title: Distribution and abundance of key vectors of Rift Valley fever and other arboviruses in two ecologically distinct counties in Kenya.
abstract: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis of ruminants and humans that causes outbreaks in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula with significant public health and economic consequences. Humans become infected through mosquito bites and contact with infected livestock. The virus is maintained between outbreaks through vertically infected eggs of the primary vectors of Aedes species which emerge following rains with extensive flooding. Infected female mosquitoes initiate transmission among nearby animals, which amplifies virus, thereby infecting more mosquitoes and moving the virus beyond the initial point of emergence. With each successive outbreak, RVF has been found to expand its geographic distribution to new areas, possibly driven by available vectors. The aim of the present study was to determine if RVF virus (RVFV) transmission risk in two different ecological zones in Kenya could be assessed by looking at the species composition, abundance and distribution of key primary and secondary vector species and the level of virus activity.
  
  
  
  Mosquitoes were trapped during short and long rainy seasons in 2014 and 2015 using CO2 baited CDC light traps in two counties which differ in RVF epidemic risk levels(high risk Tana-River and low risk Isiolo),cryo-preserved in liquid nitrogen, transported to the laboratory, and identified to species. Mosquito pools were analyzed for virus infection using cell culture screening and molecular analysis.
  
  
  
  Over 69,000 mosquitoes were sampled and identified as 40 different species belonging to 6 genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia, Culex, Aedeomyia, Coquillettidia). The presence and abundance of Aedes mcintoshi and Aedes ochraceus, the primary mosquito vectors associated with RVFV transmission in outbreaks, varied significantly between Tana-River and Isiolo. Ae. mcintoshi was abundant in Tana-River and Isiolo but notably, Aedes ochraceus found in relatively high numbers in Tana-River (n = 1,290), was totally absent in all Isiolo sites. Fourteen virus isolates including Sindbis, Bunyamwera, and West Nile fever viruses were isolated mostly from Ae. mcintoshi sampled in Tana-River. RVFV was not detected in any of the mosquitoes.
  
  
  
  This study presents the geographic distribution and abundance of arbovirus vectors in two Kenyan counties, which may assist with risk assessment for mosquito borne diseases.
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Samwel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arum
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chepkorir
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Gladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mosomtai
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tigoi
authors.affiliation: Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Faith
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sigei
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olivia Wesula
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Lwande
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Landmann
authors.affiliation: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Hippolyte
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Affognon
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Clas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ahlm
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Evander
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001102:Arbovirus Infections / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D001103:Arboviruses / Q000502:physiology*; D009033:Culicidae / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D007630:Kenya; D012295:Rift Valley Fever / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D012296:Rift Valley fever virus / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons