title: Oncologic Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Principles, Current Clinical Status and Future Directions.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved cancer therapy, based on a photochemical reaction between a light activatable molecule or photosensitizer, light, and molecular oxygen. When these three harmless components are present together, reactive oxygen species are formed. These can directly damage cells and/or vasculature, and induce inflammatory and immune responses. PDT is a two-stage procedure, which starts with photosensitizer administration followed by a locally directed light exposure, with the aim of confined tumor destruction. Since its regulatory approval, over 30 years ago, PDT has been the subject of numerous studies and has proven to be an effective form of cancer therapy. This review provides an overview of the clinical trials conducted over the last 10 years, illustrating how PDT is applied in the clinic today. Furthermore, examples from ongoing clinical trials and the most recent preclinical studies are presented, to show the directions, in which PDT is headed, in the near and distant future. Despite the clinical success reported, PDT is still currently underutilized in the clinic. We also discuss the factors that hamper the exploration of this effective therapy and what should be changed to render it a more effective and more widely available option for patients.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands. demianvanstraten@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Demian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Straten
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands. v.mashayekhi@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Vida
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mashayekhi
authors.affiliation: Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbox 204, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands. h.debruijn@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Henriette S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: de Bruijn
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands. s.oliveira@uu.nl.|Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands. s.oliveira@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbox 204, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands. d.robinson@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Dominic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Robinson
keywords: cancer; clinical trials; future; photodynamic therapy; preclinical; treatment outcome