title: Evaluation of Progressive Visual Dysfunction and Retinal Degeneration in Patients With Parkinson's Disease.
abstract: To quantify changes in visual function parameters and in the retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness over a 5-year period in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  
  Thirty patients with PD and 30 healthy subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic evaluation, including assessment of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity vision, color vision, and retinal evaluation with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). All subjects were reevaluated after 5 years to quantify changes in visual function parameters, the retinal nerve fiber layer, and macular thickness. Association between progressive ophthalmologic changes and disease progression was analyzed.
  
  
  
  Changes were detected in visual function parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients compared with controls. Greater changes were found during the follow-up in the PD group than healthy subjects in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, Lanthony color test (P < 0.016), in superotemporal and temporal retinal nerve fiber layer sectors (P < 0.001), and in macular thickness (all sectors except inner superior and inner inferior sectors, P < 0.001). Progressive changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer were associated with disease progression (r = 0.389, P = 0.028).
  
  
  
  Progressive visual dysfunction, macular thinning, and axonal loss can be detected in PD. Analysis of the macular thickness and the retinal nerve fiber layer by SD-OCT can be useful for evaluating Parkinson's disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain 2Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satue
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain 2Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain 2Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Obis
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain 2Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vilades
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain 2Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Hector
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gracia
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain 2Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otin
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain 2Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Fuertes
authors.affiliation: Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain 3Neurology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alarcia
authors.affiliation: Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain 3Neurology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain 2Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Polo
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain 2Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Larrosa
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain 2Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Pablo
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain 2Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon, IACS), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garcia-Martin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D055253:Color Vision / Q000502:physiology; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology