title: One-step optogenetics with multifunctional flexible polymer fibers.
abstract: Optogenetic interrogation of neural pathways relies on delivery of light-sensitive opsins into tissue and subsequent optical illumination and electrical recording from the regions of interest. Despite the recent development of multifunctional neural probes, integration of these modalities in a single biocompatible platform remains a challenge. We developed a device composed of an optical waveguide, six electrodes and two microfluidic channels produced via fiber drawing. Our probes facilitated injections of viral vectors carrying opsin genes while providing collocated neural recording and optical stimulation. The miniature (<200 μm) footprint and modest weight (<0.5 g) of these probes allowed for multiple implantations into the mouse brain, which enabled opto-electrophysiological investigation of projections from the basolateral amygdala to the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus during behavioral experiments. Fabricated solely from polymers and polymer composites, these flexible probes minimized tissue response to achieve chronic multimodal interrogation of brain circuits with high fidelity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Seongjun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.|Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoting
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Han Kyoung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grena
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jeewoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jiyeon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ritchie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Yeong Shin
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Gloria B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Yoel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Polina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anikeeva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D066272:Basolateral Nuclear Complex / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D000075402:Channelrhodopsins; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D055355:Opsins / Q000235:genetics; D055100:Optical Fibers; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011108:Polymers; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000075402:Channelrhodopsins; D055355:Opsins; D011108:Polymers; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; C517671:Camk2a protein, mouse