title: Sleep Complaints and Sleep Architecture in Children With Idiopathic Central Sleep Apnea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Idiopathic central sleep apnea (ICSA) is categorized as a type of nonhypercapnic central sleep apnea (CSA). Recurrent cessation and resumption of respiration leads to sleep fragmentation, which causes excessive daytime sleepiness, frequent nocturnal awakenings, or both. ICSA has been described in the adult population but there is limited information in children. The purpose of this study was to describe clinical manifestations and polysomnographic findings in children with ICSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of medical records and polysomnograms was performed for 14 pediatric patients with ICSA, 9 from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and 5 from Antwerp University Hospital. Polysomnographic features of patients with ICSA were compared with those of nine age-matched control group subjects. Patients with CSA caused by medical or neurological disorders, medication use, or substance use were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep complaints were common in the 14 children with ICSA, including those with sleep-onset insomnia (7 children), frequent nighttime awakening (3 children), restless sleep (7 children), and daytime sleepiness (5 children). Symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing were noted in 11 of 14 subjects. Compared to that of the control group, sleep latency in the ICSA group was significantly prolonged (P< .05). The percentage of stage 2 sleep was significantly higher (P< .05), and slow wave sleep was significantly lower in patients with ICSA (P< .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to adult patients, children with ICSA present with complaints of insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea. Analysis of polysomnograms reveals prolonged sleep latency, increased stage 2 sleep, and decreased slow wave sleep. Further studies are needed to assess mechanisms and the role of hypercapnic response in the pathogenesis of children with ICSA.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Neepa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gurbani
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.|Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stijn L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Chee
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Narong
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Simakajornboon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020182:Sleep Apnea, Central / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: children; idiopathic central sleep apnea; insomnia