title: From east to west across the Palearctic: Phylogeography of the invasive lime leaf miner Phyllonorycter issikii (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and discovery of a putative new cryptic species in East Asia.
abstract: Knowing the phylogeographic structure of invasive species is important for understanding the underlying processes of invasion. The micromoth Phyllonorycter issikii, whose larvae damage leaves of lime trees Tilia spp., was only known from East Asia. In the last three decades, it has been recorded in most of Europe, Western Russia and Siberia. We used the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region to compare the genetic variability of P. issikii populations between these different regions. Additionally, we sequenced two nuclear genes (28S rRNA and Histone 3) and run morphometric analysis of male genitalia to probe for the existence of cryptic species. The analysis of COI data of 377 insect specimens collected in 16 countries across the Palearctic revealed the presence of two different lineages: P. issikii and a putative new cryptic Phyllonorycter species distributed in the Russian Far East and Japan. In P. issikii, we identified 31 haplotypes among which 23 were detected in the invaded area (Europe) and 10 were found in its putative native range in East Asia (Russian Far East, Japan, South Korea and China), with only two common haplotypes. The high number of haplotypes found in the invaded area suggest a possible scenario of multiple introductions. One haplotype H1 was dominant (119 individuals, 67.2%), not only throughout its expanding range in Europe and Siberia but, intriguingly, also in 96% of individuals originating from Japan. We detected eight unique haplotypes of P. issikii in East Asia. Five of them were exclusively found in the Russian Far East representing 95% of individuals from that area. The putative new cryptic Phyllonorycter species showed differences from P. issikii for the three studied genes. However, both species are morphologically undistinguishable. They occur in sympatry on the same host plants in Japan (Sendai) and the Russian Far East (Primorsky krai) without evidence of admixture.
authors.affiliation: Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Center «Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS», Krasnoyarsk, Russia.|Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.|INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kirichenko
authors.affiliation: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Triberti
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Issei
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ohshima
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France.|UMR CBGP (INRA, CIRAD, IRD, SupAgro), Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haran
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Bong-Kyu
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Houhun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Augustin
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roques
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France.|Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopez-Vaamonde
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D017344:Genes, Insect; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006239:Haplotypes; D058865:Introduced Species; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography