title: IL-10 and TGF-β: Roles in chondroprotective effects of Glucosamine in experimental Osteoarthritis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease of the whole joint. Glucosamine (GlcN) treatment may have a chondroprotective effect on OA. We investigated the mechanism of action of glucosamine treatment through interleukin-10 (Il-10) and transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF β-1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male albino rats were used. A single intraarticular (i.a.) injection of 2mg of Monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA) was injected into the knee joint of anesthetized rats. GlcN (50 or 100mg/kg/day, p.o. for 2 month) was administered orally. Serum levels of Il-10 and TGF-β1 were determined by ELISA. Histopathological changes in treated and control joints were examined using hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean serum level of IL-10 significantly decreased in the OA group compared to control group (P value<0.0001). On the other hand, mean serum level of IL-10 significantly increased in GlcN treated groups when compared to the OA group (P value<0.0001). Serum level of TGF β-1 was significantly elevated in OA group compared to control group (P value<0.0001). On the other hand, the mean serum level of TGF β-1 was significantly decreased in the GlcN treated groups when compared to the OA group (P value<0.0001). Histopathological evaluation of GlcN treated groups showed different grades of healing, according to Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grading system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that IL-10 and TGF-β1 possibly mediate GlcN chondroprotective effects in OA. Both serum biomarkers can be useful in the follow-up of articular cartilage damage in clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt. Electronic address: nwaly@icloud.com.
authors.forename: Nermien E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Waly
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt. Electronic address: abeer_refaiy@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abeer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Refaiy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, MSA University, Giza, 11787, Egypt. Electronic address: naborehab@msa.eun.eg.
authors.forename: Nora M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Aborehab
keywords: Glucosamine; IL-10–TGF-β; Osteoarthritis