title: Comparison the Serum STREM1 Levels Between Children with Upper and Lower UTI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pyelonephritis is the most common and important infection among Iranian pediatric population. Differentiation between upper and lower Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is often difficult based on clinical data. Therefore, definite diagnosis is helpful for choosing appropriate antibiotic and decision for hospital admission. The main purpose of this study was todetermine the diagnostic value of serum STREM-1 level in children suspicious to UTI and differentiation of upper UTI and lower UTI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective cross sectional study (2010-2011) was performed to evaluate and compare the serum level of STREM- 1 (pg. /ml) in 36 diagnosed UTI patients (24 upper and 12 lower UTI) with 25 normal children (without UTI) in Rasoul Akram hospital, Tehran, Iran. The mean age of studied children was 3.64 years; 24 male and 37 female. Urinary analysis and urine culture were performed for all UTI cases and only the positive cultured cases with the same microorganism were enrolled in the study. Distinguishing the upper from lower UTI was done on the basis of clinical manifestation and laboratory tests and confirmed by Imaging studies (ultra sonography /or DMSA scan). Blood sampling was taken from all children and centrifuged .The level of STREM-1 (pg /ml) in all sera was determined by Enzyme immunoassay technique (Human TREM-1 immunoassay Sandwich test, Quantikine, R&D systems, Minneapolis; USA). Cut-off levels for STREM-1 were illustrated by ROC curve. The p<0.05 was considered as significant for differences between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean of STREM -1level had significant difference between overall cases of UTI (427.72pg/ml) and controls (124.24 pg. /ml; P =0.000) ; with cutoff point 111.5 pg./ml ; it had 83.3% sensitivity; and 60 % specificity to distinguish UTI from control. Serum STREM -1 level had no significantly difference between the upper and lower UTI (500pg/ml vs. 283 pg. /ml, P value=0.1) with cutoff point 132 pg./ml it had 83.3% sensitivity ; and 60 % specificity to distinguish upper UTI from lower UTI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that even low amount of serum STREM-1 (111.5 pg./ml) has 83.3% sensitivity ; and 60 % specificity to distinguish the UTI from normal cases (P value =0.000) but higher level (132 pg./ml) was needed for definite diagnosis (83.3% sensitivity; 60 % specificity) of upper and lower UTI. It is concluded that serum STREM-1 level test is a valuable tool for early diagnosis of the normal cases with false positive urine culture, or in highly suspicious upper UTI cases with false negative urine culture. Indeed higher titer of this biomarker could be helpful for discriminating the upper from lower UTI. Therefore adding this new biologic marker (STREM-1) to previous ones (CRP, PCT) is suggested to prevent the unnecessary hospital admission and empiric antibiotic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran.
authors.forename: Fahime
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ehsanipour
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran.
authors.forename: Samileh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noorbakhsh
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran.
authors.forename: Vida
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zarabi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Movahedi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Qom University of Medical Sciences and health services, Qom. Iran.
authors.forename: Nahid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rahimzadeh
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000073871:Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 / Q000097:blood*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C408842:TREM1 protein, human; D000073871:Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1
keywords: STREM-1; biologic marker; children; serum; specificity; upper and lower UTI