title: Statistical controversies in clinical research: Value of adverse events relatedness to study treatment: analyses of data from randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Collection and reporting of adverse events (AEs) and their relatedness to study treatment, known commonly as attribution, in clinical trials is mandated by regulatory agencies (the National Cancer Institute and the Food and Drug Administration). Attribution is assigned by the treating physician using judgment based on various factors including patient's baseline status, disease history, and comorbidity as well as knowledge about the safety profile of the study treatments. We evaluate the patterns of AE attribution (unrelated, unlikely, possibly, probably, and definitely related to the treatment) in treatment, symptom intervention (cancer patients) and cancer prevention (participants at high risk for cancer) setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine multicenter placebo-controlled trials (two treatment, two symptom intervention, and five cancer prevention) were analysed separately (2155 patients). Frequency and severity of AEs were summarized by arm. Attribution and percentage of repeated AEs whose attribution changed overtime were summarized for the placebo arms. Percentage of physician over- or under-reporting of AE relatedness was calculated for the treatment arms using the placebo arm as the reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all trials and settings, a very high proportion of AEs reported as related to treatment were classified as possibly related, a significant proportion of AEs in the placebo arm were incorrectly reported as related to treatment, and clinician-reported attribution over-estimated the rate of AEs related to treatment. Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and neurosensory were the common AEs that were over reported by clinician as related to treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analyses demonstrate that assigning causality to AE is a complex and difficult process that produces unreliable and subjective data. In randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials where data are available to objectively assess relatedness of AE to treatment, attribution assignment should be eliminated.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Health Sciences Research.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le-Rademacher
authors.affiliation: Departments of Health Sciences Research.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.affiliation: Departments of Health Sciences Research.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Loprinzi
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Limburg
authors.affiliation: Departments of Health Sciences Research.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mandrekar
mesh_terms: D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D010919:Placebos; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos
keywords: adverse events; attribution; cancer prevention; clinical trials; symptom intervention; treatment trials