title: Arterial-ventricular coupling and parameters of vascular stiffness in hypertensive patients: Role of gender.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-invasive estimation of arterial-ventricular coupling has been extensively used for the evaluation of cardiovascular performance, however, a relative small amount of data is available regarding arterial-ventricular coupling and its components in hypertension. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between left ventricular elastance, arterial elastance, parameters of vascular stiffness and the influence of gender in a population of hypertensive individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 102 patients, trans-thoracic cardiac ultrasound, parameters of aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) and wave reflection (augmentation index) were recorded. Ultrasound images of common carotid arteries were acquired for the assessment of intima-media thickness as well as carotid compliance and distensibility coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 61 years, 32% diabetes, 56% dyslipidemia, 9% previous cardiovascular events; women (n = 32) and men were superimposable for cardiovascular risk factors prevalence. In the population, ventricular elastance was significantly correlated with arterial elastance (r = 0.887), age (r = 0.334), gender (r = -0.494), BMI (r = -0.313), augmentation index (r = 0.479) (all p < 0.001); and with carotid compliance and distensibility coefficient (r = 0.229 and r = - 0.250, respectively, both p < 0.05); however, only arterial elastance and gender were independently associated with ventricular elastance in multiple regression models adjusted for confounding factors. Gender-specific analysis revealed that arterial elastance and augmentation index remained statistically significant associated with ventricular elastance in men (r = 0.275, p = 0.04); instead augmentation index was no longer significant (r = 0.052, p = 0.77) in the female sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hypertensive patients, main determinants of ventricular elastance are arterial elastance, as an integrated index of arterial vascular load, and gender; however, pressure augmentation might play an additional role in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Faconti
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosa Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buralli
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barzacchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dal Canto
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ghiadoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taddei
keywords: Doppler ultrasound; Other hypertension; Transcranial Doppler etc; cardiology; diagnostic testing; echocardiography; hypertension; imaging of the brain and arteries