title: Towards a Threat Assessment Framework for Ecosystem Services.
abstract: How can we tell if the ecosystem services upon which we rely are at risk of being lost, potentially permanently? Ecosystem services underpin human well-being, but we lack a consistent approach for categorizing the extent to which they are threatened. We present an assessment framework for assessing the degree to which the adequate and sustainable provision of a given ecosystem service is threatened. Our framework combines information on the states and trends of both ecosystem service supply and demand, with reference to two critical thresholds: demand exceeding supply and ecosystem service 'extinction'. This framework can provide a basis for global, national, and regional assessments of threat to ecosystem services, and accompany existing assessments of threat to species and ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. Electronic address: m.maron@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maron
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Institute for Resources, Environment & Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Matthew G E
authors.initials: MGE
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Runting
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Georgina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mace
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Keith
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460 USA.
authors.forename: James E M
authors.initials: JEM
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem
keywords: assessment; ecosystem service demand; ecosystem service supply; ecosystem services; extinction; restoration; sustainability