title: Intrinsic and extrinsic predictors of video-gaming behaviour and adolescent bedtimes: the relationship between flow states, self-perceived risk-taking, device accessibility, parental regulation of media and bedtime.
abstract: How computer games affect the time at which adolescents go to bed is of growing research interest; however, the intrinsic individual and extrinsic sociocultural factors mediating the relationship between gaming and sleep have received minimal attention. This paper investigates how gaming duration mediates the relationship between intrinsic factors (perception of risky events and flow) and extrinsic factors (parental regulation and media accessibility) and adolescent bedtime. Adolescents (N = 422; age = 16.3 ± 2.02 years, 41% M) from six metropolitan schools and the Flinders University completed a questionnaire battery. More flow states (r = .34, p < .01) and increased accessibility (r= .21, p < .01) significantly predicted longer gaming duration, whereas greater parental regulation (r = - .15, p < .01) predicted fewer hours spent playing video games. In addition, higher perception of the negative consequences of risk-taking (r = .14, p < .01) significantly predicted later bedtimes in adolescence. The relationship between flow and bedtime during adolescence was fully mediated by gaming duration (b = .142, p < .001), whereas the association between parental regulation and bedtime was independent of gaming duration. Flow and parental regulation of media were identified as the key points for clinical intervention to decrease the duration of gaming of adolescents, thus promoting earlier bedtimes.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Electronic address: lisajoanne.smith@flinders.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gradisar
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Short
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012890:Sleep; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018910:Video Games / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Adolescence; Bedtime; Computer gaming; Flow; Sleep; Video gaming