title: The role of cell cycle progression for the apoptosis of cancer cells induced by palladium(II)-saccharinate complexes of terpyridine.
abstract: Palladium complexes are potent and less toxic molecules in comparison to other metal based agents. Here, we characterized two palladium(II) saccharinate complexes with terpyridine for their cell cycle specificity.
  
  
  
  Cells were arrested at G1, G1/S boundary or mitosis using mimosine, double-Thymidine block, aphidicolin, nocodazole or colcemid, and evaluated based on morphology and flow cytometry. Synchronized cells were treated with the Pd(II) complexes, and viability was measured via MTT assay.
  
  
  
  While treatment of arrested cells with the Pd(II) complexes resulted in no significant change in cell death in HCT-116 and MDA-MB-231 cells, HeLa cells were more sensitive in S/G1. The main form of cell death was found to be apoptosis.
  
  
  
  Pd(II) complexes appear to be cell-cycle non-specific, while cell line dependent differences may be observed. Cells die through apoptosis regardless of the cell cycle stage, which makes these complexes more promising as anti-cancer agents.
authors.affiliation: TUBITAK, Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kacar
authors.affiliation: Uludag University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Buse
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cevatemre
authors.affiliation: TUBITAK, Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hatipoglu
authors.affiliation: Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nazli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arda
authors.affiliation: Uludag University, Medical School, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Engin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ulukaya
authors.affiliation: Uludag University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Veysel T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: TUBITAK, Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey. Electronic address: Ceyda.acilan@tubitak.gov.tr.
authors.forename: Ceyda
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Acilan
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D056831:Coordination Complexes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006801:Humans; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D056831:Coordination Complexes; C000601946:saccharinate(2,2'-6',2'-terpyridine)palladium(II)
keywords: Apoptosis; Cancer; Cell cycle arrest; Cell cycle specific; Cytotoxicity; Metal based anticancer agents; Palladium(II) complex