title: Skin advanced glycation end-products evaluation in infants according to the type of feeding and mother's smoking habits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to assess whether formula-fed infants had increased skin advanced glycation end-products compared with breastfed ones. We also evaluated the effect of maternal smoke during pregnancy and lactation on infant skin advanced glycation end-products accumulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Advanced glycation end-product-linked skin autofluorescence was measured in 101 infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In infants born from non-smoking mothers, advanced glycation end-products were higher in formula-fed subjects than in breastfed subjects (0.80 (0.65-0.90) vs 1.00 (0.85-1.05), p < 0.001). Advanced glycation end-products in breastfed infants from smoking mothers were higher than in those from non-smoking mothers (0.80 (0.65-0.90) vs 1.00 (0.90-1.17), p = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Formula-fed infants had increased amounts of advanced glycation end-products compared with the breastfed ones, confirming that breast milk represents the best food for infants. Breastfed infants from mothers smoking during pregnancy and lactation had increased skin advanced glycation end-products, suggesting that smoke-related advanced glycation end-products transfer throughout breast milk. Moreover, advanced glycation end-products may already increase during gestation, possibly affecting fetal development. Thus, we reinforced that smoking must be stopped during pregnancy and lactation.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.affiliation: Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gori
authors.affiliation: Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Emioli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Randazzo
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Unit, San Luca Hospital, Lucca, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vierucci
keywords: Advanced glycation end-products; breast-feeding; infants; skin autofluorescence; smoke