title: Markers of TMS-evoked visual conscious experience in a patient with altitudinal hemianopia.
abstract: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the occipital and parietal cortices can induce phosphenes, i.e. visual sensations of light without light entering the eyes. In this paper, we adopted a TMS-EEG interactive co-registration approach with a patient (AM) showing altitudinal hemianopia. Occipital and parietal cortices in both hemispheres were stimulated while concurrently recording EEG signal. Results showed that, for all sites, neural activity differentially encoding for the presence vs. absence of a conscious experience could be found in a cluster of electrodes close to the stimulation site at an early (70ms) time-period after TMS. The present data indicate that both occipital and parietal sites are independent early gatekeepers of perceptual awareness, thus, in line with evidence in favor of early correlates of perceptual awareness. Moreover, these data support the valuable contribution of the TMS-EEG approach in patients with visual field defects to investigate the neural processes responsible for perceptual awareness.
authors.affiliation: Perception and Awareness (PandA) Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazzi
authors.affiliation: Perception and Awareness (PandA) Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzeo
authors.affiliation: Perception and Awareness (PandA) Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy. Electronic address: silvia.savazzi@univr.it.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Savazzi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006423:Hemianopsia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010719:Phosphenes / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
keywords: EEG; Occipital; Parietal; Perceptual awareness; Phosphene; TEP