title: Impact of physical activity on pain perception in an animal model of endometriosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptoms of endometriosis, such as pain and infertility, are considered significant sources of stress. In many chronic conditions, exercise can act as a stress buffer and influence pain perception. We tested the impact of swimming exercise on pain perception and pain receptors in an animal model of endometriosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endometriosis (Endo) was induced in female rats by suturing uterine horn tissue next to the intestinal mesentery. Sham rats received sutures only. Rats were exposed to swimming exercise for 7 consecutive days, while no-exercise rats were left in the home cage. Fecal pellets were counted after swimming as an index of anxiety, and serum corticosterone levels measured. Pain perception was assessed using the hot plate test for hyperalgesia and Von Frey test for allodynia. Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and neurokinin-1 receptor expression in the spinal cord was measured by immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fecal pellet counts were higher in those animals that swam (p<0.05), but no significant difference in corticosterone was found. Although Endo-exercise rats had higher colonic damage (p<0.05) with more cellular infiltration, the lesions were smaller than in Endo-no exercise rats (p<0.05). Exercise did not ameliorate the hyperalgesia, whereas it improved allodynia in both groups. MOR expression was significantly higher in Endo-exercise vs. Endo-no exercise rats (p<0.01), similar to Sham-no exercise levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results point toward beneficial effects of swimming exercise during endometriosis progression. Physical interventions might be investigated further for their ability to reduce perceived stress and improve outcomes in endometriosis.
authors.affiliation: Physiology Division, Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico - USA.
authors.forename: Siomara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Physiology Division, Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico - USA.
authors.forename: Myrella L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Physiology Division, Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico - USA; Neuroscience Division, Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico - USA.
authors.forename: Annelyn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torres-Reveron
authors.affiliation: Physiology Division, Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico - USA.
authors.forename: Caroline B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Appleyard
keywords: Anxiety; Endometriosis; Exercise; Hyperalgesia; Opioid; Pain