title: The concept of Watson's carative factors in nursing and their (dis)harmony with patient satisfaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Constant reviews of the caring behavior of nurses and patient satisfaction help to improve the quality of nursing. The aim of our research was to explore relationships between the level of nursing education, the perception of nurses and nursing assistants of Watson's carative factors, and patient satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire survey using a convenience sample of 1,098 members of nursing teams and a purposive sample of 1,123 patients in four health care institutions in Slovenia was conducted in August 2012. A demographic questionnaire and the Caring Nurse-Patient Interactions Scale (nurse version) were delivered to the nurses. A Hospital Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Survey was delivered to discharged patients. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carative factor sensibility was related to the level of nursing education. Patients were satisfied with the care received from nurses, nursing assistants and hospitals, although we found differences between the perceptions of nurses and nursing assistants of carative factors and patient satisfaction. By comparing only the perceptions of nurses and nursing assistants of carative factors in health care institutions, differences were found for seven out of ten carative factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not find major significant differences between carative factors and level of nurse education, except in one carative factor. Differences in perceptions of carative factors between health care institutions are probably the result of different institutional factors. The results can be of great benefit to nurse administrators and educators, indicating the factors that must be taken into account for enhancing patient satisfaction. Emphasis on caring theories should be placed in nursing education and their application in nursing practice.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor , Maribor , Slovenia.
authors.forename: Majda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pajnkihar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia; Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Štiglic
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor , Maribor , Slovenia.
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vrbnjak
keywords: Caring; Cross-sectional studies; Patient satisfaction