title: Intra-annual variation of the association between agricultural best management practices and stream nutrient concentrations.
abstract: Temporal variation may influence the ability of best management practices (BMPs) to mitigate the loss of agricultural pollutants to streams. Our goal was to assess variation in mitigation effects of BMPs by examining the associations between instream nutrient concentrations and the abundance and location of four structural BMPs over a hydrologic year. Water samples were collected monthly (Nov. 2013-Oct. 2014) in 15 headwater streams representing a gradient of BMP use in Southern Ontario, Canada. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models were used to associate two groups of collinear nutrient forms with the abundance and location of BMPs, antecedent precipitation and time of year. BMP metrics in PLS models were associated with instream concentrations of major phosphorus forms and ammonium throughout the year. In contrast, total nitrogen and nitrate-nitrite were only associated with BMPs during snowmelt. BMP metrics associated with reductions of phosphorus and ammonium included greater abundances of riparian buffers and manure storage structures, but not livestock restriction fences. Likewise, the abundance and location riparian vegetation in areas capturing more surface runoff were associated with decreased stream nitrogen concentrations during snowmelt. However, the amount of tile drainage was associated with increased nitrogen concentrations following snowmelt, as well as with greater phosphorus and ammonium concentrations throughout the year. Overall, our findings indicate that increasing the abundance of riparian buffers and manure storage structures may decrease instream nutrient concentrations in agricultural areas. Additionally, the implementation of these structural BMPs appear to be an effective year-round strategy to assist management objectives in reducing phosphorus concentrations in small agricultural streams and thus loadings to downstream tributaries. Further mitigation measures, such as managerial BMPs and controlled tile drainage, may be required to further reduce instream nutrient concentrations during baseflow periods and snowmelt events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Western University and Canadian Rivers Institute, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada. Electronic address: npearce7@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Nolan J T
authors.initials: NJT
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Western University and Canadian Rivers Institute, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada. Electronic address: adam.yates@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Adam G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Yates
keywords: Agriculture; BMP; Hydrologic connectivity; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Riparian buffers