title: Vanillin Protects Dopaminergic Neurons against Inflammation-Mediated Cell Death by Inhibiting ERK1/2, P38 and the NF-κB Signaling Pathway.
abstract: Neuroinflammation plays a very important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). After activation, microglia produce pro-inflammatory mediators that damage surrounding neurons. Consequently, the inhibition of microglial activation might represent a new therapeutic approach of PD. Vanillin has been shown to protect dopaminergic neurons, but the mechanism is still unclear. Herein, we further study the underlying mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PD models. In vivo, we firstly established rat models of PD by unilateral injection of LPS into substantia nigra (SN), and then examined the role of vanillin in motor dysfunction, microglial activation and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. In vitro, murine microglial BV-2 cells were treated with vanillin prior to the incubation of LPS, and then the inflammatory responses and the related signaling pathways were analyzed. The in vivo results showed that vanillin markedly improved the motor dysfunction, suppressed degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and inhibited microglial over-activation induced by LPS intranigral injection. The in vitro studies demonstrated that vanillin reduces LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-1β, and IL-6 through regulating ERK1/2, p38 and NF-κB signaling. Collectively, these data indicated that vanillin has a role in protecting dopaminergic neurons via inhibiting inflammatory activation.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China. yanxuan1992@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China. ccdf@163.com.
authors.forename: Dian-Feng
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China. DE81445@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiang-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Cangzhou Technic College, Cangzhou 061001, China. dodo_cz@163.com.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China. xushiyao1989@163.com.
authors.forename: Shi-Yao
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China. gxchen51143@163.com.
authors.forename: Guang-Xin
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China. huangbingxu123@163.com.
authors.forename: Bing-Xu
authors.initials: BX
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China. rwz1964@163.com.
authors.forename: Wen-Zhi
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China. wang_wei99@jluhp.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China. shoupengfu@163.com.
authors.forename: Shou-Peng
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China. juxiong@jlu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ju-Xiong
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D001547:Benzaldehydes; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C100058:vanillin; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: MAPK; NF-κB; Parkinson’s disease; inflammation; microglia; vanillin