title: A critical evaluation of the utility of eggshells for estimating mercury concentrations in avian eggs.
abstract: Eggshells are a potential tool for nonlethally sampling contaminant concentrations in bird eggs, yet few studies have examined their utility to represent mercury exposure. We assessed mercury concentrations in eggshell components for 23 bird species and determined whether they correlated with total mercury (THg) in egg contents. We designed a multi-experiment analysis to examine how THg is partitioned into eggshell components, specifically hardened eggshells, material adhered to the eggshells, and inner eggshell membranes. The THg concentrations in eggshells were much lower than in egg contents, and almost all of the THg within the eggshell was contained within material adhered to eggshells and inner eggshell membranes, and specifically not within calcium-rich hardened eggshells. Despite very little mercury in hardened eggshells, THg concentrations in hardened eggshells had the strongest correlation with egg contents among all eggshell components. However, species with the same THg concentrations in eggshells had different THg concentrations in egg contents, indicating that there is no global predictive equation among species for the relationship between eggshell and egg content THg concentrations. Furthermore, for all species, THg concentrations in eggshells decreased with relative embryo age. Although the majority of mercury in eggshells was contained within other eggshell components and not within hardened eggshells, THg in hardened eggshells can be used to estimate THg concentrations in egg contents, if embryo age and species are addressed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2417-2427. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
authors.affiliation: Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, US Geological Survey, Dixon, California.
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, US Geological Survey, Dixon, California.
authors.forename: Joshua T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.affiliation: Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, US Geological Survey, Corvallis, Oregon.
authors.forename: Collin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Eagles-Smith
authors.affiliation: Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, US Geological Survey, Dixon, California.
authors.forename: C Alex
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.affiliation: Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, US Geological Survey, Dixon, California.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Herzog
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000737:chemistry*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D017669:Mercury Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D010063:Ovum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D017669:Mercury Compounds
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Bird eggs; Ecotoxicology; Eggshells; Mercury