title: Vitamin D supplementation guidelines.
abstract: Research carried out during the past two-decades extended the understanding of actions of vitamin D, from regulating calcium and phosphate absorption and bone metabolism to many pleiotropic actions in organs and tissues in the body. Most observational and ecological studies report association of higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations with improved outcomes for several chronic, communicable and non-communicable diseases. Consequently, numerous agencies and scientific organizations have developed recommendations for vitamin D supplementation and guidance on optimal serum 25(OH)D concentrations. The bone-centric guidelines recommend a target 25(OH)D concentration of 20ng/mL (50nmol/L), and age-dependent daily vitamin D doses of 400-800IU. The guidelines focused on pleiotropic effects of vitamin D recommend a target 25(OH)D concentration of 30ng/mL (75nmol/L), and age-, body weight-, disease-status, and ethnicity dependent vitamin D doses ranging between 400 and 2000IU/day. The wise and balanced choice of the recommendations to follow depends on one's individual health outcome concerns, age, body weight, latitude of residence, dietary and cultural habits, making the regional or nationwide guidelines more applicable in clinical practice. While natural sources of vitamin D can raise 25(OH)D concentrations, relative to dietary preferences and latitude of residence, in the context of general population, these sources are regarded ineffective to maintain the year-round 25(OH)D concentrations in the range of 30-50ng/mL (75-125nmol/L). Vitamin D self-administration related adverse effects, such as hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria are rare, and usually result from taking extremely high doses of vitamin D for a prolonged time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: p.pludowski@ipczd.pl.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pludowski
authors.affiliation: Boston University Medical Center, 85 East Newton Street M-1033, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Holick
authors.affiliation: Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Konstantynowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hospital de Santa Maria, EHLN and Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Mario R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mascarenhas
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, Gulf Diagnostic Center Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Afrozul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.affiliation: D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev 04114, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Vladyslav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Povoroznyuk
authors.affiliation: D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev 04114, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Nataliya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Balatska
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hospital de Santa Maria, EHLN and Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology, Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karonova
authors.affiliation: Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, 220013 Minsk, Belarus.
authors.forename: Ema
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rudenka
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Misiorowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zakharova
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Rheumatology of Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, 220013 Minsk, Belarus.
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudenka
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Łukaszkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric, Internal Medicine and Metabolic Bone Disease, Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marcinowska-Suchowierska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Łaszcz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abramowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Harjit P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Bhattoa
authors.affiliation: Medicine, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Cardio Metabolic Institute, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Sunil J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wimalawansa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001835:Body Weight; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25(OH)D; Extra-skeletal effects; Global; Pleiotropic; Recommendations; Vitamin D