title: Unraveling the etiology of ovarian cancer racial disparity in the deep south: Is it nature or nurture?
abstract: Our objective was to evaluate racial treatment and survival disparities in black women with ovarian cancer in the Deep South and to determine how environmental factors / socioeconomic status (SES) influence survival.
  
  
  
  A retrospective study of ovarian cancer patients from 2007 to 2014 was performed. Socioeconomic status (SES) was obtained though U.S. Census block data and compared using Yost scores. Comparisons were performed using standard statistical approaches.
  
  
  
  A total of 393 patients were evaluated, 325 (83%) white and 68 (17%) black. Demographic information and surgical approach were similar in each racial group. However, compared to whites, black patients had lower rates of optimal debulking [89% vs. 71%, respectively (p=0.001)] and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (19% vs. 11%, p=0.01). Black women had lower SES parameters including education, income, and poverty. As a result, more black patients had the lowest SES (SES-1) when compared to white patients (17% vs. 41%, p<0.001). When controlling for these factors by cox regression analysis, a survival disadvantage was seen in black women for both progression free survival (16 vs. 27months, p=0.003) and overall survival (42 vs. 88months, p<0.001).
  
  
  
  Despite controlling for clinical and environmental factors, a survival disadvantage was still observed in black patients with ovarian cancer in the Deep South. Black women had lower optimal debulking rates and more platinum resistant disease. These data suggest other factors like tumor biology may play a role in racial survival differences, however, more research is needed to determine this causation.
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago, Gynecologic Oncology Division, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Jerlinda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Katelyn V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Braswell
authors.affiliation: Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Madeira da Silva
authors.affiliation: University of South Alabama, Department of Earth Sciences, Mobile, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mujica
authors.affiliation: University of South Alabama, Department of Earth Sciences, Mobile, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stutsman
authors.affiliation: Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Finan
authors.affiliation: Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nicolson
authors.affiliation: Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Danner
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.affiliation: Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Missanelli
authors.affiliation: Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scalici
authors.affiliation: Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA. Electronic address: rocconi@health.southalabama.edu.
authors.forename: Rodney P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Rocconi
mesh_terms: D000407:Alabama / Q000453:epidemiology; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000077216:Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American
keywords: Ovarian cancer; Racial cancer disparity; Socioeconomic status; Yost index