title: Pediatric Neuroendocrine Carcinoid Tumors: Review of Diagnostic Imaging Findings and Recent Advances.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although rare, pediatric neuroendocrine tumors including carcinoid tumor have increased in incidence over the past few decades. Despite increased recognition, survival rates have not significantly improved. Earlier detection of these tumors is necessary to improve clinical outcomes. This article discusses imaging approaches for detecting pediatric carcinoid tumors including anatomic imaging methods such as CT and MRI as well as functional imaging methods targeting the somatostatin receptor including111In-labeled octreotide and newer68Ga-based radiotracers that may hold promise in hybrid PET/CT or PET/MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvements in functional imaging with novel somatostatin receptor-specific radiotracers along with fused functional and anatomic imaging have substantially improved the clinical detection of carcinoid tumors. Although rare, these tumors are encountered in children, and an awareness of the appropriate use of various imaging methods is essential for pediatric specialists. Further research is needed to ascertain the diagnostic value of newer imaging methods and radiotracer-based treatment approaches, especially in the pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.|2 Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.|3 Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Degnan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.|2 Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.|3 Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Sameh S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tadros
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800170, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0170.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tocchio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
keywords: MRI; carcinoid tumor; diagnostic imaging; neuroendocrine tumor; octreotide; pediatric radiology