title: Implementation of interprofessional education (IPE) in 16 U.S. medical schools: Common practices, barriers and facilitators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enhanced patient outcomes and accreditation criteria have led schools to integrate interprofessional education (IPE). While several studies describe IPE curricula at individual institutions, few examine practices across multiple institutions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the IPE integration at different institutions and determine gaps where there is potential for improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this mixed methods study, we obtained survey results from 16 U.S. medical schools, 14 of which reported IPE activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common collaboration was between medical and nursing schools (93%). The prevalent format was shared curriculum, often including integrated modules (57%). Small group activities represented the majority (64%) of event settings, and simulation-based learning, games and role-play (71%) were the most utilized learning methods. Thirteen schools (81.3%) reported teaching IPE competencies, but significant variation existed. Gaps and barriers in the study include limitations of using a convenience sample, limited qualitative analysis, and survey by self-report.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most IPE activities focused on the physician role. Implementation challenges included scheduling, logistics and financial support. A need for effective faculty development as well as measures to examine the link between IPE learning outcomes and patient outcomes were identified.
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Marissa Fuqua
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Erin K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Thayer
authors.affiliation: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stuber
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Awdishu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Umoren
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wamsley
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Pablo A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tysinger
authors.affiliation: Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Carney
keywords: Collaboration; Interprofessional education; Interprofessional learning; Mixed methods