title: In situ evaluation of water and energy consumptions at the end use level: The influence of flow reducers and temperature in baths.
abstract: Nowadays, water and energy consumption is intensifying every year in most of the countries. This perpetual increase will not be supportable in the long run, making urgently to manage these resources on a sustainable way. Domestic consumptions of water and electric energy usually are related and it's important to study that relation, identifying opportunities for use efficient improvement. In fact, without an understanding of water-energy relations, there are water efficiency measures that may lead to unintentional costs in the energy efficiency field. In order to take full advantage of combined effect between water and energy water management methodologies, it is necessary to collect data to ensure that the efforts are directed through the most effective paths. This paper presents a study based in the characterization, measurement and analysis of water and electricity consumption in a single family house (2months period) in order to find an interdependent relationship between consumptions at the end user level. The study was carried out on about 200 baths, divided in four different scenarios where the influence of two variables was tested: the flow reducer valve and the bath temperature. Data showed that the presence of flow reducer valve decreased electric energy consumption and water consumption, but increased the bath duration. Setting a lower temperature in water-heater, decreased electric consumption, water consumption and bath duration. Analysing the influence of the flow reducer valve and 60°C temperature simultaneously, it was concluded that it had a significant influence on electric energy consumption and on the baths duration but had no influence on water consumption.
authors.affiliation: ECT-School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; C-MADE-Centre of Materials and Building Technologies, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal. Electronic address: crismato@utad.pt.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.affiliation: ECT-School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; C-MADE-Centre of Materials and Building Technologies, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briga-Sá
authors.affiliation: ECT-School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; C-MADE-Centre of Materials and Building Technologies, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bentes
authors.affiliation: ECT-School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: ECT-School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; C-MADE-Centre of Materials and Building Technologies, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pereira
keywords: Baths consumption; In situ measurement; Residential; Water-energy relation