title: In vitro cytotoxicity and surface topography evaluation of additive manufacturing titanium implant materials.
abstract: Custom-designed patient-specific implants and reconstruction plates are to date commonly manufactured using two different additive manufacturing (AM) technologies: direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and electron beam melting (EBM). The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the surface structure and to assess the cytotoxicity of titanium alloys processed using DMLS and EBM technologies as the existing information on these issues is scarce. "Processed" and "polished" DMLS and EBM disks were assessed. Microscopic examination revealed titanium alloy particles and surface flaws on the processed materials. These surface flaws were subsequently removed by polishing. Surface roughness of EBM processed titanium was higher than that of DMLS processed. The cytotoxicity results of the DMLS and EBM discs were compared with a "gold standard" commercially available titanium mandible reconstruction plate. The mean cell viability for all discs was 82.6% (range, 77.4 to 89.7) and 83.3% for the control reconstruction plate. The DMLS and EBM manufactured titanium plates were non-cytotoxic both in "processed" and in "polished" forms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9120-9309
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Roy V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Björkstrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pernu
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika V J
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Salmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Eero I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Huotilainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology and 3D Innovation Lab, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan E H
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterial Centre, Welfare Division, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Vallittu
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland. antti.makitie@helsinki.fi.|Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. antti.makitie@helsinki.fi.|Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE-171 76, Sweden. antti.makitie@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Antti A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mäkitie
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D002470:Cell Survival; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D014025:Titanium