title: Constraint is associated with earlier circadian phase and morningness: Confirmation of relationships between personality and circadian phase using a constant routine protocol.
abstract: Associations among personality, diurnal preference, and circadian phase were investigated using a constant routine laboratory protocol. One hundred and sixty-eight healthy participants aged 18-30 years (Womenn= 68) completed either a 30- or 50-hour constant routine under dim-light conditions (<3 lux), during which circadian phase was measured from core body temperature and melatonin. Prior to laboratory admission, self-report measures of personality and diurnal preference were also obtained. The personality trait of Constraint correlated positively with morning diurnal preference and earlier circadian phase, with circadian phase partially mediating the relationship between Constraint and diurnal preference. No other personality variables correlated with circadian phase. Sex was an important covariate in several of the relationships investigated due to lower levels of Constraint and later CBT phase amongst men and was thus controlled for in all relevant analyses. Findings from this highly controlled study are consistent with previous field research in suggesting that earlier circadian phase is associated with the personality trait of Constraint.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bullock
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cooper-O'Neill
authors.affiliation: Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gooley
authors.affiliation: Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.affiliation: Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lockley
keywords: Chronotype; Circadian; Constant Routine; Constraint; Core Body Temperature; DLMO; Diurnal Preference; Melatonin; Phase