title: Gancidin W, a potential low-toxicity antimalarial agent isolated from an endophyticStreptomycesSUK10.
abstract: EndophyticStreptomycesstrains are potential sources for novel bioactive molecules. In this study, the diketopiperazine gancidin W (GW) was isolated from the endophytic actinobacterial genusStreptomyces, SUK10, obtained from the bark ofShorea ovalistree, and it was tested in vivo againstPlasmodium bergheiPZZ1/100. GW exhibited an inhibition rate of nearly 80% at 6.25 and 3.125 μg kg-1body weight on day four using the 4-day suppression test method on male ICR strain mice. Comparing GW at both concentrations with quinine hydrochloride and normal saline as positive and negative controls, respectively, 50% of the mice treated with 3.125 μg kg-1body weight managed to survive for more than 11 months after infection, which almost reached the life span of normal mice. Biochemical tests of selected enzymes and proteins in blood samples of mice treated with GW were also within normal levels; in addition, no abnormalities or injuries were found on internal vital organs. These findings indicated that this isolated bioactive compound fromStreptomycesSUK10 exhibits very low toxicity and is a good candidate for potential use as an antimalarial agent in an animal model.
authors.affiliation: Programme of Biomedical Science, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
authors.forename: Noraziah Mohamad
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Zin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan.
authors.forename: Mohd Shukri
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam.
authors.forename: Abu Hassan
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zainal-Abidin
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
authors.forename: Jalifah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Latip
authors.affiliation: Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Noor Wini
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Mazlan
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: RuAngelie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Edrada-Ebel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010879:Piperazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000187:drug effects*; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D010879:Piperazines; C000618388:gancidin W
keywords: Shorea ovalis; Streptomyces; antimalarial; endophytic; gancidin W; in vivo