title: Porcine Tricuspid Valve Anatomy and Human Compatibility: Relevance for Preclinical Validation of Novel Valve Interventions.
abstract: Tricuspid regurgitation may be a precursor for heart failure, reduced functional capacity, and poor survival. A human compatible experimental model is required to understand the pathophysiology of the tricuspid valve disease as a basis for validating novel tricuspid valve interventions before clinical use. The study aim was to evaluate and compare the tricuspid valve anatomy of porcine and human hearts.
  
  
  
  The anatomy of the tricuspid valve and the surrounding structures that affect the valve during a cardiac cycle were examined in detail in 100 fresh and 19 formalin-fixed porcine hearts obtained from Danish Landrace pigs (body weight 80 kg). All valvular dimensions were compared with human data acquired from literature sources.
  
  
  
  No difference was seen in the tricuspid annulus circumference between porcine and human hearts (13.0 ± 1.2 cm versus 13.5 ± 1.5 cm; p = NS), or in valve area (5.7 ± 1.6 cm2 versus 5.6 ± 1.0 cm2; p = NS). The majority of chordae types exhibited a larger chordal length and thickness in human hearts compared to porcine hearts. In both species, the anterior papillary muscle (PM) was larger than other PMs in the right ventricle, but muscle length varied greatly (range: 5.2-40.3 mm) and was significantly different in pigs and in humans (12.2 ± 3.2 mm versus 19.2 mm; p <0.001).
  
  
  
  The porcine tricuspid valve was determined to be a valid model for preclinical animal studies, despite various anatomic differences being noted between porcine and human hearts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.|Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark. Electronic correspondence: farhwazi@rm.dk.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Waziri
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lyager Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michael Hasenkam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002815:Chordae Tendineae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013552:Swine; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery