title: Prevalence of hypogonadism in male Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study is carried out to investigate hypogonadism using serum testosterone levels in male Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with and without coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 150 age and body mass index-matched male subjects in the age group of 30-70 years were recruited in three groups; Group A - subjects with normal glucose tolerance, Group B - T2DM subjects without CAD, and Group C - T2DM subjects with CAD (n= 50 each group). Subjects with CAD were diagnosed on the basis of electrocardiogram, treadmill testing, stress echocardiography, or coronary angiography. Total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), bioavailable testosterone, calculated FT and glycemic parameters were measured and compared between all the three study groups. One-way ANOVA followed bypost hocTukey's test and Pearson's coefficient of correlation tests were used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypogonadism (TT <3 ng/ml) was observed in 40% (20/50) of subjects in Group C and 32% (16/50) of subjects in Group B as compared to only 14% (7/50) of subjects in Group A (Groups A vs. B;P= 0.055, Groups A vs. C;P= 0.006 and Groups B vs. C;P= 0.53). Group C subjects had significantly lower levels of TT (3.55 ± 1.46 ng/ml vs. 4.73 ± 2.17 ng/ml,P= 0.005), calculated FT (0.062 ± 0.0255 pg/ml vs. 0.0951 ± 0.0508 pg/ml,P≤ 0.001), and bioavailable testosterone (1.48 ± 0.65 ng/ml vs. 2.18 ± 1.20 ng/ml,P≤ 0.001) compared to control Group A subjects. There was no significant difference in any of the testosterone parameters between Groups A and B. Furthermore, an overall positive correlation was found between hypogonadism and CAD (r= 0.177,P= 0.030,n= 150).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed hypogonadism as indicated by low testosterone levels in a significant proportion of male T2DM subjects with CAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Madhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aslam
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Aiman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
keywords: Cardiovascular risk; coronary artery disease; diabetes; hypogonadism; testosterone