title: Effects of copper oxide nanomaterials (CuONMs) are life stage dependent - full life cycle in Enchytraeus crypticus.
abstract: Copper oxide nanomaterials (CuONMs) have various applications in industry and enter the terrestrial environment, e.g. via sewage sludge. The effects of CuONMs and copper chloride (CuCl2) were studied comparing the standard enchytraeid reproduction test (ERT) and the full life cycle test (FLCt) with Enchytraeus crypticus. CuONMs mainly affected growth or juveniles' development, whereas CuCl2mainly affected embryo development and/or hatching success and adults survival. Compared to the ERT, the FLCt allowed discrimination of effects between life stages and provided indication of the underlying mechanisms; further, the FLCt showed increased sensitivity, e.g. reproductive effects for CuONMs: EC10= 8 mg Cu/kg and EC10= 421 mg Cu/kg for the FLCt and the ERT respectively. The performance of the FLCt is preferred to the ERT and we recommend it as a good alternative to assess hazard of NMs. Effects of CuONMs and CuCl2are life stage dependent and are different between Cu forms.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: ritabicho@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Rita C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bicho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fátima C F
authors.initials: FCF
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO BOX 314, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Janeck J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Scott-Fordsmand
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Mónica J B
authors.initials: MJB
authors.lastname: Amorim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000187:drug effects*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003300:Copper; C030973:cupric oxide
keywords: Development; Full life cycle; High relevancy; Nanoecotoxicology; Oligochaete