title: Fast determination of codeine, orphenadrine, promethazine, scopolamine, tramadol, and paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis.
abstract: Paracetamol is an active ingredient commonly found in pharmaceutical formulations in combination with one of the following compounds: codeine, orphenadrine, promethazine, scopolamine, and tramadol. In this work, we propose a unique analytical method for determination of these active ingredients in pharmaceutical samples. The method is based on capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. The separation was achieved on a fused silica capillary (50 cm total length, 40 cm effective length, and 50 μm id) using an optimized background electrolyte composed of 20 mmol/L β-alanine/4 mmol/L sodium chloride/4 μmol/L sodium hydroxide (pH 9.6). Each sample can be analyzed in a single run (≤2 min) and the limits of detection were 2.5, 0.62, 0.63, 2.5, 15, and 1.6 μmol/L for scopolamine, tramadol, orphenadrine, promethazine, codeine, and paracetamol, respectively. Recovery values for spiked samples were between 94 and 104%.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michelle M A C
authors.initials: MMAC
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A A
authors.initials: RAA
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000032:analysis*; D003061:Codeine / Q000032:analysis; D004339:Drug Compounding; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D009966:Orphenadrine / Q000032:analysis; D011398:Promethazine / Q000032:analysis; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000032:analysis; D014147:Tramadol / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen; D014147:Tramadol; D009966:Orphenadrine; D012601:Scopolamine; D011398:Promethazine; D003061:Codeine
keywords: capillary electrophoresis; cations and anions; fast analysis; simultaneous analysis; waste prevention