title: Electrical stimulation and monitoring devices of the CNS: An imaging review.
abstract: Functional neurosurgery is a rapidly growing field with exciting future potential applications. This article describes currently used implanted electronic devices for neurologic stimulation and monitoring. The devices to be reviewed include invasive EEG electrodes, deep brain stimulator, motor cortex stimulator, responsive neurostimulation, osteo-integrated hearing aid, middle ear implant, cochlear implant, auditory brainstem implant, vagal nerve stimulator and spinal cord stimulator. Emphasis is placed on the normal components, function, positioning, potential complications and MRI safety of these devices. Understanding the motivations and appropriate use of these implantable devices is critical for clinical neuroradiologists to provide relevant imaging interpretation and protocols for patients and referring physicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800170 Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States. Electronic address: shp4k@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Sohil H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, 300, Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
authors.forename: Casey H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, NYU-Langone Medical Center, 660 1st avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3551, Roger Brooke Dr, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, United States.
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Timpone
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D059906:Neuroimaging; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Deep brain stimulation; Functional neurosurgery; Implanted electronic devices; Neurostimulation