title: Variation in Health Technology Assessment and Reimbursement Processes in Europe.
abstract: It has been suggested that differences in health technology assessment (HTA) processes among countries, particularly within Europe, have led to inequity in patient access to new medicines.
  
  
  
  To provide an up-to-date snapshot analysis of the present status of HTA and reimbursement systems in select European countries, and to investigate the implications of these processes, especially with regard to delays in market and patient access.
  
  
  
  HTA and reimbursement processes were assessed through a review of published and gray literature, and through a series of interviews with HTA experts. To quantify the impact of differences among countries, we conducted case studies of 12 products introduced since 2009, including 10 cancer drugs.
  
  
  
  In addition to the differences in HTA and reimbursement processes among countries, the influence of particular sources of information differs among HTA bodies. The variation in the time from the authorization by the European Medicines Agency to the publication of HTA decisions was considerable, both within and among countries, with a general lack of transparency as to why some assessments take longer than others. In most countries, market access for oncology products can occur outside the HTA process, with sales often preceding HTA decisions.
  
  
  
  It is challenging even for those with considerable personal experience in European HTA processes to establish what is really happening in market access for new drugs. We recommend that efforts should be directed toward improving transparency in HTA, which should, in turn, lead to more effective processes.
authors.affiliation: BresMed Health Solutions Ltd., Sheffield, UK; University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. Electronic address: rakehurst@bresmed.co.uk.
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Akehurst
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abadie
authors.affiliation: Membre du Conseil d'administration de l'APHP (Hôpitaux de Paris), Membre du Conseil d'administration de l'InCa, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Noël
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Renaudin
authors.affiliation: FSNB Health & Care, Paris, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sarkozy
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000191:economics; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005060:Europe; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Europe; cancer; decision making; pharmaceuticals