title: Biomechanical comparison of single- and double-bundle medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrent patellar dislocation is common clinically, primarily in adolescents. However, the biomechanical properties of single- and double-bundle medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction remain poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six fresh frozen adult cadaveric knee specimens were obtained for this study. Each specimen was fixed at 0° to test the force needed when the patella was laterally shifted 10 mm at a speed of 0.5 mm/s, and the test was repeated three times. This test was repeated when knee flexion was at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. All six specimens were tested in four statuses, including MPFL intact, MPFL torn, single-bundle MPFL reconstruction, and double-bundle MPFL reconstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar force is required in these MPFL statuses at 0° of flexion, except for the MPFL torn group with a smaller force (45.5 ± 9.6 N, p < 0.05). The force required in the MPFL torn group reduced from 12.8 to 38.8% compared to other groups, at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° of flexion angles. At the flexion of 15°, the double-bundle reconstruction group required a statistically greater force (85.9 ± 10.1 N) compared to the single-bundle reconstruction group (74.0 ± 7.9 N). Interestingly, no statistical difference was found at flexions of 60° and 90° in these four groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both single-bundle and double-bundle MPFL reconstruction can restore the stability of the patella. The double-bundle reconstruction has an angular synergy effect that simulates the MPFL wide footprint in the patella, which enables it to have greater capacity to resist patellar dislocation before the patella entering the femoral trochlea at a smaller flexion angle.
authors.affiliation: Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China.|Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liu-hua Avenue, Guangzhou, 510010, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Wenhan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 183 Zhongshan Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510665, China. daozhang_cai2013@126.com.
authors.forename: Daozhang
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0386-7473
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liu-hua Avenue, Guangzhou, 510010, China. Huayang_Huang@126.com.
authors.forename: Huayang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010329:Patella / Q000601:surgery; D031222:Patellar Dislocation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D057071:Patellofemoral Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation
keywords: Biomechanics; Double bundle; Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction; Single bundle