title: Application of selected scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current systematic review investigated the results of application of some of the most commonly used scaffolds in conjugation with stem cells and growth factors in animal and clinical studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive electronic search was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines in NCBI PMC and PubMed from January 1970 to December 2015 limited to English language publications with available full texts. In vivo studies in relation to "bone healing," "bone regeneration," and at least one of the following items were investigated: allograft, β-tricalcium phosphate, deproteinized bovine bone mineral, hydroxyapetite/tricalcium phosphate, nanohydroxyapatite, and composite scaffolds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1252 articles were reviewed, and 46 articles completely fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this study. The highest bone regeneration has been achieved when combination of all three elements, given scaffolds, mesenchymal stem cells, and growth factors, were used. Among studies being reported in this review, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are the most studied mesenchymal stem cells, β-tricalcium phosphate is the most frequently used scaffold, and platelet-rich plasma is the most commonly used growth factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current review aimed to inform reconstructive surgeons of how combinations of various mesenchymal stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors enhance bone regeneration. The highest bone regeneration has been achieved when combination of all three elements, given scaffolds, mesenchymal stem cells, and growth factors, were used.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Students' Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sepanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosseinpour
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Students' Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mitra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghazizadeh Ahsaie
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezai Rad
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Taghi
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Baghani
authors.affiliation: Prosthodontics Department, Dental School, Shahed University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed Reza
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Motamedian
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. arashkhojasteh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khojasteh
mesh_terms: D064591:Allografts; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D006801:Humans; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D049329:Nanostructures; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D063986:Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C485817:beta-tricalcium phosphate; C074950:hydroxyapatite-beta tricalcium phosphate
keywords: Bone tissue engineering; Growth factor; HA/TCP; Progenitor/stem cells; Scaffold; β-TCP