title: Japanese normative data for the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs about Stuttering (UTBAS) Scales for adults who stutter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports Japanese normative data for the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs about Stuttering (UTBAS) scales. We outline the translation process, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the UTBAS scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  The translation of the UTBAS scales into Japanese (UTBAS-J) was completed using the standard forward-backward translation process, and was administered to 130 Japanese adults who stutter. To validate the UTBAS-J scales, scores for the Japanese and Australian cohorts were compared. Spearman correlations were conducted between the UTBAS-J and the Modified Erickson Communication Attitude scale (S-24), the self-assessment scale of speech (SA scale), and age. The test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the UTBAS-J were assessed. Independent t-tests were conducted to evaluate the differences in the UTBAS-J scales according to gender, speech treatment experience, and stuttering self-help group participation experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The UTBAS-J showed good test-retest reliability, high internal consistency, and moderate to high significant correlations with S-24 and SA scale. A weak correlation was found between the UTBAS-J scales with age. No significant relationships were found between UTBAS-J scores, gender and speech treatment experience. However, those who participated in the stuttering self-help group demonstrated lower UTBAS-J scores than those who did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the current scarcity of clinical assessment tools for adults who stutter in Japan, the UTBAS-J holds promise as an assessment tool and outcome measure for use in clinical and research environments.
authors.affiliation: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Health Sciences, Speech Sciences Programme, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia; National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Research Institute, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan. Electronic address: chushinying@ukm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Shin Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Research Institute, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan. Electronic address: sakai-naomi@rehab.go.jp.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Research Institute, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan. Electronic address: mori-koichi@rehab.go.jp.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Australian Stuttering Research Centre, The University of Sydney, PO Box 170, Lidcombe NSW 1825, Australia; Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW 2109, Australia. Electronic address: lisa.iverach@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iverach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D013342:Stuttering / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Assessment; Japanese; Psychosocial issues; Questionnaire; Stuttering