title: Chilling Affects Phytohormone and Post-Embryonic Development Pathways during Bud Break and Fruit Set in Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.).
abstract: The availability of sufficient chilling during bud dormancy plays an important role in the subsequent yield and quality of apple fruit, whereas, insufficient chilling availability negatively impacts the apple production. The transcriptome profiling during bud dormancy release and initial fruit set under low and high chill conditions was performed using RNA-seq. The comparative high number of differentially expressed genes during bud break and fruit set under high chill condition indicates that chilling availability was associated with transcriptional reorganization. The comparative analysis reveals the differential expression of genes involved in phytohormone metabolism, particularly for Abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, ethylene, auxin and cytokinin. The expression of Dormancy Associated MADS-box, Flowering Locus C-like, Flowering Locus T-like and Terminal Flower 1-like genes was found to be modulated under differential chilling. The co-expression network analysis indentified two high chill specific modules that were found to be enriched for "post-embryonic development" GO terms. The network analysis also identified hub genes including Early flowering 7, RAF10, ZEP4 and F-box, which may be involved in regulating chilling-mediated dormancy release and fruit set. The results of transcriptome and co-expression network analysis indicate that chilling availability majorly regulates phytohormone-related pathways and post-embryonic development during bud break.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India.|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Gulshan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India.|ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, PDU Campus, IINRG, Namkum, Ranchi-834010 (JH), India.
authors.forename: Khushboo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India.
authors.forename: Shivalika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pathania
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India.
authors.forename: Mohit Kumar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Swarnkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India.
authors.forename: Usha Kumari
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Rattan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India.
authors.forename: Gagandeep
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India.
authors.forename: Ram Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India.|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.|ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, PDU Campus, IINRG, Namkum, Ranchi-834010 (JH), India.
authors.forename: Anil Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000502:physiology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D063990:Gene Ontology; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D027845:Malus / Q000502:physiology*; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D063245:Plant Development; D057445:Plant Dormancy / Q000235:genetics; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D012621:Seasons; D015398:Signal Transduction; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D010937:Plant Growth Regulators