title: Descriptive study of plant resources in the context of the ethnomedicinal relevance of indigenous flora: A case study from Toli Peer National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents the first quantitative ethnobotanical study of the flora in Toli Peer National Park of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Being a remote area, there is a strong dependence by local people on ethnobotanical practices. Thus, we attempted to record the folk uses of the native plants of the area with a view to acknowledging and documenting the ethnobotanical knowledge. The aims of the study were to compile an inventory of the medicinal plants in the study area and to record the methods by which herbal drugs were prepared and administered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants was collected from 64 local inhabitants and herbalists using open ended and semi-structured questionnaires over the period Aug 2013-Jul 2014. The data were recorded into a synoptic table comprising an ethnobotanical inventory of plants, the parts used, therapeutic indications and modes of application or administration. Different ethnobotanical indices i.e. relative frequencies of citation (RFC), relative importance (RI), use value (UV) and informant consensus factor (Fic), were calculated for each of the recorded medicinal plants. In addition, a correlation analysis was performed using SPSS ver. 16 to check the level of association between use value and relative frequency of citation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 121 species of medicinal plants belonging to 57 families and 98 genera were recorded. The study area was dominated by herbaceous species (48%) with leaves (41%) as the most exploited plant part. The Lamiaceae and Rosaceae (9% each) were the dominant families in the study area. Among different methods of preparation, the most frequently used method was decoction (26 species) of different plant parts followed by use as juice and powder (24 species each), paste (22 species), chewing (16 species), extract (11 species), infusion (10 species) and poultice (8 species). The maximum Informant consensus factor (Fic) value was for gastro-intestinal, parasitic and hepatobiliary complaints (0.90). Berberis lycium Ajuga bracteosa, Prunella vulgaris, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Desmodium polycarpum, Pinus roxburgii, Albizia lebbeck, Cedrella serrata, Rosa brunonii, Punica granatum, Jasminum mesnyi and Zanthoxylum armatum were the most valuable plants with the highest UV, RFC and relative importance values. The Pearson correlation coefficient between UV and RFC (0.881) reflects a significant positive correlation between the use value and relative frequency of citation. The coefficient of determination indicated that 77% of the variability in UV could be explained in terms of RFC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic documentation of the medicinal plants in the Toli Peer National Park shows that the area is rich in plants with ethnomedicinal value and that the inhabitants of the area have significant knowledge about the use of such plants with herbal drugs commonly used to cure infirmities. The results of this study indicate that carrying out subsequent pharmacological and phytochemical investigations in this part of Pakistan could lead to new drug discoveries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Women University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan.|Department of Botany, PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Shoaib
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Amjad
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mirza Faisal
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Qaeem
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Women University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Israr
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Women University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sami Ullah
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sunbal Khalil
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chaudhari
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany Mirpur University of Science & Technology, Mirpur, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nafeesa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zahid Malik
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, COMSAT institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Humaira
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shaheen
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, PMAS-University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Arshad Mehmood
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D019448:Ethnobotany / Q000379:methods*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000379:methods*; D010154:Pakistan; D000068316:Parks, Recreational; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D027824:Rosaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification; D013045:Species Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations