title: Case study on risk evaluation of printed electronics using nanosilver ink.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the ever-increasing development of nanotechnology, our society is being surrounded by possible risks related to exposure to manufactured nanomaterials. The consumer market already includes many products that contain silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), including various household products, such as yoga mats, cutting boards, running shirts, and socks. There is a growing concern over the release of AgNPs in workplaces related to the manufacture and application of nanomaterials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the release of AgNPs during the operation of a printed electronics printer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an exposure simulation chamber, a nanoparticle collector, scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), condensation particle counter (CPC), dust monitor, and mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filters are all connected to measure the AgNP exposure levels when operating a printed electronics printer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A very small amount of AgNPs was released during the operation of the printed electronics printer, and the number of AgNPs inside the exposure simulation chamber was lower than that outside background. In addition, when evaluating the potential risks for consumers and workers using a margin of exposure (MOE) approach and target MOE of 1000, the operational results far exceeded the target MOE in this simulation study and in a previous workplace exposure study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall results indicate a no-risk concern level in the case of printed electronics using nanosilver ink.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, 165, Sechul-ri, Baebang-myun, Asan, Chungnam 336-795 Korea.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, 165, Sechul-ri, Baebang-myun, Asan, Chungnam 336-795 Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, 165, Sechul-ri, Baebang-myun, Asan, Chungnam 336-795 Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Kwon
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanics, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea.
authors.forename: Gun Ho
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanics, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea.
authors.forename: Kangho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Duck
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, 165, Sechul-ri, Baebang-myun, Asan, Chungnam 336-795 Korea.
authors.forename: Il Je
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Yu