title: Comparison between clinical significance of height-adjusted and weight-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to compare relationships between height- or weight-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM/Ht2or ASM/Wt) and risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases or osteoporosis in Japanese men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were healthy Japanese men (n = 583) and women (n = 1218). The study population included a young group (310 men and 357 women; age, 18-40 years) and a middle-aged and elderly group (273 men and 861 women; age, ≥41 years). ASM was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The reference values for class 1 and 2 sarcopenia in each sex were defined as values one and two standard deviations below the sex-specific means of the young group, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reference values for class 1 and 2 sarcopenia defined by ASM/Ht2were 7.77 and 6.89 kg/m2in men and 6.06 and 5.31 kg/m2in women, respectively. The reference values for ASM/Wt were 35.0 and 32.0% in men and 29.6 and 26.4% in women, respectively. In both men and women, ASM/Wt was negatively correlated with higher triglycerides (TG) and positively correlated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), but these associations were not found in height-adjusted ASM. In women, TG, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure in sarcopenia defined by ASM/Wt were significantly higher than those in normal subjects, but these associations were not found in sarcopenia defined by ASM/Ht2. Whole-body and regional bone mineral density in sarcopenia defined by ASM/Ht2were significantly lower than those in normal subjects, but these associations were not found in sarcopenia defined by ASM/Wt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weight-adjusted definition was able to identify cardiometabolic risk factors such as TG and HDL-C while height-adjusted definition could identify factors for osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Taishi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
authors.forename: Motohiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyachi
authors.affiliation: College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iemitsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Letters, Kokushikan University, 4-28-1, Setagaya, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 154-8515, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gando
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan. ksanada@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sanada
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Body height; Body weight; Cardiometabolic diseases; Definition; Osteoporosis; Sarcopenia