title: Medication use by middle-aged and older participants of an exercise study: results from the Brain in Motion study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past 50 years, there has been an increase in the utilization of prescribed, over-the-counter (OTC) medications, and natural health products. Although it is known that medication use is common among older persons, accurate data on the patterns of use, including the quantity and type of medications consumed in a generally healthy older population from a Canadian perspective are lacking. In this study, we study the pattern of medication use in a sedentary but otherwise healthy older persons use and determined if there was an association between medication use and aerobic fitness level.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants enrolled in the Brain in Motion study provided the name, formulation, dosage and frequency of any medications they were consuming at the time of their baseline assessment. Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) was determined on each participant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred seventy one participants (mean age 65.9 ± 6.5 years; range 55-92; 54.6% females) were enrolled. Most were taking one or more (1+) prescribed medication (n = 204, 75.3%), 1+ natural health product (n = 221, 81.5%) and/or 1+ over-the-counter (OTC) drug (n = 174, 64.2%). The most commonly used prescribed medications were HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) (n = 52, 19.2%). The most common natural health product was vitamin D (n = 201, 74.2%). For OTC drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (n = 82, 30.3%) were the most common. Females were more likely than males to take 1+ OTC medications, as well as supplements. Those over 65 years of age were more likely to consume prescription drugs than their counterparts (p ≤ 0.05). Subjects taking more than two prescribed or OTC medications were less physically fit as determined by their VO2max. The average daily Vitamin D intake was 1896.3 IU per participant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication use was common in otherwise healthy older individuals. Consumption was higher among females and those older than 65 years. Vitamin D intake was over two-fold higher than the recommended 800 IU/day for older persons, but within the tolerable upper intake of 4,000 IU/day. The appropriateness of the high rate of medication use in this generally healthy population deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB-210, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pannu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB-210, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharkey
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB-210, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burek
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB-210, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cretu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB-210, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.|Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Foothills Hospital, Rm 1242A, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2 T9, Canada.|Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.|Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB-210, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. poulin@ucalgary.ca.|Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. poulin@ucalgary.ca.|Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. poulin@ucalgary.ca.|Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. poulin@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Poulin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D019338:Polypharmacy; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D055656:Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D014815:Vitamins
chemical_list: D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D014815:Vitamins
keywords: Geriatrics; Natural Health Products; Polypharmacy; Prescription drugs