title: The Search for Dietary Supplements to Elevate or Activate Circulating Paraoxonases.
abstract: Low levels of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) have been associated with the development of several pathological conditions, whereas high levels have been shown to be anti-atherosclerotic in mouse models. These findings suggest that PON1 could be a good surrogate biomarker. The other members of the family, namely PON2 and PON3, the role of which has been much less studied, deserve more attention. This paper provides a systematic review of current evidence concerning dietary supplements in that regard. Preliminary studies indicate that the response to dietary supplements may have a nutrigenetic aspect that will need to be considered in large population studies or in clinical trials. A wide range of plant preparations have been found to have a positive action, with pomegranate and some of its components being the best characterized andAronia melanocarpaone of the most active. Flavonoids are found in the composition of all active extracts, with catechins and genistein being the most promising agents for increasing PON1 activity. However, some caveats regarding the dose, length of treatment, bioavailability, and stability of these compounds in formulations still need to be addressed. Once these issues have been resolved, these compounds could be included as nutraceuticals and functional foods capable of increasing PON1 activity, thereby helping with the long-term prevention of atherosclerosis and other chronic ailments.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, Huesca E-22002, Spain. mlou@unizar.es.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza E-50009, Spain. mlou@unizar.es.|Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza E-50013, Spain. mlou@unizar.es.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain. mlou@unizar.es.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lou-Bonafonte
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain. clarisgr_@hotmail.com.|Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Zaragoza E-50013, Spain. clarisgr_@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gabás-Rivera
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza E-50009, Spain. angelesn@unizar.es.|Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza E-50013, Spain. angelesn@unizar.es.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain. angelesn@unizar.es.|Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Zaragoza E-50013, Spain. angelesn@unizar.es.
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza E-50009, Spain. josada@unizar.es.|Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza E-50013, Spain. josada@unizar.es.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain. josada@unizar.es.|Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Zaragoza E-50013, Spain. josada@unizar.es.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osada
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids; D000818:Animals; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008055:Lipids; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry; D054647:Nutrigenomics; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D011506:Proteins; D014815:Vitamins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008055:Lipids; D010636:Phenols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011506:Proteins; D014815:Vitamins; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human
keywords: atherosclerosis; catechins; genistein; paraoxonase 1; paraoxonase 2; plant extracts