title: Optimization of a genomic breeding program for a moderately sized dairy cattle population.
abstract: Although it now standard practice to genotype thousands of female calves, genotyping of bull calves is generally limited to progeny of elite cows. In addition to genotyping costs, increasing the pool of candidate sires requires purchase, isolation, and identification of calves until selection decisions are made. We economically optimized via simulation a genomic breeding program for a population of approximately 120,000 milk-recorded cows, corresponding to the Israeli Holstein population. All 30,000 heifers and 60,000 older cows of parities 1 to 3 were potential bull dams. Animals were assumed to have genetic evaluations for a trait with heritability of 0.25 derived by an animal model evaluation of the population. Only bull calves were assumed to be genotyped. A pseudo-phenotype corresponding to each animal's genetic evaluation was generated, consisting of the animal's genetic value plus a residual with variance set to obtain the assumed reliability for each group of animals. Between 4 and 15 bulls and between 200 and 27,000 cows with the highest pseudo-phenotypes were selected as candidate bull parents. For all progeny of the founder animals, genetic values were simulated as the mean of the parental values plus a Mendelian sampling effect with variance of 0.5. A probability of 0.3 for a healthy bull calf per mating, and a genomic reliability of 0.43 were assumed. The 40 bull calves with the highest genomic evaluations were selected for general service for 1 yr. Costs included genotyping of candidate bulls and their dams, purchase of the calves from the farmers, and identification. Costs of raising culled calves were partially recovered by resale for beef. Annual costs were estimated as $10,922 + $305 × candidate bulls. Nominal profit per cow per genetic standard deviation was $106. Economic optimum with a discount rate of 5%, first returns after 4 yr, and a profit horizon of 15 yr were obtained with genotyping 1,620 to 1,750 calves for all numbers of bull sires. However, 95% of the optimal profit can be achieved with only 240 to 300 calves. The higher reliabilities achieved through addition of genomic information to the selection process contribute not only in obtaining higher genetic gain, but also in obtaining higher absolute profits. In addition, the optimal profits are obtained for a lower number of calves born in each generation. Inbreeding, as allowed within genomic selection for the Israeli herd, had virtually no effect on genetic gain or on profits, when compared with the case of exclusion of all matings that generate inbreeding. Annual response to selection ranged from 0.35 to 0.4 genetic standard deviation for 4 to 15 bull sires, as compared with 0.25 to 0.3 for a comparable half-sib design without genomic selection.
authors.affiliation: Israel Cattle Breeders Association, Caesarea Industrial Park 3088900, Israel. Electronic address: anatr@icba.co.il.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reiner-Benaim
authors.affiliation: Israel Cattle Breeders Association, Caesarea Industrial Park 3088900, Israel.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ezra
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 5025001, Israel.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Weller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D023281:Genomics; D005838:Genotype; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012641:Selection, Genetic
keywords: economic optimization; genetic gain; genomic selection; herd simulation; inbreeding