title: 3D-printed porous titanium changed femoral head repair growth patterns: osteogenesis and vascularisation in porous titanium.
abstract: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a major cause of morbidity, and total hip arthroplasty is both traumatic and expensive. Here, we created a gelatine scaffold embedded in uniquely shaped, 3D-printed porous titanium parts, which could attract and promote the proliferation of osteoblasts as well as bone regeneration, as the extracellular matrix (ECM) does in vivo. Interestingly, after hybridisation with platelets, the scaffold exhibited a low yet considerable rate of stable, safe and long-term growth factor release. Additionally, a novel ONFH model was constructed and verified. Scaffolds implanted in this model were found to accelerate bone repair. In conclusion, our scaffold successfully simulates the ECM and considerably accelerates bone regeneration, in which platelets play an indispensable role. We believe that platelets should be emphasised as carriers that may be employed to transport drugs, cytokines and other small molecules to target locations in vivo. In addition, this novel scaffold is a useful material for treating ONFH. An overview of the novel scaffold mimicking the extracellular environment in bone repair. a and b: A gelatine scaffold was cross-linked and freeze-dried within 3D-printed porous titanium. c: Platelets were coated onto the gelatine microscaffold after freeze-drying platelet-rich plasma. d: The microscaffold supported the migration of cells into the titanium pores and their subsequent growth, while the platelets slowly released cell factors, exerting bioactivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
authors.forename: Yingjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Bone and Joint Disease, Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China. wuzh3000@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China. xshweng@medmail.com.cn.
authors.forename: Xisheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Weng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000098:blood supply; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005270:Femur Head / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008422:Materials Testing; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis; D016062:Porosity; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011817:Rabbits; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D005780:Gelatin; D014025:Titanium