title: Antibiotics, gut microbiota, environment in early life and type 1 diabetes.
abstract: The gut microbiota interact with innate immune cells and play an important role in shaping the immune system. Many factors may influence the composition of the microbiota such as mode of birth, diet, infections and medication including antibiotics. In diseases with a multifactorial etiology, like type 1 diabetes, manipulation and alterations of the microbiota in animal models have been shown to influence the incidence and onset of disease. The microbiota are an important part of the internal environment and understanding how these bacteria interact with the innate immune cells to generate immune tolerance may open up opportunities for development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss recent findings in relation to the microbiota, particularly in the context of type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Youjia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
authors.forename: F Susan
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06520, USA. Electronic address: li.wen@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D007113:Immunity, Innate
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Gut microbiota; Immune regulation; Neonatal immune response; Type 1 diabetes