title: Pyrethroid resistance in Iranian field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus.
abstract: Resistance to acaricides in ticks is becoming increasingly widespread throughout the world; therefore, tick control requires resistance monitoring for each tick species. The aims of this study were to monitor the susceptibility status of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae), against pyrethroid acaricides from Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, and where resistance was evident, and establish the possible underlying mechanisms. Fully engorged adult R. (B.) annulatus females collected on cattle from Mazandaran Province. Twenty-nine tick populations produced 10-18days old larvae and bioassayed with cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin by larval packet test and the levels of detoxification enzymes were measured. Population AM-29 had a maximum resistance ratio (RR99) of 20.21 to cypermethrin and 53.57% of the tick populations were resistant at LC99level. With λ-cyhalothrin, 17.86% of the tick populations were resistant and AM-29 was the most resistant population with RR99=4.54. AM-29 also showed significant elevation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) (2.76- and 2.39-fold, respectively) (P<0.001). Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus showed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides with elevated levels of P450, GST and para-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NPA) in resistant populations. Operational failure was noted in controlling R. (B.) annulatus by pyrethroid insecticides, therefore alternative pest management measures should be adopted in Iran. For the first time, a new estimate of insecticide resistance based on effective dose recommended by the pesticide manufacturer termed Operational Dose Ratio (ODR) is defined and discussed.
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology, North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyyed Payman
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ziapour
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Mazandaran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sadegh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kheiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fazeli-Dinan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sahraei-Rostami
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza Ali
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mohammadpour
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aarabi
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Hassan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Nikookar
authors.affiliation: DVM, Animal Health and Diseases Control Unit, Mazandaran Provincial Veterinary Organization, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarafrazi
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Asgarian
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. Electronic address: aenayati@mazums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ahmadali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Enayati
authors.affiliation: Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hemingway
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D060829:Arthropod Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007492:Iran; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000378:metabolism; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D009570:Nitriles; D009596:Nitrophenols; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; C008642:4-nitrophenyl acetate; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C037304:cyhalothrin
keywords: Acaricide resistance; Cattle ticks; Cypermethrin; Metabolic mechanisms; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (R. (B.) annulatus); λ-cyhalothrin