title: Accumulation of Carotenoids and Metabolic Profiling in Different Cultivars of Tagetes Flowers.
abstract: Species ofTagetes, which belong to the family Asteraceae show different characteristics including, bloom size, shape, and color; plant size; and leaf shape. In this study, we determined the differences in primary metabolites and carotenoid yields among six cultivars from twoTagetesspecies,T. erectaandT. patula. In total, we detected seven carotenoids in the examined cultivars: violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and 13-cis-β-carotene. In all the cultivars, lutein was the most abundant carotenoid. Furthermore, the contents of each carotenoid in flowers varied depending on the cultivar. Principal component analysis (PCA) facilitated metabolic discrimination betweenTagetescultivars, with the exception of Inca Yellow and Discovery Orange. Moreover, PCA and orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) results provided a clear discrimination betweenT. erectaandT. patula. Primary metabolites, including xylose, citric acid, valine, glycine, and galactose were the main components facilitating separation of the species. Positive relationships were apparent between carbon-rich metabolites, including those of the TCA cycle and sugar metabolism, and carotenoids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea. yunji0825@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Yun Ji
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, Korea. psy22@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Soo-Yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. mvalanarasu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariadhas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valan Arasu
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. naldhabi@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
authors.affiliation: Science & Technology Policy Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Sejong-si 30110, Korea. hgahn@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Hyung-Geun
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Korea. kjkpj@inu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae Kwang
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea. supark@cnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sang Un
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D031686:Tagetes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: GC-TOFMS; Tagetes; carotenoid; marigold; metabolic profiling