title: Polyomavirus BK and JC in individuals with chronic kidney failure, kidney transplantation, and healthy controls.
abstract: New clinical approaches to diagnose and monitor individuals with systemic diseases have been employed through the use of oral fluids. Polyomavirus BK (BKPyV) and JC (JCPyV) infect asymptomatically around 80% of general population worldwide remaining latent in the body. In case of immunosuppression, a replication can occur, leading to diseases.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to detect and quantify BKPyV and JCPyV in oral fluids of individuals with chronic kidney failure (CKF), kidney transplantation (KT) and controls compared with their detection in blood and urine, traditionally used for this test.
  
  
  
  Forty six subjects were included and distributed into 3 groups: 14 with CKF (Group 1), 12 with KT (Group 2) and 20 healthy individuals (Group 3). In a total, 315 samples were collected and analyzed through RT-PCR, being 151 of gingival crevicular fluid, 46 of saliva, 46 of mouthwash, 43 of blood and 29 of urine.
  
  
  
  All subjects from group 1 were positive for BKPyV in at least one collected samples and 14% were positive for JCPyV. In Group 2, 91.7% were positive for BKPyV and 51.7% for JCPyV. Among subjects of Group 3, 80% were positive for BKPyV and 45% for JCPyV.
  
  
  
  Oral fluids exhibited high prevalence of BKPyV and JCPyV and were equally efficient compared to urine and blood. The use of oral fluids to detect these polyomaviruses enhances positivity in screening, even in cases of absence of viremia and especially in individuals who are not able to urinate.
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Stomatology Department, Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, 2227, 05508-000, São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Electronic address: talita.correa@usp.br.
authors.forename: Talita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar Avenue, 470, 05403-000, São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Electronic address: crisfink@usp.br.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina Domingues
authors.initials: MCD
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Stomatology Department, Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, 2227, 05508-000, São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Electronic address: marilia.figueiredo@usp.br.
authors.forename: Marilia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Stomatology Department, Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, 2227, 05508-000, São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Electronic address: pbraz@usp.br.
authors.forename: Paulo Henrique
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Braz-Silva
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Stomatology Department, Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, 2227, 05508-000, São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Electronic address: pannuti@usp.br.
authors.forename: Cláudio Mendes
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pannuti
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Stomatology Department, Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, 2227, 05508-000, São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Electronic address: klortega@usp.br.
authors.forename: Karem Lopez
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Stomatology Department, Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, 2227, 05508-000, São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Electronic address: mhcgmaga@usp.br.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallottini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001739:BK Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007577:JC Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000821:virology*; D027601:Polyomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D014556:Urine / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load / Q000379:methods*
keywords: BK virus; Chronic kidney failure; Gingival crevicular fluid; JC virus; Kidney transplantation; Saliva