title: Skin Mucus of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurataL.). Protein Mapping and Regulation in Chronically Stressed Fish.
abstract: The skin mucus of gilthead sea bream was mapped by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry using a quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzer. More than 2,000 proteins were identified with a protein score filter of 30. The identified proteins were represented in 418 canonical pathways of the Ingenuity Pathway software. After filtering by canonical pathway overlapping, the retained proteins were clustered in three groups. The mitochondrial cluster contained 59 proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The second cluster contained 79 proteins related to antigen presentation and protein ubiquitination pathways. The third cluster contained 257 proteins where proteins related to protein synthesis, cellular assembly, and epithelial integrity were over-represented. The latter group also included acute phase response signaling. In parallel, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis methodology identified six proteins spots of different protein abundance when comparing unstressed fish with chronically stressed fish in an experimental model that mimicked daily farming activities. The major changes were associated with a higher abundance of cytokeratin 8 in the skin mucus proteome of stressed fish, which was confirmed by immunoblotting. Thus, the increased abundance of markers of skin epithelial turnover results in a promising indicator of chronic stress in fish.
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of InsubriaVarese, Italy; Inter-University Centre for Research in Protein Biotechnologies "The Protein Factory" Polytechnic University of Milan and University of InsubriaVarese, Italy.
authors.forename: Genciana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Terova
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simó-Mirabet
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rimoldi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Research Matre Matredal, Norway.
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Folkedal
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Calduch-Giner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Research MatreMatredal, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University for Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Rolf E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Fish Pathology Group Group, Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Ariadna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sitjà-Bobadilla
keywords: chronic stress; cytokeratins; gilthead sea bream; proteome; skin mucus