title: Biologic Stress, Oxidative Stress, and Resistance to Drugs: What Is Hidden Behind.
abstract: Stress can be defined as the homeostatic, nonspecific defensive response of the organism to challenges. It is expressed by morphological, biochemical, and functional changes. In this review, we present biological and oxidative stress, as well as their interrelation. In addition to the mediation in biologic stress (central nervous, immune, and hormonal systems) and oxidative stress, the effect of these phenomena on xenobiotic metabolism and drug response is also examined. It is concluded that stress decreases drug response, a result which seems to be mainly attributed to the induction of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. A number of mechanisms are presented. Structure-activity studies are also discussed. Vitamin E, as well as two synthetic novel compounds, seem to reduce both oxidative and biological stress and, consequently, influence drug response and metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus. hsc.pm@frederick.ac.cy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pantelidou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece. karyofyllis@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Karyofyllis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsiakitzis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece. rekka@pharm.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Eleni A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rekka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus. panoskur@pharm.auth.gr.|Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece. panoskur@pharm.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Panos N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Kourounakis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D009928:Organ Specificity; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013256:Steroids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016877:Oxidants; D013256:Steroids; D015262:Xenobiotics
keywords: cyanosteroids; drug metabolism; drug response; drug toxicity; oxidative stress