title: Development of an analytical method for detecting nitrofurans in bee pollen by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Bee pollen collected by honeybees, which is in powdered form, is a good nutritional supplement. Nitrofuran antibiotics are assumed not to be present in bee pollen, which is important as the level of antibiotics in bee pollen is strongly regulated in many countries. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to detect nitrofurans in honey has been developed, but this method is not suitable for bee pollen because of it being in powdered form. During preparation of bee pollen samples, the dispersal of powder particles in an aqueous solution often makes them susceptible to forming an emulsion with solvent components such as hexane and ethyl acetate. This may reduce the reproducibility and sensitivity of analyses of nitrofuran levels in bee pollen. Therefore, we attempted to optimize the sample preparation conditions to detect nitrofurans in bee pollen by determining three nitrofuran residues, namely, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-methyl-morpholino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), and 1-aminohydantoin (AHD), using LC-MS/MS. The optimized method prevented the formation of powder-induced emulsion. To verify the reproducibility and sensitivity of this method, it was validated using nitrofuran-free bee pollen spiked with analytes with different side chains at 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0μgkg-1. The accuracy levels were 94.1%-104.0% and the coefficients of variation were less than 12%. The limits of detection for AOZ, AMOZ, and AHD were 0.18, 0.25, and 0.30μgkg-1, respectively, while their limits of quantitation were 0.59, 0.83, and 1.00μgkg-1. The LC-MS/MS method developed to analyze nitrofuran in bee pollen should contribute to the quality control of bee pollen and food safety.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Korea, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kangjss@cnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong Seong
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D009581:Nitrofurans / Q000032:analysis*; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009581:Nitrofurans
keywords: Bee pollen; Food safety; LC–MS/MS; Nitrofurans; Quality control