title: Land-use regression with long-term satellite-based greenness index and culture-specific sources to model PM2.5spatial-temporal variability.
abstract: This study utilized a long-term satellite-based vegetation index, and considered culture-specific emission sources (temples and Chinese restaurants) with Land-use Regression (LUR) modelling to estimate the spatial-temporal variability of PM2.5using data from Taipei metropolis, which exhibits typical Asian city characteristics. Annual average PM2.5concentrations from 2006 to 2012 of 17 air quality monitoring stations established by Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan were used for model development. PM2.5measurements from 2013 were used for external data verification. Monthly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images coupled with buffer analysis were used to assess the spatial-temporal variations of greenness surrounding the monitoring sites. The distribution of temples and Chinese restaurants were included to represent the emission contributions from incense and joss money burning, and gas cooking, respectively. Spearman correlation coefficient and stepwise regression were used for LUR model development, and 10-fold cross-validation and external data verification were applied to verify the model reliability. The results showed a strongly negative correlation (r: -0.71 to -0.77) between NDVI and PM2.5while temples (r: 0.52 to 0.66) and Chinese restaurants (r: 0.31 to 0.44) were positively correlated to PM2.5concentrations. With the adjusted model R2of 0.89, a cross-validated adj-R2of 0.90, and external validated R2of 0.83, the high explanatory power of the resultant model was confirmed. Moreover, the averaged NDVI within a 1750 m circular buffer (p < 0.01), the number of Chinese restaurants within a 1750 m buffer (p < 0.01), and the number of temples within a 750 m buffer (p = 0.06) were selected as important predictors during the stepwise selection procedures. According to the partial R2, NDVI explained 66% of PM2.5variation and was the dominant variable in the developed model. We suggest future studies consider these three factors when establishing LUR models for estimating PM2.5in other Asian cities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan; Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.
authors.forename: Chih-Da
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mu-Jean
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yue Leon
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: sclung@rcec.sinica.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shih-Chun Candice
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lung
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D003296:Cooking; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012147:Restaurants; D063809:Satellite Imagery; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Fine particulate matter; Land-use regression; Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); Restaurants with Chinese-style cooking; Temple