title: Frequency and Predictors of Analgesic Prescribing in U.S. Nursing Home Residents with Persistent Pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify prescription analgesic use of elderly nursing home (NH) residents with persistent noncancer pain and to identify individual and facility traits associated with no treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linked Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessments; Online Survey, Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) records; and Medicare Part D claims.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals aged 65 and older with persistent noncancer pain were identified from a cross-section of all long-stay U.S. NH residents with an MDS assessment and Medicare Part D enrollment in 2008, excluding those who were terminally ill, those with Alzheimer's disease, and those with the most-severe cognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents with moderate to severe daily pain on consecutive assessments at least 90 days apart constituted the cohort with persistent pain. Part D dispensing for an opioid or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) within 30 days of persistent pain onset was identified. Information on resident and facility characteristics was obtained from MDS and OSCAR records. Associations between resident and facility attributes and pain treatment were estimated using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the study sample of 18,526 residents with persistent pain, 3,094 (16.7%) did not receive prescription analgesics, 12,815 (69.2%) received a prescription opioid, 485 (2.6%) received a prescription NSAID, and 2,132 (11.5%) received a prescription opioid and NSAID. After adjusting for potentially confounding covariates, residents who were older (≥95, odds ratio (OR) = 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.70-2.49), more cognitively impaired (moderately severe cognitive impairment, OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.71-2.62), or black (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.03-1.39) or Asian (OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.22-3.20) were less likely to receive a prescription analgesic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through 2008, pain remained undertreated in NHs, especially in certain subpopulations, including cognitively impaired and older residents. Changes in pain management practice and policies may be necessary to target these vulnerable residents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fain
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: G Caleb
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Optum Epidemiology, Waltham, Massachusetts.|Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dore
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jodi B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1673-4570
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Zullo
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castillo-Salgado
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054524:Medicare Part D; D009735:Nursing Homes; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
keywords: health disparities; nursing homes; persistent pain; prescription opioids