title: The use of infrared images to detect ticks in cattle and proposal of an algorithm for quantifying the infestation.
abstract: This paper presents a study on the use of low resolution infrared images to detect ticks in cattle. Emphasis is given to the main factors that influence the quality of the captured images, as well as to the actions that can increase the amount of information conveyed by these images. In addition, a new automatic method for analyzing the images and counting the ticks is introduced. The proposed algorithm relies only on color transformations and simple mathematical morphology operations, thus being easy to implement and computationally light. Tests were carried out using a large database containing images of the neck and hind end of the animals. It was observed that the proposed algorithm is very effective in detecting ticks visible in the images, even if the contrast with the background is not high. On the other hand, due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, the thermographic images used in this study did not always succeed in creating enough contrast between ticks and cattle's hair coat. Although these problems can be mitigated by following some directives, currently only rough estimates for tick counts can be achieved using infrared images with low spatial resolution.
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Av. Dr. André Tosello, 209 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-886, Brazil. Electronic address: jayme.barbedo@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: Jayme Garcia Arnal
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Barbedo
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Pecuária Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Cristina Gulias
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Pecuária Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Flores
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Pecuária Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Pecuária Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jeferson Vidart
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: University of Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Concepta Margaret
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McManus
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013987:Ticks / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Automatic count; Contrast; Digital image processing; Infrared thermography