title: Effect of Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Fluorine Atoms on Selected Weed Species.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of four structurally different quaternary ammonium salts (QASs), i.e., tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate [TBA][BF4], tetrahexylammonium tetrafluoroborate [THA][BF4], tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate [TBA][PF6], and tetrahexylammonium hexafluorophosphate [THA][PF6], on the growth and development of three weed species: gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.), white goosefoot (Chenopodium album L.) and common sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.). The examined compounds were applied in the form of foliar spraying and soil application. Strong herbicidal properties of the examined compounds were demonstrated in case of their soil application. Growth inhibition of plant shoots and roots was greater with soil application than with foliar treatment. The strongest herbicidal activity of compounds was demonstrated with [TBA][BF4] have demonstrated [TBA][BF4] and [TBA][PF6] applied to the soil, while [THA][BF4] demonstrated the weakest herbicidal action. The increased concentration of applied QASs caused a decrease in the assimilation pigments, change in dry weight content and inhibition of length of shoots and roots.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej Av. 13/15, 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland. r.biczak@ajd.czest.pl.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Biczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej Av. 13/15, 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pawłowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Płatkowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stręk
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Arkadiusz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Telesiński
mesh_terms: D005461:Fluorine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development; D057685:Plant Weeds / Q000187:drug effects*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012492:Salts; D005461:Fluorine
keywords: Chlorophyll; Dry weight; Inhibition of plant growth and roots; Phytotoxicity