title: The fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs), metabolites and illicit drugs in a WWTW and environmental waters.
abstract: A large number of emerging contaminants (ECs) are known to persist in surface waters, and create pressure on wastewater treatment works (WWTW) for their effective removal. Although a large database for the levels of these pollutants in water systems exist globally, there is still a lack in the correlation of the levels of these pollutants with possible long-term adverse health effects in wildlife and humans, such as endocrine disruption. The current study detected a total of 55 ECs in WWTW influent surface water, 41 ECs in effluent, and 40 ECs in environmental waters located upstream and downstream of the plant. A list of ECs persisted through the WWTW process, with 28% of all detected ECs removed by less than 50%, and 18% of all ECs were removed by less than 25%. Negative mass balances of some pharmaceuticals and metabolites were observed within the WWTW, suggesting possible back-transformation of ECs during wastewater treatment. Three parental illicit drug compounds were detected within the influent of the WWTW, with concentrations ranging between 27.6 and 147.0 ng L-1for cocaine, 35.6-120.6 ng L-1for mephedrone, and 270.9-450.2 ng L-1for methamphetamine. The related environmental risks are also discussed for some ECs, with particular reference to their ability to disrupt endocrine systems. The current study propose the potential of the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac and ibuprofen to be regarded as priority ECs for environmental monitoring due to their regular detection and persistence in environmental waters and their possible contribution towards adverse health effects in humans and wildlife.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa. Electronic address: earcher@sun.ac.za.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petrie
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kasprzyk-Hordern
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
authors.forename: Gideon M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Wolfaardt
mesh_terms: D003358:Cosmetics / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D062065:Wastewater; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs); Illicit drugs; Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs); Risk assessment; Wastewater