title: Automated pressure-controlled cerebrospinal fluid drainage during open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
abstract: Perioperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage is a well-established technique for spinal cord protection during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) open repair and is usually performed using dripping chamber-based systems. A new automated device for controlled and continuous CSF drainage, designed to maintain CSF pressure around the desired set values, thus avoiding unnecessary drainage, is currently available. The aim of our study was to determine whether the use of the new LiquoGuard automated device (Möller Medical GmbH, Fulda, Germany) during TAAA open repair was safe and effective in maintaining the desired CSF pressure values and whether the incidence of complications was reduced compared with a standard catheter connected to a dripping chamber.
  
  
  
  Data of patients who underwent surgical TAAA open repair using perioperative CSF drainage at our institution between October 2012 and October 2014 were recorded. The difference in CSF pressure values between patients who underwent CSF drainage with a conventional dripping chamber-based system (manual group) and patients who underwent CSF drainage with the LiquoGuard (automated group) was measured at the beginning of the intervention (T1), 15 minutes after aortic cross-clamping (T2), just before unclamping (T3), at the end of surgery (T4), and 4 hours after the end of surgery (T5). The choice of the draining systems was randomly alternated with one-to-one rate until the last six patients consecutively treated with LiquoGuard were enrolled. Primary outcomes were occurrence of spinal cord ischemia, intracranial hemorrhage, postdural puncture headache, and in-hospital mortality.
  
  
  
  The study included 152 patients who underwent open surgical TAAA repair during the study period: 73 patients underwent CSF drainage with the traditional system and 79 with LiquoGuard. The CSF pressure values at T1 and T5 were not considerably different in the two groups. By repeated-measures analysis of variance, a significant upward trend of perioperative CSF pressure was observed in the automated group at T2, T3, and T4 (group × time interaction = F3,66; P < .001). No difference was reported in the occurrence of spinal cord ischemia, intracranial hemorrhage, or mortality. The LiquoGuard group reported significantly reduced postdural puncture headache (3.3% vs 16.9%; P = .01).
  
  
  
  Perioperative use of LiquoGuard during TAAA open repair was safe and effective. Despite slightly higher intraoperative CSF pressures, the rate of spinal cord ischemia did not increase in the LiquoGuard group, and postdural puncture headache significantly decreased.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, "Vita-Salute" University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Yamume
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tshomba
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, "Vita-Salute" University, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: marcoleopardi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leopardi
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, "Vita-Salute" University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mascia
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, "Vita-Salute" University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kahlberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, "Vita-Salute" University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carozzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, "Vita-Salute" University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magrin
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, "Vita-Salute" University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Germano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Melissano
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, "Vita-Salute" University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chiesa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D001331:Automation; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D057785:Catheters; D015170:Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D051299:Post-Dural Puncture Headache / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020760:Spinal Cord Ischemia / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014160:Transducers, Pressure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality