title: Comparison of Immunomodulatory Effects of Fresh Garlic and Black Garlic Polysaccharides on RAW 264.7 Macrophages.
abstract: Garlic has a long history to be used for medicine and food purposes. Black garlic, the fermented product of fresh garlic, is considered with better biological activities, such as antioxidant activity, and is developed as an increasingly popular functional food. Polysaccharides are the major components of fresh and black garlic, and immunomodulatory activity is one major pharmacological effect of polysaccharides. Therefore, chemical characteristics and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from fresh and black garlic are investigated and compared in vitro for the 1st time, in order to reveal their molecular and pharmacological differences. It is demonstrated that the molecular weights of polysaccharides from the 2 sources and molar ratios of monosaccharides after acid hydrolysis are greatly variant. The effects of polysaccharides from 2 sources on RAW 264.7 macrophages functions, including promotion of phagocytosis, release of NO, and expressions of several immune-related cytokines (including interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon gamma), were different from each other. The results indicated that fresh garlic polysaccharide exhibited stronger immunomodulatory activities than that of black garlic. Moreover, it is revealed that fructan might be the bioactive component in garlic and it is indicated that during the fermentation treatment, fructan constituents of garlic has degraded, and basically no immunomodulatory effect can be found in black garlic polysaccharides.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences, Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences, Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Xi
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Research & Development Centre, Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, 510665, China.
authors.forename: Qing-Tao
authors.initials: QT
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences, Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences, Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Ding-Tao
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences, Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Research & Development Centre, Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, 510665, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Zhong
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences, Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Shao-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences, Univ. of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D005630:Fructans / Q000494:pharmacology; D005737:Garlic / Q000737:chemistry*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018517:Plant Roots; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005630:Fructans; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009005:Monosaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: RAW 264.7 macrophages; black garlic; fresh garlic; immunomodulatory effects; polysaccharides