title: Surgical Navigation: A Systematic Review of Indications, Treatments, and Outcomes in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review investigates the most common indications, treatments, and outcomes of surgical navigation (SN) published from 2010 to 2015. The evolution of SN and its application in oral and maxillofacial surgery have rapidly developed over recent years, and therapeutic indications are discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search in relevant electronic databases, journals, and bibliographies of the included articles was carried out. Clinical studies with 5 or more patients published between 2010 and 2015 were included. Traumatology, orthognathic surgery, cancer and reconstruction surgery, skull-base surgery, and foreign body removal were the areas of interests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search generated 13 articles dealing with traumatology; 5, 6, 2, and 0 studies were found that dealt with the topics of orthognathic surgery, cancer and reconstruction surgery, skull-base surgery, and foreign body removal, respectively. The average technical system accuracy and intraoperative precision reported were less than 1 mm and 1 to 2 mm, respectively. In general, SN is reported to be a useful tool for surgical planning, execution, evaluation, and research. The largest numbers of studies and patients were identified in the field of traumatology. Treatment of complex orbital fractures was considerably improved by the use of SN compared with traditionally treated control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SN seems to be a very promising addition to the surgical toolkit. Planning details of the surgical procedure in a 3-dimensional virtual environment and execution with real-time guidance can significantly improve precision. Among factors to be considered are the financial investments necessary and the learning curve.
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. Electronic address: iazarmehr@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Azarmehr
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kasper
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stokbro
authors.affiliation: Director, Providence Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Program and Clinic, Providence Cancer Center; Attending Surgeon, Trauma Service, Legacy Emanuel Medical Center; and Consultant, Head and Neck Institute, Portland, OR.
authors.forename: R Bryan
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Head of Department, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thygesen
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D006801:Humans; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted