title: Biochemical evaluation of interactions between synergistic molecules and phase I enzymes involved in insecticide resistance in B- and Q-type Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic resistance is an important consideration in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, where an esterase-based mechanism has been attributed to pyrethroid resistance and over-expression of the cytochrome P450, CYP6CM1, has been correlated to resistance to imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro interactions between putative synergists and CYP6CM1, B and Q-type esterases were investigated, and structure-activity relationship analyses allowed the identification of chemical structures capable of acting as inhibitors of esterase and oxidase activities. Specifically, methylenedioxyphenyl (MDP) moieties with a polyether chain were preferable for optimum inhibition of B-type esterase, whilst corresponding dihydrobenzofuran structures were potent for the Q-esterase variation. Potent inhibition of CYP6CM1 resulted from structures which contained an alkynyl chain with a terminal methyl group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synergist candidates could be considered for field control of B. tabaci, especially to abrogate neonicotinoid resistance. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: ApresLabs Ltd, Harpenden, Herts, UK.|Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panini
authors.affiliation: Endura SpA, Ravenna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tozzi
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.|Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK.
authors.forename: Christoph T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.|Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Field
authors.affiliation: Endura SpA, Ravenna, Italy.
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Borzatta
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9845-6038
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzoni
authors.affiliation: ApresLabs Ltd, Harpenden, Herts, UK.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moores
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004950:Esterases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D050216:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004950:Esterases
keywords: Bemisia tabaci; P450s; SAR; esterase; piperonyl butoxide; synergist