title: Effects of the herbicide triclopyr on metamorphic northern red-legged frogs.
abstract: Aquatic herbicides are used to manage invasive emergent plants in and around wetlands. Metamorphic frogs that emerge during the aquatic weed management season may be at risk of herbicide exposure. Metamorphic northern red-legged frogs (Rana aurora) were exposed to a triclopyr tank mix labeled for control of broadleaf emergent aquatic weeds such as invasive purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). The tank mix consisted of Renovate® 3 (triclopyr triethylamine salt 44.4%), the modified vegetable oil surfactant Competitor®, and the marker dye Hi-Light®. Metamorphs were exposed to the tank mix and a clean-water control for 96 h, and then reared in clean water for 60 d. Exposure to the tank mix resulted in no treatment-related mortalities, no effects on behavior immediately post exposure, and no effects on body or liver condition indices. Exposure to the tank mix resulted in lethargy during exposure and a 1-d delay in completion of metamorphosis. Deformities present in the rearing population confounded results for some endpoints. Observed effects were minimal, especially compared with the potential for ecological impacts from unmanaged invasive plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2316-2326. © 2017 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Yahnke
authors.affiliation: Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, United States Geological Survey, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Christian E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Grue
authors.affiliation: Habitat Program, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Marc P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Schuyler
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pearman-Gillman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006016:Glycolates / Q000633:toxicity*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects; D010938:Plant Oils; D011898:Ranidae / Q000502:physiology*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D006016:Glycolates; D006540:Herbicides; D010938:Plant Oils; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C032742:triclopyr
keywords: Amphibians; Herbicide; Mixtures; Surfactant; Triclopyr