title: Sustainability likelihood of remediation options for metal-contaminated soil/sediment.
abstract: Multi-criteria analysis and detailed impact analysis were carried out to assess the sustainability of four remedial alternatives for metal-contaminated soil/sediment at former timber treatment sites and harbour sediment with different scales. The sustainability was evaluated in the aspects of human health and safety, environment, stakeholder concern, and land use, under four different scenarios with varying weighting factors. The Monte Carlo simulation was performed to reveal the likelihood of accomplishing sustainable remediation with different treatment options at different sites. The results showed that in-situ remedial technologies were more sustainable than ex-situ ones, where in-situ containment demonstrated both the most sustainable result and the highest probability to achieve sustainability amongst the four remedial alternatives in this study, reflecting the lesser extent of off-site and on-site impacts. Concerns associated with ex-situ options were adverse impacts tied to all four aspects and caused by excavation, extraction, and off-site disposal. The results of this study suggested the importance of considering the uncertainties resulting from the remedial options (i.e., stochastic analysis) in addition to the overall sustainability scores (i.e., deterministic analysis). The developed framework and model simulation could serve as an assessment for the sustainability likelihood of remedial options to ensure sustainable remediation of contaminated sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Season S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jessica S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kitae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
authors.forename: Eakalak
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand. Electronic address: dan.tsang@polyu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Daniel C W
authors.initials: DCW
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Korea Biochar Research Center and School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ok
mesh_terms: D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Contaminated soil; Heavy metals; Monte Carlo simulation; Multi-criteria analysis; Soil stabilization; Sustainable remediation