title: Quantitative prediction of histamine H1 receptor occupancy by the sedative and non-sedative antagonists in the human central nervous system based on systemic exposure and preclinical data.
abstract: Significant histamine H1 receptor occupation in the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with sedation. Here we examined the time profiles of the H1 receptor occupancy (RO) in the CNS using sedative (diphenhydramine and ketotifen) and non-sedative (bepotastine and olopatadine) antagonists at their therapeutic doses by integrating in vitro and animal data. A pharmacokinetic model was constructed to associate plasma concentrations and receptor binding in the brain. Dissociation and association rate constants with the H1 receptor and plasma and brain unbound fractions were determined in vitro. Passive and active clearances across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were estimated based on physicochemical properties and microdialysis studies in mice and monkeys. The estimated RO values were comparable with the reported values determined at time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of plasma by positron-emission tomography in humans. The simulation suggested that the predicted maximum ROs by bepotastine and olopatadine were greater than the reported values. Sensitivity analysis showed that active transport across BBB had a significant impact on the RO duration of the H1 antagonists examined. The present study demonstrated that modeling and simulation permits a reasonable RO estimation in the human CNS. Our findings will facilitate the development of CNS-acting drugs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanamitsu
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitane
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nozaki
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagaya
authors.affiliation: Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. Electronic address: kusuhara@mol.f.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kusuhara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007665:Ketotifen / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D000069605:Olopatadine Hydrochloride / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011725:Pyridines / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D011969:Receptors, Histamine H1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D010880:Piperidines; D011725:Pyridines; D011969:Receptors, Histamine H1; D000069605:Olopatadine Hydrochloride; D004155:Diphenhydramine; C108476:bepotastine; D007665:Ketotifen
keywords: Central nervous system; Histamine H1 receptor; P-glycoprotein; Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model; Positron emission tomography; Receptor occupancy