title: Design and implementation of decision support for tobacco dependence treatment in an inpatient electronic medical record: a randomized trial.
abstract: Tobacco dependence treatment for hospitalized smokers results in long-term cessation if treatment continues at least 30 days post-discharge. Health information technology may facilitate ongoing tobacco dependence treatment after hospital discharge. To describe the use and impact of a new decision support tool and order set for inpatient physicians, addressing tobacco dependence treatment for hospitalized smokers, embedded in an electronic health record (EHR). In a cluster-randomized trial, 254 physicians were randomized (1:1) to either receive or not receive the decision support tool and order set, which were embedded in the Epic (Madison, WI) EHR used at 2 hospitals in a single city. When an adult patient was admitted to a medical service, an electronic alert appeared if the patient was coded in the EHR as a smoker. For physicians randomized to the intervention, the alert linked to an order set to prescribe tobacco treatment medications and refer the patient to the state tobacco quitline. Additionally, "tobacco use disorder" was added to the patient's problem list, and an e-mail was sent to the patient's primary care provider (PCP). In the control arm, an alert fired with no screen visibility. Generalized estimating equations were used to model the data. Since August 2013, the alert has appeared for 10,939 patients (5391 intervention, 5548 control). Compared to control physicians, intervention physicians were more likely to order tobacco treatment medication (35 vs. 29%, P < 0.0001), populate the problem list with tobacco use disorder (41 vs. 2%, P < 0.0001), and make a referral to the state smokers' quitline (30 vs. 0%, P < 0.0001). In addition, intervention physicians sent an e-mail to the patient's PCP 4152 (99%) times. Designing and implementing an order set and alert for tobacco treatment in an EHR is feasible and helps physicians place more orders for tobacco treatment medication, referrals to the state smokers' quitline, and e-mails to patients' PCPs. Data on cessation outcomes are pending.
  
  
  
  www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01691105).
authors.affiliation: Emerg. Med., Yale School Med., Health Policy, Public Health, 464 Congress Ave., Suite 260, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA. steven.bernstein@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.affiliation: Emerg. Med., Yale School Med., New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.affiliation: Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DeWitt
authors.affiliation: Internal Med., Yale School Med., New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tetrault
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics, Emerg. Med., Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Allen L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.affiliation: Emerg. Med., Yale School Med., New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dziura
authors.affiliation: Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sussman
authors.affiliation: Internal Med., Yale School Med., New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Yale School Med., Pop. Health Sciences/MUSC, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Toll
mesh_terms: D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D010820:Physicians; D000074285:Smokers; D012907:Smoking / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Decision support; Electronic health records; Smoking cessation; Tobacco dependence treatment