title: Effects of toe-out and toe-in gait with varying walking speeds on knee joint mechanics and lower limb energetics.
abstract: Toe-out/-in gait has been prescribed in reducing knee joint load to medial knee osteoarthritis patients. This study focused on the effects of toe-out/-in at different walking speeds on first peak knee adduction moment (fKAM), second peak KAM (sKAM), knee adduction angular impulse (KAAI), net mechanical work by lower limb as well as joint-level contribution to the total limb work during level walking. Gait analysis of 20 healthy young adults was done walking at pre-defined normal (1.18m/s), slow (0.85m/s) and fast (1.43m/s) walking speeds with straight-toe (natural), toe-out (15°>natural) and toe-in (15°<natural). Repeated measure ANOVA (p<0.05) with post-hoc Tukey's test was applied for statistical analysis. Toe-out gait increased fKAM at all walking speeds (highest at normal speed) while toe-in gait reduced fKAM at all speeds (highest at fast walking speed). Toeing-in reduced KAAI at all speeds while toeing-out affected KAAI only at normal speed. Increasing walking speed generally increased fKAM for all foot positions, but it did not affect sKAM considerably. Slowing down the speed, increased KAAI significantly at all foot positions except for toe-in. At slow walking speed, hip and knee joints were found to be major energy contributors for toe-in and toe-out respectively. At higher walking speeds, these contributions were switched. The ankle joint remained unaffected by changing walking speeds and foot progression angles. Toe-out/-in gait modifications affected knee joint kinetics and lower limb energetics at all walking speeds. However, their effects were inconsistent at different speeds. Therefore, walking speed should be taken into account when prescribing toe-out/-in gait.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Soobia Saad
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saad Jawaid
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia; Centre for Applied Biomechanics, University of Malaya, Malaysia. Electronic address: juliana_78@um.edu.my.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Usman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D014034:Toes / Q000502:physiology*; D000072797:Walking Speed; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Knee adduction moment; Toe-in gait; Toe-out gait; Walking speed; Work done