title: Glycaemic index, glycaemic load and risk of cutaneous melanoma in a population-based, case-control study.
abstract: Glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) are indicators of dietary carbohydrate quantity and quality and have been associated with increased risk of certain cancers and type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance has been associated with increased melanoma risk. However, GI and GL have not been investigated for melanoma. We present the first study to examine the possible association of GI and GL with melanoma risk. We carried out a population-based, case-control study involving 380 incident cases of cutaneous melanoma and 719 age- and sex-matched controls in a northern Italian region. Dietary GI and GL were computed for each subject using data from a self-administered, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We computed the odds ratio (OR) for melanoma according to quintiles of distribution of GL and GL among controls. A direct association between melanoma risk and GL emerged in females (OR 2·38; 95 % CI 1·25, 4·52 for the highest v. the lowest quintile of GL score, P for trend 0·070) but not in males. The association in females persisted in the multivariable analysis after adjusting for several potential confounders. There was no evidence of an association between GI and melanoma risk. GL might be associated with melanoma risk in females.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences,Research Center for Environmental, Genetic, and Nutritional Epidemiology (CREAGEN),University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,41125 Modena,Italy.
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malavolti
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences,Research Center for Environmental, Genetic, and Nutritional Epidemiology (CREAGEN),University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,41125 Modena,Italy.
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malagoli
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Biostatistics and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center,University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health,Los Angeles,CA 90095-1772,USA.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Crespi
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Food Science,University of Parma,43121 Parma,Italy.
authors.forename: Furio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brighenti
authors.affiliation: 4Epidemiology and Prevention Unit,Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori,20133 Milan,Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agnoli
authors.affiliation: 4Epidemiology and Prevention Unit,Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori,20133 Milan,Italy.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sieri
authors.affiliation: 4Epidemiology and Prevention Unit,Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori,20133 Milan,Italy.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.affiliation: 5Dermatologic Unit,University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,41124 Modena,Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiorentini
authors.affiliation: 5Dermatologic Unit,University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,41124 Modena,Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farnetani
authors.affiliation: 5Dermatologic Unit,University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,41124 Modena,Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.affiliation: 6Dermatologic Unit,Santa Maria Nuova Hospital-IRCCS,42123 Reggio Emilia,Italy.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.affiliation: 6Dermatologic Unit,Santa Maria Nuova Hospital-IRCCS,42123 Reggio Emilia,Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.affiliation: 7Dermatologic Unit,Bellaria Hospital,40124 Bologna,Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanzoni
authors.affiliation: 7Dermatologic Unit,Bellaria Hospital,40124 Bologna,Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Veneziano
authors.affiliation: 8Dermatologic Unit,University of Ferrara,44121 Ferrara,Italy.
authors.forename: Annarosa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virgili
authors.affiliation: 9Dermatologic Unit,University of Parma,43121 Parma,Italy.
authors.forename: Calogero
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pagliarello
authors.affiliation: 9Dermatologic Unit,University of Parma,43121 Parma,Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feliciani
authors.affiliation: 10Dermatologic Unit,University of Bologna,40138 Bologna,Italy.
authors.forename: Pier Alessandro
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Fanti
authors.affiliation: 10Dermatologic Unit,University of Bologna,40138 Bologna,Italy.
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dika
authors.affiliation: 5Dermatologic Unit,University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,41124 Modena,Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pellacani
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences,Research Center for Environmental, Genetic, and Nutritional Epidemiology (CREAGEN),University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,41125 Modena,Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vinceti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D000067940:Glycemic Load; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms; D000096142:Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords:  CI confidence interval;  EPIC European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition;  FFQ food frequency questionnaire;  GI glycaemic index;  GL glycaemic load;  OR odds ratio;  SFA saturated fatty acids; Case–control studies; Epidemiology; Glycaemic index; Glycaemic load; Melanoma