title: Approaches for quantifying antimicrobial consumption per animal species based on national sales data: a Swiss example, 2006 to 2013.
abstract: Antimicrobial use in animals is known to contribute to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, it is critical to monitor antimicrobial sales for livestock and pets. Despite the availability of veterinary antimicrobial sales data in most European countries, surveillance currently lacks consumption monitoring at the animal species level. In this study, alternative methods were investigated for stratifying antimicrobial sales per species using Swiss data (2006-2013). Three approaches were considered: (i) Equal Distribution (ED) allocated antimicrobial sales evenly across all species each product was licensed for; (ii) Biomass Distribution (BMD) stratified antimicrobial consumption, weighting the representativeness of each species' total biomass; and (iii) Longitudinal Study Extrapolation (LSE) assigned antimicrobial sales per species based on a field study describing prescription patterns in Switzerland. LSE is expected to provide the best estimates because it relies on field data. Given the Swiss example, BMD appears to be a reliable method when prescription data are not available, whereas ED seems to underestimate consumption in species with larger populations and higher treatment intensity. These methods represent a valuable tool for improving the monitoring systems of veterinary antimicrobial consumption across Europe.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Luís P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Carmo
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gertraud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schüpbach-Regula
authors.affiliation: Institut für Veterinärpharmakologie und -toxikologie, Vetsuisse, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müntener
authors.affiliation: Anses - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chevance
authors.affiliation: Anses - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, France.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moulin
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Magouras
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics*; D058751:Livestock; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D057805:Pets; D062486:Public Health Surveillance; D013557:Switzerland; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019155:Veterinary Drugs
keywords: antibiotic use; antimicrobial resistance; livestock; public health policy; surveillance