title: Risk Factors for Development of Pulmonary Hypertension in Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are at increased risk for development of Pulmonary Hypertension (PHT). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify risk factors for development of PHT in infants with BPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review identified risk factors for the development of PHT in infants with BPD. A meta-analysis of the pooled data was performed for each individual risk factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 20 risk factors identified, 10 were repeated more than once in nine studies. Meta analysis showed that duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay, oligohydramnios, use of high frequency ventilation, small for gestational age, sepsis and severity of BPD were significant risk factors; while birth weight and gestational age were inversely related.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several clinical variables are predictive of the development of PHT in infants with BPD. Prospective studies are needed to transform these risk factors into a risk-based scoring system.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23233, USA.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagiub
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Usama
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kanaan
authors.affiliation: Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep Medicine (PACS) Division, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep Medicine (PACS) Division, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. Electronic address: lokesh.guglani@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Lokesh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guglani
mesh_terms: D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature / Q000502:physiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia; Infants; Lung; chronic lung disease; echocardiography; prematurity; pulmonary hypertension; risk factors