title: Higher severity of cocaine addiction is associated with tactile and somatic hallucinations.
abstract: The aim of this study is to describe the features of cocaine-dependent patients who have had cocaine-induced tactile/somatic hallucinations (CITSH), and to analyze the association with addiction-related variables and psychiatric comorbidity, comparing patients with CITSH, patients with cocaine psychotic symptoms (CIP) and no CITSH, and patients without any psychotic symptom.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in 767 cocaine-dependent patients in an outpatient treatment center for addictions. The following data were obtained: sociodemographic characteristics, CIP information, addiction-related variables and psychiatric comorbidity. A bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed.
  
  
  
  Of the whole sample, 6.6% reported CITSH at some point of their lives, 48.4% had suffered some CIP other than CITSH, and 45% had not experienced any psychotic symptom. According to multivariate analysis, risk of overdose increases by 12.1 (OR) times the probability of having had CITSH compared patients with CIP-no-CITSH. Other variables associated to patients with CITSH were: age of drug use onset, presence of episodes of overdose, prevalence of psychotic disorder induced by cocaine. In general, in all variables studied, patients with CITSH presented worse clinical features (addiction variables and psychiatric comorbidity) than patients with CIP without CITSH and non-CIP group.
  
  
  
  CITSH are usually associated with other psychotic symptoms induced by cocaine. The patients who experienced CITSH are more severe cases compared both with patients with CIP without CITSH and patients without CIP. Increased risk of overdose is an important issue in this type of patients.
authors.affiliation: Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Vall Hebron - ASPB, CIBERSAM, Passieg Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autónoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: croncero@vhebron.net.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roncero
authors.affiliation: Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Vall Hebron - ASPB, CIBERSAM, Passieg Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autónoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grau-López
authors.affiliation: Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Vall Hebron - ASPB, CIBERSAM, Passieg Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Palma-Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Vall Hebron - ASPB, CIBERSAM, Passieg Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autónoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Cintas
authors.affiliation: Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Vall Hebron - ASPB, CIBERSAM, Passieg Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autónoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros-Cucurull
authors.affiliation: Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Vall Hebron - ASPB, CIBERSAM, Passieg Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esojo
authors.affiliation: Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Vall Hebron - ASPB, CIBERSAM, Passieg Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daigre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003042:Cocaine; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Addiction; Cocaine; Cocaine-induced psychosis; Hallucinations; Psychosis; Tactile/somatic hallucinations