title: Plants promote mating and dispersal of the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus.
abstract: Infections due to Cryptococcus are a leading cause of fungal infections worldwide and are acquired as a result of environmental exposure to desiccated yeast or spores. The ability of Cryptococcus to grow, mate, and produce infectious propagules in association with plants is important for the maintenance of the genetic diversity and virulence factors important for infection of animals and humans. In the Western United States and Canada, Cryptococcus has been associated with conifers and tree species other than Eucalyptus; however, to date Cryptococcus has only been studied on live Arabidopsis thaliana, Eucalyptus sp., and Terminalia catappa (almond) seedlings. Previous research has demonstrated the ability of Cryptococcus to colonize live plants, leaves, and vasculature. We investigated the ability of Cryptococcus to grow on live seedlings of the angiosperms, A. thaliana, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Colophospermum mopane, and the gymnosperms, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), and Tsuga heterophylla (Western hemlock). We observed a broad-range ability of Cryptococcus to colonize both traditional infection models as well as newly tested conifer species. Furthermore, C. neoformans, C. deneoformans, C. gattii (VGI), C. deuterogattii (VGII) and C. bacillisporus (VGIII) were able to colonize live plant leaves and needles but also undergo filamentation and mating on agar seeded with plant materials or in saprobic association with dead plant materials. The ability of Cryptococcus to grow and undergo filamentation and reproduction in saprobic association with both angiosperms and gymnosperms highlights an important role of plant debris in the sexual cycle and exposure to infectious propagules. This study highlights the broad importance of plants (and plant debris) as the ecological niche and reservoirs of infectious propagules of Cryptococcus in the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6692-3383
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rajinikanth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.|Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.|Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heitman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003454:Cryptococcus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D013045:Species Specificity