title: Reproductive energy expenditure and changes in body morphology for a population of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha with a long distance migration.
abstract: Energetic demands of a long freshwater migration, extended holding period, gamete development and spawning were evaluated for a population of stream-type Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Female and male somatic mass decreased by 24 and 21%, respectively, during migration and by an additional 18 and 12% during holding. Between freshwater entry and death after spawning, females allocated 14% of initial somatic energy towards gonad development and 78% for metabolism (46, 25 and 7% during migration, holding and spawning, respectively). Males used only 2% of initial somatic energy for gonad development and 80% on metabolic costs, as well as an increase in snout length (41, 28 and 11% during migration, holding and spawning, respectively). Individually marked O. tshawytscha took between 27 and 53 days to migrate 920 km. Those with slower travel times through the dammed section of the migration corridor arrived at spawning grounds with less muscle energy than faster migrants. Although energy depletion did not appear to be the proximate cause of death in most pre-spawn mortalities, average final post-spawning somatic energy densities were low at 3·6 kJ g-1in females and 4·1 kJ g-1in males, consistent with the concept of a minimum energy threshold required to sustain life in semelparous salmonids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID, 83844-1136, U.S.A.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Bowerman
authors.affiliation: Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID, 83844-1136, U.S.A.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinson-Dumm
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, 201 N 3rd Ave., Walla Walla, WA, 99362, U.S.A.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peery
authors.affiliation: Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID, 83844-1136, U.S.A.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Caudill
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water; D008297:Male; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012474:Salmon / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal
keywords: energy threshold; holding; migration; pre-spawning mortality; proximate analysis; spawning