title: Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on locomotion and the repeatability of lateralization in a keystone marine mollusc.
abstract: Recent work has shown that the behaviour of marine organisms can be affected by elevatedPCO2, although little is known about the effect of multiple stressors. We therefore investigated the effect of elevatedPCO2and temperature on locomotion and behaviour during prey searching in the marine gastropodConcholepas concholepas, a predator characteristic of the southeastern Pacific coast. Movement duration, decision time, route finding and lateralization were measured using a T-maze tank with a prey positioned behind a barrier. Four treatments, representing present day and near-future scenarios of ocean acidification and warming were used in rearing the individuals for 6 months. Regardless of the treatment, no significant differences were found in relative and absolute lateralization before and after exposure for 6 months. However, relative lateralization was not repeatable for animals tested after 6 months at elevatedPCO2at both experimental temperatures, whereas it was repeatable in individuals kept at the present day level ofPCO2We suggest that these effects may be related to a behavioural malfunction caused by elevatedPCO2Movement duration, decision time and route finding were not repeatable. However, movement duration and decision time increased and route finding decreased in elevatedPCO2(at 15°C), suggesting that elevatedPCO2has negative effects on the locomotor and sensory performance ofC. concholepasin the presence of a prey odour, thereby decreasing their ability to forage efficiently.
authors.affiliation: CNR-IAMC - Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Localita Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano 09170, Italy paolo.domenici@cnr.it.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3182-2579
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Domenici
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique 5950000, Chile.|Centro de Investigación: Dinámica de Ecosistemas marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1780000, Chile.
authors.forename: Patricio H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Manríquez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000502:physiology*; D057232:Global Warming; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008124:Locomotion; D009949:Orientation; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Concholepas concholepas; Gastropod locomotion; Lateralization; Ocean acidification; Route finding; Temperature