title: Pattern of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and fish consumption and retinal vascular caliber in children and adolescents: A cohort study.
abstract: We aimed to investigate whether fish and long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3 PUFA) consumption changed appreciably during adolescence. We also assessed whether these dietary variables are associated with retinal microvascular signs (possible markers of future cardiovascular disease risk). 633 children had dietary data at ages 12 and 17. Fish and LCn-3 PUFA [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Retinal vessel caliber was quantified from digital photographs using computer software. Mean energy-adjusted intakes (mg/day) of total LCn-3 PUFA, EPA, and DHA at age 12 were 297.1±261.1; 102.5±106.9; and 129.7±137.7, respectively; and this increased significantly at age 17 to: 347.0±324.0 (p<0.0001); 122.5±132.7 (p = 0.0001); and 160.3±171.4 (p <0.0001), respectively. Increasing quartiles of LCn-3PUFA intake were associated with widening of mean retinal arteriolar caliber among 17-year old girls ~3.9 μm (multivariable-adjusted P-trend = 0.001). Girls who consumed ≥2 serves of fish/week versus those who did not had ~2.1 μm wider retinal arterioles (p = 0.03). No associations were observed among boys or with retinal venules. Mean dietary intakes of LCn-3 PUFA increased during adolescence, but are still below recommended levels of consumption. These results suggest that LCn-3 PUFA and fish intake might have a beneficial influence.
authors.affiliation: Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and The Westmead Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Bamini
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3573-359X
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gopinath
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Hanieh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moshtaghian
authors.affiliation: St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.|School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Jimmy C Y
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.affiliation: Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and The Westmead Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.affiliation: Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and The Westmead Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burlutsky
authors.affiliation: Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and The Westmead Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D017747:Seafood
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated