title: Growth differentiation factor 15 induces growth and metastasis of human liver cancer stem-like cells via AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling.
abstract: Cancer stem cells in liver cancer are thought to be responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. However, the factors that mediate this mechanism have yet to be completely elucidated. In this study, we isolated CD13+CD44+ sphere cells (SCs) derived from liver cancer tissues and SK-Hep-1 cells, which possessed cancer stem cell-like properties. Through cytokine array analysis, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was significantly increased in SCs. Clinical data showed GDF15 was overexpressed in liver cancer tissues and was positively related to pathological grading. GDF15 knockdown significantly inhibited the growth and metastasis of SCs through AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway suppression. Moreover, a PI3K inhibitor LY294002 inhibited AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway activated by GDF15 and attenuated GDF15-induced proliferation, colony formation and invasion of SCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies suggest that CD13+CD44+ SCs may represent a subset of LCSCs. GDF15 promotes the growth and metastasis of SCs by activating AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Promisingly, GDF15 could be considered as a potential therapeutic target in liver cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.|Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Xu
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.|Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.|Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.|Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008875:Middle Aged; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D009025:Morpholines; D051176:beta Catenin; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
keywords: GDF15; cancer stem cells; hepatocellular carcinoma; metastasis; tumorigenesis