title: Variation in post-traumatic response: the role of trauma type in predicting ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD symptoms.
abstract: The World Health Organization's 11th revision to the International Classification of Diseases manual (ICD-11) will differentiate between two stress-related disorders: PTSD and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). ICD-11 proposals suggest that trauma exposure which is prolonged and/or repeated, or consists of multiple forms, that also occurs under circumstances where escape from the trauma is difficult or impossible (e.g., childhood abuse) will confer greater risk for CPTSD as compared to PTSD. The primary objective of the current study was to provide an empirical assessment of this proposal.
  
  
  
  A stratified, random probability sample of a Danish birth cohort (aged 24) was interviewed by the Danish National Centre for Social Research (N = 2980) in 2008-2009. Data from this interview were used to generate an ICD-11 symptom-based classification of PTSD and CPTSD.
  
  
  
  The majority of the sample (87.1%) experienced at least one of eight traumatic events spanning childhood and early adulthood. There was some indication that being female increased the risk for both PTSD and CPTSD classification. Multinomial logistic regression results found that childhood sexual abuse (OR = 4.98) and unemployment status (OR = 4.20) significantly increased risk of CPTSD classification as compared to PTSD. A dose-response relationship was observed between exposure to multiple forms of childhood interpersonal trauma and risk of CPTSD classification, as compared to PTSD.
  
  
  
  Results provide empirical support for the ICD-11 proposals that childhood interpersonal traumatic exposure increases risk of CPTSD symptom development.
authors.affiliation: School of Business, National College of Ireland, IFSC, Mayor Street, Dublin 1, Ireland. Philip.hyland@ncirl.ie.|Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. Philip.hyland@ncirl.ie.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9574-7128
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.affiliation: Psychology Research Institute, School of Psychology, Ulster University, Northland Road, Co. Londonderry, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, Ireland.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Psychology Research Institute, School of Psychology, Ulster University, Northland Road, Co. Londonderry, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shevlin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vallières
authors.affiliation: Psychology Research Institute, School of Psychology, Ulster University, Northland Road, Co. Londonderry, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, Ireland.
authors.forename: Eoin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Psychotraumatology, Institute for Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ask
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elklit
authors.affiliation: The Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mogens
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Christoffersen
authors.affiliation: National Centre for PTSD Division of Dissemination and Training, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Marylène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cloitre
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000069586:Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events / Q000523:psychology; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Childhood sexual abuse; Childhood trauma; Complex-PTSD (CPTSD); ICD-11; Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)