title: Loss of genes related to Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) and implications for reductive genome evolution in symbionts of deep-sea vesicomyid clams.
abstract: Intracellular thioautotrophic symbionts of deep-sea vesicomyid clams lack some DNA repair genes and are thought to be undergoing reductive genome evolution (RGE). In this study, we addressed two questions, 1) how these symbionts lost their DNA repair genes and 2) how such losses affect RGE. For the first question, we examined genes associated with nucleotide excision repair (NER; uvrA, uvrB, uvrC, uvrD, uvrD paralog [uvrDp] and mfd) in 12 symbionts of vesicomyid clams belonging to two clades (5 clade I and 7 clade II symbionts). While uvrA, uvrDp and mfd were conserved in all symbionts, uvrB and uvrC were degraded in all clade I symbionts but were apparently intact in clade II symbionts. UvrD was disrupted in two clade II symbionts. Among the intact genes in Ca. Vesicomyosocius okutanii (clade I), expressions of uvrD and mfd were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but those of uvrA and uvrDp were not. In contrast, all intact genes were expressed in the symbiont of Calyptogena pacifica (clade II). To assess how gene losses affect RGE (question 2), genetic distances of the examined genes in symbionts from Bathymodiolus septemdierum were shown to be larger in clade I than clade II symbionts. In addition, these genes had lower guanine+cytosine (GC) content and higher repeat sequence densities in clade I than measured in clade II. Our results suggest that NER genes are currently being lost from the extant lineages of vesicomyid clam symbionts. The loss of NER genes and mutY in these symbionts is likely to promote increases in genetic distance and repeat sequence density as well as reduced GC content in genomic genes, and may have facilitated reductive evolution of the genome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.|Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.|Tokyo College of Biotechnology, Kitakoujiya, Ota-ku,Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.|Kitasato University, School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato Minami-ku Sagamihara-shi Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Genki
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Mamiko Nishino
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koshiishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiaki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.|Kitasato University, School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato Minami-ku Sagamihara-shi Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujikura
authors.affiliation: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: Kitasato University, School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato Minami-ku Sagamihara-shi Kanagawa, Japan.|Research and Development Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2191-3189
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D016678:Genome; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences
chemical_list: D004247:DNA