title: Telemedicine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: Telemedicine is a medical application of advanced technology to disease management. This modality may provide benefits also to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Different devices and systems are used. The legal problems associated with telemedicine are still controversial. Economic advantages for healthcare systems, though potentially high, are still poorly investigated. A European Respiratory Society Task Force has defined indications, follow-up, equipment, facilities, legal and economic issues of tele-monitoring of COPD patients including those undergoing home mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The costs of care assistance in chronic disease patients are dramatically increasing.Telemedicine may be a very useful application of information and communication technologies in high-quality healthcare services.Many remote health monitoring systems are available, ensuring safety, feasibility, effectiveness, sustainability and flexibility to face different patients' needs.The legal problems associated with telemedicine are still controversial.National and European Union governments should develop guidelines and ethical, legal, regulatory, technical, administrative standards for remote medicine.The economic advantages, if any, of this new approach must be compared to a "gold standard" of homecare that is very variable among different European countries and within each European country.The efficacy of respiratory disease telemedicine projects is promising (i.e.to tailor therapeutic intervention; to avoid useless hospital and emergency department admissions, and reduce general practitioner and specialist visits; and to involve the patients and their families).Different programmes based on specific and local situations, and on specific diseases and levels of severity with a high level of flexibility should be utilised.A European Respiratory Society Task Force produced a statement on commonly accepted clinical criteria for indications, follow-up, equipment, facilities, legal and economic issues also of telemonitoring of ventilator-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.Much more research is needed before considering telemonitoring a real improvement in the management of these patients.
  To clarify definitions of aspects of telemedicineTo describe different tools of telemedicineTo provide information on the main clinical resultsTo define recommendations and limitations.
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Volterra Ricerche, Auxilium Vitae, Volterra, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicolino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ambrosino
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Volterra Ricerche, Auxilium Vitae, Volterra, Italy.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vagheggini
authors.affiliation: The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazzoleni
authors.affiliation: Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS Lumezzane, Lumezzane, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vitacca