title: Mitochondria-targeted small molecule SS31: a potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: The objective of our study was to better understand the protective effects of the mitochondria-targeted tetra-peptide SS31 against amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced mitochondrial and synaptic toxicities in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Using intraperitoneal injections, we administered SS31 to an AD mouse model (APP) over a period of 6 weeks, beginning when the APP mice were 12 months of age. We studied their cortical tissues after SS31 treatment and determined that SS31 crosses the blood brain barrier and reaches mitochondrial sites of free radical production. We also determined: (1) plasma and brain levels of SS31, (2) mRNA levels and levels of mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis proteins and synaptic proteins, (3) soluble Aβ levels and immunoreactivity of mutant APP and Aβ levels and (4) mitochondrial function by measuring H2O2, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c oxidase activity and mitochondrial ATP. We found reduced mRNA expression and reduced protein levels of fission genes, and increased levels of mitochondrial fusion, biogenesis and synaptic genes in SS31-treated APP mice relative to SS31-untreated APP mice. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed reduced full-length mutant APP and soluble/insoluble Aβ levels in the SS31-treated APP mice. Sandwich ELISA assays revealed significantly reduced soluble Aβ levels in the SS31-treated APP mice relative to the untreated APP mice. Mitochondrial function was maintained in the SS31-treated APP mice over the 6 weeks of SS31 treatment compared with mitochondrial function in the untreated APP mice. Our findings indicate that SS31 treatment reduces Aβ production, reduces mitochondrial dysfunction, maintains mitochondrial dynamics and enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and synaptic activity in APP mice; and that SS31 may confer protective effects against mitochondrial and synaptic toxicities in APP transgenic mice.
authors.affiliation: Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, MS 9424 Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.|Garrison Institute on Aging, South West Campus, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, MS 7495 Lubbock, TX 79413, USA.|Cell Biology & Biochemistry Department.|Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department.|Neurology Department.|Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, MS 9424 Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.|Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MS 9424 Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
authors.forename: P Hemachandra
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, MS 9424 Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manczak
authors.affiliation: Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, MS 9424 Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kandimalla
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D009842:Oligopeptides; C506540:arginyl-2,'6'-dimethyltyrosyl-lysyl-phenylalaninamide