title: Effect of chemical amendments on remediation of potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) and soil quality improvement in paddy fields.
abstract: Remediation of potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) in paddy fields is fundamental for crop safety. In situ application of chemical amendments has been widely adapted because of its cost-effectiveness and environmental safety. The main purpose of this research was to (1) evaluate the reduction in dissolved concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) with the application of chemical amendments and (2) monitor microbial activity in the soil to determine the remediation efficiency. Three different chemical amendments, lime stone, steel slag, and acid mine drainage sludge, were applied to paddy fields, and rice (Oryza sativa L. Milyang 23) was cultivated. The application of chemical amendments immobilized both Cd and As in soil. Between the two PTEs, As reduction was significant (p < 0.05) with the addition of chemical amendments, whereas no significant reduction was observed for Cd than that for the control. Among six soil-related variables, PTE concentration showed a negative correlation with soil pH (r = -0.70 for As and r = -0.54 for Cd) and soil respiration (SR) (r = -0.88 for As and r = -0.45 for Cd). This result indicated that immobilization of PTEs in soil is dependent on soil pH and reduces PTE toxicity. Overall, the application of chemical amendments could be utilized for decreasing PTE (As and Cd) bioavailability and increasing microbial activity in the soil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Kyu
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Phil
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Soil Environment Center, Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute, Seoul, 03367, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Do Hyung
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea. yangjay@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D018533:Biomass; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D012275:Oryza; D058996:Quality Improvement; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Chemical amendments; Microbial activity; Paddy soil; Potentially toxic trace elements; Soil quality