title: Breast milk retinol concentration in mothers of preterm newborns.
abstract: Preterm newborns have low vitamin A reserves at birth, which increases their risk of morbidity and mortality. In the absence of supplementation, breast milk is the only source of this nutrient for exclusively breastfed infants.
  
  
  
  To assess retinol concentration in preterm milk and the relationship between this retinol concentration and lactation phase, degree of prematurity, and maternal serum retinol level.
  
  
  
  Longitudinal study.
  
  
  
  Fifty-eight preterm mothers.
  
  
  
  Colostrum (1-3d), transitional (7-15d), and mature human milk (30-55d) samples were collected. Maternal blood was collected once at postpartum. Retinol level was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  
  Milk retinol concentration was statistically different between lactation phases (p<0.001): 2.84±1.05μmol/L in colostrum (58), 3.47±1.28μmol/L in transitional (58), and 2.03±0.61μmol/L in mature milk (30). No difference was found in milk retinol levels between groups with different degrees of prematurity (p>0.05). Maternal serum retinol (1.82±0.50μmol/L) did not correlate with milk levels (p>0.05).
  
  
  
  Retinol level in preterm milk seems to be independent of the degree of prematurity and maternal serum status. A significant increase in micronutrient levels in transitional milk was observed, which is likely to contribute to reserves in the premature liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. Electronic address: mayara.lima@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Mayara Santa Rosa
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karla Danielly
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: da Silva Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jeane Franco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dalila Fernandes
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Bezerra
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paula Emília Nunes Ribeiro
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Bellot
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luana Patrícia
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Weigert
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dimenstein
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A
keywords: Human milk; Lactation; Preterm birth; Preterm infants; Retinol; Vitamin A