title: H1N1 influenza vaccination in HIV-infected women on effective antiretroviral treatment did not induce measurable antigen-driven proliferation of the HIV-1 proviral reservoir.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antigen-induced activation and proliferation of HIV-1-infected cells is hypothesized to be a mechanism of HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. The objective of this study was to determine if proliferation of H1N1-specific HIV-infected cells could be detected following H1N1 vaccination.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study utilized cryopreserved PBMC from a previously conducted trial of H1N1 vaccination in HIV-infected pregnant women. HIV-1 DNA concentrations and 437 HIV-1 C2V5 env DNA sequences were analyzed from ten pregnant women on effective antiretroviral therapy, before and 21 days after H1N1 influenza vaccination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-1 DNA concentration did not change after vaccination (median pre- vs. post-vaccination: 95.77 vs. 41.28 copies/million PBMC, p = .37). Analyses of sequences did not detect evidence of HIV replication or proliferation of infected cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antigenic stimulation during effective ART did not have a detectable effect on the genetic makeup of the HIV-1 DNA reservoir. Longitudinal comparison of the amount and integration sites of HIV-1 in antigen-specific cells to chronic infections (such as herpesviruses) may be needed to definitively evaluate whether antigenic stimulation induces proliferation of HIV-1 infected cells.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, USA. thor.wagner@seattlechildrens.org.|Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, 8th Floor, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. thor.wagner@seattlechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Thor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, 8th Floor, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
authors.forename: Hannah C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA.
authors.forename: Christen E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Salyer
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, USA.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nachman
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, USA.|Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, 8th Floor, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Frenkel
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D001483:Base Sequence; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D011533:Proviruses / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines
keywords: Antiretroviral therapy; Antiretroviral treatment; H1N1; HIV; HIV DNA; Influenza; Latency; Pregnancy; Vaccination