title: Children's thoughts and feelings about their donor and security of attachment to their solo mothers in middle childhood.
abstract: What is the relationship between children's thoughts and feelings about their donor and their security of attachment to their solo mothers in middle childhood?
  
  
  
  Children with higher levels of secure-autonomous attachment to their mothers were more likely to have positive perceptions of the donor, and those with higher levels of insecure-disorganized attachment to their mothers were more likely to perceive him negatively.
  
  
  
  There is limited understanding of the factors that contribute to children's thoughts and feelings about their donor in solo mother families. In adolescence, an association was found between adolescents' curiosity about donor conception and their security of attachment to their mothers.
  
  
  
  19 children were administered the Friends and Family Interview and Donor Conception Interview between December 2015 and March 2016 as part of the second phase of a longitudinal, multi-method, multi-informant study of solo mother families.
  
  
  
  All children were aged between 7 and 13 years and had been conceived by donor insemination to solo mothers. Interviews were conducted in participants' homes. The Friends and Family Interview was rated according to a standardized coding scheme designed to measure security of attachment in terms of secure-autonomous, insecure-dismissing, insecure-preoccupied and insecure-disorganized attachment patterns. Quantitative analyses of the Donor Conception Interview yielded two factors: interest in the donor and perceptions of the donor. Qualitative analyses of the Donor Conception Interview were conducted using qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis.
  
  
  
  Statistically significant associations were found between the perception of the donor scale and the secure-autonomous and insecure-disorganized attachment ratings. Children with higher levels of secure-autonomous attachment to their mothers were more likely to have positive perceptions of the donor (r = 0.549, P = 0.015), and those with higher levels of insecure-disorganized attachment to their mothers were more likely to perceive him negatively (r = -0.632, P = 0.004). Children's narratives about the donor depicted him as a stranger (n = 8), a biological father (n = 4), a social parent (n = 3), or in ambivalent terms (n = 4).
  
  
  
  Findings are limited by the wide age range of children within a small overall sample size. Participants were those willing and able to take part in research on donor conception families. The statistical significance of correlation coefficients was not corrected for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  
  Findings highlight the importance of situating children's ideas about the donor within family contexts. It is recommended that those working with donor conception families consider this when advising parents about whether, what and how to tell children about donor conception.
  
  
  
  This study was funded by the Wellcome Trust [097857/Z/11/Z]. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zadeh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Basi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golombok
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D030881:Disclosure; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D002666:Psychology, Child; D015406:Single Parent / Q000523:psychology; D013094:Spermatozoa; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: attachment; children's perspectives; donor conception; mother–child relationships; solo mother