title: Three-dimensional printing of X-ray computed tomography datasets with multiple materials using open-source data processing.
abstract: Advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing allow for digital files to be turned into a "printed" physical product. For example, complex anatomical models derived from clinical or pre-clinical X-ray computed tomography (CT) data of patients or research specimens can be constructed using various printable materials. Although 3D printing has the potential to advance learning, many academic programs have been slow to adopt its use in the classroom despite increased availability of the equipment and digital databases already established for educational use. Herein, a protocol is reported for the production of enlarged bone core and accurate representation of human sinus passages in a 3D printed format using entirely consumer-grade printers and a combination of free-software platforms. The comparative resolutions of three surface rendering programs were also determined using the sinuses, a human body, and a human wrist data files to compare the abilities of different software available for surface map generation of biomedical data. Data shows that 3D Slicer provided highest compatibility and surface resolution for anatomical 3D printing. Generated surface maps were then 3D printed via fused deposition modeling (FDM printing). In conclusion, a methodological approach that explains the production of anatomical models using entirely consumer-grade, fused deposition modeling machines, and a combination of free software platforms is presented in this report. The methods outlined will facilitate the incorporation of 3D printed anatomical models in the classroom. Anat Sci Educ 10: 383-391. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: McGoldrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.|Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: My N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Helms
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
authors.forename: Aislinn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Betts
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Avermaete
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Owers
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Doney
authors.affiliation: Allied ENT Specialty Center, South Bend, Indiana.
authors.forename: Taimi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liepert
authors.affiliation: Allied ENT Specialty Center, South Bend, Indiana.
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niebur
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.|Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liepert
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.|Mike and Josie Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Indiana University School of Medicine South Bend, South Bend, Indiana.|Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
authors.forename: W Matthew
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Leevy
mesh_terms: D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education*; D066264:Datasets as Topic; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007858:Learning; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D012984:Software; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: 3D printing; additive manufacturing; anatomical models; anatomical science education; image processing; open source software