title: Quantifying cerebral contributions to pain beyond nociception.
abstract: Cerebral processes contribute to pain beyond the level of nociceptive input and mediate psychological and behavioural influences. However, cerebral contributions beyond nociception are not yet well characterized, leading to a predominant focus on nociception when studying pain and developing interventions. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging combined with machine learning to develop a multivariate pattern signature-termed the stimulus intensity independent pain signature-1 (SIIPS1)-that predicts pain above and beyond nociceptive input in four training data sets (Studies 1-4, N=137). The SIIPS1 includes patterns of activity in nucleus accumbens, lateral prefrontal and parahippocampal cortices, and other regions. In cross-validated analyses of Studies 1-4 and in two independent test data sets (Studies 5-6, N=46), SIIPS1 responses explain variation in trial-by-trial pain ratings not captured by a previous fMRI-based marker for nociceptive pain. In addition, SIIPS1 responses mediate the pain-modulating effects of three psychological manipulations of expectations and perceived control. The SIIPS1 provides an extensible characterization of cerebral contributions to pain and specific brain targets for interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.|Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Choong-Wan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7423-5422
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: INSEAD, Fontainebleau 77300, France.|Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, INSERM U960, Department of Cognitive Sciences, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France.
authors.forename: Liane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA.
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2300, The Netherlands.|Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden 2300, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jepma
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21211, USA.
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.affiliation: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.|National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Atlas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.|Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Tor D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wager
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D000068356:Self-Control