title: Bifunctional viscous nanovesicles co-loaded with resveratrol and gallic acid for skin protection against microbial and oxidative injuries.
abstract: Resveratrol and gallic acid were co-loaded in phospholipid vesicles aiming at protecting the skin from external injuries, such as oxidative stress and microbial infections. Liposomes were prepared using biocompatible phospholipids dispersed in water. To improve vesicle stability and applicability, the phospholipids and the phenols were dispersed in water/propylene glycol or water/glycerol, thus obtaining PEVs and glycerosomes, respectively. The vesicles were characterized by size, morphology, physical stability, and their therapeutic efficacy was investigated in vitro. The vesicles were spherical, unilamellar and small in size: liposomes and glycerosomes were around 70nm in diameter, while PEVs were larger (∼170nm). The presence of propylene glycol or glycerol increased the viscosity of the vesicle systems, positively affecting their stability. The ability of the vesicles to promote the accumulation of the phenols (especially gallic acid) in the skin was demonstrated, as well as their low toxicity and great ability to protect keratinocytes and fibroblasts from oxidative damage. Additionally, an improvement of the antimicrobial activity of the phenols was shown against different skin pathogens. The co-loading of resveratrol and gallic acid in modified phospholipid vesicles represents an innovative, bifunctional tool for preventing and treating skin affections.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Justina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vitonyte
authors.affiliation: Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Letizia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Manca
authors.affiliation: Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy. Electronic address: caddeoc@unica.it.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caddeo
authors.affiliation: Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Valenti
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Josè Esteban
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Peris
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Usach
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Centro Mixto Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nacher
authors.affiliation: Dept. Ingeniería Química y Tecnología del Medio Ambiente, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.affiliation: Dept. Ingeniería Química y Tecnología del Medio Ambiente, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Molecular Biology Service Lab (MBS), via Ospedale 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Germano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orrù
authors.affiliation: Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona E08028, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona E08036, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fernàndez-Busquets
authors.affiliation: Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fadda
authors.affiliation: Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manconi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival; D004355:Drug Stability; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008081:Liposomes; D010316:Particle Size; D010743:Phospholipids; D000077185:Resveratrol; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017192:Skin Diseases, Bacterial / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D000975:Antioxidants; D008081:Liposomes; D010743:Phospholipids; D013267:Stilbenes; D005707:Gallic Acid; D000077185:Resveratrol
keywords: Fibroblasts; Keratinocytes; Phenol; Phospholipid vesicle; Skin pathogens