title: Exposure of Small-Scale Gold Miners in Prestea to Mercury, Ghana, 2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small-scale gold miners in Ghana have been using mercury to amalgamate gold for many years. Mercury is toxic even at low concentration. We assessed occupational exposure of small-scale gold miners to mercury in Prestea, a gold mining town in Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study in which we collected morning urine samples from 343 small-scale gold miners and tested for elemental mercury. Data on small-scale gold miner's socio-demographics, adverse health effects and occupational factors for mercury exposure were obtained and analyzed using SPSS Version 16 to determine frequency and percentage. Bivariate analysis was used to determine occupational factors associated with mercury exposure at 95% confidence level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the small-scale gold miners was 29.5 ±9.6 years, and 323(94.20%) were males. One hundred and sixty (46.65%) of the small-scale gold miners had urine mercury above the recommended exposure limit (<5.0ug/L). Complaints of numbness were significantly associated with mercury exposure among those who have previously worked at other small-scale gold mines (χ2=4.96, p=0.03). The use of personal protective equipment among the small-scale gold miners was low. Retorts, which are globally recommended for burning amalgam, were not found at mining sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large proportion of small-scale gold miners in Prestea were having mercury exposure in excess of occupational exposure limits, and are at risk of experiencing adverse health related complications. Ghana Environmental Protection Agency should organize training for the miners.
authors.affiliation: Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Ghana Health Service.
authors.forename: Ebenezer Kofi
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Mensah
authors.affiliation: Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Afari
authors.affiliation: Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wurapa
authors.affiliation: Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sackey
authors.affiliation: Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quainoo
authors.affiliation: Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Ghana Health Service.
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kenu
authors.affiliation: Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Ghana Health Service.
authors.forename: Kofi Mensah
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Nyarko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D000067572:Miners; D008906:Mining; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000067393:Personal Protective Equipment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006046:Gold; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Ghana; Mercury; Prestea; personal protective equipment; retort