title: Locating Temporal Functional Dynamics of Visual Short-Term Memory Binding using Graph Modular Dirichlet Energy.
abstract: Visual short-term memory binding tasks are a promising early marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). To uncover functional deficits of AD in these tasks it is meaningful to first study unimpaired brain function. Electroencephalogram recordings were obtained from encoding and maintenance periods of tasks performed by healthy young volunteers. We probe the task's transient physiological underpinnings by contrasting shape only (Shape) and shape-colour binding (Bind) conditions, displayed in the left and right sides of the screen, separately. Particularly, we introduce and implement a novel technique named Modular Dirichlet Energy (MDE) which allows robust and flexible analysis of the functional network with unprecedented temporal precision. We find that connectivity in the Bind condition is less integrated with the global network than in the Shape condition in occipital and frontal modules during the encoding period of the right screen condition. Using MDE we are able to discern driving effects in the occipital module between 100-140 ms, coinciding with the P100 visually evoked potential, followed by a driving effect in the frontal module between 140-180 ms, suggesting that the differences found constitute an information processing difference between these modules. This provides temporally precise information over a heterogeneous population in promising tasks for the detection of AD.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.|Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Signal Processing Laboratory 2, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ricaud
authors.affiliation: Signal Processing Laboratory 2, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nauman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.affiliation: Human Cognitive Neuroscience and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.affiliation: Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience, INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.|National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina.|Universidad Autόnoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia.|Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.|ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Augustin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.|Human Cognitive Neuroscience and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.|Universidad Autόnoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia.|Psychology Department, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Parra
authors.affiliation: Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escudero
authors.affiliation: Signal Processing Laboratory 2, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vandergheynst
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception