title: A study to evaluate the prevalence of hypogonadism in Indian males with Type-2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A high prevalence of hypogonadism in men with Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been reported worldwide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of hypogonadism in Indian males with T2DM and assess the primary and secondary hypogonadism along with androgen deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 900 men with T2DM were evaluated using androgen deficiency in aging male questionnaire. They were screened for demographic characteristics, gonadal hormone levels, lipid profile, and glycosylated hemoglobin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of hypogonadism in T2DM patients was found to be 20.7% (186 out of 900). Hypogonadism was of testicular origin (primary) in 48/186 (25.8%) patients, of pituitary or hypothalamic origin (secondary) in 14/186 (7.53%), and remaining 124/186 (66.67%) patients were found to have low testosterone with the inappropriate normal level of luteinizing hormone and Follicle-stimulating hormone. 451/900 (50.1%) patients were only symptomatic but had normal testosterone levels. Further 263 patients out 900 were asymptomatic, of which 51/900 (5.7%) patients had low levels of testosterone and 212/900 (23.5%) patients had normal testosterone level without symptoms. There were no deaths or other serious adverse events except mild pyrexia which was not related to the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypogonadism diagnosis, at times, might not be validated with the help of androgen deficiency questionnaire or symptoms only. Given the large number of patients of T2DM in India, the incidence of hypogonadism is more in diabetic patients as compared to the general population. Hence, implementation of screening programs in diabetic patients is necessary to understand and detect individuals with low serum total testosterone at any early stage and to supplement testosterone accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Hormone Care and Research Center, Near St. Mary's School, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Pankaj Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Civil Lines, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Parminder
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, Ronald Ross Building, 4th Floor, 244, A J C Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Subhankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Thyroid and Endocrine Centre, Near 4 No. ESI Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Thyroid and Hormone Clinic, Dhakuria, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Anirban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.affiliation: Gujarat Endocrine Centre, 2nd Floor, Silver Brook B, Opposite Doctor House, Near Parimal Crossing, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Parag
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Osmania General Hospital, 2nd Floor, Golden Jubilee Block, Afzalgunj, Afzalgunj, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sahay
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: S Vageesh
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Ayyar
authors.affiliation: Samrat Endocrine Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Thyroid, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Hemant
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Phatale
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sarita Vihar, Delhi Mathura Road, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Chandar M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.affiliation: Global Medical Affairs, MSD Pharmaceuticals Private Limited, 10th Floor, Platina Building, C-59, G-Block, Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Raeesuddin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.affiliation: Global Medical Affairs, MSD Pharmaceuticals Private Limited, 10th Floor, Platina Building, C-59, G-Block, Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shetty
keywords: Androgen; diabetes mellitus; hypogonadism; testosterone