title: Long-term reliability of sweet-tip type screw-in leads.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active fixation leads have provided stable atrial and ventricular pacing; however, long-term follow-up data have not been satisfactory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term reliability of active fixation leads and their electrical characteristic stability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1196 pacing leads were implanted in 830 patients consecutively between 2002 and 2013. In this retrospective study, we were able to trace 1092 leads in 750 patients to investigate the prognosis of implanted leads. The measurement values (including pacing thresholds, sensing amplitudes, and lead impedances of both the atrial and ventricular leads) were obtained from medical records at the time of implantation and during follow up at the outpatient device clinic. All pacing leads were FINELINE II Sterox EZ Leads (Boston Scientific, MN, USA), which are sweet-tip type screw-in active fixation leads, except for the shock leads in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up period was 51.3±29.2 months (median, 48 months). A total of 1092 leads were implanted in either the atrium (682 leads) or the ventricle (410 leads). Venous access was achieved through cephalic vein cut down (CVC) method (914 leads) or the subclavian vein puncture (SVP) method (178 leads). The overall lead survival rate was 99.6% at both 5 and 10 years. Lead fracture was observed in 4 of 1092 leads (0.37%), all of which were implanted by the SVP method. No lead fracture occurred among patients wherein CVC method was applied (p<0.01). Device-related infection was observed in four patients (0.53%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall reliability and stability of sweet-tip type screw-in leads were satisfactory throughout the long-term follow-up period (median, 4 years). Because it was associated with less lead fractures, cut-down access from the cephalic vein may be recommended as the first-line approach when considering the importance of long-term durability of pacing leads.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Engineering, Juntendo University Hospital, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
authors.forename: Asuka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Gaku
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sekita
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Engineering, Juntendo University Hospital, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
authors.forename: Minako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Engineering, Juntendo University Hospital, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mukaida
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidemori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tokano
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sumiyoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakazato
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Daida
keywords: Cephalic vein; Cut down; Pacemaker; Screw-in lead