title: Positive staining for cellulose in oral pulse granuloma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral pulse granuloma (OPG) is an oral inflammatory lesion characterized by the presence of hyaline rings with numerous multinucleated giant cells. The etiopathogenesis of this lesion is thus far unclear, as is the composition of the hyaline rings. Our aim was to investigate whether the hyaline rings contain cellulose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a newly developed staining method for cellulose, we studied 18 histologic samples diagnosed as OPG, in addition to 3 samples originally diagnosed as "normal" foreign body reactions. In our study, visualization of cellulose is based on its specific binding to the carbohydrate binding module of β-1,4-glycanase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All samples diagnosed as OPG were positive for cellulose staining localized in hyaline rings. In addition, 1 lesion (of 3), first diagnosed as a foreign body reaction without the presence of hyaline rings, was positive for cellulose by horseradish peroxidase staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show for the first time that cellulose is present in OPG lesions, indicating that cellulose might be the initial cause of formation of these lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sirke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Virkkunen
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Caj
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haglund
authors.affiliation: Section for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Casper
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Højgaard
authors.affiliation: Section for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jakob Rahr
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Winther
authors.affiliation: Section for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Willemoës
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: jaana.hagstrom@hus.fi.
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hagström
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D015745:Granuloma, Foreign-Body / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002482:Cellulose