title: Reconstructing ancestral gene orders with duplications guided by synteny level genome reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reconstructing ancestral gene orders in the presence of duplications is important for a better understanding of genome evolution. Current methods for ancestral reconstruction are limited by either computational constraints or the availability of reliable gene trees, and often ignore duplications altogether. Recently, methods that consider duplications in ancestral reconstructions have been developed, but the quality of reconstruction, counted as the number of contiguous ancestral regions found, decreases rapidly with the number of duplicated genes, complicating the application of such approaches to mammalian genomes. However, such high fragmentation is not encountered when reconstructing mammalian genomes at the synteny-block level, although the relative positions of genes in such reconstruction cannot be recovered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We propose a new heuristic method, MULTIRES, to reconstruct ancestral gene orders with duplications guided by homologous synteny blocks for a set of related descendant genomes. The method uses a synteny-level reconstruction to break the gene-order problem into several subproblems, which are then combined in order to disambiguate duplicated genes. We applied this method to both simulated and real data. Our results showed that MULTIRES outperforms other methods in terms of gene content, gene adjacency, and common interval recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work demonstrates that the inclusion of synteny-level information can help us obtain better gene-level reconstructions. Our algorithm provides a basic toolbox for reconstructing ancestral gene orders with duplications. The source code of MULTIRES is available on https://github.com/ma-compbio/MultiRes .
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajaraman
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213, USA. jianma@cs.cmu.edu.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D023061:Gene Order; D020131:Genes, Duplicate; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008322:Mammals / Q000235:genetics; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Ancestral genome reconstruction; Duplications; Gene orders; Synteny blocks