title: Multiple pesticide residues in live and poisoned honeybees - Preliminary exposure assessment.
abstract: Study combines data about the exposure of honeybees to pesticides from plant protection products and veterinary medicinal products. Residues of 200 pesticide and pesticide metabolites in 343 live and 74 poisoned honeybee samples, obtained during the years of 2014-2015, were determined by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. In 44% of live honeybee 48 different pesticide residues were found, mainly amitraz metabolites (DMF, DMPF) and chlorpyrifos. In 98% of poisoned honeybee 57 pesticides and metabolites were detected, mainly chlorpyrifos, dimethoate and clothianidin. In total 84 different pesticides were detected both in live and poisoned honeybees, they indicate 30 various modes of action. Differences between mean number of pesticide residues detected in live and poisoned honeybees clearly indicate the impact of multiple pesticides on honeybee health. Possible impact of systemic fungicides on the health of honeybees was studied. Applicability of hazard quotient counted as ratio between concentration of pesticides in honeybees and lethal dose in the interpretation whether detected concentration indicates acute toxic effects was shown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland. Electronic address: tomasz.kiljanek@piwet.pulawy.pl.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiljanek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niewiadowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gaweł
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
authors.forename: Stanisław
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semeniuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borzęcka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Posyniak
authors.affiliation: Department of Honey Bee Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pohorecka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects*; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000032:analysis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004117:Dimethoate / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000032:analysis; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000032:analysis; D014052:Toluidines / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; D013844:Thiazoles; D014052:Toluidines; C480342:clothianidin; C014983:amitraz; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D004117:Dimethoate
keywords: Exposure; Fungicides; Hazard quotient; Honeybee; Insecticides; Pesticide residues