title: Associations between substance use disorders and suicide or suicide attempts in people with mental illness: a Danish nation-wide, prospective, register-based study of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, unipolar depression or personality disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate and test associations between substance use disorders (SUDs) and both completed suicides and suicide attempts in a population with severe mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Register-based cohort study with adjusted Cox regression of substance use disorders as time-varying covariates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Denmark.
  
  
  METHODS
  People born in Denmark since 1955 with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 35 625), bipolar disorder (n = 9279), depression (n = 72 530) or personality disorder (n = 63 958).
  
  
  METHODS
  Treated SUDs of alcohol and illicit substances identified in treatment registers; suicide attempt identified in treatment registers; and completed suicides identified in the Cause of Death register. Covariates were sex and age at diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Having any SUD was associated with at least a threefold increased risk of completed suicide when compared with those having no SUD. Alcohol misuse was associated with an increased risk of completed suicide in all populations with hazard ratios (HR) between 1.99 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.44-2.74] and 2.70 (95% CI = 2.40-3.04). Other illicit substances were associated with a two- to threefold risk increase of completed suicide in all populations except bipolar disorder, and cannabis was associated with increased risk of attempted suicide only in people with bipolar disorder (HR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.15-2.99). Alcohol and other illicit substances each displayed strong associations with attempted suicide, HR ranging from 3.11 (95% CI = 2.95-3.27) to 3.38 (95% CI = 3.24-3.53) and 2.13 (95% CI = 2.03-2.24) to 2.27 (95% CI = 2.12-2.43), respectively. Cannabis was associated with suicide attempts only in people with schizophrenia (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03-1.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substance use disorders are associated strongly with risk of completed suicides and suicide attempts in people with severe mental illness.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPsych, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marie L D
authors.initials: MLD
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPsych, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nordentoft
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPsych, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-4785
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hjorthøj
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Mood disorders; personality disorders; schizophrenia; self-injurious behaviour; substance-related disorders; suicide