title: Pharmacokinetics of valnemulin after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration in layer chickens.
abstract: The pharmacokinetic characteristics of valnemulin in layer chickens were studied after single intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight. Plasma samples at certain time points were collected and the drug concentrations in them by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The concentration-time data for each individual were plotted by noncompartmental analysis for the whole three routes. Following intravenous administration, the plasma concentration showed tiny fluctuation. The elimination half-life (T1/2λz), total body clearance (Cl), and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were 1.85 ± 0.43 h, 2.2 ± 0.9 L/h, and 7.52 ± 2.46 μg·h/mL, respectively. Following intramuscular administration, the peak concentration (Cmax, 1.40 ± 0.43 μg/mL) was achieved at the time of 0.34 h. A multiple-peak phenomenon existed after oral administration, and the first peak and secondary peak were at 10 min and during 2-4 h, respectively, while the tertiary peak appeared during 5-15 h. The bioavailability (F %) for intramuscular and oral administration was 68.60% and 52.64%, respectively. In present study, the detailed pharmacokinetic profiles showed that this drug is widely distributed and rapidly eliminated, however has a low bioavailability, indicating that valnemulin is likely to be a favorable choice in the clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.|Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.|Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.|Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.|Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.|Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.|Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.|Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.|Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002645:Chickens / Q000378:metabolism*; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006207:Half-Life; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; C117845:valnemulin