title: Selective anti-proliferative activities of Carica papaya leaf juice extracts against prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in men. Carica papaya is a popular tropical plant that has been traditionally used for its nutritional and medicinal properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the anti-proliferative responses of papaya leaf juice (LJP) and its various extracts ("biological"- in vitro digested, "physical"- size exclusion, and "chemical"-solvent extraction) on a range of cell lines representing benign hyperplasia, tumorigenic and normal cells of prostate origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time course analysis (by 24h, 48h and 72h) of LJP (1-0.1mg/mL) before and after in vitro digestion, and of molecular weight based fractions of LJP showed anti-proliferative responses. The medium polarity fraction of LJP (0.03-0.003mg/mL) after 72h exposure showed potent growth inhibitory (IC50=0.02-0.07mg/mL) and cytotoxic activities on all prostate cells, with the exception of the normal (RWPE-1 and WPMY-1) cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis as a possible mechanism for these activities. Medium polar fraction of LJP also inhibited migration and adhesion of metastatic PC-3 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report suggesting selective anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic attributes of LJP extract against prostatic diseases, including PCa.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Saurabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Walpole
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cabot
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Jyotsna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: a.hewavitharana@pharmacy.uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Amitha K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hewavitharana
mesh_terms: D029441:Carica / Q000737:chemistry*; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Anti-proliferative activity; Extraction; Papaya; Prostate cancer