title: Ultrafast Chiral Chromatography as the Second Dimension in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Experiments.
abstract: Chromatographic separation and analysis of complex mixtures of closely related species is one of the most challenging tasks in modern pharmaceutical analysis. In recent years, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has become a valuable tool for improving peak capacity and selectivity. However, the relatively slow speed of chiral separations has limited the use of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) as the second dimension in 2D-LC, especially in the comprehensive mode. Realizing that the recent revolution in the field of ultrafast enantioselective chromatography could now provide significantly faster separations, we herein report an investigation into the use of ultrafast chiral chromatography as a second dimension for 2D chromatographic separations. In this study, excellent selectivity, peak shape, and repeatability were achieved by combining achiral and chiral narrow-bore columns (2.1 mm × 100 mm and 2.1 mm × 150 mm, sub-2 and 3 μm) in the first dimension with 4.6 mm × 30 mm and 4.6 mm × 50 mm columns packed with highly efficient chiral selectors (sub-2 μm fully porous and 2.7 μm fused-core particles) in the second dimension, together with the use of 0.1% phosphoric acid/acetonitrile eluents in both dimensions. Multiple achiral × chiral and chiral × chiral 2D-LC examples (single and multiple heart-cutting, high-resolution sampling, and comprehensive) using ultrafast chiral chromatography in the second dimension are successfully applied to the separation and analysis of complex mixtures of closely related pharmaceuticals and synthetic intermediates, including chiral and achiral drugs and metabolites, constitutional isomers, stereoisomers, and organohalogenated species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States.
authors.forename: Chandan L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Barhate
authors.forename: Erik L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7352-6391
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Regalado
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Contrella
authors.affiliation: Agilent Technologies, Incorporated , Wilmington, Delaware 19808, United States.
authors.forename: Joon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Junyong
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5134-3754
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.forename: Alexey A
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4866-0430
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Makarov
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8899-4470
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation; D015394:Molecular Structure; D014859:Warfarin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin