title: Depression, social support, and long-term risk for coronary heart disease in a 13-year longitudinal epidemiological study.
abstract: Depression has been linked with long-term risk for a variety of physical health ailments, including coronary heart disease (CHD). Little is known about resilience factors that may attenuate this relationship. The current study assessed whether social support moderates the long-term risk for CHD associated with this disorder. Data were drawn from the Americans' Changing Lives study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of adults in the United States. Participants (unweighted n=1636) completed initial assessments of functional social support, body mass index, recent history of major depression, CHD, hypertension, and diabetes. Participants were again assessed for CHD at a follow-up assessment 13 years later. Social support was found to moderate the relationship between depression and the occurrence of CHD 13 years later. Specifically, among individuals with low social support, depression was prospectively associated with CHD. In contrast, depression was not prospectively associated with CHD among individuals with high social support. The results indicate that social support may function as a resilience factor against the long-term cardiovascular risk associated with depression. Clinical interventions focusing on the development of social support systems are important not only for addressing depression itself, but also for associated long-term physical health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI, USA. Electronic address: rtliupsych@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Evelyn M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Zoë M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Trout
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Evan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kleiman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Melanie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bozzay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D014481:United States
keywords: Depression; Heart Disease; Resilience, Social Support