title: Identifying cortical first and second language sites via navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left hemisphere in bilinguals.
abstract: The cortical areas that code for the first (L1) and second language (L2) in bilinguals have still not been sufficiently explored. Thus, this study investigated the left-hemispheric distribution of the L1 and L2 using repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), in combination with an object-naming task, in 10 healthy, right-handed volunteers. In particular, higher error rates (ERs) were observed in the L1, and there was a statistically significant difference between the ERs of L1 and L2 for no-response errors (L1 mean 11.9±9.0%, L2 mean 6.5±5.2%; p=0.03). Furthermore, language-specific and shared cortical distribution patterns for the L1 and L2 were observed within the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes with a trend towards higher occurrence of language-specific spots within posterior regions. Overall, the L1 presented a more stable pattern of language distribution compared to the L2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany. Electronic address: TussisLorena@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tussis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Nico.Sollmann@tum.de.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sollmann
authors.affiliation: Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Boeckh-Behrens@tum.de.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boeckh-Behrens
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Bernhard.Meyer@tum.de.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Sandro.Krieg@tum.de.
authors.forename: Sandro M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Krieg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D019303:Multilingualism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bilingualism; Cortical mapping; Dominant hemisphere; Language; Object naming; Transcranial magnetic stimulation