title: Inhibition of proliferation and invasion in 2D and 3D models by 2-methoxyestradiol in human melanoma cells.
abstract: Despite the recent advances in the clinical management of melanoma, there remains a need for new pharmacological approaches to treat this cancer. 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) is a metabolite of estrogen that has shown anti-tumor effects in many cancer types. In this study we show that 2ME treatment leads to growth inhibition in melanoma cells, an effect associated with entry into senescence, decreased pRb and Cyclin B1 expression, increased p21/Cip1 expression and G2/M cell cycle arrest. 2ME treatment also inhibits melanoma cell growth in colony formation assay, including cell lines with acquired resistance to BRAF and BRAF+MEK inhibitors. We further show that 2ME is effective against melanoma with different BRAF and NRAS mutational status. Moreover, 2ME induced the retraction of cytoplasmic projections in a 3D spheroid model and significantly decreased cell proliferation in a 3D skin reconstruct model. Together our studies bring new insights into the mechanism of action of 2ME allowing melanoma targeted therapy to be further refined. Continued progress in this area is expected to lead to improved anti-cancer treatments and the development of new and more effective clinical analogues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faião-Flores
authors.affiliation: The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, USA.
authors.forename: V W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Rebecca
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandri
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Alves-Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Pennacchi
authors.affiliation: The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, USA.
authors.forename: K S M
authors.initials: KSM
authors.lastname: Smalley
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: silvya@usp.br.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Maria-Engler
mesh_terms: D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004958:Estradiol; D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol
keywords: 2-methoxyestradiol; Chemoresistance; Estrogen; Melanoma