title: Three-dimensional Printed Cardiac Models: Applications in the Field of Medical Education, Cardiovascular Surgery, and Structural Heart Interventions.
abstract: In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printed models have been incorporated into cardiology because of their potential usefulness in enhancing understanding of congenital heart disease, surgical planning, and simulation of structural percutaneous interventions. This review provides an introduction to 3D printing technology and identifies the elements needed to construct a 3D model: the types of imaging modalities that can be used, their minimum quality requirements, and the kinds of 3D printers available. The review also assesses the usefulness of 3D printed models in medical education, specialist physician training, and patient communication. We also review the most recent applications of 3D models in surgical planning and simulation of percutaneous structural heart interventions. Finally, the current limitations of 3D printing and its future directions are discussed to explore potential new applications in this exciting medical field.
authors.affiliation: Sección de Cardiología y Hemodinámica Pediátrica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain; Grupo de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Virgen de Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Paediatric Cardiology, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: ivalverde-ibis@us.es.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Valverde
mesh_terms: D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D002309:Cardiology / Q000193:education*; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000601:surgery; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006338:Heart Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000601:surgery; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional
keywords: Cardiopatía estructural; Cardiopatías congénitas; Congenital heart disease; Impresión tridimensional; Structural heart disease; Three-dimensional printing