title: Lethal and sublethal effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor chlorfluazuron on Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae).
abstract: Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang is the primary insect pest that affects Chinese chive in northern China. Nevertheless, very few studies have been conducted on the use of chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) for the control of B. odoriphaga. Here, lethal and sublethal effects of the CSI chlorfluazuron on B. odoriphaga were studied to explore the use for integrated pest management (IPM) of B. odoriphaga. A contact and ingestion toxicity bioassay showed that chlorfluazuron was more active against B. odoriphaga than three other CSIs, with a 72h LC50of 0.1593mg/L. Treatment with the LC50dose of chlorfluazuron decreased both the intrinsic and finite rates of increase of B. odoriphaga, in addition to reproduction rate, survival rate, and fecundity, and the mean generation time, total preovipositional period and larval development duration were shortened, compared with those of the control and LC10groups. The mean generation time, total preovipositional period and larval development duration were all also markedly decreased by treatment with chlorfluazuron at the LC10. Furthermore, chlorfluazuron inhibited the feeding of the final instar larvae for a short period. Glutathione S-transferase and microsomal mixed function oxidase activities increased after exposure to the chemical. These results showed that chlorfluazuron at the sublethal LC50treatment inhibited B. odoriphaga population growth, whereas the danger of causing rapid population growth by using a lower sublethal concentration was demonstrated with the sublethal LC10treatment. Therefore, chlorfluazuron should be used with caution in an IPM program for B. odoriphaga.
authors.affiliation: College of Plant Protection, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Plant Protection, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
authors.forename: Yun-He
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Plant Protection, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
authors.forename: Qiu-Hong
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Plant Protection, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: College of Plant Protection, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China. Electronic address: fliu@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002686:Chitin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004175:Diptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D002686:Chitin; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C057223:chlorfluazuron
keywords: Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang; Chlorfluazuron; Glutathione S-transferase; Microsomal mixed function oxidase; Population dynamics; Two-sex life table