title: Effect of Noisy Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation on Ocular Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials to Bone-Conducted Vibration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) delivered as zero-mean current noise (noisy GVS) has been shown to improve static and dynamic postural stability probably by enhancing vestibular information. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an imperceptible level noisy GVS on ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMPs) in response to bone-conducted vibration (BCV).
  
  
  METHODS
  oVEMPs to BCV were measured during the application of white noise GVS with an amplitude ranging from 0 to 300 µA [in root mean square (RMS)] in 20 healthy subjects. Artifacts in the oVEMPs caused by GVS were reduced by inverting the waveforms of noisy GVS in the later half of the stimulus from the one in the early half. We examined the amplitudes of N1 and N1-P1 and their latencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Noisy GVS significantly increased the N1 and N1-P1 amplitudes (p< 0.05) whereas it had no significant effects on N1 or P1 latencies (p> 0.05). Noisy GVS had facilitatory effects in 79% of ears. The amplitude of the optimal stimulus was 127 ± 14 µA, and it increased the N1 and N1-P1 amplitude by 75.9 ± 15% and 47.7 ± 9.1%, respectively, as compared with 0 µA session (p< 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noisy GVS can increase the amplitude of oVEMPs to BCV in healthy subjects probablyviastochastic resonance. The results of the present study suggest that noisy GVS may improve static and dynamic postural stability by enhancing the function of the vestibular afferents.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Shotaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karino
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Teru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamogashira
authors.affiliation: Educational Physiological Laboratory, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Fumiharu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Togo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: Educational Physiological Laboratory, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamasoba
keywords: galvanic vestibular stimulation; otolith organ; stochastic resonance; vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials; vestibulo-ocular reflex