title: Effects of road infrastructure and traffic complexity in speed adaptation behaviour of distracted drivers.
abstract: The use of mobile phones while driving remains a major human factors issue in the transport system. A significant safety concern is that driving while distracted by a mobile phone potentially modifies the driving speed leading to conflicts with other road users and consequently increases crash risk. However, the lack of systematic knowledge of the mechanisms involved in speed adaptation of distracted drivers constrains the explanation and modelling of the extent of this phenomenon. The objective of this study was to investigate speed adaptation of distracted drivers under varying road infrastructure and traffic complexity conditions. The CARRS-Q Advanced Driving Simulator was used to test participants on a simulated road with different traffic conditions, such as free flow traffic along straight roads, driving in urbanized areas, and driving in heavy traffic along suburban roads. Thirty-two licensed young drivers drove the simulator under three phone conditions: baseline (no phone conversation), hands-free and handheld phone conversations. To understand the relationships between distraction, road infrastructure and traffic complexity, speed adaptation calculated as the deviation of driving speed from the posted speed limit was modelled using a decision tree. The identified groups of road infrastructure and traffic characteristics from the decision tree were then modelled with a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with repeated measures to develop inferences about speed adaptation behaviour of distracted drivers. The GLMM also included driver characteristics and secondary task demands as predictors of speed adaptation. Results indicated that complex road environments like urbanization, car-following situations along suburban roads, and curved road alignment significantly influenced speed adaptation behaviour. Distracted drivers selected a lower speed while driving along a curved road or during car-following situations, but speed adaptation was negligible in the presence of high visual cutter, indicating the prioritization of the driving task over the secondary task. Additionally, drivers who scored high on self-reported safe attitudes towards mobile phone usage, and who reported prior involvement in a road traffic crash, selected a lower driving speed in the distracted condition than in the baseline. The results aid in understanding how driving task demands influence speed adaptation of distracted drivers under various road infrastructure and traffic complexity conditions.
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, 2 George St., S Block, Room 701 Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia. Electronic address: oscar.oviedotrespalacios@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oviedo-Trespalacios
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, 2 George St., S Block, Room 701 Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
authors.forename: Md Mazharul
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, 2 George St., S Block, Room 701 Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Washington
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D040421:Cell Phone; D003663:Decision Trees; D000071826:Distracted Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D057566:Self Report; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Decision tree; Driver behaviour; High-fidelity driving simulator; Mobile phone distraction; Road infrastructure; Traffic complexity