title: Twenty-Five-Year Alcohol Consumption Trajectories and Their Association With Arterial Aging: A Prospective Cohort Study.
abstract: Emerging evidence suggests that arterial stiffness, an important marker of cardiovascular health, is associated with alcohol consumption. However, the role of longer-term consumption patterns in the progression of arterial stiffness over time remains unclear. A longitudinal cohort design was used to evaluate the association between alcohol consumption over 25 years and subsequent changes in arterial stiffness.
  
  
  
  Data (N=3869; 73% male) were drawn from the Whitehall II cohort study of British civil servants, in which participants completed repeat pulse wave velocity assessments of arterial stiffness across a 4- to 5-year interval. Repeated alcohol intake measurements were used to categorize participants into alcohol consumer types, accounting for longitudinal variability in consumption. Sex-stratified linear mixed-effects modeling was used to investigate whether drinker types differed in their relationship to pulse wave velocity and its progression over time. Males with consistent long-term heavy intake >112 g of ethanol/week had significantly higher baseline pulse wave velocity (b=0.26 m/s;P=0.045) than those who drank consistently moderately (1-112 g of ethanol/week). Male former drinkers showed significantly greater increases in arterial stiffness longitudinally compared to consistently moderate drinkers (b=0.11 m/s;P=0.009). All associations were nonsignificant for females after adjustment for body mass index, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, diabetes mellitus, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides.
  
  
  
  This work demonstrates that consistently heavy alcohol consumption is associated with higher cardiovascular risk, especially among males, and also provides new insights into the potential impact of changes in drinking levels over time. It discusses the additional insights possible when capturing longitudinal consumption patterns in lieu of reliance on recent intake alone.
  
  
  
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02663791.
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom d.oneill@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Darragh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.|Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: aging; alcohol; arterial stiffness; longitudinal cohort study; pulse wave velocity