title: Development of a Zeolite Filter for Removing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Smoke and Smoked Ingredients while Retaining the Smoky Flavor.
abstract: The popularity of smoked foodstuffs such as sauces, marinades, and rubs is on the rise. However, during the traditional smoking process, in addition to the desirable smoky aroma compounds, harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are also generated. In this work, a selective filter was developed that reduces PAH concentrations in a smoke by up to 90% while maintaining a desirable smoky flavor. Preliminary studies using a cocktail of 12 PAHs stirred with a zeolite showed the potential for this zeolite to selectively remove PAHs from a simple solution. However, pretreatment of the smoke prior to application removed the PAHs more efficiently and is more widely applicable to a range of food ingredients. Although volatile analysis showed that there was a concomitant reduction in the concentration of the smoky compounds such as 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol), 2-methylphenol ( o-cresol), and the isoeugenols, sensory profiling showed that the difference in perception of flavor was minimal.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jane K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4121-5481
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lignou
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shankland
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Phillipa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kurwie
authors.affiliation: Unit B1, Ford Airfield Industrial Estate , Besmoke Ltd. , Arundel BN18 0HY , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Huw D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Baines Food Consultancy Ltd. , 22 Elisabeth Close , Thornbury , Bristol BS35 2YN , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Baines
mesh_terms: D003296:Cooking; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis*; D017641:Zeolites / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005421:Flavoring Agents; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012906:Smoke; D017641:Zeolites
keywords: GC-MS; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); smoke flavor; zeolite filter