title: Tick-borne pathogens induce differential expression of genes promoting cell survival and host resistance in Ixodes ricinus cells.
abstract: There has been an emergence and expansion of tick-borne diseases in Europe, Asia and North America in recent years, including Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis and human anaplasmosis. The primary vectors implicated are hard ticks of the genus Ixodes. Although much is known about the host response to these bacterial and viral pathogens, there is limited knowledge of the cellular responses to infection within the tick vector. The bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum is able to bypass apoptotic processes in ticks, enabling infection to proceed. However, the tick cellular responses to infection with the flaviviruses tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and louping ill virus (LIV), which cause tick-borne encephalitis and louping ill respectively, are less clear.
  
  
  
  Infection and transcriptional analysis of the Ixodes ricinus tick cell line IRE/CTVM20 with the viruses LIV and TBEV, and the bacterium A. phagocytophilum, identified activation of common and distinct cellular pathways. In particular, commonly-upregulated genes included those that modulate apoptotic pathways, putative anti-pathogen genes, and genes that influence the tick innate immune response, including selective activation of toll genes.
  
  
  
  These data provide an insight into potential key genes involved in the tick cellular response to viral or bacterial infection, which may promote cell survival and host resistance.
authors.affiliation: Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK. Karen.Mansfield@apha.gsi.gov.uk.|Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. Karen.Mansfield@apha.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.affiliation: Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: The Tick Cell Biobank, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bell-Sakyi
authors.affiliation: Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.|Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alberdi
authors.affiliation: SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.|Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
authors.affiliation: Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.|Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.|Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fooks
mesh_terms: D041081:Anaplasma phagocytophilum / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D060829:Arthropod Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D004669:Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D018884:Ixodes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D060829:Arthropod Proteins
keywords: Anaplasma phagocytophilum; Apoptosis; Flavivirus; Immunology; Ixodes ricinus; Tick cell; Toll; Transcriptomics