title: The Novel Oral Anticoagulants for Acute Venous Thromboembolism: Is Warfarin Dead?
abstract: The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been compared with parenteral anticoagulants and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in several robust studies. DOACs have shown similar efficacy in preventing recurrent VTE and significant reductions in critical site (intracranial) bleeding, fatal bleeding, major and nonmajor bleeding. Warfarin and other VKAs are not dead as treatment modalities for VTE. A better way to describe the current situation is to use a boxing expression, "down but not out." VKAs and parenteral anticoagulants still have a role to play in the management of VTE in several clinical settings. In indications where DOACs can be used, VKAs should not, as the safety profile of VKAs is considerably worse than DOACs. Hence, guidelines are now recommending DOACs in preference to VKAs. In this article, we consider where DOACs are indicated, where there is growing evidence for use, where we have little evidence for use, and finally where there is no evidence for use and where they, thus, should not be used. We have included recommendations and examples of our own practice which may not be applicable to all settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alexander T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ospedale Classificato "Villa Salus" - Mestre, Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granziera
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Veronese
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Clinic, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zoppellaro
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin