title: Persistent left superior vena cava - considerations in fetal, pediatric and adult populations.
abstract: Persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) is the commonest congenital anomaly of the thoracic venous system. It is within the group of anomalous systemic venous return (ASVR) and the group is subdivided in cephalic, involving the superior vena cava (SVC) and caudal, involving the inferior vena cava (IVC) types. It is also important to recognise that there can be a persistent LSVC with or without a normal right superior vena cava (RSVC). In most cases, a persistent LSVC drains into the right atrium via the coronary sinus without any clinical symptoms. In this article we discuss embryology, diagnostic and further management approaches and a review of the literature related to persistent LSVC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Australian National University Medical School Canberra Australian Capital Territory 0200 Australia.
authors.forename: Sumi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine Unit Division of Women Youth and Children Canberra Hospital Garran Australian Capital Territory 2605 Australia.
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paoletti
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyAustralian National University Medical SchoolCanberraAustralian Capital Territory0200Australia; Fetal Medicine Unit Division of Women Youth and ChildrenCanberra HospitalGarranAustralian Capital Territory2605Australia.
authors.forename: Meiri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robertson
keywords: embryology; fetal echocardiography; inferior vena cava; superior vena cava