title: Toxicity of Pesticide Tank Mixtures from Rice Crops Against Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae).
abstract: The use of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides commonly occurs in mixtures in tanks in order to control phytosanitary problems in crops. However, there is no information regarding the effects of these mixtures on non-target organisms associated to the rice agroecosystem. The aim of this study was to know the toxicity of pesticide tank mixtures from rice crops against Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Based on the methods adapted from the International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC), adults of T. podisi were exposed to residues of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, individually or in mixture commonly used by growers, in laboratory and on rice plants in a greenhouse. The mixture between fungicides tebuconazole, triclyclazole, and azoxystrobin and the mixture between herbicides cyhalofop-butyl, imazethapyr, imazapyr/imazapic, and penoxsulam are harmless to T. podisi and can be used in irrigated rice crops without harming the natural biological control. The insecticides cypermethin, thiamethoxam, and bifenthrin/carbosulfan increase the toxicity of the mixtures in tank with herbicides and fungicides, being more toxic to T. podisi and less preferred for use in phytosanitary treatments in the rice crop protection.
authors.affiliation: Univ Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (FAEM), Campus universitário, s/n Caixa Postal 354, Capão-do-Leão, RS, 96010-900, Brasil. julianopazzini@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de B Pazini
authors.affiliation: Univ Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (FAEM), Campus universitário, s/n Caixa Postal 354, Capão-do-Leão, RS, 96010-900, Brasil.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pasini
authors.affiliation: Univ Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (FAEM), Campus universitário, s/n Caixa Postal 354, Capão-do-Leão, RS, 96010-900, Brasil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rakes
authors.affiliation: Univ Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (FAEM), Campus universitário, s/n Caixa Postal 354, Capão-do-Leão, RS, 96010-900, Brasil.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: de Armas
authors.affiliation: Univ Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Depto de Estatística, Cidade Universitária, n 1000, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brasil.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.affiliation: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) - Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR 392, km 78, 9º Distrito, Pelotas, RS, 96010-971, Brasil.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: da S Martins
authors.affiliation: Univ Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (FAEM), Campus universitário, s/n Caixa Postal 354, Capão-do-Leão, RS, 96010-900, Brasil.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Grützmacher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002073:Butanes; D006927:Hymenoptera; D007300:Insect Control; D009570:Nitriles; D012275:Oryza; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002073:Butanes; D009570:Nitriles; D010575:Pesticides; C501583:cyhalofop-butyl
keywords: Biological control, egg parasitoid, insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, Oryza sativa