title: The role of type III effectors from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in virulence and suppression of plant immunity.
abstract: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) causes cassava bacterial blight, the most important bacterial disease of cassava. Xam, like other Xanthomonas species, requires type III effectors (T3Es) for maximal virulence. Xam strain CIO151 possesses 17 predicted T3Es belonging to the Xanthomonas outer protein (Xop) class. This work aimed to characterize nine Xop effectors present in Xam CIO151 for their role in virulence and modulation of plant immunity. Our findings demonstrate the importance of XopZ, XopX, XopAO1 and AvrBs2 for full virulence, as well as a redundant function in virulence between XopN and XopQ in susceptible cassava plants. We tested their role in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) using heterologous systems. AvrBs2, XopR and XopAO1 are capable of suppressing PTI. ETI suppression activity was only detected for XopE4 and XopAO1. These results demonstrate the overall importance and diversity in functions of major virulence effectors AvrBs2 and XopAO1 in Xam during cassava infection.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología de la Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Cesar Augusto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología de la Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Paola Andrea
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.affiliation: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología de la Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Cesar Augusto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Trujillo
authors.affiliation: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología de la Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Juan Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología de la Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: David Alejandro
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bejarano
authors.affiliation: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología de la Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Nathaly Andrea
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Montenegro
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le De´veloppement (IRD), Cirad, Universite´ Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0660, USA.|Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0722, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joe
authors.affiliation: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología de la Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Restrepo
authors.affiliation: Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0660, USA.|Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0722, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Alfano
authors.affiliation: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología de la Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernal
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014974:Xanthomonas / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D053532:Xanthomonas axonopodis / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins
keywords: ETI; PTI; type III effectors; virulence, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis