title: Smoking effect on oncological outcome among men with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the association between smoking and oncological outcome after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included men who underwent radical prostatectomy between 2003 and 2013. The association of clinicopathological factors with smoking status and the prognostic significance of clinicopathological factors and smoking status on biochemical recurrence (BCR) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1165 included patients, 226 (19.4%) were current smokers and 939 (80.6%) were nonsmokers. The median observation period was 39 months (interquartile range, 15-75 months). Current smokers were younger than nonsmokers and had higher PSA levels, higher biopsy and pathological Gleason scores, and more frequent lymph-node involvement than nonsmokers. Pathological Gleason score, extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion, positive surgical margin, lymph-node involvement, and current smoking (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]; 1.31 [1.00-1.72], P = 0.046) were identified as significant risk factors of BCR on univariate analysis. However, smoking status was not an independent predictive marker on multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current smokers had adverse clinicopathological characteristics including high PSA level, high Gleason score, and lymph node involvement, suggesting that smoking promoted the progression of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Harasanshin Hospital, Fukuoka.
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiota
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Harasanshin Hospital, Fukuoka.
authors.forename: Ken-Ichiro
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Shiga
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ario
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Inokuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tatsugami
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yokomizo
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Harasanshin Hospital, Fukuoka.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Harasanshin Hospital, Fukuoka.
authors.forename: Akito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Harasanshin Hospital, Fukuoka.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: biochemical recurrence; cigarette; prostate cancer; radical prostatectomy; smoking