title: Increased risk of developing schizophrenia in animals exposed to cigarette smoke during the gestational period.
abstract: Cigarette smoking during the prenatal period has been investigated as a causative factor of obstetric abnormalities, which lead to cognitive and behavioural changes associated with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate behaviour and AChE activity in brain structures in adult rats exposed to cigarette smoke during the prenatal period. Pregnant rats were divided into non-PCSE (non-prenatal cigarette smoke exposure) and PCSE (prenatal cigarette smoke exposure) groups. On post-natal day 60, the rats received saline or ketamine for 7days and were subjected to behavioural tasks. In the locomotor activity task, the non-PCSE+ketamine and PCSE+ketamine groups exhibited increased locomotor activity compared with the saline group. In the social interaction task, the non-PCSE+ketamine and PCSE+ketamine groups exhibited an increased latency compared with the control groups. However, the PCSE+ketamine group exhibited a decreased latency compared with the non-PCSE+ketamine group, which indicates that the cigarette exposure appeared to decrease, the social deficits generated by ketamine. In the inhibitory avoidance task, the non-PCSE+ketamine, PCSE, and PCSE+ketamine groups exhibited impairments in working memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. In the pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) test, cigarette smoke associated with ketamine resulted in impaired PPI in 3 pre-pulse (PP) intensity groups compared with the control groups. In the biochemical analysis, the AChE activity in brain structures increased in the ketamine groups; however, the PCSE+ketamine group exhibited an exacerbated effect in all brain structures. The present study indicates that exposure to cigarette smoke during the prenatal period may affect behaviour and cerebral cholinergic structures during adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: alz@unesc.net.
authors.forename: Alexandra I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Zugno
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mastella
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandra S A
authors.initials: ASA
authors.lastname: Heylmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canever
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Louyse S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Damazio
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sullivan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Citadin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Antonio
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: de Lucca
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lutiana Roque
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malgarin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Josiane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Budni
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barichello
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Schuck
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quevedo
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D065808:Prepulse Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Inhibitory avoidance; Locomotor activity; Maternal smoking; Schizophrenia; Social interaction