title: Reciprocal relationships between substance use and disorders and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism.
abstract: Substance use and misuse and suicidal thoughts and behaviors tend to co-occur. The purpose of this study was to examine whether (a) suicidal ideation and attempt are related to onset of alcohol, nicotine and cannabis use and dependence; (b) early use of alcohol, nicotine and cannabis is associated with onset of suicidal ideation and attempt; and (c) whether these associations persist while controlling for covariates, such as family history of alcohol problems, major depression and other internalizing and externalizing disorders.
  
  
  
  The prospective cohort of the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA; N=3277) was used. Cross-sectional and discrete time logistic regression (i.e. survival) analyses examined associations between suicidal ideation and attempt and onset of alcohol, nicotine and cannabis use and dependence. Survival models also examined whether individual early substance use was related to onset of ideation and attempt.
  
  
  
  Ideation was related to 0.71-0.77 odds of onset of subsequent alcohol, nicotine and cannabis use. Attempt was associated with 1.44-1.61 odds of later alcohol, nicotine and cannabis dependence, even after accounting for covariates. Evidence for early substance use being related to subsequent onset of ideation or attempt was limited. Several sex and race differences emerged.
  
  
  
  The sample was ascertained for family history of alcoholism; not all participants had been followed up allowing for censored observations; reporting bias.
  
  
  
  Suicide attempts are associated with increased likelihood of onset of substance dependence.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA. Electronic address: arpana@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Arpana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tillman
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Grucza
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Elliot C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Vivia V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: McCutcheon
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Few
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Dept. of Emergency Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Conner
authors.affiliation: Kings College, Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. of Addiction, London, UK.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lynskey
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Dept. of African-American Studies, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.affiliation: Indiana University, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Howard J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Edenberg
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut Health, Dept. of Psychiatry, Farmington, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Hesselbrock
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry - Div. of Psychology, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Depts. of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuperman
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: John I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Nurnberger
authors.affiliation: University of California San Diego, Dept. of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schuckit
authors.affiliation: SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Bernice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Porjesz
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bucholz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol; Attempt; COGA; Cannabis; Ideation; Nicotine; Suicide