title: Body-composition changes in the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE)-2 study: a 2-y randomized controlled trial of calorie restriction in nonobese humans.
abstract: Background:Calorie restriction (CR) retards aging and increases longevity in many animal models. However, it is unclear whether CR can be implemented in humans without adverse effects on body composition.Objective:We evaluated the effect of a 2-y CR regimen on body composition including the influence of sex and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) among participants enrolled in CALERIE-2 (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), a multicenter, randomized controlled trial.Design:Participants were 218 nonobese (BMI: 21.9-28.0) adults aged 21-51 y who were randomly assigned to 25% CR (CR,n= 143) or ad libitum control (AL,n= 75) in a 2:1 ratio. Measures at baseline and 12 and 24 mo included body weight, waist circumference, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and appendicular mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; activity-related energy expenditure (AREE) by doubly labeled water; and dietary protein intake by self-report. Values are expressed as means ± SDs.Results:The CR group achieved 11.9% ± 0.7% CR over 2-y and had significant decreases in weight (-7.6 ± 0.3 compared with 0.4 ± 0.5 kg), waist circumference (-6.2 ± 0.4 compared with 0.9 ± 0.5 cm), FM (-5.4 ± 0.3 compared with 0.5 ± 0.4 kg), and FFM (-2.0 ± 0.2 compared with -0.0 ± 0.2 kg) at 24 mo relative to the AL group (all between-groupP< 0.001). Moreover, FFM as a percentage of body weight at 24 mo was higher, and percentage of FM was lower in the CR group than in the AL. AREE, but not protein intake, predicted preservation of FFM during CR (P< 0.01). Men in the CR group lost significantly more trunk fat (P= 0.03) and FFM expressed as a percentage of weight loss (P< 0.001) than women in the CR group.Conclusions:Two years of CR had broadly favorable effects on both whole-body and regional adiposity that could facilitate health span in humans. The decrements in FFM were commensurate with the reduced body mass; although men in the CR group lost more FFM than the women did, the percentage of FFM in the men in the CR group was higher than at baseline. CALERIE was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00427193.
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; sai.das@tufts.edu.
authors.forename: Sai Krupa
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0788-0461
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Manjushri V
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5388-600X
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Bhapkar
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Dennis T
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1365-7960
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Villareal
authors.affiliation: CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy.|Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.|USDA/Agricultural Research Services, Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3626-1195
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
authors.forename: Corby K
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8125-4015
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6932-1887
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Racette
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9085-8558
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fuss
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: William E
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1930-9684
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.affiliation: USDA/Agricultural Research Services, Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and.
authors.forename: William W
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7147-5850
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3626-1195
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saltzman
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Carl F
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4809-1725
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2236-9020
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Ann V
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4529-1641
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2129-547X
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ravussin
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
authors.forename: Leanne M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7267-7374
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Redman
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D001825:Body Fluid Compartments / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D013995:Time; D060726:Torso; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015431:Weight Loss
keywords: body composition; calorie restriction; humans; long-term; nonobese