title: Sexual dimorphism in Parkinson's disease: differences in clinical manifestations, quality of life and psychosocial functioning between males and females.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sex-related differences in clinical manifestations and consequences of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been poorly explored. Better understanding of sexual dimorphism in neurologic diseases such as PD has been announced as a research priority. The aim of our study was to determine independent sex differences in clinical manifestations and subtypes, psychosocial functioning, quality of life (QoL) and its domains between male and female individuals with PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive list of demographics, motor symptoms and subtypes, nonmotor features, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), psychosocial functioning and general aspects of daily life was assessed in 157 individuals (108 males and 49 females) with idiopathic PD. In order to control for potential confounding variables, we applied Orthogonal Partial Least Squares - Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) to explore the strength of each feature to discriminate male and female patients with PD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While no sex difference was found in the total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score and cumulative daily dose of levodopa, females had significantly more severe anxiety (mean difference =2.2 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.5-4.0],P=0.011), worse nutritional status (23.8 [standard deviation, SD =4.2] vs 25.8 [SD =2.6],P=0.003) and poorer QoL (28.3 [SD =15.7] vs 17.9 [SD =14.2],P<0.001). Based on multivariate discriminant analysis, emotional well-being, bodily discomfort, social support, mobility and communication domains of HRQoL, together with anxiety, depression and psychosocial functioning, were the strongest features with more severe/worse status in females after adjustment for potential statistical confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of sexual dimorphism in PD. Anxiety, depression, specific domains of HRQoL (mobility, emotional well-being, social support and bodily discomfort) and psychosocial functioning were significantly worse in female individuals with PD. Sexual dimorphism in PD highlights the features that are more likely to be affected in each sex and should be specifically targeted when managing male and female individuals with PD.
authors.affiliation: Medical Student Research Committee.
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farhadi
authors.affiliation: Medical Student Research Committee.
authors.forename: Kia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vosoughi
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Gholam Ali
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Shahidi
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delbari
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lökk
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Firoozgar Clinical Research Development Center, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed-Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fereshtehnejad
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; female; male; psychosocial functioning; quality of life; sexual dimorphism