title: Frequency characteristics of human muscle and cortical responses evoked by noisy Achilles tendon vibration.
abstract: Noisy stimuli, along with linear systems analysis, have proven to be effective for mapping functional neural connections. We explored the use of noisy (10-115 Hz) Achilles tendon vibration to examine somatosensory reflexes in the triceps surae muscles in standing healthy young adults (n= 8). We also examined the association between noisy vibration and electrical activity recorded over the sensorimotor cortex using electroencephalography. We applied 2 min of vibration and recorded ongoing muscle activity of the soleus and gastrocnemii using surface electromyography (EMG). Vibration amplitude was varied to characterize reflex scaling and to examine how different stimulus levels affected postural sway. Muscle activity from the soleus and gastrocnemii was significantly correlated with the tendon vibration across a broad frequency range (~10-80 Hz), with a peak located at ~40 Hz. Vibration-EMG coherence positively scaled with stimulus amplitude in all three muscles, with soleus displaying the strongest coupling and steepest scaling. EMG responses lagged the vibration by ~38 ms, a delay that paralleled observed response latencies to tendon taps. Vibration-evoked cortical oscillations were observed at frequencies ~40-70 Hz (peak ~54 Hz) in most subjects, a finding in line with previous reports of sensory-evoked γ-band oscillations. Further examination of the method revealed1) accurate reflex estimates could be obtained with <60 s of low-level (root mean square = 10 m/s2) vibration;2) responses did not habituate over 2 min of exposure; and importantly,3) noisy vibration had a minimal influence on standing balance. Our findings suggest noisy tendon vibration is an effective novel approach to characterize somatosensory reflexes during standing.NEW & NOTEWORTHYWe applied noisy (10-115 Hz) vibration to the Achilles tendon to examine the frequency characteristics of lower limb somatosensory reflexes during standing. Ongoing muscle activity was coherent with the noisy vibration (peak coherence ~40 Hz), and coherence positively scaled with increases in stimulus amplitude. Our findings suggest that noisy tendon vibration, along with linear systems analysis, is an effective novel approach to study somatosensory reflex actions in active muscles.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; robyn.mildren@alumni.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Robyn L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mildren
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Aimee J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.|Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.|Institute for Computing, Information and Cognitive Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Sébastien
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Blouin
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.|Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.|International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and.
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.|Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.|International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and.
authors.forename: J Timothy
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Inglis
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration
keywords: muscle spindle; stochastic; stretch reflex; triceps surae; vibration