title: Poor Physical Performance Predicts Future Onset of Depression in Elderly People: Progetto Veneto Anziani Longitudinal Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced physical performance is predictive of deleterious outcomes in older adults. Data considering objective physical performance and incident depression are sparse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate during a 4-year study whether objective physical performance can predict incident depression among older adults who do not have depression at the baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 3,099 older people initially enrolled in the Progetto Veneto Anziani study, 970 participants without depression at the baseline were included (mean age = 72.5 years; 54.6% women). Physical performance measures included the Short Physical Performance Battery, 4-m gait speed, Five-Times Sit-to-Stand test, leg extension and flexion, handgrip strength, and 6-minute walk test, categorized in sex-specific tertiles. Depression was classified on the basis of the Geriatric Depression Scale and a diagnosis from a geriatric psychiatrist. Area under the curve and logistic regression analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the baseline, participants developing depression during the follow-up (n = 207) scored significantly worse across all physical performance measures than those who did not develop depression. The area under the curve and predictive power were similar for all of the physical performance tests assessed. In the logistic regression analysis, after adjustment for 14 potential confounders, worse physical performance across all tests increased the risk of depression. Participants in the lowest tertile of the Short Physical Performance Battery were at notable odds of developing depression (odds ratio = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.18-2.71). The association between poor physical performance and depression was typically stronger in women than in men, except for 4-m gait speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No gold standard was used for a depression diagnosis; oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were not included; and there was a high rate of missing data at the follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low physical performance appeared to be an independent predictor of depression over a 4-year follow-up in a sample of elderly people.
authors.affiliation: Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2-35128 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Veronese
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.affiliation: Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trevisan
authors.affiliation: Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bolzetta
authors.affiliation: Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Rui
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solmi
authors.affiliation: Clinica Medica I, Department of Medicine, University of Padova.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.affiliation: Clinica Medica I, Department of Medicine, University of Padova.
authors.forename: Estella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Musacchio
authors.affiliation: Clinica Medica I, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, and National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zambon
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova.
authors.forename: Egle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perissinotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova.
authors.forename: Giovannella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baggio
authors.affiliation: National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crepaldi
authors.affiliation: Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, and National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute.
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manzato
authors.affiliation: National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.affiliation: Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova.
authors.forename: Guiseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sergi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests