title: The Impact of Ethnic and Cultural Differences on Parental Satisfaction in the PICU.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined satisfaction of parents whose children were admitted to the PICU to identify priority areas for improvement. We hypothesized that differences exist in satisfaction of parents of different ethnicities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  PICU in a tertiary care pediatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All English-literate parents whose child was admitted to our PICU between February 2014 and February 2015 were eligible after informed consent was obtained. Parents included in this study in previous admission(s) were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We adapted Empowerment of Parent in the Intensive Care Questionnaire, a validated questionnaire survey specific for measuring parental satisfaction in PICUs. This adapted survey consisted of 31 questions (based on a scale of 1-6) examining five domains as follows: information giving, care and cure, parental participation, organization, and professional attitude. Reliability of Empowerment of Parent in the Intensive Care Questionnaire in our population was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha. We used ordinal logistic regression, controlling for socioeconomic status and educational level, to examine differences in parental perceptions of various ethnicities. We obtained a total of 206 responses (36.5%) from 543 admissions. There were 116 (56%) emergency and 90 (44%) elective admissions. The proportion of respondents were Chinese (126 [61%]), Malay (32 [16%]), Indian (23 [11%]), and "Others" (25 [12%]). Cronbach's alpha for domains of information giving (α = 0.80), care and cure (α = 0.93), parental participation (α = 0.84), organization (α = 0.79), and professional attitude (α = 0.88) were good. In all five domains, our median PICU scores were 6 (interquartile range, 5-6). Compared to other ethnic groups, Malay parents did perceive that domains of "care and cure," "parental participation," and "professional attitude" were less satisfactory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences were found in satisfaction ratings between parents of different ethnicities. Further studies are needed to explore and determine reasons for these differences.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Nursing, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. 2Children's Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. 3Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Qian Wen
authors.initials: QW
authors.lastname: Sng
authors.forename: Angela H P
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Siti Nur Hanim
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Buang
authors.forename: Jan Hau
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008296:Malaysia / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012846:Singapore