title: Design of a head phantom produced on a 3D rapid prototyping printer and comparison with a RANDO and 3M lucite head phantom in eye dosimetry applications.
abstract: An anthropomorphic head phantom including eye inserts allowing placement of TLDs 3 mm below the cornea has been produced on a 3D printer using a photo-cured acrylic resin to best allow tissue equivalence. Thus Hp(3) can be determined in radiological and interventional photon radiation fields. Eye doses and doses to the forehead have been compared to an Alderson RANDO head and a 3M Lucite skull phantom in terms of surface dose per incident air kerma for frontal irradiation since the commercial phantoms do not allow placement of TLDs 3 mm below the corneal surface. A comparison of dose reduction factors (DRFs) of a common lead glasses model has also been performed. Eye dose per incident air kerma were comparable between all three phantoms (printed phantom: 1.40, standard error (SE) 0.04; RANDO: 1.36, SE 0.03; 3M: 1.37, SE 0.03). Doses to the forehead were identical to eye surface doses for the printed phantom and the RANDO head (ratio 1.00 SE 0.04, and 0.99 SE 0.03, respectively). In the 3M Lucite skull phantom dose on the forehead was 15% lower than dose to the eyes attributable to phantom properties. DRF of a sport frame style leaded glasses model with 0.75 mm lead equivalence measured were 6.8 SE 0.5, 9.3 SE 0.4 and 10.5 SE 0.5 for the RANDO head, the printed phantom, and the 3M Lucite head phantom, respectively, for frontal irradiation. A comparison of doses measured in 3 mm depth and on the surface of the eyes in the printed phantom revealed no difference larger than standard errors from TLD dosimetry. 3D printing offers an interesting opportunity for phantom design with increasing potential as printers allowing combinations of tissue substitutes will become available. Variations between phantoms may provide a useful indication of uncertainty budgets when using phantom measurements to estimate individual personnel doses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Homolka
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figl
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wartak
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glanzer
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dünkelmeyer
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hojreh
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hummel
mesh_terms: D005123:Eye / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate