title: WHO water quality standards Vs Synergic effect(s) of fluoride, heavy metals and hardness in drinking water on kidney tissues.
abstract: Despite WHO standards, waterborne diseases among the human being are rising alarmingly. It is known that the prolong exposure to contaminated water has major impact on public health. The effect of chemical contaminations in drinking water on human being is found to be chronic rather than acute and hence can be defined "consumption of contaminated drinking water could be a silent killer". As the WHO recommended water quality standards are only for individual element and synergic effects of trace metals and anions have not been considered, investigation of synergic effects of trace metals and anions and their effect on human being is of prime important research. By an animal trial, we investigated the synergic effect(s) of heavy metals, aluminium, arsenic, fluoride and hardness in drinking water on kidney tissues of mice. Our investigation strongly suggests existing of a synergic effect especially among Cd, F and hardness of water which could lead to severe kidney damage in mice, even at WHO maximum recommended levels. Hence, the synergic effect(s) of trace metals, fluoride and hardness present in drinking water should be investigated meticulously when stipulating the water quality at WHO maximum recommended levels.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, CP 20000, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Hewa M S
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wasana
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Social empowerment and Welfare,Department of Divineguma Development, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Gamage D R K
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Panduka De S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Gunawardena
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathobiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Palika S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, CP 20000, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Jayasundera
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bandara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D051379:Mice; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D060753:Water Quality; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005459:Fluorides