title: Effects of vitamin D deficiency and daily calcium intake on bone mineral density and osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal woman.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the combined effects of vitamin D and daily calcium intake on bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a cross-sectional study consisting of 1,921 Korean postmenopausal women aged 45 to 70 years without thyroid dysfunction, from the 2008-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were classified into six groups according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and daily calcium intake. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at femur and at lumbar spine, and the serum vitamin D levels were measured by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BMD divided according to serum 25(OH)D and daily calcium intakes were not statistically different among the groups. However, when both daily calcium intake and serum 25(OH)D were not sufficient, risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis showed significant increase in both femur neck and lumbar spine (odds ratio [OR] 2.242,P=0.006; OR 3.044,P=0.001; respectively). Although daily calcium intake was sufficient, risks of osteopenia and osteoporosis significantly increased in lumbar spine group if serum 25(OH)D is <20 ng/mL (OR 2.993,P=0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined effects of insufficient daily calcium intake and vitamin D deficiency may cause low BMD and increase in prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women aged 45 to 70 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gil Hospital, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Joo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chon
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yae Kyu
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jinae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Min Kyoung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Hyon
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seok Kyo
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3404-0484
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Seo
keywords: Bone density; Calcium intake; Menopause; Osteoporosis; Vitamin D