title: The effect of additive compounds on glycerol-induced damage to human chondrocytes.
abstract: High concentrations of cryoprotective agents are required for cryopreservation techniques such as vitrification. Glycerol is a common cryoprotective agent used in cryopreservation protocols but this agent is toxic at high concentrations. This work is an attempt to mitigate the toxic effects of high concentrations of glycerol on intact chondrocytes in human knee articular cartilage from total knee arthroplasty patients by simultaneous exposure to glycerol and a variety of additive compounds. The resulting cell viability in the cartilage samples as measured by membrane integrity staining showed that, in at least one concentration or in combination, all of the tested additive compounds (tetramethylpyrazine, ascorbic acid, chondroitin sulphate, glucosamine sulphate) were able to reduce the deleterious effects of glycerol exposure when examination of membrane integrity took place on a delayed time frame. The use of additive compounds to reduce cryoprotectant toxicity in articular cartilage may help improve cell recovery after cryopreservation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta Hospital, 2D2.28 WMC, 8440-112St, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada. Electronic address: hahn@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta Hospital, 2D2.28 WMC, 8440-112St, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada. Electronic address: llaouar@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laouar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada. Electronic address: janet.elliott@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Janet A W
authors.initials: JAW
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta Hospital, 2D2.28 WMC, 8440-112St, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada. Electronic address: korbutt@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Korbutt
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta Hospital, 2D2.28 WMC, 8440-112St, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada. Electronic address: njomha@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Nadr M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Jomha
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019902:Chondrocytes; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000494:pharmacology; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005990:Glycerol / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D058989:Vitrification
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D011719:Pyrazines; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D005944:Glucosamine; D005990:Glycerol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C017953:tetramethylpyrazine
keywords: Ascorbic acid; Chondroitin sulphate; Cryoprotective agent toxicity; Glucosamine sulphate; Glycerol; Human articular cartilage; Osteoarthritis; Tetramethylpyrazine