title: Anesthetic considerations for pediatric electroconvulsive therapy.
abstract: Electroconvulsive therapy is being used more frequently in the treatment of many chronic and acute psychiatric illnesses in children. The most common psychiatric indications for pediatric electroconvulsive therapy are refractory depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, catatonia, and autism. In addition, a relatively new indication is the treatment of pediatric refractory status epilepticus. The anesthesiologist may be called upon to assist in the care of this challenging and vulnerable patient population. Unique factors for pediatric electroconvulsive therapy include the potential need for preoperative anxiolytic and inhalational induction of anesthesia, which must be weighed against the detrimental effects of anesthetic agents on the evoked seizure quality required for a successful treatment. Dexmedetomidine is likely the most appropriate preoperative anxiolytic as oral benzodiazepines are relatively contraindicated. Methohexital, though becoming less available at many institutions, remains the gold standard for induction of anesthesia for pediatric electroconvulsive therapy though ketamine, propofol, and sevoflurane are becoming increasingly viable options. Proper planning and communication between the multidisciplinary teams involved in the care of children presenting for electroconvulsive therapy treatments is vital to mitigating risks and achieving the greatest therapeutic benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5713-9546
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Jenna H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sobey
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Stickles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D000777:Anesthetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives
keywords: electroconvulsive therapy; intravenous anesthesia; methohexital; pediatric psychology; pediatrics; status epilepticus