title: Benzodiazepine and "Z-Drug" Dependence: Data From a Tertiary Care Center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the clinical characteristics and course of benzodiazepine and �Z-drug� dependence in patients presenting to a tertiary deaddiction center in southern India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case files of 950 inpatients admitted between January 2007 and January 2014 who reported benzodiazepine or Z-drug use were reviewed. Patients (n = 170) with an ICD-10 diagnosis of mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of sedatives or hypnotics-dependence syndrome currently using substance (F13.24) were included in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alprazolam (n = 86, 50.6%), nitrazepam (n = 40, 23.5%), and zolpidem (n = 19, 11.2%) were the most commonly reported drugs of abuse. Alcohol dependence was present in 37 subjects (21.8%) and opioid dependence in 41 subjects (24.1%). Comorbid psychiatric illness was diagnosed in 67 patients (39.0%). Only 28 patients (16.5%) had sedative dependence with no other substance use disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High comorbidity occurs in this group of patients. Outcome varies significantly (P < .05) between sedative-dependent only and multiple-substance�dependent patients. High attrition should be addressed through follow-up and tracking mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Rd, Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India. drlekhansh@gmail.com.|Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Lekhansh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Spandana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bokka
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Tulika
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kandasamy
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Prabhat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chand
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Benegal
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Pratima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murthy
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C093539:ComS protein, Bacillus subtilis; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010879:Piperazines; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; C515050:zopiclone; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000077334:Zolpidem; C085665:zaleplon