title: Application of modified small bladder patch-to-bladder double-layer sutures to improve renal transplantation in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to introduce an improved surgical procedure to reduce the incidence of urinary tract complications after renal transplantation in mice using a modified bladder patch-to-bladder anastomosis technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal isotransplantation was performed in 28 male C57BL/6 mice. The urinary tract was reconstructed with a ureteral anastomosis between the donor's small bladder patch and the recipient's bladder. The bladder patch was secured through a cystotomy in the recipient's bladder mucosa and seromuscular layers, which were sutured in a double-layer manner. The food intake and survival of mice were recorded for 100 days in addition to monitoring appearance, weight, and symptoms of pain. On post-transplantation day 7, the native kidney in the recipients was removed and the transplanted kidney assessed visually. Urine leakage from the transplanted graft was monitored by assessing the degree of ascites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The success rate of renal transplantation was 82 % (23 of 28 cases). Arterial thrombosis at the site of anastomosis occurred in 3 cases (11 %) and hemorrhagic shock in 2 cases (7 %). The mean ± SD time of the operation in recipients was 81 ± 5 min. No complications were noted in the successfully transplanted animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modified procedure of a small bladder patch-to-bladder with double-layer suturing minimizes complications after renal transplantation in mice while requiring the same operating time as other approaches such as ureter to bladder anastomosis, which are associated with more complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wenwei
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yirong
authors.affiliation: Live Cell Imaging Facility, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada.
authors.forename: Katarzyna M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heger
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, 325000 Wenzhou, Zhejiang P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
keywords: Experimental model; Mouse; Renal transplantation; Ureteral obstruction; Urinary tract reconstruction