title: Regulating Cannabis Social Clubs: A comparative analysis of legal and self-regulatory practices in Spain, Belgium and Uruguay.
abstract: Cannabis Social Clubs (CSCs) are a model of non-profit production and distribution of cannabis among a closed circuit of adult cannabis users. CSCs are now operating in several countries around the world, albeit under very different legal regimes and in different socio-political contexts.
  
  
  
  In this paper we describe and compare the legal framework and the self-regulatory practices of Cannabis Social Clubs in three countries (Spain, Belgium, and Uruguay). The objective of our comparative analysis is to investigate how CSCs operate in each of these countries. To foster discussions about how one might regulate CSCs to promote public health objectives, we conclude this paper with a discussion on the balance between adequate governmental control and self-regulatory competences of CSCs.
  
  
  
  The data used for this analysis stem from independently conducted local studies by the authors in their countries. Although the particular designs of the studies differ, the data in all three countries was collected through similar data collection methods: analysis of (legal and other documents), field visits to the clubs, interviews with staff members, media content analysis.
  
  
  
  We identified a number of similarities and differences among the CSCs' practices in the three countries. Formal registration as non-profit association seems to be a common standard among CSCs. We found nevertheless great variation in terms of the size of these organisations. Generally, only adult nationals and/or residents are able to join the CSCs, upon the payment of a membership fee. While production seems to be guided by consumption estimates of the members (Spain and Belgium) or by the legal framework (Uruguay), the thresholds applied by the clubs vary significantly across countries. Quality control practices remain an issue in the three settings studied here. The CSCs have developed different arrangements with regards to the distribution of cannabis to their members.
  
  
  
  By uncovering the current practices of CSCs in three key settings, this paper contributes to the understanding of the model, which has to some extent been shaped by the self-regulatory efforts of those involved on the ground. We suggest that some of these self-regulatory practices could be accommodated in future regulation in this area, while other aspects of the functioning of the CSCs may require more formal regulation and monitoring. Decisions on this model should also take into account the local context where the clubs have emerged. Finally, the integration of medical supply within this model warrants further attention.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social Drug Research (ISD), Ghent University, Belgium. Electronic address: tom.decorte@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Decorte
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social Drug Research (ISD), Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mafalda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pardal
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Political Sciences, Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Queirolo
authors.affiliation: Insights Research and Consulting.
authors.forename: Maria Fernanda
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Boidi
authors.affiliation: ICEERS Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Constanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sánchez Avilés
authors.affiliation: ICEERS Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Òscar
authors.initials: Ò
authors.lastname: Parés Franquero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001530:Belgium; D002188:Cannabis; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D007880:Legislation, Drug / Q000191:economics*; D000074609:Marijuana Use / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011634:Public Health; D011786:Quality Control; D013030:Spain; D014583:Uruguay
keywords: Cannabis; Cannabis Social Clubs; Cannabis policy; Regulatory model; Supply