title: Botulinum toxin type A reduces inflammatory hypernociception induced by arthritis in the temporomadibular joint of rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) on persistent inflammatory hypernociception induced by arthritis in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were induced to persistent inflammatory hypernociception in the left TMJ. Then, animals were treated with intra-TMJ injections of BoNT-A, using doses of 3.5, 7 and 14 U/kg. Saline was used as control group. Behavioral tests were applied to evaluated the effect of BoNT-A in the inflammatory hypernociception. After that, animals were euthanized and samples from peri-articular tissues and trigeminal ganglia were obtained for further analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BoNT-A reduced the persistent inflammatory hypernociception induced by arthritis in the TMJ of rats. BoNT-A significantly reduced the peripheral release of the neurotransmitters Substance P and Calcitonin gene related peptide; and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Otherwise, BoNT-A had no effect in the peripheral release of glutamate and the cytokine TNF-α.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that intra-articular injection of BoNT-A reduces the albumin-induced arthritis persistent hypernociception in TMJ of rats by peripheral inhibition of neuropeptides release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, zip code 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Victor Ricardo Manuel Muñoz
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Lora
authors.affiliation: São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Rua Jose Rocha Junqueira, 13 - Swift, Campinas, São Paulo, zip code 13045-755, Brazil; Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, zip code 13414-903, Brazil. Electronic address: juliana.napimoga@slmandic.edu.br.
authors.forename: Juliana Trindade
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Clemente-Napimoga
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, zip code 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Henrique Ballassini
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.affiliation: São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Rua Jose Rocha Junqueira, 13 - Swift, Campinas, São Paulo, zip code 13045-755, Brazil; Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, zip code 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristina Gomes
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, zip code 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giancarlo de la Torre
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, zip code 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Celia Marisa Rizzatti
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Barbosa
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013373:Substance P / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013373:Substance P; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
keywords: Botulinum toxins type A; Neurotransmitters; Nociception