title: Transmission Surface Diffraction for Operando Studies of Heterogeneous Interfaces.
abstract: Processes at material interfaces to liquids or to high-pressure gases often involve structural changes that are heterogeneous on the micrometer scale. We present a novel in situ X-ray scattering technique that uses high-energy photons and a transmission geometry for atomic-scale studies under these conditions. Transmission surface diffraction gives access to a large fraction of reciprocal space in a single acquisition, allowing direct imaging of the in-plane atomic arrangement at the interface. Experiments with focused X-ray beams enable mapping of these structural properties with micrometer spatial resolution. The potential of this new technique is illustrated by in situ studies of electrochemical surface phase transitions and deposition processes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University , 24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Finn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reikowski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University , 24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-0474
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wiegmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University , 24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stettner
authors.affiliation: Experimental Division, ESRF , 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drnec
authors.affiliation: Experimental Division, ESRF , 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Veijo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Honkimäki
authors.affiliation: Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Fouad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maroun
authors.affiliation: Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allongue
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University , 24098 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Olaf M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4900-0880
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Magnussen