title: Lutein and Zeaxanthin-Food Sources, Bioavailability  and Dietary Variety in Age-Related Macular  Degeneration Protection.
abstract: Lutein and zeaxanthin (L/Z) are the predominant carotenoids which accumulate in the retina of  the eye. The impact of L/Z intake on the risk and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD),  a leading cause of blindness in the developed world, has been investigated in cohort studies and clinical  trials. The aims of this review were to critically examine the literature and evaluate the current evidence  relating to L/Z intake and AMD, and describe important food sources and factors that increase the  bioavailability of L/Z, to inform dietary models. Cohort studies generally assessed L/Z from dietary  sources, while clinical trials focused on providing L/Z as a supplement. Important considerations to take  into account in relation to dietary L/Z include: nutrient-rich sources of L/Z, cooking methods, diet variety  and the use of healthy fats. Dietary models include examples of how suggested effective levels of L/Z can  be achieved through diet alone, with values of 5 mg and 10 mg per day described. These diet models  depict a variety of food sources, not only from dark green leafy vegetables, but also include pistachio nuts  and other highly bioavailable sources of L/Z such as eggs. This review and the diet models outlined  provide information about the importance of diet variety among people at high risk of AMD or with early  signs and symptoms of AMD.
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Australia, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia. beisenhauer@foodnut.com.au.
authors.forename: Bronwyn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eisenhauer
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Australia, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia. snatoli@foodnut.com.au.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Natoli
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia. gerald.liew@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2141, Australia. vicki.flood@sydney.edu.au.|Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia. vicki.flood@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Flood
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000517:prevention & control*; D065146:Zeaxanthins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D065146:Zeaxanthins; D014975:Lutein
keywords: lutein;   age‐related  macular  degeneration;   bioavailability;   carotenoids;   xanthophylls;   zeaxanthin