title: Identification of effector-like proteins in Trichoderma spp. and role of a hydrophobin in the plant-fungus interaction and mycoparasitism.
abstract: Trichoderma spp. can establish beneficial interactions with plants by promoting plant growth and defense systems, as well as, antagonizing fungal phytopathogens in mycoparasitic interactions. Such interactions depend on signal exchange between both participants and can be mediated by effector proteins that alter the host cell structure and function, allowing the establishment of the relationship. The main purpose of this work was to identify, using computational methods, candidates of effector proteins from T. virens, T. atroviride and T. reesei, validate the expression of some of the genes during a beneficial interaction and mycoparasitism and to define the biological function for one of them.
  
  
  
  We defined a catalogue of putative effector proteins from T. virens, T. atroviride and T. reesei. We further validated the expression of 16 genes encoding putative effector proteins from T. virens and T. atroviride during the interaction with the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and with two anastomosis groups of the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. We found genes which transcript levels are modified in response to the presence of both plant fungi, as well as genes that respond only to either a plant or a fungal host. Further, we show that overexpression of the gene tvhydii1, a Class II hydrophobin family member, enhances the antagonistic activity of T. virens against R. solani AG2. Further, deletion of tvhydii1 results in reduced colonization of plant roots, while its overexpression increases it.
  
  
  
  Our results show that Trichoderma is able to respond in different ways to the presence of a plant or a fungal host, and it can even distinguish between different strains of fungi of a given species. The putative effector proteins identified here may play roles in preventing perception of the fungus by its hosts, favoring host colonization or protecting it from the host's defense response. Finally, the novel effector protein TVHYDII1 plays a role in plant root colonization by T, virens, and participates in its antagonistic activity against R. solani.
authors.affiliation: División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guzmán-Guzmán
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico.|Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico.
authors.forename: Mario Iván
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Alemán-Duarte
authors.affiliation: Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delaye
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herrera-Estrella
authors.affiliation: División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico. vg.olmedo@ugto.mx.
authors.forename: Vianey
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Olmedo-Monfil
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000382:microbiology*; D019295:Computational Biology; D060467:Disease Resistance; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D012232:Rhizoctonia / Q000502:physiology*; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins
keywords: Effector; Hydrophobin; Mycoparasitism; Plant-fungus interaction; Trichoderma