title: The locus of heat resistance (LHR) mediates heat resistance in Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae.
abstract: Enterobacteriaceae comprise food spoilage organisms as well as food-borne pathogens including Escherichia coli. Heat resistance in E. coli was attributed to a genomic island called the locus of heat resistance (LHR). This genomic island is also present in several other genera of Enterobacteriaceae, but its function in the enteric pathogens Salmonella enterica and Enterobacter cloacae is unknown. This study aimed to determine the frequency of the LHR in food isolates of E. coli, and its influence on heat resistance in S. enterica and Enterobacter spp. Cell counts of LHR-positive strains of E. coli, S. enterica and E. cloacae were reduced by less than 1, 1, and 4 log (cfu/mL), respectively, after exposure to 60 °C for 5 min, while cell counts of LHR-negative strains of the same species were reduced by more than 7 log (cfu/mL). Introducing an exogenous copy of the LHR into heat-sensitive enteropathogenic E. coli and S. enterica increased heat resistance to a level that was comparable to LHR-positive wild type strains. Cell counts of LHR-positive S. enterica were reduced by less than 1 log(cfu/mL) after heating to 60 °C for 5 min. Survival of LHR-positive strains was improved by increasing the NaCl concentration from 0 to 4%. Cell counts of LHR-positive strains of E. coli and S. enterica were reduced by less than 2 log (cfu/g) in ground beef patties cooked to an internal core temperature of 71 °C. This study indicates that LHR-positive Enterobacteriaceae pose a risk to food safety.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Ryan G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Xianqin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: McMullen
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: mgaenzle@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gänzle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058491:Bacterial Load; D002417:Cattle; D003296:Cooking; D016972:Enterobacter cloacae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D059022:Food Safety; D044404:Genomic Islands; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071436:Thermotolerance / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Escherichia coli; Food-borne pathogens; Heat resistance; LHR; Meat; Salmonella enterica Senftenberg; Undercooked burger