title: Accelerated high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances motor activity in rats.
abstract: High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) is currently accepted as an evidence-based treatment option for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Additionally, HF-rTMS showed beneficial effects on psychomotor retardation in patients. The classical HF-rTMS paradigms however are unlikely to replace electroconvulsive therapy, a more potent alternative for TRD albeit with important side-effects. Therefore, recent studies have investigated 'accelerated' HF-rTMS protocols demonstrating promising clinical responses in patients with TRD. Since the neuronal effects of accelerated HF-rTMS are underinvestigated, we evaluate here the possible metabolic and neurochemical effects of this treatment alternative. More specifically, we measured the effect on brain glucose metabolism and monoamines/metabolites, as well as on the spontaneous motor activity in rats. We found that brain glucose metabolism and monoamines remained generally unaffected after accelerated HF-rTMS, with the exception of reduced total striatal 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (a metabolite of serotonin) levels. Interestingly, when compared to sham stimulation, the velocity, the total distance traveled as well as the percentage of movement, as measured by the open-field test, were significantly enhanced after accelerated HF-rTMS showing an increased motor activity. Our current results indicate that the accelerated HF-rTMS-induced increase in motor activity in rats, may be related to the striatal neurochemical effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: aelarfan@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Anissa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Arfani
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: joke.parthoens@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Joke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parthoens
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: thomas.demuyser@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Demuyser
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: stijn.servaes@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Servaes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: mattias.deconinck@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Coninck
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: peter.dedeyn@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Peter Paul
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: De Deyn
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: debby.vandam@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Debby
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Dam
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: tine.wyckhuys@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wyckhuys
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: Chris.Baeken@uzbrussel.be.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baeken
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: ilse.smolders@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Smolders
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: steven.staelens@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Staelens
mesh_terms: D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
chemical_list: D015306:Biogenic Monoamines; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; D012701:Serotonin; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; D005947:Glucose; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: FDG-PET; accelerated HF-rTMS; brain; monoamines; motor activity