title: A novel augmented reality system for displaying inferior alveolar nerve bundles in maxillofacial surgery.
abstract: Augmented reality systems can combine virtual images with a real environment to ensure accurate surgery with lower risk. This study aimed to develop a novel registration and tracking technique to establish a navigation system based on augmented reality for maxillofacial surgery. Specifically, a virtual image is reconstructed from CT data using 3D software. The real environment is tracked by the augmented reality (AR) software. The novel registration strategy that we created uses an occlusal splint compounded with a fiducial marker (OSM) to establish a relationship between the virtual image and the real object. After the fiducial marker is recognized, the virtual image is superimposed onto the real environment, forming the "integrated image" on semi-transparent glass. Via the registration process, the integral image, which combines the virtual image with the real scene, is successfully presented on the semi-transparent helmet. The position error of this navigation system is 0.96 ± 0.51 mm. This augmented reality system was applied in the clinic and good surgical outcomes were obtained. The augmented reality system that we established for maxillofacial surgery has the advantages of easy manipulation and high accuracy, which can improve surgical outcomes. Thus, this system exhibits significant potential in clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems Beihang University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jun J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Taoran
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qingfeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008340:Mandibular Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D013515:Surgery, Oral; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000076142:Virtual Reality