title: Detailed expression profile of the six Glypicans and their modifying enzyme, Notum during chick limb and feather development.
abstract: The development of vertebrate appendages, especially the limb and feather buds are orchestrated by numerous secreted signalling molecules including Sonic Hedgehog, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, Fibroblast Growth Factors and Wnts. These proteins coordinate the growth and patterning of ectodermal and mesenchymal cells. The influence of signalling molecules is affected over large distances by their concentration (morphogen activity) but also at local levels by the presence of proteins that either attenuate or promote their activity. Glypicans are cell surface molecules that regulate the activity of the major secreted signalling molecules expressed in the limb and feather bud. Here we investigated the expression of all Glypicans during chick limb and feather development. In addition we profiled the expression of Notum, an enzyme that regulates Glypican activity. We show that five of the six Glypicans and Notum are expressed in a dynamic manner during the development of limbs and feathers. We also investigated the expression of key Glypicans and show that they are controlled by signalling molecules highlighting the presence of feedback loops. Lastly we show that Glypicans and Notum are expressed in a tissue specific manner in adult chicken tissues. Our results strongly suggest that the Glypicans and Notum have many as yet undiscovered roles to play during the development of vertebrate appendages.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Kawakeb
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Theis
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: ketan.patel@reading.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ketan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002645:Chickens; D004950:Esterases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005121:Extremities / Q000254:growth & development; D005241:Feathers / Q000254:growth & development; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D053673:Glypicans / Q000378:metabolism*; D018878:Limb Buds / Q000378:metabolism; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D053673:Glypicans; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D004950:Esterases
keywords: Chick; Development glypican; Feather; Limb; Notum