title: Recent advances on polyproline II.
abstract: About half of the globular proteins are composed of regular secondary structures, α-helices, and β-sheets, while the rest are constituted of irregular secondary structures, such as turns or coil conformations. Other regular secondary structures are often ignored, despite their importance in biological processes. Among such structures, the polyproline II helix (PPII) has interesting behaviours. PPIIs are not usually associated with conventional stabilizing interactions, and recent studies have observed that PPIIs are more frequent than anticipated. In addition, it is suggested that they may have an important functional role, particularly in protein-protein or protein-nucleic acid interactions and recognition. Residues associated with PPII conformations represent nearly 5% of the total residues, but the lack of PPII assignment approaches prevents their systematic analysis. This short review will present current knowledge and recent research in PPII area. In a first step, the different methodologies able to assign PPII are presented. In the second step, recent studies that have shown new perspectives in PPII analysis in terms of structure and function are underlined with three cases: (1) PPII in protein structures. For instance, the first crystal structure of an oligoproline adopting an all-trans polyproline II (PPII) helix had been presented; (2) the involvement of PPII in different diseases and drug designs; and (3) an interesting extension of PPII study in the protein dynamics. For instance, PPIIs are often linked to disorder region analysis and the precise analysis of a potential PPII helix in hypogonadism shows unanticipated PPII formations in the patient mutation, while it is not observed in the wild-type form of KISSR1 protein.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U 1134, DSIMB, 6, rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75739, Paris Cedex 15, France.|Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1134, 75739, Paris, France.|Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), 75739, Paris, France.|Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, 75739, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Tarun Jairaj
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Narwani
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U 1134, DSIMB, 6, rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75739, Paris Cedex 15, France.|Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1134, 75739, Paris, France.|Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), 75739, Paris, France.|Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, 75739, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Santuz
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U 1134, DSIMB, 6, rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75739, Paris Cedex 15, France.|Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1134, 75739, Paris, France.|Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), 75739, Paris, France.|Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, 75739, Paris, France.|Discngine, SAS, 75012, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shinada
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U 1134, DSIMB, 6, rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75739, Paris Cedex 15, France.|Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1134, 75739, Paris, France.|Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), 75739, Paris, France.|Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, 75739, Paris, France.|Univ de La Réunion, DSIMB, UMR-S S1134, 97744, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France.
authors.forename: Akhila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melarkode Vattekatte
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U 1134, DSIMB, 6, rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75739, Paris Cedex 15, France.|Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1134, 75739, Paris, France.|Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), 75739, Paris, France.|Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, 75739, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Yassine
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ghouzam
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
authors.forename: Narayanasamy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U 1134, DSIMB, 6, rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75739, Paris Cedex 15, France. jean-christophe.gelly@univ-paris-diderot.fr.|Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1134, 75739, Paris, France. jean-christophe.gelly@univ-paris-diderot.fr.|Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), 75739, Paris, France. jean-christophe.gelly@univ-paris-diderot.fr.|Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, 75739, Paris, France. jean-christophe.gelly@univ-paris-diderot.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gelly
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U 1134, DSIMB, 6, rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75739, Paris Cedex 15, France. alexandre.debrevern@univ-paris-diderot.fr.|Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1134, 75739, Paris, France. alexandre.debrevern@univ-paris-diderot.fr.|Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), 75739, Paris, France. alexandre.debrevern@univ-paris-diderot.fr.|Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, 75739, Paris, France. alexandre.debrevern@univ-paris-diderot.fr.
authors.forename: Alexandre G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: de Brevern
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; C011083:polyproline
keywords: Frameworks; Local protein conformations; Secondary structure; Sequence structure relationship; Structural alphabet