title: Effects of a wide range of dietary nicotinamide riboside (NR) concentrations on metabolic flexibility and white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice fed a mildly obesogenic diet.
abstract: Metabolic flexibility is the ability to switch metabolism between carbohydrate oxidation (CHO) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and is a biomarker for metabolic health. The effect on metabolic health of nicotinamide riboside (NR) as an exclusive source of vitamin B3 is unknown and is examined here for a wide range of NR.
  
  
  
  Nine-week-old male C57BL/6JRcc mice received a semi-purified mildly obesogenic (40 en% fat) diet containing 0.14% L-tryptophan and either 5, 15, 30, 180, or 900 mg NR per kg diet for 15 weeks. Body composition and metabolic parameters were analyzed. Metabolic flexibility was measured using indirect calorimetry. Gene expression in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) was measured using qRT-PCR .
  
  
  
  The maximum delta respiratory exchange ratio when switching from CHO to FAO (maxΔRERCHO1→FAO) and when switching from FAO to CHO (maxΔRERFAO→CHO2) were largest in 30 mg NR per kg diet (30NR). In eWAT, the gene expression of Pparγ, a master regulator of adipogenesis, and of Sod2 and Prdx3, two antioxidant genes, were significantly upregulated in 30NR compared to 5NR.
  
  
  
  30NR is most beneficial for metabolic health, in terms of metabolic flexibility and eWAT gene expression, of mice on an obesogenic diet.
authors.affiliation: Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wenbiao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hegeman
authors.affiliation: Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dorien A M
authors.initials: DAM
authors.lastname: van Dartel
authors.affiliation: Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University Rovira Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.affiliation: Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Swarts
authors.affiliation: Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van der Hee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University Rovira Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.|Nutrition and Health Research Group, Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS), Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Lluis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arola
authors.affiliation: Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9720-7491
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keijer
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics; D061105:Peroxiredoxin III / Q000235:genetics; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008055:Lipids; D009536:Niacinamide; D047495:PPAR gamma; D061105:Peroxiredoxin III; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2; C516116:Prdx3 protein, mouse; C018613:nicotinamide-beta-riboside
keywords: Metabolic flexibility; NAD+; Niacin; Nicotinamide riboside; Vitamin B3