title: Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, smoking, and risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease in Japan.
abstract: Epidemiological evidence on the relationships between the vitamin D receptor (VDR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs731236 (TaqI), rs7975232 (ApaI), rs1544410 (BsmI), and rs2228570 (FokI) and Parkinson's disease (PD) is inconsistent. We investigated these relationships in 229 sporadic PD patients within six years of onset in Japan. Controls were 357 patients without neurodegenerative disease. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, and smoking. A significant inverse association was found between SNP rs2228570 and the risk of sporadic PD under the additive but not the co-dominant or dominant model (P=0.048); however, this fell below significance after adjustment for multiple comparisons (adjusted P=0.46). No significant relationships were found between SNPs rs731236, rs7975232, or rs1544410 and the risk of sporadic PD in any genetic model. VDR haplotypes inferred in the current study were not associated with sporadic PD. Compared with subjects with the GA or AA genotype of SNP rs2228570 who had ever smoked, those with the GG genotype who had never smoked had a 3.78-fold increased risk of sporadic PD; however, no significant interaction was observed. VDR SNP rs2228570 may be associated with sporadic PD in Japan. Smoking did not significantly modify the relationship between SNP rs2228570 and sporadic PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan. Electronic address: tanaka.keiko.jn@ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Wakaba
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuboi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oeda
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology/Radiation Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Kawamura Hospital, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobutoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobutaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakae
authors.affiliation: Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.affiliation: College of Healthcare Management, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Saitama Medical University Faculty of Medicine, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol
keywords: Case-control study; Gene-environment interaction; Japanese; Parkinson’s disease; Smoking; VDR polymorphisms