title: Antioxidant and Nephroprotective Activities of the Extract and Fractions ofHomonoia ripariaLour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homonoia ripariais a plant, which is widely used in the indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of urolithiasis, renal disorders and inflammatory conditions. This is the first report on the antioxidant and nephroprotective activities of whole plant ofH. riparia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aims at investigating thein vitroantioxidant and nephroprotective activity of the methanol extract and its different fractions ofH. riparia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Petroleum ether (HRPE), Ethyl acetate (HREA), Butanol (HRBU), aqueous fractions (HRAQ) were prepared from the crude methanol extract ofH. riparia(HRM) using liquid partitioning. Total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity assay were performed according to suitable methods. Nephroprotective activities were evaluated by MTT assay using Human Embryonic Kidney cells against cisplatin induced toxicity. Quantification of gallic acid was performed using validated HPTLC method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The studies showed that extract and fractions possess significant nephroprotective activity against cisplatin induced renal toxicity. All the extracts/fractions of whole plant ofHomonoia ripariawas found to be significantly reducing cisplatin induced toxicity (< 0.05). The highest activity was observed with HRBU and HRAQ with a percentage viability of 293.09 ± 4.3 and 345.07 ± 3.2 at a concentration of 200 µg/ml. Gallic acid was detected in the HRM/fractions using HPTLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cisplatin (8 μg/ml) exhibited 50 % inhibition in cell viability in HEK 293 cellsButanol and aqueous fractions ofHomonoia ripariashowed significant nephroprotective activity against cisplatin induced cell damage in HEK cells.Gallic acid was detected and quantified in the extract and fractions of whole plant ofHomonoia ripariaAbbreviations used:HPTLC: High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, GAE: Gallic acid equivalents, QE: Quercetin equivalents, HEK: Human Embryonic Kidney, HRM: Methanol extract of H. riparia, HRPE: Petroleum ether fraction of H. riparia, HREA: ethyl acetate fraction of H. riparia, HRBU: Butanol fraction of H. riparia, HRAQ: Aqueous fraction of H. riparia, DMEM: Dulbecco's minimum essential medium, FBS: Foetal bovine serum, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, ANOVA: One way analysis of variance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Seena Kanniparambil
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Shoja Muhammed
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Haneefa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Devkar Raviraj
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Picheswara Rao
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Polo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Rajalekshmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Chandrashekara Shastry
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Shreedhara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Manganahalli Manjunath
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Setty
keywords: Antioxidant activity; HEK 293; Homonoia riparia; gallic acid; nephroprotective