title: The association between macronutrient intake and the metabolic syndrome and its components in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Diet is a major modifiable lifestyle factor that may affect the components of the metabolic syndrome. We aimed to investigate the association between relative proportions of macronutrients and the components of the metabolic syndrome in a population of individuals with type 1 diabetes. In all, 791 individuals without nephropathy, with plausible energy intake and known metabolic syndrome status, taking part in the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study were included in the analyses. Dietary data were collected with a diet record. The association between the relative macronutrient intake and the outcome variables were analysed using multivariable nutrient density substitution models. The relative proportions of dietary macronutrients or fatty acids were not associated with the presence of the metabolic syndrome. In men, however, favouring carbohydrates over fats was associated with lower odds of the waist component, whereas favouring either carbohydrates or fats over proteins was associated with lower odds of the blood pressure component of the metabolic syndrome. In women, substituting carbohydrates for fats was associated with lower HDL-cholesterol concentration. Substituting carbohydrates or fats for alcohol or protein was, in men, associated with lower systolic blood pressure. To conclude, the relative distribution of macronutrients may have some relevance for the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: 1Folkhälsan Research Center,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics,00290 Helsinki,Finland.
authors.forename: Aila J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ahola
authors.affiliation: 1Folkhälsan Research Center,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics,00290 Helsinki,Finland.
authors.forename: Valma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Harjutsalo
authors.affiliation: 1Folkhälsan Research Center,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics,00290 Helsinki,Finland.
authors.forename: Lena M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Thorn
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Food and Environmental Sciences,Division of Nutrition,00014 University of Helsinki,Finland.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freese
authors.affiliation: 1Folkhälsan Research Center,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics,00290 Helsinki,Finland.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forsblom
authors.affiliation: 5Abdominal Center Endocrinology,University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital,00029 Helsinki,Finland.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mäkimattila
authors.affiliation: 1Folkhälsan Research Center,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics,00290 Helsinki,Finland.
authors.forename: Per-Henrik
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Groop
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids
keywords:  E% percentages of total energy;  LTPA leisure-time physical activities; Macronutrient intakes; Metabolic syndrome; Substitution models; Type 1 diabetes