title: Multilaboratory Survey To Evaluate Salmonella Prevalence in Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic Dogs and Cats in the United States between 2012 and 2014.
abstract: Eleven laboratories collaborated to determine the periodic prevalence ofSalmonellain a population of dogs and cats in the United States visiting veterinary clinics. Fecal samples (2,965) solicited from 11 geographically dispersed veterinary testing laboratories were collected in 36 states between January 2012 and April 2014 and tested using a harmonized method. The overall study prevalence ofSalmonellain cats (3 of 542) was <1%. The prevalence in dogs (60 of 2,422) was 2.5%. Diarrhea was present in only 55% of positive dogs; however, 3.8% of the all diarrheic dogs were positive, compared with 1.8% of the nondiarrheic dogs.Salmonella-positive dogs were significantly more likely to have consumed raw food (P= 0.01), to have consumed probiotics (P= 0.002), or to have been given antibiotics (P= 0.01). Rural dogs were also more likely to beSalmonellapositive than urban (P= 0.002) or suburban (P= 0.001) dogs. In the 67 isolates, 27 unique serovars were identified, with three dogs having two serovars present. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 66 isolates revealed that only four of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Additional characterization of the 66 isolates was done using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Sequence data compared well to resistance phenotypic data and were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). This study suggests an overall decline in prevalence ofSalmonella-positive dogs and cats over the last decades and identifies consumption of raw food as a major risk factor forSalmonellainfection. Of note is that almost half of theSalmonella-positive animals were clinically nondiarrheic.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA renate.reimschuessel@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reimschuessel
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grabenstein
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guag
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nemser
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Kyunghee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Junshan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Clothier
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Stanley L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Kyran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cadmus
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pabilonia
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Sreekumari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajeev
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ensley
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Frana
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Albert E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Jergens
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Siddhartha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Byrum
authors.affiliation: Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Erdman
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Shelley C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rankin
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruesch
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Sara D
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9154-8909
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lawhon
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Shuping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baszler
authors.affiliation: Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Dubraska
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diaz-Campos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiological Sciences/WVDL, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Faye
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiological Sciences/WVDL, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Ogi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Okwumabua
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002415:Cats; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004285:Dogs; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Salmonella; WGS; diarrhea; fecal organisms; pets