title: Heavy metal immobilization and microbial community abundance by vegetable waste and pine cone biochar of agricultural soils.
abstract: In order to determine the efficacy of vegetable waste and pine cone biochar for immobilization of metal/metalloid (lead and arsenic) and abundance of microbial community in different agricultural soils, we applied the biochar produced at two different temperatures to two contaminated soils. Biochar was produced by vegetable waste, pine cone, and their mixture (1:1 ww-1) at 200 °C (torrefied biomass) and 500 °C (biochar). Contaminated soils were incubated with 5% (ww-1) torrefied biomass or biochar. Sequential extraction, thermodynamic modeling, and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to evaluate the metal immobilization. Microbial communities were characterized by microbial fatty acid profiles and microbial activity was assessed by dehydrogenase activity. Vegetable waste and the mixture of vegetable waste and pine cone biochar exhibited greater ability for Pb immobilization than pine cone biochar and three torrefied biomass, and vegetable waste biochar was found to be most effective. However, torrefied biomass was most effective in increasing both microbial community and dehydrogenase activity. This study confirms that vegetable waste could be a vital biomass to produce biochar to immobilize Pb, and increase the microbial communities and enzyme activity in soils. Biomass and pyrolytic temperature were not found to be effective in the immobilization of As in this study.
authors.affiliation: Korea Biochar Research Center & School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea.
authors.forename: Avanthi Deshani
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Igalavithana
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Environmental Research, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Jinju 52773, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: dan.tsang@polyu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Daniel C W
authors.initials: DCW
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Soil and Groundwater Management, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rinklebe
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eilhann E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Korea Biochar Research Center & School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: soilok@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yong Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ok
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001151:Arsenic / Q000737:chemistry; D018533:Biomass; D002606:Charcoal; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D028223:Pinus; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D014675:Vegetables; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods; D014866:Waste Products
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014866:Waste Products; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Black carbon; Enzyme activity; Food waste; PLFA; Soil remediation