title: Extrahepatic Autoimmune Diseases in Patients with Autoimmune Liver Diseases: A Phenomenon Neglected by Gastroenterologists.
abstract: Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) often coexist with other extrahepatic autoimmune diseases (EHAIDs). The spectrum of EHAIDs in patients with AILDs is similar, whereas the incidence is different. Notably, autoimmune thyroid disease and Sjogren's syndrome are the most common EHAIDs. Associated extrahepatic diseases may predate the appearance of AILDs or coincide with their onset. More frequently, they may appear during the course and even occur years after the diagnosis of AILDs. Importantly, associated EHAIDs may influence the natural course and prognosis of AILDs. To date, a definite pathophysiological pathway which contributes to the coexistence of AILDs and EHAIDs is still lacking. The current view of autoimmunity clustering involves a common susceptibility genetic background which applies to related pathologies. Herein, we review the current published researches regarding EHAIDs in patients with AILDs, particularly in relation to their clinical impact and pathophysiology. In managing patients with AILDs, gastroenterologists should be aware of the possibly associated EHAIDs to ensure a prompt diagnosis and better outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0272-9802
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2688-7135
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3298-9274
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Baoru
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Bangmao
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0399-5520
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang