title: The relative position of the human fibula to the tibia influences cross-sectional properties of the tibia.
abstract: The fibula transmits loads within the lower limb of hominids. The few studies of variation in the cross-sectional geometric (CSG) properties of the fibula have established differences in its rigidity among groups engaged in distinct habitual loading activities. This study adds to this research by considering the relationship between CSG properties and the anatomical position of the fibula relative to the tibia among groups with differences in documented activity patterns.
  
  
  
  We used pQCT scans taken at 50% of the length of the lower leg in 83 healthy young adult collegiate-aged individuals divided into five activity groups: runners, swimmers, cricketers, field hockey players, and non-athletes. We compared variation in calculated CSG properties against the distance between fibular and tibial centroids, as well as the angle of that plane relative to the plane of tibial Imax.
  
  
  
  Tibial and fibular CSG properties vary with respect to the relative position of the two bones. Tibial CSG properties differ in concert with the relative angle of the fibula to tibial Imax, while fibular CSG properties differ with the distance between the elements. Fibulae are more posterior-medially positioned in groups engaged in terrestrial athletics than among swimmers.
  
  
  
  The tibia and fibula experience different loads. The relative position of the two bones leads to compensatory differences in their CSG properties, perhaps due to increased resistance to bending in fibulae with greater distances from the tibia. Examinations of tibial CSG properties without considering the fibula limits interpretations about activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3435-4427
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996.|Department of Geography and Anthropology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, 30144.
authors.forename: Alice F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Gooding
authors.affiliation: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3QG, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Colin N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Center for Functional Anatomy & Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sylvester
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005360:Fibula / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: bending rigidity; circular data; cross-sectional geometry; habitual activity; locomotion