title: The course of negative symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia and its predictors: A prospective two-year follow-up study.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate the course of negative symptoms and its stability over a two-year period following a first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and the possible predictors of higher severity in this symptomatology after this period.
  
  
  
  In this longitudinal two-year prospective follow-up study we included 268 patients with a FES, according to DSM-IV. Analysis of variance was conducted in patients who completed the full follow-up to study changes in negative symptoms over three visits. Regression analyses were conducted to show correlates and potential predictors of negative symptoms at two-year follow-up.
  
  
  
  There was a significant effect for time in negative symptomatology, which was less severe at one-year follow-up after a FES and remained stable up to two years (Time 1>Time 2>Time 3); F(2,151)=20.45, p<0.001. Poorer premorbid adjustment (p=0.01) and higher negative symptoms at baseline (p<0.001) made a significant contribution to the changes in the negative symptoms severity at two-years after a FES (R2=0.21, p<0.001).
  
  
  
  We found a reduction in the negative symptomatology at one-year after a FES. This change remained stable at two-year. Our results suggested that the presence of this symptomatology early in the course of the illness, together with a poorer premorbid adjustment, predict more severe negative symptoms at mid-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Institut Clínic de Neurociències (ICN), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mezquida
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Institut Clínic de Neurociències (ICN), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain.
authors.forename: Bibiana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Institut Clínic de Neurociències (ICN), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain.
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bioque
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Institut Clínic de Neurociències (ICN), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amoretti
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Araba University Hospital, Bioaraba Research Institute, Spain; University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Pinto
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espliego
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Iluminada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Corripio
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences (ICN), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vieta
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Fornieles
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) - UAB, Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bergé
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Valencia Clinic Hospital, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Escartí
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ángela
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Ibañez
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Institut Clínic de Neurociències (ICN), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Penadés
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Torres
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Institut Clínic de Neurociències (ICN), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: bernardo@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernardo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Course; First-episode; Longitudinal; Negative symptoms; Predictors; Schizophrenia