title: Point-of-care ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound evaluation of vascular injuries in penetrating and blunt trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to describe point-of-care ultrasound and Color flow Duplex Doppler characteristics of penetrating and blunt trauma-related vascular injuries of the limbs and neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  Penetrating and blunt trauma-related vascular injuries such as vein disruption, intimal flap, deep vein thrombosis, arterial dissection, pseudoaneurysm, and arteriovenous fistulae are discussed in this manuscript. Images of the most significant lesions of our personal clinical experience are presented to illustrate point-of-care ultrasound and Color flow Duplex Doppler ultrasound findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Penetrating and blunt trauma-related vascular injuries represent a big challenge. While patients with hard signs of arterial damage must be sent immediately to surgical exploration, when there are soft signs or no clear signs of vascular injury at the physical examination, and the patient is stable, imaging investigation and observation can be useful in the diagnosis and management of these patients. Although angiography is the gold standard of the imaging methods, point-of-care ultrasound and Color flow Duplex Doppler ultrasound are widely available, cheaper, noninvasive, and faster to obtain. They can provide bedside valuable information for the identification of some vascular injuries allowing to an integrated management of the trauma patient, enriched by the use of ultrasound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Point-of-care ultrasound and Color flow Duplex Doppler examination are increasingly used in the decision making process of trauma-related vascular injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Clemente Álvarez Emergency Hospital, Av. Pellegrini 3205, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina. miguel.montorfano@winfocus.org.
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Montorfano
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Clemente Álvarez Emergency Hospital, Av. Pellegrini 3205, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pla
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Clemente Álvarez Emergency Hospital, Av. Pellegrini 3205, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Clemente Álvarez Emergency Hospital, Av. Pellegrini 3205, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cardillo
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine Residency, University of Pavia, Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano Geniere
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Nigra
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Clemente Álvarez Emergency Hospital, Av. Pellegrini 3205, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Lisandro Miguel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Montorfano
keywords: Color flow Duplex Doppler; Critical ultrasound; Doppler sonography; Point-of-care ultrasound; Trauma; Vascular injury