title: Association between carotid atherosclerosis and different subtypes of hypertension in adult populations: A multiethnic study in Xinjiang, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethnic differences in non-invasive measurements of carotid atherosclerosis are being increasingly reported, but the association between carotid atherosclerosis and different subtypes of hypertension in adult populations is not fully understood in different ethnicities. We aimed to investigate the association of carotid atherosclerosis with different subtypes of hypertension in different ethnicities in Xinjiang, a northwestern province in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14,618 participants (5,757 Hans, 4,767 Uygurs, and 4,094 Kazakhs) from 26 villages of seven cities in Xinjiang were randomly selected from the Cardiovascular Risk Survey conducted during 2007 and 2010. A standard questionnaire, a physical examination and biochemical tests were employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) for the 14,618 participants was 0.86±0.003 mm. The CIMT gradually increased with age. Men (0.92±0.005 mm) had a higher CIMT than women (0.81±0.004 mm). The Uygur participants (0.82±0.006 mm) had a lower CIMT than the Han (0.88±0.005 mm) and Kazakh participants (0.88±0.005 mm). The overall prevalences of carotid intimal thickening and carotid plaques were 12.4% and 9.7%, respectively. The prevalence of CIMT varied for the different subtypes of hypertension. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed different risk factors for abnormal CIMT in different ethnicities. The associations between abnormal CIMT and the different subtypes of hypertension within different ethnic backgrounds were also different. The risk factors for abnormal CIMT included systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH) in Han participants (OR: 1.323, 95% CI: 1.100-1.590), SDH (OR: 1.426, 95% CI: 1.160-1.753) and isolated-systolic hypertension (ISH) (OR: 1.844, 95% CI: 1.470-2.313) in Uygur participants, and isolated-diastolic hypertension (IDH) (OR: 1.536, 95% CI: 1.170-2.016) in Kazakh participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was an ethnic difference in the prevalence of abnormal CIMT in Xinjiang, a northwestern province in China. The associations between abnormal CIMT and the subtypes of hypertension varied among the different ethnic groups. Among the studied populations, Han participants with SDH, Uygur participants with SDH and ISH, and Kazakh with IDH were more likely to suffer carotid atherosclerosis than those with other subtypes of hypertension. Participants with different ethnic backgrounds had different sets of risk factors for abnormal CIMT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.|Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Fen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.|Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Dilare
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.|Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yi-Ning
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.|Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.|Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.|Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.|Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Yan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.|Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Bang-Dang
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.|Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chun-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.|Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yi-Tong
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors