title: Prevalence of Phantom Limb Pain, Stump Pain, and Phantom Limb Sensation among the Amputated Cancer Patients in India: A Prospective, Observational Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The phantom limb pain (PLP) and phantom limb sensation (PLS) are very common among amputated cancer patients, and they lead to considerable morbidity. In spite of this, there is a lack of epidemiological data of this phenomenon among the Asian population. This study was done to provide the data from Indian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of PLP, stump pain (SP), and PLS was prospectively analyzed from the amputated cancer patients over a period of 2 years in Dr. B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. The risk factors and the impact of phantom phenomenon on patients were also noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of PLP was 41% at 3 and 12 months and 45.3% at 6 months, whereas that of SP and PLS was 14.4% and 71.2% at 3 months, 18.75% and 37.1% at 6 months, 15.8% and 32.4% at 12 months, respectively. There was higher prevalence of PLP and PLS among the patients with history of preamputation pain, smoking with proximal level of amputation, receiving general anesthesia, receiving intravenous (IV) opioid postoperative analgesia, and developing neuroma or infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of PLP and PLS was higher among the cancer amputees as compared to SP, and a few risk factors responsible for their higher prevalence were found in our study. The PLP and PLS lead to considerable morbidity in terms of sleep disturbance and depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, Dr. B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, Dr. B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sushma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, Dr. B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, Dr. B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khurana
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, Dr. B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Saurabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, Dr. B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Syed Mehmood
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ahmad
keywords: Amputation; cancer; neuropathic pain; phantom limb pain; phantom limb phenomenon; phantom limb sensation; stump pain