title: Comparative Analysis ofWRKYGenes Potentially Involved in Salt Stress Responses inTriticum turgidum L. ssp.durum.
abstract: WRKY transcription factors are involved in multiple aspects of plant growth, development and responses to biotic stresses. Although they have been found to play roles in regulating plant responses to environmental stresses, these roles still need to be explored, especially those pertaining to crops. Durum wheat is the second most widely produced cereal in the world. Complex, large and unsequenced genomes, in addition to a lack of genomic resources, hinder the molecular characterization of tolerance mechanisms. This paper describes the isolation and characterization of fiveTdWRKYgenes from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp.durum). A PCR-based screening of aT. turgidumBAC genomic library using primers within the conserved region ofWRKYgenes resulted in the isolation of five BAC clones. Following sequencing fully the five BACs, fine annotation through Triannot pipeline revealed 74.6% of the entire sequences as transposable elements and a 3.2% gene content with genes organized as islands within oceans of TEs. Each BAC clone harbored aTdWRKYgene. The study showed a very extensive conservation of genomic structure between TdWRKYs and their orthologs from Brachypodium, barley, andT. aestivum. The structural features of TdWRKY proteins suggested that they are novel members of the WRKY family in durum wheat. TdWRKY1/2/4, TdWRKY3, and TdWRKY5 belong to the group Ia, IIa, and IIc, respectively. Enrichment ofcis-regulatory elements related to stress responses in the promoters of someTdWRKYgenes indicated their potential roles in mediating plant responses to a wide variety of environmental stresses.TdWRKYgenes displayed different expression patterns in response to salt stress that distinguishes two durum wheat genotypes with contrasting salt stress tolerance phenotypes.TdWRKYgenes tended to react earlier with a down-regulation in sensitive genotype leaves and with an up-regulation in tolerant genotype leaves. TheTdWRKYtranscripts levels in roots increased in tolerant genotype compared to sensitive genotype. The present results indicate that these genes might play some functional role in the salt tolerance in durum wheat.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Borj Cedria Science and Technology ParkHammam-lif, Tunisia; Centre National de Ressources Genomiques Vegetales, French Plant Genomic Center, INRA-CNRGVCastanet-Tolosan, France; INRA, UMR990 Genomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsCastanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Fatma-Ezzahra
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Yousfi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Borj Cedria Science and Technology ParkHammam-lif, Tunisia; Centre National de Ressources Genomiques Vegetales, French Plant Genomic Center, INRA-CNRGVCastanet-Tolosan, France; INRA, UMR990 Genomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsCastanet-Tolosan, France; INPT, Laboratoire de Genomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, University of ToulouseCastanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Emna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Makhloufi
authors.affiliation: Centre National de Ressources Genomiques Vegetales, French Plant Genomic Center, INRA-CNRGV Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Marande
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Borj Cedria Science and Technology Park Hammam-lif, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Abdel W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Ghorbel
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR990 Genomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsCastanet-Tolosan, France; INPT, Laboratoire de Genomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, University of ToulouseCastanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Mondher
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouzayen
authors.affiliation: Centre National de Ressources Genomiques Vegetales, French Plant Genomic Center, INRA-CNRGV Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bergès
keywords: BAC sequencing; Triticum durum; WRKY; cis-regulatory elements; salt stress; transposable elements; wheat