title: Different Behavior of Enteric Bacteria and Viruses in Clay and Sandy Soils after Biofertilization with Swine Digestate.
abstract: Enteric pathogens from biofertilizer can accumulate in the soil, subsequently contaminating water and crops. We evaluated the survival, percolation and leaching of model enteric pathogens in clay and sandy soils after biofertilization with swine digestate: PhiX-174, mengovirus (vMC0),Salmonella entericaTyphimurium andEscherichia coliO157:H7 were used as biomarkers. The survival of vMC0and PhiX-174 in clay soil was significantly lower than in sandy soil (iT90values of 10.520 ± 0.600 vs. 21.270 ± 1.100 and 12.040 ± 0.010 vs. 43.470 ± 1.300, respectively) and PhiX-174 showed faster percolation and leaching in sandy soil than clay soil (iT90values of 0.46 and 2.43, respectively).S.entericaTyphimurium was percolated and inactivated more slowly thanE. coliO157:H7 (iT90values of 9.340 ± 0.200 vs. 6.620 ± 0.500 and 11.900 ± 0.900 vs. 10.750 ± 0.900 in clay and sandy soils, respectively), such thatE. coliO157:H7 was transferred more quickly to the deeper layers of both soils evaluated (percolation). Our findings suggest thatE. coliO157:H7 may serve as a useful microbial biomarker of depth contamination and leaching in clay and sandy soil and that bacteriophage could be used as an indicator of enteric pathogen persistence. Our study contributes to development of predictive models for enteric pathogen behavior in soils, and for potential water and food contamination associated with biofertilization, useful for risk management and mitigation in swine digestate recycling.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gislaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fongaro
authors.affiliation: Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: María C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: García-González
authors.affiliation: Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y LeónValladolid, Spain; Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Forestal, Tecnología de los Alimentos, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de ValladolidPalencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Suínos e Aves Concórdia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Airton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Célia R M
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Barardi
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Section, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Burgos Burgos, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Lázaro
keywords: biofertilization; biomarkers; clay and sandy soils; management; swine digestate