title: Verticillium dahliae manipulates plant immunity by glycoside hydrolase 12 proteins in conjunction with carbohydrate-binding module 1.
abstract: Glycoside hydrolase 12 (GH12) proteins act as virulence factors and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in oomycetes. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of fungal GH12 proteins have not been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that two of the six GH12 proteins produced by the fungus Verticillium dahliae Vd991, VdEG1 and VdEG3 acted as PAMPs to trigger cell death and PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) independent of their enzymatic activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. A 63-amino-acid peptide of VdEG3 was sufficient for cell death-inducing activity, but this was not the case for the corresponding peptide of VdEG1. Further study indicated that VdEG1 and VdEG3 trigger PTI in different ways: BAK1 is required for VdEG1- and VdEG3-triggered immunity, while SOBIR1 is specifically required for VdEG1-triggered immunity in N. benthamiana. Unlike oomycetes, which employ RXLR effectors to suppress host immunity, a carbohydrate-binding module family 1 (CBM1) protein domain suppressed GH12 protein-induced cell death. Furthermore, during infection of N. benthamiana and cotton, VdEG1 and VdEG3 acted as PAMPs and virulence factors, respectively indicative of host-dependent molecular functions. These results suggest that VdEG1 and VdEG3 associate differently with BAK1 and SOBIR1 receptor-like kinases to trigger immunity in N. benthamiana, and together with CBM1-containing proteins manipulate plant immunity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Yue-Jing
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Jie-Yin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8040-099X
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Dan-Dan
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Nan-Yang
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Ting-Gang
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Qi
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dylan P G
authors.initials: DPG
authors.lastname: Short
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Qiang
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, United States of America.
authors.forename: Krishna V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Subbarao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D016923:Cell Death; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D003368:Gossypium / Q000382:microbiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000382:microbiology*; D020172:Verticillium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D037521:Virulence Factors; C055213:saccharide-binding proteins; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases