title: Relationship between chronotype and temperament/character among university students.
abstract: Chronotype is largely classified as being morning or evening types according to preference for daily activity and the preferred bedtime. This study examined the relationship between chronotype and temperament/character dimensions among university students. A total of 2857 participants completed the 140-item Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised Short version (TCI-RS) from a 5-score scale as well as the 13-item composite scale for morningness-eveningness (CSM). In this study, we classified chronotype as "morning," "neither," or "evening" types according to CSM scores and compared the scores in terms of 4 temperament dimensions and 3 character dimensions. The evening type showed high values for novelty seeking and harm avoidance, whereas the morning type had high scores for persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness. A logistic regression analysis after controlling for age and gender showed that chronotype significantly associated with persistence and novelty seeking. The results of this study suggest that chronotype is different according to gender and age and in addition, chronotype closely correlates with temperament and character. Among these, eveningness was associated with high novelty seeking, whereas morningness was associated with high persistence. Further studies are required to investigate the relationship between chronotype and temperament/character dimensions in a wider age bracket.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, St. Andrew's Hospital, Icheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Graduate school, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kounseok
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, International St.Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyungun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jhung
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: empathy@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Jin Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002605:Character; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D057566:Self Report; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Character; Chronotype; Temperament