title: Effect of the A-Type Linkage on the Pharmacokinetics and Intestinal Metabolism of Litchi Pericarp Oligomeric Procyanidins.
abstract: The bioavailability of A-type procyanidins in vivo has been rarely investigated; as such, this study discusses the effect of A-type linkage and degree of polymerization on the metabolism of procyanidins extracted from litchi pericarp (LPOPC). Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with (-)-epicatechin (EC) and LPOPC and sacrificed at different time points after ingestion. A-type linkage procyanidin oligomers inhibited the absorption of EC. Analysis of urinary contents from rats administered with EC, A-type procyanidin dimer (A-2), and A-type procyanidin trimer (A-3) showed distinct native and metabolite profiles for each rat. Rats fed with A-2 and A-3 presented significantly higher levels of shikimic acid and less amount of m(p)-coumaric acid metabolites in vivo and provide insight into the quantitative structure-activity relationship of procyanidin oligomers during metabolism, indicating that procyanidins with A-type linkage could induce an altered metabolic pathway of oligomers in the gastrointestinal system.
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, Hubei 430023, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shuyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, Hubei 430023, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, Hubei 430023, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1610-6729
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, Hubei 430023, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jingren
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, Hubei 430023, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xinguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haochen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, Hubei 430023, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhongze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan, Hubei 430023, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Olusola
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3783-7667
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lamikanra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002392:Catechin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000737:chemistry; D032125:Litchi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D058105:Polymerization; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin
keywords: A-type procyanidin oligomer; microbial metabolism; pharmacokinetics; rats