title: Quantifying the size-resolved dynamics of indoor bioaerosol transport and control.
abstract: Understanding the bioaerosol dynamics of droplets and droplet nuclei emitted during respiratory activities is important for understanding how infectious diseases are transmitted and potentially controlled. To this end, we conducted experiments to quantify the size-resolved dynamics of indoor bioaerosol transport and control in an unoccupied apartment unit operating under four different HVAC particle filtration conditions. Two model organisms (Escherichia coli K12 and bacteriophage T4) were aerosolized under alternating low and high flow rates to roughly represent constant breathing and periodic coughing. Size-resolved aerosol sampling and settle plate swabbing were conducted in multiple locations. Samples were analyzed by DNA extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). DNA from both organisms was detected during all test conditions in all air samples up to 7 m away from the source, but decreased in magnitude with the distance from the source. A greater fraction of T4 DNA was recovered from the aerosol size fractions smaller than 1 μm than E. coli K12 at all air sampling locations. Higher efficiency HVAC filtration also reduced the amount of DNA recovered in air samples and on settle plates located 3-7 m from the source.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kunkel
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Azimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0177-6703
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stephens
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis*; D000389:Air Conditioning; D000391:Air Microbiology; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D017122:Bacteriophage T4; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D003371:Cough; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004926:Escherichia coli; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D012119:Respiration; D013696:Temperature; D014691:Ventilation
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols
keywords: aerosol; bioaerosol; coughing; infectious disease transmission; pathogen; respiratory activities