title: Addition of bioactive glass to glass ionomer cements: Effect on the physico-chemical properties and biocompatibility.
abstract: Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are a subject of research because of their inferior mechanical properties, despite their advantages such as fluoride release and direct bonding to bone and teeth. Recent research aims to improve the bioactivity of the GICs and thereby improve mechanical properties on the long term. In this study, two types of bioactive glasses (BAG) (45S5F and CF9) are combined with GICs to evaluate the physico-chemical properties and biocompatibility of the BAG-GIC combinations. The effect of the addition of Al3+to the BAG composition and the use of smaller BAG particles on the BAG-GIC properties was also investigated.
  
  
  
  Conventional aluminosilicate glass (ASG) and (modified) BAG were synthesized by the melt method. BAG-GIC were investigated on setting time, compressive strength and bioactivity. Surface changes were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS and PO43--and Ca2+uptake in SBF. Biocompatibility of selected BAG-GICs was determined by a direct toxicity assay.
  
  
  
  The addition of BAG improves the bioactivity of the GIC, which can be observed by the formation of an apatite (Ap) layer, especially in CF9-containing GICs. More BAG leads to more bioactivity but decreases strength. The addition of Al3+to the BAG composition improves strength, but decreases bioactivity. BAGs with smaller particle sizes have no effect on bioactivity and decrease strength. The formation of an Ap layer seems beneficial to the biocompatibility of the BAG-GICs.
  
  
  
  Bioactive GICs may have several advantages over conventional GICs, such as remineralization of demineralized tissue, adhesion and proliferation of bone- and dental cells, allowing integration in surrounding tissue. CF9 BAG-GIC combinations containing maximum 10mol% Al3+are most promising, when added in ≤20wt% to a GIC.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 Bdg. B 4th Floor, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: tamara.decaluwe@ugent.be.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Caluwé
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 Bdg. B 4th Floor, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: C W J
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Vercruysse
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 Bdg. B 4th Floor, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ladik
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 Bdg. B 4th Floor, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Convents
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 6B3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Declercq
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Special Care Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 Bdg. B 4th Floor, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: R M H
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Verbeeck
mesh_terms: D019245:Compressive Strength; D003764:Dental Materials; D005898:Glass; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008422:Materials Testing; D010316:Particle Size; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements
keywords: Apatite; Bioactive glass; Bioactivity; Biocompatibility; Fluoride; Glass ionomer