title: Bacterial community shift for monitoring the co-composting of oil palm empty fruit bunch and palm oil mill effluent anaerobic sludge.
abstract: A recently developed rapid co-composting of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic sludge is beginning to attract attention from the palm oil industry in managing the disposal of these wastes. However, a deeper understanding of microbial diversity is required for the sustainable practice of the co-compositing process. In this study, an in-depth assessment of bacterial community succession at different stages of the pilot scale co-composting of OPEFB-POME anaerobic sludge was performed using 454-pyrosequencing, which was then correlated with the changes of physicochemical properties including temperature, oxygen level and moisture content. Approximately 58,122 of 16S rRNA gene amplicons with more than 500 operational taxonomy units (OTUs) were obtained. Alpha diversity and principal component analysis (PCoA) indicated that bacterial diversity and distributions were most influenced by the physicochemical properties of the co-composting stages, which showed remarkable shifts of dominant species throughout the process. Species related to Devosia yakushimensis and Desemzia incerta are shown to emerge as dominant bacteria in the thermophilic stage, while Planococcus rifietoensis correlated best with the later stage of co-composting. This study proved the bacterial community shifts in the co-composting stages corresponded with the changes of the physicochemical properties, and may, therefore, be useful in monitoring the progress of co-composting and compost maturity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Huzairi Mohd
authors.initials: MHM
authors.lastname: Zainudin
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. yatiramli@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Norhayati
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8015-8654
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramli
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Function and Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and System Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino-cho, Wakamatsu-Ku, Fukuoka, 808-0196, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Gene Technique, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tashiro
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D000076282:Composting / Q000379:methods*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D007220:Industrial Waste; D000073878:Palm Oil; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012722:Sewage; D000073878:Palm Oil
keywords: Bacterial community structure; Co-composting; Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Palm oil mill effluent anaerobic sludge; Pyrosequencing