title: Long-term antimicrobial effect of nisin released from electrospun triaxial fiber membranes.
abstract: Electrospun membranes encapsulating nisin in the core of multi-layer coaxial fibers, with a hydrophobic PCL intermediate layer and a hygroscopic cellulose acetate sheath, have been demonstrated to provide long-term antimicrobial activity combined with a hygroscopic outer layer. Antimicrobial performance has been evaluated using modified versions of the antimicrobial textile test AATCC 100 and AATCC 147 against Staphylococcus aureus. The AATCC 147 tests indicate that antimicrobial activity persists up to 7days. The quantitative analysis from the AATCC 100 test indicates that tri-layer coaxial ("triaxial") electrospun fiber membranes provide >99.99% bacteria kill (4logkill) for up to five days. This indicates that the nisin-incorporated triaxial fibers have excellent biocidal activities for up to 5days and then provide biostatic activity for 2 or more days. Compared with other types of electrospun membranes, such as core-sheath coaxial ("coaxial") and single homogenous fibers, triaxial fiber membranes provided more robust and more sustained antimicrobial activity. Single fibers with nisin showed relatively weak activity and only for one day. Coaxial fiber membranes exhibited antimicrobial activity for a long period, but their biocidal activity was much weaker than that of triaxial fiber membranes, and only exhibited >99% bacteria kill (2logkill) after 1day of exposure.
  
  
  
  The increase in drug resistant pathogens has driven the need for alternative treatments that are effective against resistant bacteria and do not contribute to drug resistance. Nisin is an excellent model bacteriocin for antimicrobials because of its size and mode of action, and has been extensively used as FDA-approved food preservatives without any problematic resistance growth in bacteria during past decades. Nisin-containing fibers have been previously reported using conventional electrospinning but sustained antimicrobial effect has not been obtained. Here, we report the encapsulation of nisin into a multi-layered nanofiber construct using triaxial electrospinning in order to obtain a long-term antimicrobial activity. This will be highly beneficial in many applications, such as protective textiles, food packaging and cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA. Electronic address: hand@mail.uc.edu.
authors.forename: Daewoo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences and Technology Team (BSTT), Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA. Electronic address: shalli.a.sherman.civ@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Shalli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences and Technology Team (BSTT), Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760, USA. Electronic address: shaun.f.filocamo.civ@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Filocamo
authors.affiliation: Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA. Electronic address: a.steckl@uc.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Steckl
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D004595:Electroplating / Q000379:methods; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009561:Nisin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D012399:Rotation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009561:Nisin
keywords: Antimicrobial; Bacteriocin; Coaxial electrospinning; Nanofiber; Nisin; Triaxial electrospinning