title: Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians.
abstract: The American College of Physicians (ACP) developed this guideline to present the evidence and provide clinical recommendations on noninvasive treatment of low back pain.
  
  
  
  Using the ACP grading system, the committee based these recommendations on a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials and systematic reviews published through April 2015 on noninvasive pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for low back pain. Updated searches were performed through November 2016. Clinical outcomes evaluated included reduction or elimination of low back pain, improvement in back-specific and overall function, improvement in health-related quality of life, reduction in work disability and return to work, global improvement, number of back pain episodes or time between episodes, patient satisfaction, and adverse effects.
  
  
  
  The target audience for this guideline includes all clinicians, and the target patient population includes adults with acute, subacute, or chronic low back pain.
  
  
  
  Given that most patients with acute or subacute low back pain improve over time regardless of treatment, clinicians and patients should select nonpharmacologic treatment with superficial heat (moderate-quality evidence), massage, acupuncture, or spinal manipulation (low-quality evidence). If pharmacologic treatment is desired, clinicians and patients should select nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or skeletal muscle relaxants (moderate-quality evidence). (Grade: strong recommendation).
  
  
  
  For patients with chronic low back pain, clinicians and patients should initially select nonpharmacologic treatment with exercise, multidisciplinary rehabilitation, acupuncture, mindfulness-based stress reduction (moderate-quality evidence), tai chi, yoga, motor control exercise, progressive relaxation, electromyography biofeedback, low-level laser therapy, operant therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, or spinal manipulation (low-quality evidence). (Grade: strong recommendation).
  
  
  
  In patients with chronic low back pain who have had an inadequate response to nonpharmacologic therapy, clinicians and patients should consider pharmacologic treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as first-line therapy, or tramadol or duloxetine as second-line therapy. Clinicians should only consider opioids as an option in patients who have failed the aforementioned treatments and only if the potential benefits outweigh the risks for individual patients and after a discussion of known risks and realistic benefits with patients. (Grade: weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence).
authors.affiliation: From the American College of Physicians and Penn Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qaseem
authors.affiliation: From the American College of Physicians and Penn Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wilt
authors.affiliation: From the American College of Physicians and Penn Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.affiliation: From the American College of Physicians and Penn Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Forciea
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Denberg
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: R Dobbin
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fitterman
authors.forename: Russell P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vijan
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D059787:Acute Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D026441:Mind-Body Therapies; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011613:Psychotherapy
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics