title: Making life difficult for Clostridium difficile: augmenting the pathogen's metabolic model with transcriptomic and codon usage data for better therapeutic target characterization.
abstract: Clostridium difficile is a bacterium which can infect various animal species, including humans. Infection with this bacterium is a leading healthcare-associated illness. A better understanding of this organism and the relationship between its genotype and phenotype is essential to the search for an effective treatment. Genome-scale metabolic models contain all known biochemical reactions of a microorganism and can be used to investigate this relationship.
  
  
  
  We present icdf834, an updated metabolic network of C. difficile that builds on iMLTC806cdf and features 1227 reactions, 834 genes, and 807 metabolites. We used this metabolic network to reconstruct the metabolic landscape of this bacterium. The standard metabolic model cannot account for changes in the bacterial metabolism in response to different environmental conditions. To account for this limitation, we also integrated transcriptomic data, which details the gene expression of the bacterium in a wide array of environments. Importantly, to bridge the gap between gene expression levels and protein abundance, we accounted for the synonymous codon usage bias of the bacterium in the model. To our knowledge, this is the first time codon usage has been quantified and integrated into a metabolic model. The metabolic fluxes were defined as a function of protein abundance. To determine potential therapeutic targets using the model, we conducted gene essentiality and metabolic pathway sensitivity analyses and calculated flux control coefficients. We obtained 92.3% accuracy in predicting gene essentiality when compared to experimental data for C. difficile R20291 (ribotype 027) homologs. We validated our context-specific metabolic models using sensitivity and robustness analyses and compared model predictions with literature on C. difficile. The model predicts interesting facets of the bacterium's metabolism, such as changes in the bacterium's growth in response to different environmental conditions.
  
  
  
  After an extensive validation process, we used icdf834 to obtain state-of-the-art predictions of therapeutic targets for C. difficile. We show how context-specific metabolic models augmented with codon usage information can be a beneficial resource for better understanding C. difficile and for identifying novel therapeutic targets. We remark that our approach can be applied to investigate and treat against other pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK. ss2228@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sara Saheb
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1079-6009
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kashaf
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Teesside University, Borough road, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angione
authors.affiliation: Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lió
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D008954:Models, Biological; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003062:Codon
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Clostridium difficile; Flux balance analysis; Genome scale modeling; Metabolic modeling; Metabolic networks; Metabolic pathways; Sensitivity analysis