title: [Comparative study of proliferative and periodontal differentiation propensity of induced pluripotent stem cells at different passages].
abstract: To compare the proliferative and periodontal specific differentiation abilities of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) at different passages, and to investigate whether long term culturing would have a negative influence on their proliferation and specific differentiation capacity, thus providing a theoretical basis for further in-depth research on periodontal regeneration and the possible clinical applications of iPSCs.
  
  
  
  IPSCs derived from human gingival fibroblasts at passages 5, 10, 15 and 20 were recovered and cultured in vitro. Their morphology and proliferation rates were observed respectively. We further induced the iPSCs at different passages toward periodontal tissue under the treatment of growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) for 14 days through the EB routine, then compared the periodontal differentiation propensities between the different passages of iPSCs by detecting their calcified nodules formation by Alizarin red staining and assaying their relative periodontal tissue related marker expressions by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining, including bone related markers: osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoprotein (BSP); periodontal ligament related markers: periostin, vimentin; and cementum related markers: cementum attachment protein (CAP), cementum protein 1 (CEMP1). The untreated spontaneous differentiation groups were set as negative controls respectively.
  
  
  
  iPSCs at different passages all showed a high proliferative capacity when cultured in vitro and turned into a spindle-like shape similar to fibroblasts upon periodontal specific differentiation. All iPSCs formed typical calcified nodules upon GDF-5 induction by Alizarin red staining in comparison to their untreated controls. The relative calcium deposition at all passages had been significantly upgraded under the treatment of GDF-5 (P5: t=2.125, P=0.003; P10: t=2.246, P=0.021; P15: t=3.754, P=0.004; P20: t=3.933, P=0.002), but no significant difference in their calcium deposition were detected within passages 5, 10, 15 and 20 (periodontal differentiation: F=2.365, P=0.109; spontaneously differentiation: F=2.901, P=0.067). Periodontal tissue related marker expressions of iPSCs at all passages had also been significantly upgraded under the treatment of GDF-5 (P<0.05), but still, no significant difference in their expression levels of periodontal tissue related proteins were detected within passages (BSP: F=0.926 7, P=0.450; vimentin: F=0.917 1, P=0.455; CEMP1: F=2.129, P=0.1367).
  
  
  
  Our results preliminarily confirmed that long term culturing won't influence the proliferation capacity and periodontal specific differentiation propensity of iPSCs, as they can still proliferate and differentiate toward periodontal cells with high efficiency upon growth factor induction after continuous passaging. Therefore, iPSCs could be recognized as a promising cell source for future possible application in periodontal tissue regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Q X
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Luan
mesh_terms: D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000502:physiology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005881:Gingiva; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5 / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010519:Periodontium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014746:Vimentin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C510886:CEMP1 protein, human; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; C525893:GDF5 protein, human; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; C512835:POSTN protein, human; D011506:Proteins; D014746:Vimentin; D015675:Osteocalcin; C404489:HACD1 protein, human; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases