title: Alkaliphilic Bacillus species show potential application in concrete crack repair by virtue of rapid spore production and germination then extracellular calcite formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Characterization of alkaliphilic Bacillus species for spore production and germination and calcite formation as a prelude to investigate their potential in microcrack remediation in concrete.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conditions, extent and timing of endospore production was determined by dark-field light microscopy; germination induction and kinetics were assessed by combining reduction in optical density with formation of refractile bodies by phase-contrast microscopy. Bacillus pseudofirmus was selected from several species as the most suitable isolate. Levels and timing of calcium carbonate precipitated in vitro by B. pseudofirmus were evaluated by atomic absorption spectroscopy and structural identity confirmed as calcite and aragonite by Raman spectroscopy and FTIR. The isolate produced copious spores that germinated rapidly in the presence of germinants l-alanine, inosine and NaCl. Bacterial cells produced CaCO3crystals in microcracks and the resulting occlusion markedly restricted water ingress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By virtue of rapid spore production and germination, calcium carbonate formation in vitro and in situ, leading to sealing of microcracks, B. pseudofirmus shows clear potential for remediation of concrete on a commercial scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microbial sealing of microcracks should become a practicable and sustainable means of increasing concrete durability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alazhari
authors.affiliation: BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.affiliation: BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000378:metabolism; D001407:Bacillus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000378:metabolism*; D007288:Inosine / Q000378:metabolism; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007288:Inosine; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D000409:Alanine
keywords: Bacillus sporulation; concrete durability; endospore germination; microcrack healing; survivability of spores