title: Vitamin D signaling and melanoma: role of vitamin D and its receptors in melanoma progression and management.
abstract: Ultraviolet B (UVB), in addition to having carcinogenic activity, is required for the production of vitamin D3 (D3) in the skin which supplies >90% of the body's requirement. Vitamin D is activated through hydroxylation by 25-hydroxylases (CYP2R1 or CYP27A1) and 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) to produce 1,25(OH)2D3, or through the action of CYP11A1 to produce mono-di- and trihydroxy-D3 products that can be further modified by CYP27B1, CYP27A1, and CYP24A1. The active forms of D3, in addition to regulating calcium metabolism, exert pleiotropic activities, which include anticarcinogenic and anti-melanoma effects in experimental models, with photoprotection against UVB-induced damage. These diverse effects are mediated through an interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and/or as most recently demonstrated through action on retinoic acid orphan receptors (ROR)α and RORγ. With respect to melanoma, low levels of 25(OH)D are associated with thicker tumors and reduced patient survival. Furthermore, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of VDR and the vitamin D-binding protein (VDP) genes affect melanomagenesis or disease outcome. Clinicopathological analyses have shown positive correlation between low or undetectable expression of VDR and/or CYP27B1 in melanoma with tumor progression and shorter overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) times. Paradoxically, this correlation was reversed for CYP24A1 (inactivating 24-hydroxylase), indicating that this enzyme, while inactivating 1,25(OH)2D3, can activate other forms of D3 that are products of the non-canonical pathway initiated by CYP11A1. An inverse correlation has been found between the levels of RORα and RORγ expression and melanoma progression and disease outcome. Therefore, we propose that defects in vitamin D signaling including D3 activation/inactivation, and the expression and activity of the corresponding receptors, affect melanoma progression and the outcome of the disease. The existence of multiple bioactive forms of D3 and alternative receptors affecting the behavior of melanoma should be taken into consideration when applying vitamin D management for melanoma therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.|Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.|Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Andrzej T
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8963-3995
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Slominski
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland.|Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Brożyna
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Michal A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zmijewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland.|Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jóźwicki
authors.affiliation: Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Anton M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jetten
authors.affiliation: Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Tuckey
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.|Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Elmets
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System