title: Effects of different mycotoxins on humans, cell genome and their involvement in cancer (Review).
abstract: The chemical nature of most of the mycotoxins makes them highly liposoluble compounds that can be absorbed from the site of exposure such as from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract to the blood stream where it can be dissimilated throughout the body and reach different organs such as the liver and kidneys. Mycotoxins have a strong tendency and ability to penetrate the human and animal cells and reach the cellular genome where it causes a major mutagenic change in the nucleotide sequence which leads to strong and permanent defects in the genome. This defect will eventually be transcribed, translated and lead to the development of cancer. In this review, the chemical and physical nature of mycotoxins, the action of mycotoxins on the cellular genome and its effect on humans, mycotoxins and their carcinogenicity and mycotoxins research gaps are discussed, and new research areas are suggested. The research review posed various questions. What are the different mycotoxins that can cause cancer, what is the role of mycotoxins in causing cancer and what types of cancers can be caused by mycotoxins? These questions have been selected due to the significant increase in the mycotoxin contamination and the cancer incidence rate in the contemporary world. By revealing and understanding the role of mycotoxins in developing cancer, measures to reduce the risks and incidents of cancer could be taken.
authors.affiliation: Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mowaffaq Adam
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ahmed Adam
authors.affiliation: Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yasser M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Tabana
authors.affiliation: Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khirun Binti
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Musa
authors.affiliation: Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Doblin Anak
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sandai
mesh_terms: D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins