title: Can purchasing information be used to predict adherence to cardiovascular medications? An analysis of linked retail pharmacy and insurance claims data.
abstract: The use of retail purchasing data may improve adherence prediction over approaches using healthcare insurance claims alone.
  
  
  
  Retrospective.
  
  
  
  A cohort of patients who received prescription medication benefits through CVS Caremark, used a CVS Pharmacy ExtraCare Health Care (ECHC) loyalty card, and initiated a statin medication in 2011.
  
  
  
  We evaluated associations between retail purchasing patterns and optimal adherence to statins in the 12 subsequent months.
  
  
  
  Among 11 010 statin initiators, 43% were optimally adherent at 12 months of follow-up. Greater numbers of store visits per month and dollar amount per visit were positively associated with optimal adherence, as was making a purchase on the same day as filling a prescription (p<0.0001 for all). Models to predict adherence using retail purchase variables had low discriminative ability (C-statistic: 0.563), while models with both clinical and retail purchase variables achieved a C-statistic of 0.617.
  
  
  
  While the use of retail purchases may improve the discriminative ability of claims-based approaches, these data alone appear inadequate for adherence prediction, even with the addition of more complex analytical approaches. Nevertheless, associations between retail purchasing behaviours and adherence could inform the development of quality improvement interventions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Alexis A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Krumme
authors.affiliation: Center for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO) and REDISSEC, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sanfélix-Gimeno
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Isaman
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Mufaddal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahesri
authors.affiliation: CVS Health, Woonsocket, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Olga S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Matlin
authors.affiliation: CVS Health, Woonsocket, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Shrank
authors.affiliation: CVS Health, Woonsocket, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Troyen A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brill
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Niteesh K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Choudhry
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007345:Insurance Claim Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055656:Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
keywords: CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH; STATISTICS & RESEARCH METHODS