title: An integrated understanding of the immunology of allograft inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in our understanding of the complex immunology of intestinal transplantation and allograft rejection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent findings highlight the importance of the intestinal microbiome for intestinal homeostasis and the role of newly discovered innate lymphoid cells in intestinal transplantation. In addition, the role of host antimicrobial Th17 responses in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and intestinal allograft rejection has been further elucidated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research on the complex immune system of the intestine has continued to reveal more intricacies and connections with each study performed, making treatment of intestinal transplant patients more multifaceted. The interaction, communication, and relationships between areas such as the microbiome, innate lymphoid cells, and Th17 cells reveal possible targets for therapy and further areas requiring ongoing research.
authors.affiliation: aMedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC bWalter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Brenna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Houlihan
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zasloff
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kroemer
mesh_terms: D064591:Allografts / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000637:transplantation*; D064307:Microbiota; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology*