title: Identification and management of right ventricular perforation using pacemaker and cardioverter-defibrillator leads: A case series and mini review.
abstract: Right ventricular perforation is a rare but serious complication of permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, with a reported prevalence rate of 0.1-6%. Generally, there is a high incidence of asymptomatic lead perforation with otherwise normal function. Some patients present with a stabbing chest pain and shortness of breath or pacemaker malfunction. However, in some cases, tamponade or adjacent tissue injury may be seen. The exact risk factors for lead perforation are not yet clear. Furthermore, there are many controversies in the management of lead perforation. Extraction of an asymptomatic, incidentally detected, chronically perforating lead does not seem to be necessary. Patients with symptoms or device malfunction will require treatment appropriate for their problem.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Akbarzadeh
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mollazadeh
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Salma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sefidbakht
authors.affiliation: Shariati Research and Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Soraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahrzad
authors.affiliation: Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Negar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bahrololoumi Bafruee
keywords: Cardiac perforation; Complication; Implantable cardioverter defibrillator; Pacemaker