title: Periorbital Soft Tissue Anthropometric Analysis of Young Adults.
abstract: The authors aim to determine the periorbital soft tissue anthropometric norms for Turkish young adults for right and left eyes using a noninvasive two-dimensional photogrammetric analysis. Anthropometric measurements of the periorbital soft tissue were taken from 172 female and 56 male Turkish adults aged between 18 and 24 years. The periorbital soft tissue profiles (ocular and palpebral) for males and females were digitally analyzed using linear measurements made with standardized photographic records, taken in a natural head position. Statistically significant differences were found for ocular soft tissue measurements according to gender except inner intercanthal distance (P = 0.125) and right horizontal palpebral aperture (P = 0.240). Statistically significant differences were found for palpebral soft tissue measurements according to gender except right pretarsal skin height (P = 0.112) and left pretarsal skin height (P = 0.056). Results were compared with other ethnic groups. Normal periorbital soft tissue measurements are fundamental anatomical parameters utilized in ophthalmology, optometry, ophthalmic industry, oculoplastic surgery, clinical genetics, dermatocosmetology. Further, normal anthropometric measurements generate reference data for studies in craniofacial dysmorphology, oculoplastic surgery, dermatocosmetology, and comparative physical anthropology.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa †Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir ‡Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Health Sciences, Uludag University, Bursa §Department of Anatomy, Institute of Health Sciences, Uludag University ||Health Services, Vocational Schools ¶Department of Bioistatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Turan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: Fatma Ezgi
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Can
authors.forename: Sefa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isiklar
authors.forename: Ilker
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ercan
authors.forename: Nedim Simsek
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Cankur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D005006:Ethnicity; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010780:Photogrammetry; D010781:Photography; D014421:Turkey; D055815:Young Adult