title: WHO cone bio-assays of classical and new-generation long-lasting insecticidal nets call for innovative insecticides targeting the knock-down resistance mechanism in Benin.
abstract: To increase the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) in areas of high resistance, new long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) called new-generation nets have been developed. These nets are treated with the piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist which inhibit the action of detoxification enzymes. The effectiveness of the new-generation nets has been proven in some studies, but their specific effect on mosquitoes carrying detoxification enzymes and those carrying both detoxification enzymes and the knock-down resistance gene in Benin is not well known. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of LLINs treated with PBO on multi-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l.
  
  
  
  The study occurred in seven cities in Benin, Abomey, Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Zangnanado, Parakou, Malanville and Tanguiéta, and included ten locations selected on a north-south transect. Mosquito larvae were collected from these sites, and adult females from these larvae were exposed to single-pyrethroid-treated nets (LifeNet, PermaNet 2.0, Olyset Net) and bi-treated nets (PermaNet 3.0 and Olyset Plus) based on their level of resistance and using WHO cone tests following WHO guidelines.
  
  
  
  The different LLINs showed 100% mortality of the susceptible laboratory strain Kisumu and the resistant strain Ace-1R Kisumu. However, with the resistant laboratory strain kdr-Kisumu, mortality was low (16-32%) for all LLINs except PermaNet 3.0 (82.9%). The mortality of local strains carrying only the kdr mechanism varied from 0 to 47% for the single-pyrethroid-treated LLINs and 9 to 86% for bi-treated LLINs. With local strains carrying several mechanisms of resistance (kdr + detoxification enzymes), the observed mortality with different LLINs was also low except for PermaNet 3.0, which induced significantly higher mortality, usually greater than 75% (p < 0.001), with multi-resistant strains. The inhibition of the mortalities induced by the LLINs (11-96%) on multi-resistant field populations was similar to the inhibition observed with the laboratory strain carrying only the knock-down resistance mechanism (kdr-Kisumu) (p > 0.05).
  
  
  
  This study showed that the new-generation LLINs treated with pyrethroids and PBO showed better efficacy compared to conventional LLINs. Although the addition of PBO significantly increased the mortality of mosquitoes, the significant role of the kdr resistance gene in the low efficacy of LLINs calls for LLIN technology innovation that specifically targets this mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin. palutec@yahoo.fr.|Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin. palutec@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allossogbe
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.|Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
authors.forename: Virgile
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gnanguenon
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.|Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
authors.forename: Boulais
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yovogan
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akinro
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.|Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
authors.forename: Rodrigue
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anagonou
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.|Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
authors.forename: Fiacre
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Agossa
authors.affiliation: Medical Care and Development International, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Houtoukpe
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.|Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
authors.forename: Germain Gil
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Padonou
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.|Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akogbeto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D001541:Benin; D001681:Biological Assay; D002947:Cities; D005260:Female; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010574:Pesticide Synergists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010574:Pesticide Synergists; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide
keywords: Bio-efficacy; LLINs; Piperonyl butoxide; Resistant mosquitoes