title: Oculogyric crises: A review of phenomenology, etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment.
abstract: Oculogyric crises are a rare movement disorder characterized by paroxysmal, conjugate, tonic, usually upwards, deviation of the eyes. Causes for oculogyric crises are limited and include complications of dopamine-receptor blocking medications and neurometabolic disorders affecting dopamine metabolism, suggesting that an underlying hypodopaminergic state is important to the pathogenesis. Mimickers of oculogyric crises exist, and we propose diagnostic criteria to distinguish true oculogyric crises. Recognition of oculogyric crises is important for the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of rare disorders, and an approach to investigations in oculogyric crises is proposed. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, TWH, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Slow
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, TWH, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
keywords: crises; dopamine; dystonia; oculogyric