title: Glioblastoma presenting as spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage: Case report and review of the literature.
abstract: Glioblastoma (GB) classically presents with symptoms of raised intracranial pressure and gradual progressive neurological deficits. An acute presentation, with intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) and rapid clinical deterioration, occurs infrequently. Contemporary imaging modalities do not reliably reflect underlying mass lesions in parenchymal brain haemorrhage at first presentation. We report a delayed diagnosis of GB in a 21-year-old patient presenting with spontaneous ICH and a negative initial neurovascular workup. A comprehensive literature review was performed to investigate the incidence of malignant aetiology for spontaneous ICH in young adults, and to underscore the importance of early utilisation of diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in such cases.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia. Electronic address: djos4@student.monash.edu.
authors.forename: Danica M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Monash Neurovascular Institute, P.O. Box 191, Kew East, Melbourne, Victoria 3102, Australia. Electronic address: anthea.oneill@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anthea H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: Neurointerventional Service, Monash Imaging, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Monash Neurovascular Institute, P.O. Box 191, Kew East, Melbourne, Victoria 3102, Australia. Electronic address: ronil.chandra@monashhealth.org.
authors.forename: Ronil V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Monash Neurovascular Institute, P.O. Box 191, Kew East, Melbourne, Victoria 3102, Australia. Electronic address: leon.lai@monashhealth.org.
authors.forename: Leon T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Glioblastoma; Intracerebral haemorrhage; Magnetic resonance imaging; Young adult