title: The use of unburned propellant powder for shooting-distance determination. Part I: Infrared luminescence.
abstract: Unburned propellant powder particles in gunshot residue (GSR) were detected at near infrared by optical excitation in the visible wavelength range. A series of ammunition (different brands and different manufacturers) was analyzed concerning the luminescence of their propellant. Shooting target samples with different shooting distances were produced on standard textile tissue and analyzed with this optical infrared inspection. The number of luminescent GSR particles per area was measured and curves with particle density vs. shooting distance were drawn. The method was applied on three ammunition types with different particle morphology shot with a pistol and one ammunition type shot with a revolver. The shooting series performed with the revolver showed a large particle density variation within the samples of identical shooting distances. In this case, the ratio of the amount of particles within the area around the bullet hole and within a ring with a defined distance from the bullet hole was calculated. These data resulted in measures with much lower standard deviations, which is a prove that the distribution pattern depends on the shooting distance and not on the amount of GSR particles. It has been shown, that imaging of target tissue with the aid of infrared luminescence is an easy, fast, reproducible and non-destructive method for shooting-distance determination.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Institute Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: rolf.hofer@for-zh.ch.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Institute Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Institute Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christen
keywords: Infrared luminescence; Propellant powder; Shooting-distance determination