title: Protective effect of hormone therapy among women with hysterectomy/oophorectomy.
abstract: Does exposure to menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in mid-aged women alter their risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and all-cause mortality?
  
  
  
  MHT soon after menopause is unlikely to increase the risk of CVD mortality or all-cause mortality and may have a protective effect for women with hysterectomy/oophorectomy.
  
  
  
  The balance of benefits and risks of MHT are currently unclear and may differ according to when treatment starts and whether women have an intact uterus.
  
  
  
  A total of 13 715 participants from the mid-aged population-based cohort (born 1946-1951) of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) were followed from 1998 to 2013.
  
  
  
  The measures included cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, exposure to MHT and menopausal status (based on 3-yearly self-reports). Electronic prescriptions data on MHT were also available from mid-2002 onwards. At each follow-up survey wave, participants were classified as: an existing user of MHT, an initiator of MHT or a non-initiator of MHT.
  
  
  
  After adjusting for confounding variables, existing users of MHT had a reduced risk (hazard ratio 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.92) of CVD mortality compared with non-initiators. Insufficient evidence of an association was identified for initiators of MHT (0.66; 0.35-1.24). For all-cause mortality, risks were reduced for both initiators (0.69; 0.55-0.87) and existing users (0.80; 0.70-0.91). In a subgroup analysis, women with hysterectomy/oophorectomy had lower risks of CVD mortality for both initiators (0.14; 0.02-0.98) and existing users (0.55; 0.34-0.90), but no evidence of an association was found for women whose MHT commenced during or after menopause. Similarly for all-cause mortality, only the women with hysterectomy/oophorectomy had lower risks for both initiators (0.47; 0.31-0.70) and existing users (0.69; 0.58-0.82).
  
  
  
  Limitations include the observational nature of the study, the small number of deaths, MHT use being self-reported and the classification of menopausal status also being based on self-reported information.
  
  
  
  Women considering MHT soon after menopause can be reassured that the treatment is unlikely to increase their risk of CVD mortality or all-cause mortality.
  
  
  
  The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health is funded by the Australian Department of Health. G.D.M. is funded by the Australian Research Council Future Fellowship. L.C. was funded by a China scholarship council (CSC) graduate scholarship. All authors report no conflict of interest.
  
  
  
  N/A.
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D010052:Ovariectomy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016387:Women's Health
keywords: cardiovascular mortality; longitudinal study; menopausal hormone therapy; mortality