title: Musculoskeletal dysfunctions associated with swimmers' shoulder.
abstract: Shoulder pain is the most reported area of orthopaedic injury in swimmers. The so-called 'swimmers' shoulder' has been applied to a variety of complaints involving shoulder pain in swimmers without specific reference to contributing mechanisms or structures. Knowledge of dysfunctions associated with swimmers' shoulder can assist clinicians in developing rehabilitation strategies. This literature review aims at providing clinicians insight into the musculoskeletal mechanisms and impairments associated with swimmers' shoulder that could aid them in developing rehabilitation strategies. The following musculoskeletal dysfunctions will be discussed: muscle activity, strength, endurance, muscle control, range of motion, glenohumeral laxity, glenohumeral instability, shoulder posture and scapular dyskinesis. The findings in this review may have implications for swimmers, their coaches, and rehabilitation specialists working with swimmers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Struyf
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.|Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuppens
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stef
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feijen
authors.affiliation: Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Michener
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012540:Scapula / Q000503:physiopathology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013550:Swimming
keywords: Review; Shoulder; Swimming