title: Gut microbial profile is altered in primary biliary cholangitis and partially restored after UDCA therapy.
abstract: A close relationship between gut microbiota and some chronic liver disorders has recently been described. Herein, we systematically performed a comparative analysis of the gut microbiome in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and healthy controls.
  
  
  
  We first conducted a cross-sectional study of 60 ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment-naïve patients with PBC and 80 matched healthy controls. Second, an independent cohort composed of 19 treatment-naïve patients and 34 controls was used to validate the results. Finally, a prospective study was performed in a subgroup of 37 patients with PBC who underwent analysis before and after 6 months of UDCA treatment. Faecal samples were collected, and microbiomes were analysed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.
  
  
  
  A significant reduction of within-individual microbial diversity was noted in PBC (p=0.03). A signature defined by decreased abundance of four genera and increased abundance of eight genera strongly correlated with PBC (area under curve=0.86, 0.84 in exploration and validation data, respectively). Notably, the abundance of six PBC-associated genera was reversed after 6 months of UDCA treatment. In particular,Faecalibacterium, enriched in controls, was further decreased in gp210-positive than gp210-negative patients (p=0.002). Of interest was the finding that the increased capacity for the inferred pathway, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells in PBC, highly correlated with the abundance of bacteria belonging toEnterobacteriaceae.
  
  
  
  This study presents a comprehensive landscape of gut microbiota in PBC. Dysbiosis was found in the gut microbiome in PBC and partially relieved by UDCA. Our study suggests that gut microbiota is a potential therapeutic target and diagnostic biomarker for PBC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ruqi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yiran
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yanmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Weihua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Haoyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qixia
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Manage Center, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Manage Center, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhuping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Maoying
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Dekai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Yuan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Aftab
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: M Eric
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gershwin
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D001419:Bacteria; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics; C063865:NUP210 protein, human; D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid
keywords: INTESTINAL BACTERIA; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS