title: Imaging the up's and down's of emotion regulation in lifetime depression.
abstract: Reappraisal is a particularly effective strategy for influencing emotional experiences, specifically for reducing the impact of negative stimuli. Although depression has repeatedly been linked to dysfunctional behavioral and neural emotion regulation, prefrontal and amygdala engagement seems to vary with clinical characteristics and the specific regulation strategy used. Whereas previous neuroimaging research has focused on down-regulating reactions to emotionally evocative scenes, the current study compared up- and down-regulation in response to angry facial expressions in patients with depression and healthy individuals. During the initial viewing of faces, patients with depression showed hypoactivation particularly in areas implicated in emotion generation, i.e., amygdala, insula and putamen. In contrast, up-regulating negative emotions yielded stronger recruitment of core face processing areas and posterior medial frontal cortex in patients than in controls. However, group differences did not extend to resting-state functional connectivity. Recurrent depression was inversely associated with amygdala activation specifically during down-regulation, but differences in medication status may limit the current findings. Despite a pattern of reduced neural emotional reactivity in mainly medicated patients, their 'successful' recruitment of the regulation network for up-regulation might point toward an effective use of reappraisal when increasing negative emotions. Future studies need to address how patients might benefit from transferring this ability to adaptive goals, such as improving interpersonal emotion regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. sradke@ukaachen.de.|Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) - BRAIN Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships: Decoding the Human Brain at systemic levels, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Jülich, Germany. sradke@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Sina
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7844-2824
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.|Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoffstaedter
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Leonie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Löffler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.|Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kogler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.|Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) - BRAIN Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships: Decoding the Human Brain at systemic levels, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.|Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blechert
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.|Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) - BRAIN Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships: Decoding the Human Brain at systemic levels, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Jülich, Germany.|Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.|Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.|Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.|LEAD Graduate School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Derntl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004522:Educational Status; D056348:Emotional Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012146:Rest; D000068356:Self-Control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Depression; Emotion regulation; Facial expression; Reappraisal; fMRI