title: Elimination diets' efficacy and mechanisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.
abstract: Nutrition plays an important role in neurodevelopment. This insight has led to increasing research into the efficacy of nutrition-related interventions for treating neurodevelopmental disorders. This review discusses an elimination diet as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder, with a focus on the efficacy of the food additives exclusion diet, gluten-free/casein-free diet and oligoantigenic diet. Furthermore, we discuss the potential mechanisms of elimination diets' effects in these neurodevelopmental disorders. The main candidate mechanism is the microbiome-gut-brain axis possibly involving complex interactions between multiple systems, including the metabolic, immune, endocrine, and neural system. We conclude with practical implications and future directions into the investigation of an elimination diet's efficacy in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.
authors.affiliation: Karakter, Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. v.ly@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.|Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. v.ly@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.|Leiden University, Institute of Psychology and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands. v.ly@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5094-0162
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.affiliation: Triversum, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bottelier
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Psychiatry and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Human Genetics and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arias Vasquez
authors.affiliation: Karakter, Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.affiliation: Karakter, Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Psychiatry and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nanda N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Rommelse
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000628:therapy*; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015596:Nutrition Assessment
keywords: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Autism spectrum disorder; Elimination diet; Food sensitivity; Gut–brain interaction