title: On-line dynamic extraction system hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for automatic determination of oral bioaccessible trace metal fractions in airborne particulate matter.
abstract: For a realistic evaluation of the potential hazard emanating from airborne particulate matter (APM), the determination of the total inhaled metal amounts associated with APM is insufficient in risk assessment. Additional information about metal fractions that can be mobilized by the human body is necessary, because only those soluble (also called bioaccessible) fractions can be absorbed by the human body, and thus potentially cause adverse health effects. In the present study, a dynamic flow-through approach as a front end to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) exploiting advanced flow analysis is employed for on-line handling of multiple APM samples and determination of bioaccessible trace metals under worst case extraction scenarios. The method is based on on-line continuous extraction of filter samples with synthetic gastric fluid followed by on-line ICP-OES measurement of the dissolved fraction of trace metals. The assembly permits an automated successive measurement of three sample replicates in less than 19 min. The on-line extraction procedure offers increased sample throughput and reduced risk of sample contamination and overcomes metal re-adsorption processes compared to the traditional batch-wise counterparts. Furthermore, it provides deeper information on the kinetics of the leaching process. The developed procedure was applied to the determination of bioaccessible metal fractions (Al, Ba, Cu, Fe and Mn as model analytes) in PM10 samples from Palma de Mallorca (Spain) and Vienna (Austria). Graphical Abstract On-line gastric bioaccessibility of elements in airborne particulate matter.
authors.affiliation: TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.affiliation: FI-TRACE group, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. manuel.miro@uib.es.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miró
authors.affiliation: TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, 1060, Vienna, Austria. andreas.limbeck@tuwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Limbeck
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009862:Online Systems; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Airborne particulate matter; Bioaccessibility; Flow analysis; Gastric fluid; Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry; Metal