title: Early kit mortality and growth in farmed mink are affected by litter size rather than nest climate.
abstract: We investigated the effects of nest box climate on early mink kit mortality and growth. We hypothesised that litters in warm nest boxes experience less hypothermia-induced mortality and higher growth rates during the 1st week of life. This study included data from 749, 1-year-old breeding dams with access to nesting materials. Kits were weighed on days 1 and 7, dead kits were collected daily from birth until day 7 after birth, and nest climate was measured continuously from days 1 to 6. We tested the influences of the following daily temperature (T) and humidity (H) parameters on the number of live-born kit deaths and kit growth: T mean, T min, T max, T var (fluctuation) and H mean. The nest microclimate experienced by the kits was buffered against the ambient climate, with higher temperatures and reduced climate fluctuation. Most (77.0%) live-born kit deaths in the 1st week occurred on days 0 and 1. Seven of 15 climate parameters on days 1 to 3 had significant effects on live-born kit mortality. However, conflicting effects among days, marginal effects and late effects indicated that climate was not the primary cause of kit mortality. Five of 30 climate parameters had significant effects on kit growth. Few and conflicting effects indicated that the climate effect on growth was negligible. One exception was that large nest temperature fluctuations on day 1 were associated with reduced deaths of live-born kit (P<0.001) and increased kit growth (P=0.003). Litter size affected kit vitality; larger total litter size at birth was associated with greater risks of kit death (P<0.001) and reduced growth (P<0.001). The number of living kits in litters had the opposite effect, as kits in large liveborn litters had a reduced risk of death (P<0.001) and those with large mean litter size on days 1 to 7 had increased growth (P=0.026). Nest box temperature had little effect on early kit survival and growth, which could be due to dams' additional maternal behaviour. Therefore, we cannot confirm that temperature is the primary reason for kit mortality, under the conditions of plenty straw access for maternal nest building. Instead, prenatal and/or parturient litter size is the primary factor influencing early kit vitality. The results indicate that the focus should be on litter size and dam welfare around the times of gestation and birth to increase early kit survival in farmed mink.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science,Aarhus University,Blichers Allé 20,8830 Tjele,Denmark.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Schou
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science,Aarhus University,Blichers Allé 20,8830 Tjele,Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malmkvist
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002980:Climate; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards; D006813:Humidity; D008098:Litter Size; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008907:Mink / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy
keywords: 
                 Neovison vison
              ; growth; litter size; mortality; nest climate