title: Phytochemical Characterization, Antibacterial, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Properties of Cryptostephanus vansonii, an Endemic Amaryllid.
abstract: Cryptostephanus vansonii I. Verd., an endemic Amaryllidaceae species from Zimbabwe, was evaluated for its acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and cytotoxicity properties using Ellman's colorimetric method and the tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay against Vero monkey kidney cells, respectively. The plant extracts were also evaluated for their antibacterial activity against five bacteria. Furthermore, phytochemical profiles of the extracts were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. A plant part-dependent AChE inhibitory activity was observed, in the order, root > rhizome > basal leaf > leaf. Overall, C. vansonii extracts exhibited better antibacterial activity against Gram-negative compared with Gram-positive bacteria. Cytotoxic effects were not detected in Vero monkey kidney cell lines suggesting the possible absence of toxophores in C. vansonii extracts. Similar to the trend in biological activity, a distinct plant part-dependent variation in hydroxybenzoates, hydroxycinnamates and flavonoids was observed in the plant extracts. In addition, 5-hydroxymetylfurfural and eucomic acid were detected in the different plant parts of C. vansonii. The results of the present study provide valuable AChE inhibition activity, toxicological and phytochemical profiles of C. vansonii. Further studies on isolation of bioactive compounds and their subsequent evaluation in other pharmacological and toxicological model systems are required. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.|Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Mack
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moyo
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
authors.forename: Adeyemi O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Aremu
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jude C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chukwujekwu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gruz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skorepa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Doležal
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Private Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Cuthbert A T
authors.initials: CAT
authors.lastname: Katsvanga
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Staden
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D019668:Liliaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Amaryllidaceae; acetylcholinesterase inhibition; antibacterial; cytotoxicity; flavonoids; phenolic acids