title: Protective effects of Ficus carica leaves on glucose and lipids levels, carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and β-cells in type 2 diabetic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The decoctions of Ficus carica Linn. (Moraceae) leaves are used in the folklore treatment of diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of F. carica on glucose and lipids levels, carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and β-cells protective effects in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced in 15 days high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg). The ethyl acetate extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) of F. carica leaves was administered for 28 days. Oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were evaluated on 15th and 25th days, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ethyl acetate extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) of n F. carica leaves showed significant effect (p < 0.005) in the levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), body weight and hepatic glycogen. In OGTT, F. carica (250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.005) detained the increase in blood glucose levels at 60 and 120 min and in ITT, F. carica enhanced the glucose utilization significantly (p < 0.005) over 30 and 60 min compared to diabetic control. Further, the altered activities of key carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and hexokinase in the liver tissue of diabetic rats were significantly (p < 0.005) reverted to near normal levels upon treatment with F. carica. Immumohistochemical studies of islets substantiated the cytoprotective effect on pancreatic β-cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  F. carica leaves exerted significant effect on carbohydrate metabolism enzymes with promising hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities in type 2 diabetic rats.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Ethnopharmacology , Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College , Chennai , India.
authors.forename: Santiagu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stephen Irudayaraj
authors.affiliation: a Division of Ethnopharmacology , Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College , Chennai , India.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christudas
authors.affiliation: b Division of Bioinformatics , Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College , Chennai , India.
authors.forename: Stalin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antony
authors.affiliation: c Department of Botany and Microbiology , Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Veeramuthu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duraipandiyan
authors.affiliation: c Department of Botany and Microbiology , Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Al-Dhabi
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Naif Abdullah
authors.affiliation: a Division of Ethnopharmacology , Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College , Chennai , India.|b Division of Bioinformatics , Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College , Chennai , India.|d Visiting Professor Programme, Deanship of Scientific Research , College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Savarimuthu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ignacimuthu
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D030681:Ficus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005905:Glyburide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013311:Streptozocin; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D013311:Streptozocin; C007650:ethyl acetate; D006003:Glycogen; D005905:Glyburide
keywords: Ficusin; hypoglycemic; hypolipidemic