title: Avocado oil induces long-term alleviation of oxidative damage in kidney mitochondria from type 2 diabetic rats by improving glutathione status.
abstract: Hyperglycemia and mitochondrial ROS overproduction have been identified as key factors involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy. This has encouraged the search for strategies decreasing glucose levels and long-term improvement of redox status of glutathione, the main antioxidant counteracting mitochondrial damage. Previously, we have shown that avocado oil improves redox status of glutathione in liver and brain mitochondria from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats; however, the long-term effects of avocado oil and its hypoglycemic effect cannot be evaluated because this model displays low survival and insulin depletion. Therefore, we tested during 1 year the effects of avocado oil on glycemia, ROS levels, lipid peroxidation and glutathione status in kidney mitochondria from type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Diabetic rats exhibited glycemia of 120-186 mg/dL the first 9 months with a further increase to 250-300 mg/dL. Avocado oil decreased hyperglycemia at intermediate levels between diabetic and control rats. Diabetic rats displayed augmented lipid peroxidation and depletion of reduced glutathione throughout the study, while increased ROS generation was observed at the 3rd and 12th months along with diminished content of total glutathione at the 6th and 12th months. Avocado oil ameliorated all these defects and augmented the mitochondrial content of oleic acid. The beneficial effects of avocado oil are discussed in terms of the hypoglycemic effect of oleic acid and the probable dependence of glutathione transport on lipid peroxidation and thiol oxidation of mitochondrial carriers.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B-3, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Fco. J. Mújica S/N, 58030, Morelia, Mich, México.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Avila
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios # 1, Los Reyes-Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: María Del Consuelo
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Figueroa-García
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B-3, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Fco. J. Mújica S/N, 58030, Morelia, Mich, México.
authors.forename: Claudia Isabel
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: García-Berumen
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Ventura Puente 115, 58000, Morelia, Mich, México.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calderón-Cortés
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B-3, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Fco. J. Mújica S/N, 58030, Morelia, Mich, México.
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mejía-Barajas
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas "Dr. Ignacio Chávez", Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Dr. Rafael Carrillo S/N, 58020, Morelia, Mich, México.
authors.forename: Alain R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Orozco
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios # 1, Los Reyes-Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mejía-Zepeda
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B-3, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Fco. J. Mújica S/N, 58030, Morelia, Mich, México.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saavedra-Molina
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B-3, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Fco. J. Mújica S/N, 58030, Morelia, Mich, México. christiancortesrojo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cortés-Rojo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007668:Kidney / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D027421:Persea / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010938:Plant Oils; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Diabetes; Diabetic nephropathy; Goto-Kakizaki rats; Hypoglycemic; Oleic acid; Reactive oxygen species