title: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: research models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  the past decade has seen a considerable increase in the use of research models to study reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). Nevertheless, none of these models has been shown to completely reflect realin vivoconditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  we performed a systematic review of the literature matching the following key words: "reverse total shoulder arthroplasty" or "reverse total shoulder replacement" or "reverse total shoulder prosthesis" and "research models" or "biomechanical models" or "physical simulators" or "virtual simulators". The following databases were screened: Medline, Google Scholar, EMBASE, CINAHIL and Ovid. We identified and included all articles reporting research models of any kind, such as physical or virtual simulators, in which RTSA and the glenohumeral joint were reproduced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  computer models and cadaveric models are the most commonly used, and they were shown to be reliable in simulatingin vivoconditions. Bone substitute models have been used in a few studies. Mechanical testing machines provided useful information on stability factors in RTSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  because of the limitations of each individual model, additional research is required to develop a research model of RTSA that may reduce the limitations of those presently available, and increase the reproducibility of this technique in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Trigoria, Rome, Italy; Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR) Campus Bio-Medico University, Trigoria, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petrillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Trigoria, Rome, Italy; Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR) Campus Bio-Medico University, Trigoria, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Umile Giuseppe
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Gulotta
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Trigoria, Rome, Italy; Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR) Campus Bio-Medico University, Trigoria, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berton
authors.affiliation: Leon Root, Motion Analysis Laboratory, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kontaxis
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Trigoria, Rome, Italy; Centro Integrato di Ricerca (CIR) Campus Bio-Medico University, Trigoria, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Denaro
keywords: arthroplasty; research model; reverse; shoulder; simulator