title: Frailty and incident depression in community-dwelling older people: results from the ELSA study.
abstract: Frailty and pre-frailty are two common conditions in the older people, but whether these conditions could predict depression is still limited to a few longitudinal studies. In this paper, we aimed to investigate whether frailty and pre-frailty are associated with an increased risk of depression in a prospective cohort of community-dwelling older people.
  
  
  
  Four thousand seventy-seven community-dwelling men and women over 60 years without depression at baseline were included from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Frailty status was defined according to modified Fried's criteria (weakness, weight loss, slow gait speed, low physical activity and exhaustion) and categorized as frailty (≥3 criteria), pre-frailty (1-2 criteria) or robustness (0 criterion). Depression was diagnosed as ≥4 out of 8 points of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, after 2 years of follow-up.
  
  
  
  Over a 2-year follow-up, 360 individuals developed depression. In a logistic regression analysis, adjusted for 18 potential baseline confounders, pre-frailty (odds ratio (OR) = 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54-1.46; p = 0.64) and frailty (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.90-1.64; p = 0.21) did not predict the onset of depression at follow-up. Among the criteria included in the frailty definition, only slow gait speed (OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.00-3.32; p = 0.05) appeared to predict a higher risk of depression.
  
  
  
  Among older community dwellers, frailty and pre-frailty did not predict the onset of depression during 2 years of follow-up, when accounting for potential confounders, whilst slow gait speed considered alone may predict depression in the older people. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine DIMED, Geriatrics Division, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.|Institute of Clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), Padua, Italy.|National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9328-289X
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Veronese
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), Padua, Italy.|Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solmi
authors.affiliation: National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.affiliation: National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noale
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine DIMED, Geriatrics Division, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sergi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine DIMED, Geriatrics Division, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.|National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manzato
authors.affiliation: Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: A Matthew
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Prina
authors.affiliation: New York Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fornaro
authors.affiliation: Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: André F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.|Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.|Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK.
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D000073496:Frailty / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk
keywords: community-dwelling adults; depression; frailty; older people