title: State budget transfers to Health Insurance to expand coverage to people outside formal sector work in Latin America.
abstract: Contributory social health insurance for formal sector employees only has proven challenging for moving towards universal health coverage (UHC). This is because the informally employed and the poor usually remain excluded. One way to expand UHC is to fully or partially subsidize health insurance contributions for excluded population groups through government budget transfers. This paper analyses the institutional design features of such government subsidization arrangements in Latin America and assesses their performance with respect to UHC progress. The aim is to identify UHC conducive institutional design features of such arrangements.
  
  
  
  A literature search provided the information to analyse institutional design features, with a focus on the following aspects: eligibility/enrolment rules, financing and pooling arrangements, and purchasing and benefit package design. Based on secondary data analysis, UHC progress is assessed in terms of improved population coverage, financial protection and access to needed health care services.
  
  
  
  Such government subsidization arrangements currently exist in eight countries of Latin America (Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay). Institutional design features and UHC related performance vary significantly. Notably, countries with a universalist approach or indirect targeting have higher population coverage rates. Separate pools for the subsidized maintain inequitable access. The relatively large scopes of the benefit packages had a positive impact on financial protection and access to care.
  
  
  
  In the long term, merging different schemes into one integrated health financing system without opt-out options for the better-off is desirable, while equally expanding eligibility to cover those so far excluded. In the short and medium term, the harmonization of benefit packages could be a priority. UHC progress also depends on substantial supply side investments to ensure the availability of quality services, particularly in rural areas. Future research should generate more evidence on the implementation process and impact of subsidization arrangements on UHC progress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. mathaueri@who.int.
authors.forename: Inke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mathauer
authors.affiliation: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 36, 53113, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Behrendt
mesh_terms: D002017:Budgets; D003364:Costa Rica; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D061889:Healthcare Financing; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics*; D007843:Latin America; D008800:Mexico; D013020:South America; D019472:Universal Health Insurance / Q000191:economics*
keywords: Financial protection; Government subsidization of health insurance; Universal health coverage; Vulnerable population groups