title: Correlates of overweight and obesity in 5529 adolescents with type 1 diabetes: The T1D Exchange Clinic Registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to examine the associations among socio-demographic, clinical, and self-management factors by weight status.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed baseline data obtained from 5529 adolescents with T1D (mean age=15.4±1.4years, 51.8% male, 77.9% white, mean HbA1c=8.7±1.8%; 72mmol/mol) from the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry. We examined correlates of weight status using multinomial logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overweight (22.9%) and obesity (13.1%) were prevalent in the overall sample and was highest among girls (40.8%) and adolescents of Hispanic/Latino race/ethnicity (46.1%). Female gender, older age, annual household income <$35,000 (vs. ≥$200,000), high school parental educational attainment (vs. ≥graduate degree), lower HbA1c, longer duration of T1D, higher amount of insulin, and a recent visit with an allied healthcare provider were independently and significantly associated with higher odds of overweight or obesity. Adolescents who self-rated their health as fair/poor (vs. excellent) had the highest odds of obesity (OR 3.92, 95% CI 2.53-6.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overweight/obesity is prevalent among adolescents with T1D, especially among girls and those of diverse race/ethnicity. Some of these factors may be amenable to remediation and point to subgroups that can benefit from obesity prevention and management efforts.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Yale University, West Haven, CT, United States. Electronic address: karl.minges@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Karl E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Minges
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Yale University, West Haven, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whittemore
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Yale University, West Haven, CT, United States; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Weinzimer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Melinda L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Yale University, West Haven, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Nancy S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Redeker
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Yale University, West Haven, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin
keywords: Behavioral medicine; Diabetes mellitus; Obesity; Overweight; Type 1