title: Cytotoxic analysis and chemical characterization of fractions of the hydroalcoholic extract of the Euterpe oleracea Mart. seed in the MCF-7 cell line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the antineoplastic activity of fractions derived from the hydroalcoholic extract of Euterpe oleracea Mart. seed in the MCF-7 cell line and to identify the compounds responsible for the antineoplastic action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were treated with 10, 20, 40 and 60 μg/ml with the hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of the hydroalcoholic extract of açaí seed, for 24 and 48 h. After treatment, cell viability was measured using MTT assay and cell death was assessed using the Annexin-Pi assay. The most cytotoxic fraction under study was analysed by mass spectrometry using an electrospray ionization source and a cyclotron analyser coupled to a Fourier transform. Data were analysed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or by Student's t-test, where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fractions caused significant reduction in the cell viability, but the EAF was the most cytotoxic (P < 0.001). It was observed the absence of significant annexin staining but increase Pi staining (P < 0.001). The EAF is composed of epicatechin, proanthocyanidin A2and trimeric and tetrameric procyanidins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we demonstrated that EAF was the most effective fraction in reducing cell viability and causing necroptosis in the MCF-7 cell.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program in Adult and Children Health, Research Center of CCBS, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dayanne da S
authors.initials: DDS
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Cellular Biology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Morgado-Díaz
authors.affiliation: Cellular Biology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gehren
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program in Adult and Children Health, Research Center of CCBS, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.|Morphology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia C B
authors.initials: FCB
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.affiliation: Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Stadual University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel Maria T
authors.initials: RMT
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Petroleômica and Forensic Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Federal University Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.|Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wanderson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Romão
authors.affiliation: Petroleômica and Forensic Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Federal University Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lilian V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Tose
authors.affiliation: Scholarship Scientific Initiation PIBIC-CNPq/UFMA, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiola N S
authors.initials: FNS
authors.lastname: Frazão
authors.affiliation: Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Stadual University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Célia P
authors.initials: MCP
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Morphology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dulcelena F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program in Adult and Children Health, Research Center of CCBS, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.|Pathology Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria do Desterro S B
authors.initials: MDDSB
authors.lastname: Nascimento
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002392:Catechin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D065748:Euterpe / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C473740:proanthocyanidin A2; D002392:Catechin
keywords: Euterpe oleracea Mart.; antineoplastic activity; breast neoplasms; chemopreventive; polyphenols