title: Giardiasis Diagnosis and Treatment Practices Among Commercially Insured Persons in the United States.
abstract: Giardiasis, the most common enteric parasitic infection in the United States, causes an estimated 1.2 million episodes of illness annually. Published clinical recommendations include readily available Giardia-specific diagnostic testing and antiparasitic drugs. We investigated sequences of giardiasis diagnostic and treatment events using MarketScan, a large health insurance claims database.
  
  
  
  We created a longitudinal cohort of 2995 persons diagnosed with giardiasis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] code 007.1) from 2006 to 2010, and analyzed claims occurring 90 days before to 90 days after initial diagnosis. We evaluated differences in number and sequence of visits, diagnostic tests, and prescriptions by age group (children 1-17 years, adults 18-64 years) using χ2 tests and data visualization software.
  
  
  
  Among 2995 patients (212433 claims), 18% had a Giardia-specific test followed by or concurrent with an effective antiparasitic drug, without ineffective antibiotics. Almost two-thirds of patients had an antiparasitic and 27% had an antibiotic during the study window. Compared with children, adults more often had ≥3 visits before diagnosis (19% vs 15%; P = .02). Adults were also less likely to have a Giardia-specific diagnostic test (48% vs 58%; P < .001) and more likely to have an antibiotic prescription (28% vs 25%; P = .04). When Giardia-specific tests and antiparasitic and antibiotic prescriptions were examined, pediatric clinical event sequences most frequently began with a Giardia-specific test, whereas adult sequences most frequently began with an antiparasitic prescription.
  
  
  
  Giardiasis care infrequently follows all aspects of clinical recommendations. Multiple differences between pediatric and adult care, despite age-agnostic recommendations, suggest opportunities for provider education or tailored guidance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Karlyn D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.affiliation: Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.affiliation: Human-Computer Interaction Lab, University of Maryland, College Park, USA.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Julia W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gargano
mesh_terms: D000067575:Administrative Claims, Healthcare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019468:Disease Management; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents
keywords: Giardia; MarketScan; administrative claims; data visualization