title: Simulated Space Radiation: Impact of Four Different Types of High-Dose Ionizing Radiation on the Lichen Xanthoria elegans.
abstract: This study addresses the viability of the lichen Xanthoria elegans after high-dose ionizing irradiation in the frame of the STARLIFE campaign. The first set of experiments was intended to resemble several types of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) as present beyond the magnetic shield of Earth. In the second set of experiments, γ radiation up to 113 kGy was applied to test the limit of lichen resistance to ionizing radiation. Entire thalli of Xanthoria elegans were irradiated in the anhydrobiotic state. After STARLIFE 1, the metabolic activity of both symbionts was quantified by live/dead staining with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The photosynthetic activity was measured after the respective irradiation to assess the ability of the symbiotic green algae to restore photosynthesis after irradiation. The STARLIFE campaign complements the results of the LIFE experiments at the EXPOSE-E facility on the International Space Station by testing the model organism Xanthoria elegans on its resistance to hazardous radiation that might be accumulated during long-term space exposure. In addition, the photosynthetic activity of metabolically active lichen was investigated after X-ray irradiation up to 100 Gy (3.3 Gy/min). Since previous astrobiological experiments were mostly performed with anhydrobiotic lichen, these experiments will broaden our knowledge on the correlation of physiological state and astrobiological stressors. Key Words: Astrobiology-Extremotolerance-Gamma rays-Ionizing radiation-Lichens-Viability. Astrobiology 17, 136-144.
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine-University (HHU) , Düsseldorf, Germany .
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine-University (HHU) , Düsseldorf, Germany .
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meeßen
authors.affiliation: 2 Laboratory of Molecular Radiooncology, University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany .
authors.forename: Reiner U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Jänicke
authors.affiliation: 3 Space Microbiology Research Group, Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany .
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raguse
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine-University (HHU) , Düsseldorf, Germany .
authors.forename: Sieglinde
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ott
mesh_terms: D003359:Cosmic Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006371:Helium / Q000737:chemistry; D007477:Ions; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D008011:Lichens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000528:radiation effects; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D018561:Space Simulation; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D006371:Helium; D007501:Iron