title: The Relationships of Expectancies With E-cigarette Use Among Hospitalized Smokers: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.
abstract: Expectancies demonstrate cross-sectional associations with e-cigarette use, but the prospective relationships between expectancies and e-cigarette use are unknown. This study examined the longitudinal associations of expectancies with e-cigarette use among hospitalized tobacco cigarette smokers.
  
  
  
  E-cigarette expectancies (e-cigarette-specific Brief Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Adult [BSCQ-A]), tobacco cigarette expectancies (tobacco-specific BSCQ-A), and number of days used e-cigarettes in the past 30 days were assessed at baseline hospitalization, 6-months post-hospitalization, and 12-months post-hospitalization among 978 hospitalized tobacco cigarette smokers. Expectancy difference scores (e-cigarette-specific expectancies minus tobacco-specific expectancies) were computed for each of the 10 BSCQ-A scales. Cross-lagged panel models tested the relationships between expectancy difference scores and number of days used e-cigarettes in the past 30 days for each of the 10 BSCQ-A scales.
  
  
  
  Though some models revealed partial associations between expectancies and e-cigarette use, only one yielded results consistent with hypotheses. Greater e-cigarette use at baseline predicted greater expectancies that e-cigarettes taste pleasant as compared to tobacco cigarettes at 6 months, which then predicted greater e-cigarette use at 12 months. To a lesser degree greater expectancies that e-cigarettes taste pleasant as compared to tobacco cigarettes at baseline predicted greater e-cigarette use at 6 months, which then predicted greater expectancies that e-cigarettes taste pleasant as compared to tobacco cigarettes at 12 months.
  
  
  
  Expectancies that e-cigarettes provide similar or more pleasant taste sensations as compared to tobacco cigarettes may be both a cause and consequence of e-cigarette use. Focusing on the taste experience may prove most effective in modifying e-cigarette use behavior.
  
  
  
  The current study offers the first longitudinal examination of expectancies and e-cigarette use. Results suggest expectancies that e-cigarettes provide similar or more pleasant taste sensations relative to tobacco cigarettes are both a cause and consequence of e-cigarette use. Efforts that focus on the e-cigarette taste experience may prove most effective in modifying e-cigarette use behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
authors.forename: Sara N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Lappan
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
authors.forename: Noah W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Sweat
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: JeeWon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
authors.forename: Rekha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
authors.forename: Connie L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
authors.forename: Kathleen F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Harrington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000074285:Smokers / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D062789:Tobacco Products; D000072137:Vaping / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult