title: Antimicrobial potential and gustatory perception of chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes with or without alcohol after a single rinse - a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this double-blind randomized clinical trial was to assess whether the presence of alcohol in chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes influences their antimicrobial potential against salivary bacteria in young adults. Additionally, the taste perception was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized crossover design, 20 participants (17 women and three men; aged 18-38 years old) rinsed with the 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate with (CHX+) or without alcohol (CHX-) for 1 min. Sterile flavoured-mint physiological saline was used as control solution. All participants rinsed with the assigned products only once with a period of at least 7 days of washout in between. For antimicrobial potential assay, stimulated saliva samples were collected from participants and had their total viable bacteria determined before and after each rinse. For taste perception assay, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the taste perception after each rinse. Friedman followed by Wilcoxon tests and Bonferroni correction were performed. A P-value <0.017 was considered as statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median per cent reduction in groups CHX+ and CHX- was 16.07 and 12.87, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between these groups (P = 0.09). Regarding the gustatory perception, the VAS median values in groups CHX+ and CHX- were 3.50 and 5.50. No statistically significant difference was found in this outcome (P = 0.052).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of the alcohol on the formulation of gluconate chlorhexidine mouthwashes does not seem to interfere with their antimicrobial potential and with their taste perception.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cantarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Federal University Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Negrini
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Muniz
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Oballe
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Rösing
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology*; D055697:Taste Perception
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D009067:Mouthwashes; D000431:Ethanol; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: alcohols; biguanides; colony count; colony-forming units assay; microbial