title: Microbial Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol (DON), Assessed via a Lemna minor L. Bioassay, through Biotransformation to 3-epi-DON and 3-epi-DOM-1.
abstract: Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi. To mitigate mycotoxins in food or feed, biotransformation is an emerging technology in which microorganisms degrade toxins into non-toxic metabolites. To monitor deoxynivalenol (DON) biotransformation, analytical tools such as ELISA and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are typically used. However, these techniques do not give a decisive answer about the remaining toxicity of possible biotransformation products. Hence, a bioassay usingLemna minorL. was developed. A dose-response analysis revealed significant inhibition in the growth ofL. minorexposed to DON concentrations of 0.25 mg/L and higher. Concentrations above 1 mg/L were lethal for the plant. This bioassay is far more sensitive than previously described systems. The bioassay was implemented to screen microbial enrichment cultures, originating from rumen fluid, soil, digestate and activated sludge, on their biotransformation and detoxification capability of DON. The enrichment cultures originating from soil and activated sludge were capable of detoxifying and degrading 5 and 50 mg/L DON. In addition, the metabolites 3-epi-DON and the epimer of de-epoxy-DON (3-epi-DOM-1) were found as biotransformation products of both consortia. Our work provides a new valuable tool to screen microbial cultures for their detoxification capacity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Ilse.Vanhoutte@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vanhoutte
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Laura.DeMets@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Mets
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Marthe.DeBoevre@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Marthe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Boevre
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Valdet.Uka@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Valdet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Uka
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Jose.DianaDiMavungu@UGent.be.
authors.forename: José Diana
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Di Mavungu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Sarah.DeSaeger@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Saeger
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Leen.DeGelder@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Gelder
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Kris.Audenaert@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Audenaert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029064:Araceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D002138:Calibration; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005516:Food Microbiology; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D007700:Kinetics; D012015:Reference Standards; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D034561:Sheep, Domestic / Q000382:microbiology*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D014255:Trichothecenes; C048238:deepoxy-deoxynivalenol; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: 3-epi-DON; 3-epi-de-epoxy-DON (3-epi-DOM-1); Lemna minor; bioassay; biotransformation; deoxynivalenol (DON); detoxification