title: Adequacy of Usual Vitamin and Mineral Intake in Spanish Children and Adolescents: ENALIA Study.
abstract: Background:The National Dietary Survey on the Child and Adolescent Population in Spain (ENALIA) provides data to assess the usual micronutrient intake among Spanish infants, children, and adolescents.Methods:Cross-sectional survey (November 2012-July 2014) of a representative sample of Spanish children and adolescents (six months-17 years) (n= 1862). Dietary information was collected using two non-consecutive one-day food diaries (six months-10 years old) or two 24 h dietary recalls (11 years and older) separated by at least 14 days. Estimates were calculated using the Iowa State University method and PC-SIDE software (version 1.0, department of statistics, center for agricultural and rural development, Ames, IA, USA) to account for within- and between-person variation.Results:Usual intake of vitamin D was insufficient in practically all individuals. Vitamin E, folate, and calcium were insufficient, especially from nine years of age, and magnesium and iodine from 14 years of age. The percentage of subjects with insufficient intakes was higher among females. Sodium intake was excessive in a considerable percentage of the population, especially in males, and it increased with age. Finally, over half of children under four years of age had zinc usual intakes that exceeded the Tolerable Upper Level.Conclusion:Vitamin and mineral intake in Spain should be improved, especially in late childhood and adolescence. Nutritional intervention and educational strategies are needed to promote healthy eating habits and correct micronutrient inadequacies in Spanish children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: VALORNUT Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain. asobaler@ucm.es.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: López-Sobaler
authors.affiliation: VALORNUT Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain. araparic@ucm.es.
authors.forename: Aránzazu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aparicio
authors.affiliation: VALORNUT Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid 28691, Spain. liligoro@uax.es.
authors.forename: Liliana G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: González-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: VALORNUT Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain. esther.cuadrado90@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cuadrado-Soto
authors.affiliation: Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/Alcalá 56, Madrid 28071, Spain. jrubiom@msssi.es.
authors.forename: Josefa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.affiliation: Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/Alcalá 56, Madrid 28071, Spain. VMarcos@msssi.es.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.affiliation: Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/Alcalá 56, Madrid 28071, Spain. rsanchidrian@msssi.es.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanchidrián
authors.affiliation: Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/Alcalá 56, Madrid 28071, Spain. ssantos@msssi.es.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/Alcalá 56, Madrid 28071, Spain. nperezf@msssi.es.
authors.forename: Napoleón
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pérez-Farinós
authors.affiliation: Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/Alcalá 56, Madrid 28071, Spain. mdalre@msssi.es.
authors.forename: Marian Ángeles
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Dal Re
authors.affiliation: Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/Alcalá 56, Madrid 28071, Spain. cvillar@msssi.es.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.affiliation: Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/Alcalá 56, Madrid 28071, Spain. trobledo@msssi.es.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Robledo
authors.affiliation: Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C/Alcalá 56, Madrid 28071, Spain. preaecosan@msssi.es.
authors.forename: J Javier
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Castrodeza
authors.affiliation: VALORNUT Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain. rortega@ucm.es.
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ortega
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000172:deficiency*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D013030:Spain; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients; D014807:Vitamin D; D014810:Vitamin E; D005492:Folic Acid; D012964:Sodium
keywords: Spain; adolescents; children; micronutrient; minerals; usual intake; vitamins