title: Apium graveolens extract influences mood and cognition in healthy mice.
abstract: Apium graveolens is a food flavoring which possesses various health promoting effects. This study investigates the effect of a sub-acute administration of A. graveolens on cognition and anti-depression behaviors via antioxidant and related neurotransmitter systems in mice brains. Cognition and depression was assessed by various models of behavior. The antioxidant system of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), % inhibition of superoxide anion (O2-), and lipid peroxidation were studied. In addition, neurochemical parameters including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase-type A (MAO-A) were also evaluated. Nine groups of male mice were fed for 30 days with different substances-a control, vehicle, A. graveolens extract (65-500 mg/kg), and reference drugs (donepezil and fluoxetine). The results indicated that the effect of the intake of A. graveolens extract (125-500 mg/kg) was similar to the reference drugs, as it improved both spatial and non-spatial memories. Moreover, there was a decrease in immobility time in both the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. In addition, the A. graveolens extract reduced lipid peroxidation of the brain and increased GPx activity and the % inhibition of O2-, whereas the activities of AChE and MAO-A were decreased. Thus, our data have shown that the consumption of A. graveolens extract improved cognitive function and anti-depression activities as well as modulating the endogenous antioxidant and neurotransmitter systems in the brain, resulting in increased neuronal density. This result indicated an important role for A. graveolens extract in preventing age-associated decline in cognitive function associated with depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.
authors.forename: Phetcharat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boonruamkaew
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wanida
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sukketsiri
authors.affiliation: Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pharkphoom
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panichayupakaranant
authors.affiliation: Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wijittra
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kaewnam
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.
authors.forename: Supita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanasawet
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.
authors.forename: Varomyalin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tipmanee
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pilaiwanwadee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hutamekalin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand. pennapa.ch@chandra.ac.th.|College of Alternative Medicine, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, 39/1 Ratchadaphisek, Chantharakasem, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. pennapa.ch@chandra.ac.th.
authors.forename: Pennapa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chonpathompikunlert
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077102:Apium; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013550:Swimming
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013481:Superoxides; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: A. graveolens; Cognition; Depression; MAO-A; Oxidative stress