title: Wearable Potentiometric Chloride Sweat Sensor: The Critical Role of the Salt Bridge.
abstract: The components of sweat provide an array of potential biomarkers for health and disease. Sweat chloride is of interest as a biomarker for cystic fibrosis, electrolyte metabolism disorders, electrolyte balance, and electrolyte loss during exercise. Developing wearable sensors for biomarkers in sweat is a major technological challenge. Potentiometric sensors provide a relatively simple technology for on-body sweat chloride measurement, however, equilibration between reference and test solutions has limited the time over which accurate measurements can be made. Here, we report on a wearable potentiometric chloride sweat sensor. We performed parametric studies to show how the salt bridge geometry determines equilibration between the reference and test solutions. From these results, we show a sweat chloride sensor can be designed to provide accurate measurements over extended times. We then performed on-body tests on healthy subjects while exercising to establish the feasibility of using this technology as a wearable device.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Nanobiotechnology, John Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.
authors.forename: Dong-Hoon
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, John Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.
authors.forename: Jin Seob
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, John Hopkins University , Baltimore, United States.
authors.forename: Garry R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cutting
authors.affiliation: Institute for Nanobiotechnology, John Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, John Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5417-0828
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Searson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis*; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000032:analysis; D004867:Equipment Design; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011199:Potentiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry*; D013546:Sweating; D000076251:Wearable Electronic Devices; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D004573:Electrolytes