title: Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognostic factors for primary spinal epidural lymphoma: report on 36 Chinese patients and review of the literature.
abstract: Due to the uncommon nature of primary spinal epidural lymphomas (PSELs), there has been little research looking at prognostic indicators for the tumor. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to evaluate possible clinical and pathologic prognostic factors in PSEL patients.
  
  
  
  We retrospectively reviewed 130 cases of PSEL, including 36 Chinese patients and 94 published case reports from 1985 to 2015. Patient treatment regimens included surgery (S; n = 119), surgery followed by chemotherapy (S + CT; n = 25), surgery followed by radiotherapy (S + RT; n = 26), and surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy (S + CT + RT; n = 50).
  
  
  
  Review of the most recent case follow-up data (time varied) found 51 patients (47%) alive and tumor-free, 10 patients (9%) alive with tumor present, and 47 patients (44%) deceased. The 3-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 81.1% and 46.3%, respectively. Favorable prognostic factors found by univariate analysis were female sex, B-cell lymphoma diagnosis, cervical spine location, and combined modality treatment. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that thoracic spine location (HR = 4.629, 95% CI = [1.911, 31.667], P = 0.042 for OS) and the lack of combined modality treatment (HR = 12.697, 95% CI = [2.664, 48.612], P < 0.0001 for DFS) were associated with poor survival in PSEL patients.
  
  
  
  PSEL demonstrates specific clinical features and is associated with a relatively good prognosis. Thoracic spine location is a significant poor prognostic factor, and combined modality treatment is associated with improved disease-free survival, but not overall survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
authors.forename: Ling-Min
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Wu
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Lin
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China. awliu666@163.com.
authors.forename: An-Wen
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China. huanglongdoctor@163.com.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059186:Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Primary spinal epidural lymphomas; Prognosis; Treatment