title: Changes in Eyebrow Position and Movement with Aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated dynamic changes in eyebrow position related to aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female participants were recruited and separated into two groups aged 20-30 years (the younger group, n=20; mean age, 24.8 years) and 50-70 years (the older group, n=20; mean age, 55.8 years). Photogrammetry was used to determine the eyebrow position at the medial canthus (MC), lateral limbus, lateral canthus, and lateral end point (EP) for 6 actions: smooth opening (the reference action) and closing of the eye, forward gaze, maximum opening and closing of the eye, and maximum frown. Videos were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in eyebrow position were detected at the MC when opening or closing the eyes smoothly, gazing straight ahead, or closing the eyes maximally. For all 6 actions, the position of the lateral EP in the older group was significantly lower than in the younger group (P=0.003), and the smallest degree of vertical movement at this point was found in both age groups (P<0.001). Vertical movement at the 4 landmarks of the eyebrows decreased with aging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eyebrow position was unchanged at the MC with aging, except at maximal eye opening and maximal frown. No differences in eyebrow position were observed between the younger and older groups when eyes were maximally closed, except at the EP. It is important to focus on correction of the lateral EP for periorbital rejuvenation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeongseob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Daniel Plastic Surgery, Changwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sangho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Daegu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Son
keywords: Aging; Anthropometry; Eyebrow; Female; Physiology