title: The genetic architecture of low-temperature adaptation in the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: Low-temperature growth and fermentation of wine yeast can enhance wine aroma and make them highly desirable traits for the industry. Elucidating response to cold in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is, therefore, of paramount importance to select or genetically improve new wine strains. As most enological traits of industrial importance in yeasts, adaptation to low temperature is a polygenic trait regulated by many interacting loci.
  
  
  
  In order to unravel the genetic determinants of low-temperature fermentation, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by bulk segregant analyses in the F13 offspring of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae industrial strains with divergent performance at low temperature. We detected four genomic regions involved in the adaptation at low temperature, three of them located in the subtelomeric regions (chromosomes XIII, XV and XVI) and one in the chromosome XIV. The QTL analysis revealed that subtelomeric regions play a key role in defining individual variation, which emphasizes the importance of these regions' adaptive nature.
  
  
  
  The reciprocal hemizygosity analysis (RHA), run to validate the genes involved in low-temperature fermentation, showed that genetic variation in mitochondrial proteins, maintenance of correct asymmetry and distribution of phospholipid in the plasma membrane are key determinants of low-temperature adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología de los alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, E-46980-Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Estéfani
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Ríos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología de los alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, E-46980-Paterna, Valencia, Spain.|Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morard
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany.|Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB101SA, UK.
authors.forename: Leopold
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parts
authors.affiliation: Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN), CNRS UMR 7284-INSERM U1081, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liti
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología de los alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, E-46980-Paterna, Valencia, Spain. guillamon@iata.csic.es.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guillamón
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000483:Alleles; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003080:Cold Temperature; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005285:Fermentation / Q000235:genetics; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D005838:Genotype; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Cold adaptation; Industrial yeast; Lipid asymmetry; Quantitative trait loci; Reciprocal hemizygosity analysis; Subtelomeres