title: Propylene Glycol Alginate Sodium Sulfate Alleviates  Cerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis by Modulating  the MEK/ERK Pathway in Mice.
abstract: Previous studies have focused on the effects of propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate  (PSS)  against  thrombosis,  but  the  anti-inflammatory  potential  is  unknown.  Therefore,  we  specifically focused on the protective effects of PSS on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis (AP)  using a mouse model, and investigated the mechanism of PSS on autophagy and apoptosis via the  Mitogen-activated  protein  kinase  (MEK)/extracellular  signal-regulated  kinase  (ERK)  pathway.  Cerulein (100 ug/kg) was used to induce AP by ten intraperitoneal injections at hourly intervals in  Balb/C mice. Pretreatment with vehicle or PSS was carried out 1 h before the first cerulein injection  and two doses (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) of PSS were injected intraperitoneally. The severity of AP was  assessed by pathological score, biochemistry, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, myeloperoxidase  (MPO) activity and MEK/ERK activity. Furthermore, pancreatic histological scores, serum amylase  and lipase activities, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β interleukin (IL)-6 levels, and  MPO activity were significantly reduced by PSS via up-regulated MEK/ERK activity. The representative  molecules of apoptosis and autophagy, such as Bcl-2, Bax, Lc-3, Beclin-1, P62, were remarkably reduced.  Taken together, these results indicate that PSS attenuates pancreas injury by inhibiting autophagy and  apoptosis through a mechanism involving the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Tenth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China. viannezhzxz@163.com.|Department of Gastroenterology, the Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China. viannezhzxz@163.com.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Tenth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China. yueyueliYYL@163.com.|Department of Gastroenterology, the Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China. yueyueliYYL@163.com.
authors.forename: Yueyue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Tenth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China. llqleeoe@163.com.|Department of Gastroenterology, the Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China. llqleeoe@163.com.
authors.forename: Linqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Tenth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China. liuhuamd@163.com.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China. huliangkai800116@163.com.
authors.forename: Liangkai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China. dynchengmo@163.com.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China. cjqing1202@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China. leqi@163.com.
authors.forename: Shuqi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China. tutu1118@sohu.com.
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Tenth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China. xuxr@tongji.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaorong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, the Shidong Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China. xuxr@tongji.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xuanfu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D002108:Ceruletide / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010179:Pancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; C587672:IL1B protein, mouse; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; C000613194:propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate; D002108:Ceruletide; D009195:Peroxidase; D008049:Lipase
keywords: acute pancreatitis;  MEK/ERK pathway;  PSS;  apoptosis;  autophagy