title: Mixture toxicity of flubendazole and fenbendazole to Daphnia magna.
abstract: Nowadays, residual amounts of many pharmaceuticals can be found in various environmental compartments including surface and ground waters, soils and sediments as well as biota. Even though they undergo degradability, their environmental discharge is relatively continuous, thus they may be regarded as quasi-persistent contaminants, and are also frequently regarded as emerging organic pollutants. Benzimidazoles, especially flubendazole (FLU) and fenbendazole (FEN), represent two anthelmintic drugs belonging to this group. Although their presence in environmental matrices has been reported, there is relatively little data concerning their (eco)toxicological impact. Furthermore, no data is available on their mixture toxicity. FLU and FEN have been found to have a strong impact on an environmentally important non-target organism - Daphnia magna. Moreover, these compounds are usually present in the environment as a part of pharmaceutical mixtures. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate their mixture toxicity, which was the main aim of this study. Single substance toxicity tests were carried out in parallel with mixture studies of FLU and FEN, with the application of two well established concepts of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). As a result, both models (CA and IA) were found to underestimate the toxicity of mixtures, however CA yielded more accurate predictions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul.Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland. Electronic address: alan.puckowski@ug.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puckowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Sustainable Chemistry, Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Leobener Straße, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stolte
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul.Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagil
authors.affiliation: Department of Sustainable Chemistry, Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Leobener Straße, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul.Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Łukaszewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul.Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stepnowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul.Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Białk-Bielińska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005273:Fenbendazole / Q000633:toxicity*; D008463:Mebendazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005273:Fenbendazole; D008463:Mebendazole; C018945:flubendazole
keywords: Benzimidazoles; Crustacean; Ecotoxicity; Instrumental analysis; Mixture toxicity