title: Family-centred interventions by primary healthcare services for Indigenous early childhood wellbeing in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States: a systematic scoping review.
abstract: Primary healthcare services in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States have embraced the concept of family-centred care as a promising approach to supporting and caring for the health of young Indigenous children and their families. This scoping review assesses the quality of the evidence base and identifies the published literature on family- centred interventions for Indigenous early childhood wellbeing.
  
  
  
  Fourteen electronic databases, grey literature sources and the reference lists of Indigenous maternal and child health reviews were searched to identify relevant publications from 2000 to 2015. Studies were included if the intervention was: 1) focussed on Indigenous children aged from conception to 5 years from the abovementioned countries; 2) led by a primary healthcare service; 3) described or evaluated; and 4) scored greater than 50% against a validated scale for family-centredness. The study characteristics were extracted and quality rated. Reported aims, strategies, enablers and outcomes of family-centredcare were identified using grounded theory methods.
  
  
  
  Eighteen studies (reported in 25 publications) were included. Three were randomised controlled studies; most were qualitative and exploratory in design. More than half of the publications were published from 2012 to 2015. The overarching aim of interventions was to promote healthy families. Six key strategies were to: support family behaviours and self- care, increase maternal knowledge, strengthen links with the clinic, build the Indigenous workforce, promote cultural/ community connectedness and advocate for social determinants of health. Four enablers were: competent and compassionate program deliverers, flexibility of access, continuity and integration of healthcare, and culturally supportive care. Health outcomes were reported for Indigenous children (nutritional status; emotional/behavioural; and prevention of injury and illness); parents/caregivers (depression and substance abuse; and parenting knowledge, confidence and skills); health services (satisfaction; access, utilization and cost) and community/cultural revitalisation.
  
  
  
  The evidence for family-centred interventions is in the early stages of development, but suggests promise for generating diverse healthcare outcomes for Indigenous children and their parents/caregivers, as well as satisfaction with and utilisation of healthcare, and community/cultural revitalisation. Further research pertaining to the role of fathers in family-centred care, and the effects and costs of interventions is needed.
authors.affiliation: Central Queensland University, Cairns, Australia. j.mccalman@cqu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Janya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCalman
authors.affiliation: James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heyeres
authors.affiliation: James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Central Queensland University, Cairns, Australia.
authors.forename: Roxanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bainbridge
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.affiliation: University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Strobel
authors.affiliation: Apunipima Cape York Health Council, Bungalow, Australia.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruben
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D000067576:Child Health; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006303:Health Services, Indigenous / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand; D044382:Population Groups; D011247:Pregnancy; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States
keywords: Family-centred; Health outcomes; Indigenous; Maternal and child health; Patient-centred