title: Effects of pyrene exposure on immune response and oxidative stress in the pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii.
abstract: Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) commonly observed in aquatic ecosystems, which originates primarily from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and the use of petroleum compounds. Pyrene can cause the immune disturbance and oxidative stress, result in immunotoxicity, DNA damage, reduce reproduction significantly, and induce behavioral changes. Marine bivalves are commonly used as bioindicators for marine pollution, and hemolymph is a metabolite transfer medium for PAH pollutant. However, the vital immune indicator responses of pearl oyster Pinctada martensii hemolymph exposed to pyrene is still unclear. Thus, the immunotoxic responses of pyrene on the hemolymph of the Pinctada martensii were investigated in this study. After exposure to pyrene for 7 days, the total number of hemocytes (THC), cell membrane stability (CMS), phagocytic activity (PA) and total glutathione (GSHT) all decreased significantly. Pyrene also caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO). Median effective concentrations (EC50) of pyrene on THC (4.5 μg L-1) and LPO (5.2 μg L-1) were lower than those for CMS (13.8 μg L-1), PA (12.1 μg L-1) and GSHT(7.2 μg L-1), which indicates that THC and LPO were more sensitive. Additionally, a clear dose-effect relationship indicated that pyrene stimulated a marked immune response, as well as oxidative stress in P. martensii, which demonstrates the subtle effects of pyrene exposure on marine invertebrates and the potential associated risk.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of South China Sea Marine Resource Utilisation, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17, Chunhui Rd, Laishan District, Yantai 264003, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of South China Sea Marine Resource Utilisation, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
authors.forename: Chunfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of South China Sea Marine Resource Utilisation, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of South China Sea Marine Resource Utilisation, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China. Electronic address: zhouhl@hainu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Qingxiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of South China Sea Marine Resource Utilisation, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China. Electronic address: diaoxip@hainu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Diao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D049911:Pinctada / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D011721:Pyrenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Hemocyte; Immunotoxicity; Oxidative stress; Pinctada martensii; Pyrene