title: Phase imaging with multiple phase-cycled balanced steady-state free precession at 9.4 T.
abstract: While phase imaging with a gradient echo (GRE) sequence is popular, phase imaging with balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) has been underexplored. The purpose of this study was to investigate anatomical and functional phase imaging with multiple phase-cycled bSSFP, in expectation of increasing spatial coverage of steep phase-change regions of bSSFP. Eight different dynamic 2D pass-band bSSFP studies at four phase-cycling (PC) angles and two TE/TRvalues were performed on rat brains at 9.4 T with electrical forepaw stimulation, in comparison with dynamic 2D GRE. Anatomical and functional phase images were obtained by averaging the dynamic phase images and mapping correlation between the dynamic images and the stimulation paradigm, and were compared with their corresponding magnitude images. Phase imaging with 3D pass-band and 3D transition-band bSSFP was also performed for comparison with 3D GRE phase imaging. Two strategies of combining the multiple phase-cycled bSSFP phase images were also proposed. Contrast between white matter and gray matter in bSSFP phase images significantly varied with PC angle and became twice as high as that of GRE phase images at a specific PC angle. With the same total scan time, the combined bSSFP phase images provided stronger phase contrast and visualized neuronal fiber-like structures more clearly than the GRE phase images. The combined phase images of both 3D pass-band and 3D transition-band bSSFP showed phase contrasts stronger than those of the GRE phase images in overall brain regions, even at a longer TEof 20 ms. In contrast, phase functional MRI (fMRI) signals were weak overall and mostly located in draining veins for both bSSFP and GRE. Multiple phase-cycled bSSFP phase imaging is a promising anatomical imaging technique, while its usage as fMRI does not seem desirable with the current approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Woong
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, South Korea.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Gi
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Hong
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1731-0668
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: balanced steady-state free precession; functional MRI; gradient echo; high field; neuronal fiber; phase cycling; phase imaging; susceptibility