title: Macular Carotenoids, Aerobic Fitness, and Central Adiposity Are Associated Differentially with Hippocampal-Dependent Relational Memory in Preadolescent Children.
abstract: To examine the associations of macular pigment carotenoids (lutein, meso-zeaxanthin, and zeaxanthin), aerobic fitness, and central adiposity with hippocampal-dependent relational memory in prepubescent children.
  
  
  
  Children between 7 and 10 years of age (n = 40) completed a task designed to assess relational memory performance and participated in aerobic fitness, adiposity, and macular pigment optical density (MPOD) assessment. Aerobic fitness was assessed via a modified Balke treadmill protocol designed to measure maximal oxygen volume. Central adiposity was assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. MPOD was measured psychophysically by the use of customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. Statistical analyses included correlations and hierarchical linear regression.
  
  
  
  Aerobic fitness and MPOD were associated negatively with relational memory errors (P < .01), whereas central adiposity was associated positively with relational memory errors (P < .05). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that MPOD accounted for a significant amount of the variance in relational memory performance even after we accounted for aerobic fitness (β = -0.388, P = .007).
  
  
  
  Even after we adjusted for aerobic fitness and central adiposity, factors known to relate to hippocampal-dependent memory, MPOD positively and significantly predicted hippocampal-dependent memory performance.
  
  
  
  ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01619826.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Program; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL. Electronic address: hassevo2@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Kelsey M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hassevoort
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Khazoum
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
authors.forename: Sasha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychology and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
authors.forename: Billy R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Renzi-Hammond
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychology and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Arthur F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
authors.forename: Naiman A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychology and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
authors.forename: Neal J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000378:metabolism; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010783:Photometry; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D065146:Zeaxanthins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D002338:Carotenoids; C584722:meso-zeaxanthin; D014975:Lutein
keywords: MPOD; childhood; development; health factors; swap error