title: Comparative analysis of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedes aegypti Liston) responses to the insecticide Temephos and plant derived essential oil derived from Piper betle L.
abstract: Resistance to treatments with Temephos or plant derived oil, Pb-CVO, between a field collected Wild Strain (WS) and a susceptible Laboratory Strain (LS) of Ae. aegypti were measured. The Temephos (0.1mg/L) showed the greatest percentage of mosquito mortality compared to Pb-CVO (1.5mg/L) in LS Ae. aegypti. However, WS Ae. aegypti was not significantly affected by Temephos (0.1mg/L) treatment compare to the Pb-CVO (1.5mg/L). However, both strains (LS and WS) when treated with Pb-CVO (1.5mg/L) displayed steady larval mortality rate across all instars. The LC50of Temephos was 0.027mg in LS, but increased in WS to 0.081mg/L. The LC50of Pb-CVO treatment was observed at concentrations of 0.72 and 0.64mg/L for LS and WS strains respectively. The enzyme level of α- and β-carboxylesterase was reduced significantly in both mosquito strains treated with Pb-CVO. Whereas, there was a prominent deviation in the enzyme ratio observed between LS and WS treated with Temephos. The GST and CYP450 levels were upregulated in the LS, but decreased in WS, after treatment with Temephos. However, treatment with Pb-CVO caused both enzyme levels to increase significantly in both the strains. Visual observations of the midgut revealed cytotoxicity from sub-lethal concentrations of Temephos (0.04mg/L) and Pb-CVO (1.0mg/L) in both strains of Ae. aegypti compared to the control. The damage caused by Temephos was slightly less in WS compared to LS mosquito strains.
authors.affiliation: óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Prabhakaran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vasantha-Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: senthil@msuniv.ac.in.
authors.forename: Sengottayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senthil-Nathan
authors.affiliation: óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Athirstam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponsankar
authors.affiliation: óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Annamalai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thanigaivel
authors.affiliation: óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Edward-Sam
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.affiliation: óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Selvaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selin-Rani
authors.affiliation: óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Muthiah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chellappandian
authors.affiliation: óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Venkatraman
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pradeepa
authors.affiliation: óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Jalasteen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lija-Escaline
authors.affiliation: óPost Graduate and Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, 627 802 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kandaswamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalaivani
authors.affiliation: óUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: óDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Veeramuthu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duraipandiyan
authors.affiliation: óDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D031721:Piper betle / Q000187:drug effects; D010938:Plant Oils; D000002:Temefos
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D000002:Temefos
keywords: CYP450; GST; Pb-CVO; Resistance; Susceptible; Temephos