title: The Neuropeptide Galanin Is Up-Regulated during Cholestasis and Contributes to Cholangiocyte Proliferation.
abstract: During the course of cholestatic liver diseases, mitotically dormant cholangiocytes proliferate and subsequently acquire a neuroendocrine phenotype. Galanin is a neuroendocrine factor responsible for regulation of physiological responses, such as feeding behavior and mood, and has been implicated in the development of fatty liver disease, although its role in biliary hyperplasia is unknown. Biliary hyperplasia was induced in rats via bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery, and galanin was increased in serum and liver homogenates from BDL rats. Treatment of sham and BDL rats with recombinant galanin increased cholangiocyte proliferation and intrahepatic biliary mass, liver damage, and inflammation, whereas blocking galanin expression with specific vivo-morpholino sequences inhibited hyperplastic cholangiocyte proliferation, liver damage, inflammation, and subsequent fibrosis. The proliferative effects of galanin were via activation of galanin receptor 1 expressed specifically on cholangiocytes and were associated with an activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and ribosomal S6 kinase 1 signal transduction pathways and subsequent increase in cAMP responsive element binding protein DNA-binding activity and induction of Yes-associated protein expression. Strategies to inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, ribosomal S6 kinase 1, or cAMP responsive element binding protein DNA-binding activity prevented the proliferative effects of galanin. Taken together, these data suggest that targeting galanin signaling may be effective for the maintenance of biliary mass during cholestatic liver diseases.
authors.affiliation: Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McMillin
authors.affiliation: Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frampton
authors.affiliation: Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas. Electronic address: demorrow@medicine.tamhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DeMorrow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000473:pathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D019004:Galanin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D060172:Morpholinos / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044088:Receptors, Galanin / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D000091102:YAP-Signaling Proteins
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D060172:Morpholinos; D044088:Receptors, Galanin; D000091102:YAP-Signaling Proteins; C509425:Yap1 protein, rat; D019004:Galanin; D004247:DNA