title: Assessment of facial golden proportions among central Indian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to identify and establish the facial and smile proportions in young adults and to compare the results with ideal or divine proportions, compare the proportions of males and females included in our study population and compare them with those established for Caucasian and Japanese populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred participants (164 females, 36 males) with Angle's class I malocclusion (M.O). and well-balanced faces were selected and photographed in the frontal repose position. Analysis was done in Adobe Photoshop software. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17.0. (IBM Corporation Armonk, New York, United States).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results suggested that females are more near to ideal ratios and males are more deviated from the ideal ratios. The proportions of males and females were not considerably different from each other. In Indian population, upper 3rdfacial height (TR-LC) was increased and mid-face height (LC-LN) was decreased; in lower 3rdof the face, LN-CH was slightly increased in comparison to CH-ME. In facial widths, outer canthal width (LC-LC) was greater in the Indian population and mouth width (CH-CH) was normal. When compared with Indian population, Japanese participants had wider noses, outer canthal distance, and bitemporal width.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that significant difference was found between the proportions of the Indian population and ideal ratio. When Indian population was compared with Japanese and Caucasian populations, some parameters of facial proportions showed significant difference, which leads to the need for establishing standardized norms for various facial proportions in Indian population.
authors.affiliation: Private Practitioner, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, India.
authors.forename: Rathore
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saurabh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, India.
authors.forename: Bolya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piyush
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Maharana Pratap College of Dentistry and RC, Gwalior, India.
authors.forename: Bhatt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sourabh
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Hitkarini Dental College, Jabalpur, India.
authors.forename: Ojha
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Preeti
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, India.
authors.forename: Rutvik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.affiliation: Private Practitioner, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, India.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vishnoi
keywords: Caucasian population; Indian population; Japanese population ; golden ratio