title: Increased oxidative stress alters nucleosides metabolite levels in sickle cell anemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to assess the markers of oxidative stress, myeloperoxidase (MPO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities as well as the levels of nucleotide metabolites in sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen SCA treated patients and 30 health subjects (control group) were selected. The markers of oxidative stress (levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plasma proteins, carbonyl content, lipid peroxidation (TBARS), total thiols (T-SH), glutathione and catalase activity), MPO, AChE and XO activities as well as the levels of nucleotide metabolites were measured in SCA patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ROS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and T-SH levels as well as the activities of catalase and MPO were significantly increased while glutathione level was reduced in SCA patients. Furthermore, a significant (P < 0.001) increase in hypoxanthine level was demonstrated in SCA patients. However, the serum levels for xanthine (P < 0.01) and uric acid (P < 0.001) were decreased in SCA patients. A significant (P < 0.001) decrease in XO activity was detected in SCA patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The altered parameters in SCA patients suggest that the generation and impairment of oxidative stress in this disease as well as antioxidant markers are contributory factors towards cellular redox homeostasis and alteration of purine metabolites.
authors.affiliation: a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria-RS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Lívia Gelain
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Castilhos
authors.affiliation: b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria-RS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Sorraila
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0552-8993
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria-RS , Brazil.|c Department of Biochemistry , Federal University of Technology , Akure , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Stephen Adeniyi
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Adefegha
authors.affiliation: b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria-RS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Luana Pereira
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0754-5444
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Magni
authors.affiliation: b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria-RS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Henrique
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Doleski
authors.affiliation: b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria-RS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Fatima Husein
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.affiliation: b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria-RS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Cínthia Melazzo
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.affiliation: a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria-RS , Brazil.|b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria-RS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela Bitencourt Rosa
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2618-9801
authors.initials: DBR
authors.lastname: Leal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019271:Hypoxanthine / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D019820:Xanthine / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D009705:Nucleosides; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D019820:Xanthine; D014527:Uric Acid; D019271:Hypoxanthine; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Sickle cell anemia; enzymes; hypoxanthine; lipid peroxidation; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; uric acid; xanthine