title: Metabolic responses to intestine regeneration in sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus.
abstract: Sea cucumbers are excellent models for studying organ regeneration due to their striking capacity to regenerate most of their viscera after evisceration. In this study, we applied NMR-based metabolomics to determine the metabolite changes that occur during the process of intestine regeneration in sea cucumbers. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis showed that there was significant differences in metabolism between regenerative intestines at 3, 7, and 14days post evisceration (dpe) and normal intestines. Changes in the concentration of 13 metabolites related to regeneration were observed and analyzed. These metabolites included leucine, isoleucine, valine, arginine, glutamate, hypotaurine, dimethylamine, N,N-dimethylglycine, betaine, taurine, inosine, homarine, and histidine. Three important genes (betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1, and dimethylglycine dehydrogenase) were differentially expressed to regulate the levels of betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine during intestine regeneration. These results provide an important basis for studying regenerative mechanisms and developing regenerative matrixes.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Jingchun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science and Engineering, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Qinzeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoni
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China. Electronic address: zhanglibin@qdio.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Libin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Hongsheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D012616:Sea Cucumbers / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Gene expression; Intestine regeneration; Metabolic responses; Sea cucumber