title: Urine biomarkers in renal allograft.
abstract: There is a high risk for the survival of patients with an end-stage renal disease for kidney transplantation. To avoid rejection by strict medication adherence is of utmost importance to avoid the failure of a kidney transplant. It is imperative to develop non-invasive biomarkers to assess immunity risk, and to ultimately provide guidance for therapeutic decision-making following kidney transplantation. Urine biomarkers may represent the promising non-invasive tools that will help in predicting risk or success rates of kidney transplantations. Furthermore, composite urinary biomarkers or urinary biomarker panel array might be critical in improving the sensitivity and specificity in reflecting various risks of kidney failure during transplantation. This review primarily focuses on the role of such biomarkers in predicting chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in renal allograft.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Texas, United States of America; National Pharmacology Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, Basic Medical College. Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Hongting
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zuan-Tao
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Texas, United States of America; Department of Clinical Laboratory, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tianfu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
keywords: biomarker panel array; kidney transplantation; urine biomarkers