title: Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) as a new frontier in cancer Immunotherapy and challenges for the Pathologist: state of the art.
abstract: The interest in better understanding the immune-microenvironment and tumor cells crosstalk, recently leads to focus on immune checkpoints role, notably on PD-1/PD-L1 axis. The current backdrop concerning cancer immunotherapy is constantly evolving and new biomarkers still need to be granted in this dynamic context. This review tries to get lights on PD-L1 complex scenario mainly focusing on troubling issues in assessing this marker in daily practice. It's still necessary to look deeper into this matter in order to make easier the pathologists-oncologist interaction.
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Callea
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pedica
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doglioni
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000072142:Pathologists; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C423236:CD274 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: Cancer; Immunotherapy; PD1/PD-L1