title: Outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in anomalous kidney: Is it different?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various anomalous kidneys such as horseshoe kidney, crossed ectopic kidney, simple ectopic kidney, pelvic ectopic kidney, kidney with duplex system, and malrotated kidney are frequently associated with stone disease. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a challenging procedure in these patients because of abnormal orientation of kidney.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 2005-2015, 86 patients underwent PCNL for stone removal in anomalous kidneys. Stone characteristics, type of calyceal puncture, number of punctures, need of relook procedures, mean hemoglobin drop, blood transfusion, mean operative time complications, mean hospital stay, stone free rate, and auxiliary procedure were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Totally 91 sessions of PCNL was done in 86 patients including five of horseshoe kidney who had bilateral stone disease. Mean age, duration of symptoms, stone size, and hospital stay was 29.6 ± 12.6 years, 2.18 ± 1.41 years, 4.40 ± 1.16, and 4.17 ± 2.11 days, respectively. Sixteen patients underwent relook procedure, out of which only 6 could have complete stone clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCNL in anomalous kidney is a safe and feasible procedure similar to normally located kidney, but requires careful preoperative planning and intra- and post-operative vigilance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Rahul Janak
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jhanwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Vishwajeet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Anomalous kidney; horseshoe kidney; percutaneous nephrolithotomy