title: Monitoring and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in agricultural soil from two industrialized areas.
abstract: For monitoring and risk assessment, levels and distributions of Σ29PCBs in paddy soil samples collected from Gwangyang (10 sites) and Ulsan (20 sites), heavily industrialized cities in Korea, were investigated using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Overall, total concentrations of Σ29PCBs in Gwangyang (216.4-978.6 pg g-1dw) and Ulsan (273.8-1824.1 pg g-1dw) were higher than those (106.6-222.6 pg g-1dw) in agricultural soil from Anseong in Korea. The TEQ (toxic equivalency) values from Gwangyang (0.06-0.40 ng TEQ kg-1dw) and Ulsan (0.06-0.22 ng TEQ kg-1dw) were higher than those (0.04-0.11 ng TEQ kg-1dw) in Anseong but lower than the WHO threshold level (20 ng TEQ kg-1). However, one of the most toxic congeners, PCB 126, gave the highest concentration, possibly posing a risk to the biota. Seven indicator PCB congeners contributed to 50-80% of the total concentration of Σ29PCBs, indicating the 7 PCBs can be used as valuable indicators for monitoring. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis for the homologue profiles of PCBs indicated that all the samples from both cities had the similar PCB contamination patterns, and the major sources of the PCB contamination were most likely from the usage of Aroclor 1254 than those of Aroclors 1242 and 1260. These PCB technical mixtures were possibly significantly used by various industries including iron and steel industries in Gwangyang and petrochemical and shipbuilding industries in Ulsan.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Leesun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Kyu
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chul-Su
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwang-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Hoon
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, 50834, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyeongsoon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Chemical Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54875, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Jun
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.|UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Deuk
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea. selpest@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sung-Eun
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7690-9956
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D007221:Industry; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D056910:Republic of Korea; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Gwangyang; Industrialized area; Monitoring; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Ulsan