title: High levels of cynical distrust partly predict premature mortality in middle-aged to ageing men.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynical distrust on mortality in middle-aged and aging men. The analysis is based on Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease study, follow-up from 1984 to 2011. Sample consisted of 2682 men, aged 42-61 years at baseline. Data on mortality was provided by the National Death Registry, causes of death were classified by the National Center of Statistics of Finland. Cynical distrust was measured at baseline using Cynical Distrust Scale. Survival analyses were conducted using Cox regression models. In crude estimates after 28 years of follow-up, high cynical distrust was associated with 1.5-1.7 higher hazards for earlier death compared to low cynical distrust. Adjusted for conventional risk factors, high cynical distrust was significantly associated regarding CVD-free men and CVD mortality, while non-CVD mortality in study sample was consistently but not significantly associated. The risk effects were more expressed after 12-20 years rather than in earlier or later follow-up. To conclude, high cynical distrust associates with increased risk of CVD mortality in CVD-free men. The associations with non-CVD mortality are weaker and not reach statistical significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania. kastsmig@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kastytis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5371-9500
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Šmigelskas
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Roza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Joffė
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Jolita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jonynienė
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Julkunen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kauhanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D061213:Mortality, Premature; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D035502:Trust / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Cardiovascular mortality; Cynical distrust; Epidemiology; Longitudinal study; Personality