles revaccination can result in a sustained antibody response in a subset of HIV-infected children receiving ART, especially among those with HIV suppression.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; †Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, §Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, ¶Division of Vaccine and Infectious Disease, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, ‖Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, **Department of Medicine, University of Washington, ††Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and ‡‡Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; and §§Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Laura P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Njoroge
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magaret
authors.forename: Bhavna H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chohan
authors.forename: Veronicah W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Gitomea
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gorstein
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overbaugh
authors.forename: Dalton
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wamalwa
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maleche-Obimbo
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nduati
authors.forename: Carey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farquhar
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000517:prevention & control; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D008459:Measles virus / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D008458:Measles Vaccine