title: Association of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine With the Development of Keratinocyte Carcinomas.
abstract: Keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs), consisting of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), are the most common human malignant neoplasms. Several risk factors have been implicated in KC development. For some SCCs, particularly those in immunocompromised patients, human papillomavirus (HPV) may be an important factor.
  
  
  
  To determine whether quadrivalent HPV vaccination would affect the development of KCs in immunocompetent patients with a history of multiple KCs.
  
  
  
  Two patients with a history of multiple KCs-a man in his 70s (patient 1) and a woman in her 80s (patient 2)-were treated in a private dermatology practice. Each patient received 3 doses of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine at 0, 2, and 6 months in 2013, and both patients underwent full-body skin examinations at least every 3 months. Biopsy-proven skin cancers were recorded for 16 months (for patient 1) or 13 months (for patient 2) after the first dose of vaccine and then compared with the number of biopsy-proven skin cancers recorded over a similar period before the first dose of vaccine. The period of observation was from October 18, 2011, to June 21, 2014.
  
  
  
  The numbers of new SCCs and BCCs after the first dose of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine.
  
  
  
  Patient 1 had a mean of 12 new SCCs and 2.25 new BCCs per year before vaccination. After vaccination, he developed 4.44 SCCs and 0 BCCs per year, a 62.5% reduction in SCCs and a 100% reduction in BCCs. Patient 2 had a mean of 5.5 new SCCs and 0.92 new BCCs per year before vaccination. After vaccination, she developed 1.84 SCCs and 0 BCCs per year, a 66.5% reduction in SCCs and a 100% reduction in BCCs. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine was well tolerated by both patients and had no adverse effects.
  
  
  
  A reduction of SCCs and BCCs was observed in 2 patients after administration of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine. These findings highlight the possibility that cutaneous SCC development, and perhaps BCC development, may be driven in part by HPV in immunocompetent patients. Human papillomavirus vaccination may represent an efficacious, cost-effective, readily available, and well-tolerated strategy for preventing KCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Anna J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.affiliation: St Petersburg General Hospital, St Petersburg, Florida.
authors.forename: Amber Heyna
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Broward Health Medical Center, Ft Lauderdale, Florida.
authors.forename: Shahjahan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shareef
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Evangelos V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Badiavas
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kirsner
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida4Treasure Coast Dermatology, Port St Lucie, Florida.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ioannides
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines