title: False responses of Renilla luciferase reporter control to nuclear receptor TR4.
abstract: Renilla luciferase reporter is a widely used internal control in dual luciferase reporter assay system, where its transcription is driven by a constitutively active promoter. However, the authenticity of the Renilla luciferase response in some experimental settings has recently been questioned. Testicular receptor 4 (TR4, also known as NR2C2) belongs to the subfamily 2 of nuclear receptors. TR4 binds to a direct repeat regulatory element in the promoter of a variety of target genes and plays a key role in tumorigenesis, lipoprotein regulation, and central nervous system development. In our experimental system using murine pituitary corticotroph tumor AtT20 cells to investigate TR4 actions on POMC transcription, we found that overexpression of TR4 resulted in reduced Renilla luciferase expression whereas knockdown TR4 increased Renilla luciferase expression. The TR4 inhibitory effect was mediated by the TR4 DNA-binding domain and behaved similarly to the GR and its agonist, Dexamethasone. We further demonstrated that the chimeric intron, commonly present in various Renilla plasmid backbones such as pRL-Null, pRL-SV40, and pRL-TK, was responsible for TR4's inhibitory effect. The results suggest that an intron-free Renilla luciferase reporter may provide a satisfactory internal control for TR4 at certain dose range. Our findings advocate caution on the use of Renilla luciferase as an internal control in TR4-directed studies to avoid misleading data interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Dongyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Atlasi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Krishna K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Zihao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. aheaney@mednet.ucla.edu.|Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. aheaney@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Heaney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049410:Luciferases, Renilla / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D057125:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 2 / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D057125:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2, Group C, Member 2; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin; D003907:Dexamethasone; D049410:Luciferases, Renilla
keywords: Beta-Galactosidase (β-gal); Cytomegalovirus (CMV); DNA-binding domain (DBD); Dexamethasone (Dex); Direct repeat (DR); Glucocorticoid (GC); Glucocorticoid receptor (GR); Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter (HSV-TK); Ligand-binding domain (LBD); Renilla luciferase plasmid (pRL); Simian virus 40 early promoter (SV40); Testicular receptor 4 (TR4)