title: Cardiorenal Anemia Syndrome and Survival among Heart Failure Patients in Tanzania: A Prospective Cohort Study.
abstract: Cardiorenal anemia syndrome (CRAS) is an evolving global epidemic associated with increased morbimortality and cost of care. The management of patients with CRAS remains a challenging undertaking worldwide and the lack of evidence-based clinical guidelines adds to the challenge. We aimed to explore the prevalence and survival rates of heart failure patients with CRAS in Tanzania.
  
  
  
  We screened 789 patients and consecutively recruited 463 who met the inclusion criteria. Each participant underwent an interview, physical examination, anthropometric measurements, anemia, renal functions and echocardiographic assessment. All participants were followed until death or for up-to 180 days, whichever came first. Bivariate comparison and subsequent Cox proportional-hazards regression model were used to compare the CRAS and non-CRAS groups with respect to the primary end point.
  
  
  
  The mean age of participants was 46.4 ± 18.9 years, and 56.5% were women. Overall, 51.9% of participants had renal insufficiency, 72.8% were anemic and 44.4% had CRAS. During a mean follow-up of 103 ± 75 days, 57.8% of participants died. Patients with CRAS displayed a higher mortality rate (73.5%) compared to those free of CRAS (45.8%), (p < 0.001). During multivariate analysis in a cox regression model of 21 potential predictors of mortality; renal dysfunction (HR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0-3.5; p = 0.03), severe anemia (HR 1.8; 95% CI 1.0-3.1; p = 0.04), hyponatremia (HR 2.2; 95% CI 1.3-3.7; p = 0.004) and rehospitalization (HR 4.3; 95% CI 2.2-8.4; p < 0.001) proved to be the strongest factors.
  
  
  
  Cardiorenal anemia syndrome is considerably prevalent and is associated with an increase in mortality amongst patients with heart failure. In view of this, timely, aggressive and collaborative measures to improve renal functions and/or correct anemia are crucial in the management of CRAS patients. Furthermore, these findings call for guideline committees to revise and/or develop evidence-based recommendations for management of patients with CRAS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. pedro.pallangyo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pallangyo
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fredrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Smita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhalia
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nicholaus
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kisenge
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mtinangi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janabi
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Humphrey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059347:Cardio-Renal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Anemia; CRAS; Heart failure; Mortality; Renal insufficiency