title: In vitro and in vivo responses of macrophages to magnesium-doped titanium.
abstract: Modulating immune response to biomaterials through changing macrophage polarization has been proven to be a promising strategy to elicit beneficial outcomes in tissue repair. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of macrophage polarization to titanium doped with magnesium (0.1~0.35%), which was prepared through the magnesium plasma immersion ion implantation (Mg PIII) technique. The M1/M2 polarization profile of macrophages was investigated using a murine cell line RAW 264.7 in vitro and a murine air pouch model in vivo. Our results demonstrated that the Mg PIII-treated titanium induced a higher percentage of M2 macrophages and higher concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. Genes encoding two growth factors, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were up-regulated, thus indicating the ability of the M2 phenotype to promote wound healing. The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway was down-regulated. In vivo the Mg PIII -treated titanium elicited a similar effect on macrophage polarization and induced thinner fibrous capsule formation and a decrease in infiltrated cells. These results indicate that Mg PIII treatment has the immunomodulatory potential to elicit the pro-healing M2-polarized macrophage phenotype, thus providing new insight into the development of immunomodulatory biomaterials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
authors.forename: Huiliang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China.
authors.forename: Yaochao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China.
authors.forename: Mengqi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China.
authors.forename: Xianlong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
authors.forename: Xuanyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D014025:Titanium; D008274:Magnesium