title: Techniques for Achieving Hemostasis from Choanoid Cranial Foramina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report describes 2 techniques for controlling otherwise difficult-to-control hemorrhage from choanoid bony foramina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of 3 patients in whom vigorous and difficult-to-control bleeding from choanoid cranial foramina was successfully halted are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2 patients, vigorous arterial bleeding from the foramen spinosum was controlled with a wooden peg. In 1 patient, vigorous venous bleeding from a foramen in the convexity of the occipital bone was controlled with a wedge of bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vigorous bleeding, whether arterial or venous, from choanoid foramina can be quickly and reliably controlled by the techniques described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, USA; The Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Electronic address: zach.folzenlogen@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Zach
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Folzenlogen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, USA; The Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Ken R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Winston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002536:Cerebral Arteries; D002550:Cerebral Veins; D005260:Female; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009777:Occipital Bone; D013100:Sphenoid Bone; D014934:Wood
keywords: Choanoid foramen; Hemorrhage; Hemostasis