title: Hair biomonitoring and health status of a general population exposed to Nickel.
abstract: An epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted in a Greek population, being orally exposed to Ni via food consumption, in order to investigate possible health effects and to evaluate hair Ni concentration as a biomarker of exposure. The study population consisted of 139 men and 155 women, aged 25-69. Socio-demographics, lifestyle, dietary habits, occupational and medical history data were recorded through a personal interview. Hematological and biochemical examinations were conducted in blood specimens. Metals - Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu and Zn - were determined in hair samples. Women were characterized by higher Ni and Cu hair concentrations, while men by higher Cr and Hg. Factors affecting hair metal concentrations were identified to be dietary habits, consumption of local crops, occupation and smoking. Hair element content in the study population was comparable to the "reference ranges" reported in Europe, except for Ni, found higher in a fraction of our population. Men in the upper quartile of hair Ni distribution are at higher risk for abnormal high cholesterol, LDL, albumin and calcium, with odds ratios (OR) varying between 3.5 and 6.2. Accordingly, high hair Ni content in women is associated with abnormal glucose (OR=3.9), triglycerides (OR=3.1) and low abnormal sodium (OR=4.3). The study provides evidence of the suitability of hair analysis in assessing environmental exposure to Ni and supports the use of hair Ni content as a valuable and relatively inexpensive tool of biomonitoring, to identify people at risk for certain biochemical alterations.
authors.affiliation: Lab of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, University Campus, Patras, GR-26504, Greece. Electronic address: elsazak@upatras.gr.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sazakli
authors.affiliation: Lab of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, University Campus, Patras, GR-26504, Greece. Electronic address: micleon@upatras.gr.
authors.forename: Michalis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leotsinidis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis*; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014131:Trace Elements; D014280:Triglycerides; D009532:Nickel; D002784:Cholesterol; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Biochemical alterations; Metals in human hair; Nickel; Oral exposure