title: Meat sources of infection for outbreaks of human trichinellosis.
abstract: Trichinellosis is one of the most important foodborne zoonotic diseases, with worldwide distribution. While human risk for trichinellosis has historically been linked to pork, modern pork production systems and slaughter inspection programs have reduced or eliminated pork as a source for trichinellosis in many countries. While pork may no longer pose a significant risk for trichinellosis, many other animal species may be hosts for Trichinella species nematodes and when human consume meat from these animal species, there may be risk for acquiring trichinellosis. This review article describes the various non-pork meat sources of human trichinellosis outbreaks, where these outbreaks have occurred and some of the factors that contribute to human risk. The literature reviewed here provides evidence of the persistence of Trichinella as a human health risk for people who eat meat from feral and wild carnivores and scavengers, as well as some herbivores that have been shown to harbor Trichinella larvae. It points to the importance of education of hunters and consumers of these meats and meat products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: Alirostami1984@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rostami
authors.affiliation: National Academy of Sciences, 500 5th Street N.W., Washington, D.C., 20001, USA.
authors.forename: H Ray
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Gamble
authors.affiliation: ACMSFI, Hôpital Cochin, 27 Fbrg St Jacques, 75014, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dupouy-Camet
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hooshang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khazan
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bruschi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000469:parasitology; D003670:Deer / Q000469:parasitology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D059022:Food Safety; D006736:Horses / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000469:parasitology*; D008461:Meat Products / Q000469:parasitology*; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000469:parasitology; D014234:Trichinella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014235:Trichinellosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*
keywords: Human trichinellosis; Meat sources; Trichinella spp.