title: Safety of the oral cholera vaccine in pregnancy: Retrospective findings from a subgroup following mass vaccination campaign in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
abstract: Pregnant women are vulnerable to complications of cholera. Killed oral cholera vaccines (OCV) are not recommended for pregnant women though there is no evidence of harmful effects during pregnancy. We evaluated the effect of a killed OCV, Shanchol™, on pregnancy outcomes during an effectiveness trial of the vaccine in urban Bangladesh.
  
  
  
  Individuals ⩾1year were invited to participate in the trial, conducted in 2011 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Pregnancy by history was an exclusion criterion and all women of reproductive age (15-49years) were verbally questioned about pregnancy at enrollment and prior to vaccination. Out of 48,414 women of reproductive age 286 women received the OCV unknowingly while pregnant. Out of these, we could recruit 69 women defined as exposed to OCV. Accordingly, we selected 69 pregnant women randomly from those who did not take the OCV (non-exposed to OCV). We evaluated adverse pregnancy outcome (spontaneous miscarriages, still births, or congenital malformations) between those who were exposed to OCV and those who were not exposed to OCV.
  
  
  
  About 16% of pregnant women exposed to OCV had pregnancy loss, as compared to 12% of unvaccinated pregnant women (P=0.38). One congenital anomaly was observed and occurred in women non-exposed to OCV group. Models that adjusted for baseline characteristics that were unbalanced between the exposed and non-exposed groups, revealed a no elevation of risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in vaccinees versus non-vaccinees (Adj. OR (95% CI): 0.45 (0.11-1.88).
  
  
  
  No excess of adverse fetal outcomes associated with receipt of OCV was observed in this study.
  
  
  
  Clinical Trials.gov number NCT01339845.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ashraful Islam
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Fahima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Iqbal Ansary
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Arifuzzaman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Afroza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akter
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asaduzzaman
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Taufiqul
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Alamgir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kabir
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute (IVI), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ae
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Nirod Chandra
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: Precision Global Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cravioto
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Electronic address: fqadri@icddrb.org.
authors.forename: Firdausi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qadri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh; D002771:Cholera / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022121:Cholera Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D037841:Pregnant People; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D022121:Cholera Vaccines; C000588783:shanchol
keywords: Oral cholera vaccine; Pregnancy; Shanchol™; Vaccination