title: The Value of Diagnostic Bilateral Intracranial Electroencephalography in Treatment-Resistant Focal Epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the efficacy and risks of diagnostic bilateral intracranial electroencephalography (bICEEG) in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE) with poorly lateralized epileptogenic zone on noninvasive studies as reflected by progress to resection, Engel outcome, and complication rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective chart review of 199 patients with TRE who had diagnostic bICEEG at New York University Medical Center between 1994 and 2013. Study end points were progress to resection, surgical outcome, and perioperative complications. Univariate analysis was performed with analysis of variance, t test, or Fisher exact test; multivariable analysis was performed using discriminant function analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  bICEEG lateralized the epileptogenic zone and the patient had resection in 60.3% of cases. The number of depth electrodes used was positively correlated with resection, and surgical complications during bICEEG negatively correlated. Vagal nerve stimulators were implanted in 58.2% of patients who did not undergo resection and 20.7% of those who did. Among the 87 patients who progressed to resection and had more than 1-year follow-up, 47.1% were seizure free compared with 12.7% of the 55 who did not. Male sex correlated with good postoperative seizure control. The most common complication was infection requiring debridement, occurring in 3.1% of admissions (9 of 290).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At our center, 60% of patients undergoing bICEEG progress to resection and 57% of these had more than 90% reduction in seizures. We conclude that bICEEG allows the benefits of epilepsy surgery to be extended to patients with poorly lateralized and localized TRE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Travis C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Vineet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Theobald
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Alyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silverberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miceli
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dugan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. Electronic address: wkd1@nyu.edu.
authors.forename: Werner K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003646:Debridement; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D000069280:Electrocorticography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epilepsy surgery; Intracranial EEG; Treatment-resistant epilepsy; Vagus nerve stimulation