title: All You Need Is Facebook Friends? Associations between Online and Face-to-Face Friendships and Health.
abstract: Positive social relations are known to have a beneficial impact on health, however, little is known about the links of health with online relationships. In this study, we compare face-to-face and virtual friendships in their association with health. By building on previous results of studies conducted on the well-being of college students, we expect to find stronger associations of face-to-face friendships with health than of those established through Facebook. Furthermore, we expect to test the mediating role of social capital variables in this process. Two large-scale studies conducted in community samples (Study 1 = 350 urban residents; Study 2 = 803 urban and rural residents) showed that the number and quality of face-to-face friendships were directly associated with self-reported health status, however, the same did not occur with Facebook friendships. Moreover, the association of face-to-face friendships with health was totally mediated by bonding (mostly) but also bridging social capital. These results, replicated in both studies, were found controlling for confounding variables such as age, gender, education, living alone, self-esteem, and socioeconomic status. This pattern of results emphasizes the gains of face-to-face over online friendships for individuals' health status in community samples.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social (CIS-IUL), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social (CIS-IUL), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa Portugal.
authors.forename: Sibila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social (CIS-IUL), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa Portugal.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muiños
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social (CIS-IUL), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa Portugal.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Camilo
keywords: Facebook use; friendship; health; social capital; social isolation