title: Parkinson's Disease is Accompanied by Intertwined Alterations in Iron Metabolism and Activated Immune-inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a complex interplay between peripheral and central inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways in relation to iron metabolism in peripheral blood of PD patients and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 56 healthy individuals and 56 PD patients in stages 1-3 of Hoehn and Yahr Scale. Plasma haptoglobin (Hp), homocysteine, interleukin 6, soluble interleukin 6 receptor, iron (Fe), ferritin, total iron binding capacity, transferrin (Tf), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), malondialdehyde (MDA) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PD was associated with significant changes in Tf (lowered), sTfR, ferritin, Hp, interleukin 6 and MDA (all increased) levels, while there was a trend towards a negative association with PON1. Logistic regression showed that the most significant biomarkers of PD were MDA, sTfR, Hp and ferritin. Moreover, Fe levels were negatively associated with Hp and positively with PON1, total iron binding capacity and Tf, while ferritin and sTfR were positively associated with MDA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates a state of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in PD patients coupled with alterations in Fe metabolism. Chronic inflammation and oxidative pathways in PD may in part determine changes in iron metabolism. New drug treatments for PD should target inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways and iron metabolism as well.
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carine Coneglian
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: de Farias
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kamila Landucci
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bonifacio
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andressa Keiko
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Chiara Cristina
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bortolasci
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andre de Souza
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francis Fregonesi
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Brinholi
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helena Kaminami
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.affiliation: Clinical Hospital, UEL, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucio Baena
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: de Melo
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Estefania Gastaldello
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Decio Sabbatini
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Barbosa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D007501:Iron
keywords: Inflammation; Parkinson's disease; Peripheral biomarkers; Systemic disease; iron metabolism; oxidative stress