title: Iron Supply Affects Anthocyanin Content and Related Gene Expression in Berries of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon.
abstract: Anthocyanins are important compounds for red grape and red wine quality, and can be influenced by supply of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and iron. The present work aims to gain a better understanding of the effect of iron supply on anthocyanins concentration in grape berries. To this end, own-rooted four-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines (Vitis vinifera) were fertigated every three days with 0, 23, 46, 92, and 184 μM iron (Fe) from ferric ethylenediamine di (o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (Fe-EDDHA) in a complete nutrient solution. Fe deficiency or excess generally led to higher concentrations of titratable acidity and skin/berry ratio, and to lower reducing sugar content, sugar/acid ratio, pH, berry weight, and concentration of anthocyanins. Most of the individual anthocyanins detected in this study, except cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-coumaryl)-glucoside, in moderate Fe treatment (46 μM) grapes were significantly higher than those of other treatments. Genes encoding chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), and anthocyaninO-methyltransferase (AOMT) exhibited higher transcript levels in berries from plants cultivated with 46 μM Fe compared to the ones cultivated with other Fe concentrations. We suggest that grape sugar content, anthocyanins content, and transcriptions of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were correlated with Fe supply concentrations.
authors.affiliation: College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. pengbaoshi@163.com.|College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, Hebei, China. pengbaoshi@163.com.
authors.forename: Pengbao
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. 18700807714@163.com.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, Hebei, China. haijuchen@163.com.
authors.forename: Haiju
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. scz1103@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Changzheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. mjfwine@nwafu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jiangfei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. xizhumei@nwafu.edu.cn.|Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. xizhumei@nwafu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhumei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. zhangzhw60@nwsuaf.edu.cn.|Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. zhangzhw60@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhenwen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D005960:Glucosides; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C494120:delphinidin 3-O-glucopyranoside; C458419:malvidin-3-glucoside; D007501:Iron
keywords: anthocyanins; gene expression; grape berry; iron; sugar