title: HIV and kidney: a dangerous liaison.
abstract: Kidney disease represents an important health concern among HIV-infected individuals, with an estimated prevalence ranging between 2.4 and 17%. The widespread use of antiretroviral drugs has changed the epidemiology of kidney disease in the HIV positive population, drastically reducing the percentage of patients affected by HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), a complication characterized by apoptosis and de-differentiation of renal epithelial cells and podocytes. However, impaired kidney function remains an important issue among HIV-infected patients because of their long-term exposure to antiretroviral drugs and the growing burden of traditional risk factors associated with chronic renal disease. Furthermore, since HIV infects renal epithelial cells, kidney is a potential reservoir site that needs to be considered in future eradication studies. This review summarizes the main risk factors associated with chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients and discusses the contribution of viral infection and antiretroviral therapy to the pathogenesis of renal damage, emphasizing the need to monitor kidney status during the follow-up of HIV-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertoldi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Crignis
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.|Research Group for Industrial Applications of Plasmas, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miserocchi
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bon
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Musumeci
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Urbano
authors.affiliation: Clinics of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Manna
authors.affiliation: Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calza
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Carla
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Re
mesh_terms: D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: HIV; HIV reservoir; HIVAN; HIVICK; cART; chronic kidney disease