title: Role of interleukin-10 in the neuroprotective effect of the Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor agonist, compound 21, after ischemia/reperfusion injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We and others have shown that the angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor agonist, compound 21 (C21), provides neuroprotection and enhances recovery in rodent stroke models yet the mechanism involved is not known. Moreover, C21 treatment is associated with an anti-inflammatory response. Here we tested the hypothesis that C21 mediates neuroprotection by upregulating the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-10.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were subjected to 3h-middle cerebral artery suture occlusion and treated at reperfusion with C21 (0.03mg/kg)±IL-10 neutralizing antibody (0.1mg/kg) both given i.p. Infarct size, behavioral outcomes, and molecular analysis were performed at 24h post-injury. Primary rat neurons were used to test the direct neuroprotective effect of C21 in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C21 treatment reduced infarct size, improved functional outcome and decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the ischemic hemisphere compared to saline. Anti-IL-10 co-treatment blocked the C21-induced reduction in infarct size and inflammation, and the improvement in behavioral outcome. In vitro, C21 treatment increased neuron survival and reduced cell apoptosis after oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and OGD/reoxygenation. These effects were mediated through AT2R stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C21 provides direct neuroprotection as well as indirect protection through IL-10.
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Abdelrahman Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Fouda
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Bindu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pillai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Krishnan M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dhandapani
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Adviye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ergul
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA. Electronic address: sfagan@uga.edu.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fagan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000819:agonists*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C494557:N-butyloxycarbonyl-3-(4-imidazol-1-ylmethylphenyl)-5-isobutylthiophene-2-sulfonamide; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013876:Thiophenes; D016753:Interleukin-10; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: And Interleukin 10; Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor; Compound 21; Neuroprotection; Stroke