title: 2D Versus 3D in Laparoscopic Surgery by Beginners and Experts: A Randomized Controlled Trial on a Pelvitrainer in Objectively Graded Surgical Steps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Progress in endoscopic surgery in the past few decades has led to the application of 3-dimensional (3D) procedures in operating rooms. This permits patient- and surgeon-friendly operations and also maximizes the superiority of laparoscopy over laparotomy. In this study, we compare 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D endoscopy techniques with regard to time, efficiency, optics, and handling by users with different degrees of experience at 4 difficulty levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial on a pelvitrainer in objectively graded surgical steps for students and postgraduates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trials took place at the Kiel School of Gynaecological Endoscopy, a training unit of the Kiel University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, a tertiary academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 277 study participants, divided into students, residents, and specialists, worked on pelvitrainers with 2 different optical systems, the 2D full HD and the 3D mode. The following 4 exercises were performed with each optical system: (1) grasping and transferring of pins, (2) cutting predetermined marks, (3) vaginal closure with prevention of prolapse, and (4) sacrocolpopexy. The duration and success of the tasks were measured and compared. A self-assessment questionnaire was completed by the participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the 3D-system permitted a greater improvement in working speed, superior optical visualization, and better endoscopic handling in all groups, independent of surgical experience. All students improved in speed (exercises: 1-3) and made significantly fewer mistakes (exercise 2) on 3D compared with 2D. Residents made progress in time (exercises: 1-4) and task performance (exercise 3). Specialists improved significantly in the more challenging tasks 3 and 4. Subjectively, 68.8% of participants preferred 3D for performing laparoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic training programs on pelvitrainers can improve endoscopic skills not only in beginners but also in experienced surgeons. The 3D system offered distinct advantages over 2D imaging and was well accepted by surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spille
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Department of Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center Kiel, Park Clinic, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wenners
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medistat, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: von Hehn
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maass
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pecks
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Liselotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mettler
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: kiel.school@uksh.de.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alkatout
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D000066908:Simulation Training; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: 2D laparoscopy; 3D laparoscopy; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; Systems-Based Practice; gynecologic surgery; laparoscopic suturing; laparoscopic training; sacrocolpopexy