title: Household air pollution from various types of rural kitchens and its exposure assessment.
abstract: Exposure to household air pollutants has become a leading environmental health risk in developing countries. Considering this, real-time temporal variation in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured in various types of rural household kitchens. Observed average concentrations of PM2.5, CO, percent relative humidity (%RH) and temperature (T) in five different kitchen types were 549.6μg/m3, 4.2ppm, 70.2% and 20°C respectively. Highest CO and PM2.5concentration were found in household performing cooking in indoor kitchens (CO: 9.3ppm; PM2.5: 696.5μg/m3) followed by outdoor kitchens (CO: 5.8ppm; PM2.5: 539.5μg/m3). The concentration of PM2.5and CO varied according to the fuel type and highest concentration was observed in kitchens using cowdung cakes followed by agricultural residue>firewood>biogas>Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Results revealed that the pollutants concentration varied with kitchen type, fuel type and the location of kitchen. An exposure index was developed to calculate the exposure of cook, non-cook and children below 5years. Analysis of exposure index values shows that cooks, who use solid biomass fuel (SBF) in indoor kitchen, are four times more exposed to the harmful pollutants than the cooks using clean fuel. Further, using indoor PM2.5concentrations, hazard quotient was calculated based on evaluation of intake concentration and toxicological risk, which also shows that SBF users have higher health risks (hazard quotient>1) than the clean fuel (LPG) users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Maninder Kaur
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India. Electronic address: Khaiwal@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Khaiwal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ravindra
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University (PU), Chandigarh 160014, India; Centre for Public Health, Panjab University (PU), Chandigarh 160025, India.
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mor
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Siby
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: John
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D003296:Cooking; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002248:Carbon Monoxide
keywords: Children; Exposure index; Hazard quotient; Rural kitchen; Solid biomass fuel; Time-activity pattern