title: Evaluation of multivalent H2 influenza pandemic vaccines in mice.
abstract: Subtype H2 Influenza A viruses were the cause of a severe pandemic in the winter of 1957. However, this subtype no longer circulates in humans and is no longer included in seasonal vaccines. As a result, individuals under 50years of age are immunologically naïve. H2 viruses persist in aquatic birds, which were a contributing source for the 1957 pandemic, and have also been isolated from swine. Reintroduction of the H2 via zoonotic transmission has been identified as a pandemic risk, so pre-pandemic planning should include preparation and testing of vaccine candidates against this subtype. We evaluated the immunogenicity of two inactivated, whole virus influenza vaccines (IVV) in mice: a monovalent IVV containing human pandemic virus A/Singapore/1/1957 (H2N2), and a multivalent IVV containing human A/Singapore/1/1957, avian A/Duck/HongKong/319/1978 (H2N2), and swine A/Swine/Missouri/2124514/2006 (H2N3) viruses. While both vaccines induced protective immunity compared to naïve animals, the multivalent formulation was advantageous over the monovalent in terms of level and breadth of serological responses, neutralization of infectious virus, and reduction of clinical disease and respiratory tissue replication in mice. Therefore, multivalent pandemic H2 vaccines containing diverse viruses from animal reservoirs, are a potential option to improve the immune responses in a pre-pandemic scenario where antigenic identity cannot be predicted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.|Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lenny
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sonnberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Angela F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Danner
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Webby
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D058873:Pandemics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
keywords: H2N2; Influenza; Monovalent; Multivalent; Pandemic; Vaccine