title: Evaluation of single and stack membraneless enzymatic fuel cells based on ethanol in simulated body fluids.
abstract: The purpose of this work is to evaluate single and double-cell membraneless microfluidic fuel cells (MMFCs) that operate in the presence of simulated body fluids SBF, human serum and blood enriched with ethanol as fuels. The study was performed using the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme immobilised by covalent binding through an array composed of carbon Toray paper as support and a layer of poly(methylene blue)/tetrabutylammonium bromide/Nafion and glutaraldehyde (3D bioanode electrode). The single MMFC was tested in a hybrid microfluidic fuel cell using Pt/C as the cathode. A cell voltage of 1.035V and power density of 3.154mWcm-2were observed, which is the highest performance reported to date. The stability and durability were tested through chronoamperometry and polarisation/performance curves obtained at different days, which demonstrated a slow decrease in the power density on day 10 (14%) and day 20 (26%). Additionally, the cell was tested for ethanol oxidation in simulated body fluid (SBF) with ionic composition similar to human blood plasma. Those tests resulted in 0.93V of cell voltage and a power density close to 1.237mWcm-2. The double cell MMFC (Stack) was tested using serum and human blood enriched with ethanol. The stack operated with blood in a serial connection showed an excellent cell performance (0.716mWcm-2), demonstrating the feasibility of employing human blood as energy source.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Pedro Escobedo, Qro. C.P. 76703, Mexico; Facultad de Ingeniería, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro, Qro. C.P. 76010, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galindo-de-la-Rosa
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Unidad Tijuana, Tijuana B.C., C.P. 22444, Mexico.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arjona
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Pedro Escobedo, Qro. C.P. 76703, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno-Zuria
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ingeniería, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro, Qro. C.P. 76010, Mexico.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Ortega
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ingeniería, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro, Qro. C.P. 76010, Mexico. Electronic address: minbalca@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerra-Balcázar
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ingeniería, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro, Qro. C.P. 76010, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ledesma-García
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Pedro Escobedo, Qro. C.P. 76703, Mexico.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Arriaga
mesh_terms: D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources / Q000382:microbiology; D004560:Electricity; D004566:Electrodes; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000378:metabolism; D004867:Equipment Design; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D000431:Ethanol; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase
keywords: Alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme; Ethanol electro-oxidation; Human serum and blood; Simulated body fluid; Stack membraneless enzymatic fuel cells