title: Development of cortical motor circuits between childhood and adulthood: A navigated TMS-HdEEG study.
abstract: Motor functions improve during childhood and adolescence, but little is still known about the development of cortical motor circuits during early life. To elucidate the neurophysiological hallmarks of motor cortex development, we investigated the differences in motor cortical excitability and connectivity between healthy children, adolescents, and adults by means of navigated suprathreshold motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with high-density electroencephalography (EEG). We demonstrated that with development, the excitability of the motor system increases, the TMS-evoked EEG waveform increases in complexity, the magnitude of induced activation decreases, and signal spreading increases. Furthermore, the phase of the oscillatory response to TMS becomes less consistent with age. These changes parallel an improvement in manual dexterity and may reflect developmental changes in functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2599-2615, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5402-3417
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Määttä
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Mervi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Könönen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kallioniemi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.|Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lakka
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Niina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lintu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Virpi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lindi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Neurology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Florinda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferreri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ponzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Säisänen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adolescent; adult; child; electroencephalography; gamma-Amicobutyric Acid; motor cortex; transcranial magnetic stimulation