title: Monitoring equine head-related pain with the Equine Utrecht University scale for facial assessment of pain (EQUUS-FAP).
abstract: This study validates a recently described pain scale, the Equine Utrecht University scale for facial assessment of pain (EQUUS-FAP), in horses with acute or postoperative pain originating from the head, including dental pain, ocular pain, or trauma to the skull. This cohort study of 23 horses with head-related pain and 23 normal, healthy controls revealed significant differences in EQUUS-FAP scores between control horses and horses with acute or postoperative pain (P <0.001). Moreover, pain scores after surgery decreased significantly over time (P <0.001). The scale showed good inter-observer reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.92), sensitivity (80%), specificity (78%), and positive (80%) and negative predictive values (78%).
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.p.a.m.vanloon@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Johannes P A M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Sciences Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk - Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Machteld C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Van Dierendonck
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005145:Face / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Dental; Equine; Facial; Pain originating from head; Pain scale