title: A Comparative Study of Neurological Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease with Special Reference to its Stages and Haemodialysis Status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Globally, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a critical and rapidly growing health problem and also a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Neurological complications occur in all levels of the nervous system. Central nervous system complications include cerebrovascular accidents, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, osmotic demyelization syndrome, cerebral infection and sinus vein thrombosis. Peripheral nervous system complications include polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome. Haemodialysis (HD) related neurological complications include dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, dementia and cerebrovascular accidents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the neurological complications of CKD and to compare the various neurological complications in patients on HD with those not on HD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hundred patients with CKD were included in the study. They were categorized into two groups according to the stage of CKD and those with stage 3 or more were considered as cases and stage 2 or less as controls. The cases and controls were followed up during subsequent visits for neurological complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study comprised of 50 cases and 50 controls. Among 50 cases, males were 62% and females were 38% with male: female ratio was 1.6:1 and in controls, male: female ratio was 1.08:1. The maximum patients were in the age group of 51-60 years. The incidence of neurological complications was significantly higher in cases compared to controls and among people who underwent dialysis compared to those who were not. Headache was the most common complication both among cases and controls and as well as in people who were on HD. Stroke, seizures and altered sensorium were significantly associated with later stage of CKD. Cases underwent HD had significant association with headache, altered sensorium and stroke than those without HD but peripheral neuropathy and seizure did not show such association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chances of development of neurological complications were significantly higher in late stages of CKD compared to early stages of CKD. Those neurological complications were more among people who underwent dialysis when compared to those not on maintenance HD.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Trainee, Department of General Medicine, Silchar Medical College , Silchar, Assam, India .
authors.forename: S G Shyam
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lakshman
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Trainee, Department of General Medicine, Silchar Medical College , Silchar, Assam, India .
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravikumar
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of General Medicine, Silchar Medical College , Silchar, Assam, India .
authors.forename: Giridhari
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kar
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of General Medicine, Silchar Medical College , Silchar, Assam, India .
authors.forename: Dwijen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of General Medicine, Silchar Medical College , Silchar, Assam, India .
authors.forename: Kallol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of General Medicine, Silchar Medical College , Silchar, Assam, India .
authors.forename: Prithwiraj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
keywords: Dementia; Peripheral nervous system diseases; Renal dialysis; Stroke