title: Calcium in Gluten-Free Life: Health-Related and Nutritional Implications.
abstract: Calcium deficiency and metabolic bone diseases are a frequent co-morbidity of coeliac disease (CD). Gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only effective treatment of CD. However, CD patients on the strict GFD consume less than the recommended amounts of calcium. In this review, the main etiological factors responsible for calcium deficiency in CD were presented. Additionally, the research on the application of calcium supplements in the gluten-free breadmaking was reviewed, and its effect on the technological and sensory properties of baked products was indicated. Calcium-fortified gluten-free products could increase the calcium content in the diet of CD patients, supplying the amount of calcium they need for prophylactic or therapeutic use. Apart from this, the consumption of the naturally GF products as well as functional ingredients beneficially affecting calcium absorption need to be encouraged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima St., 10, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland. u.krupa-kozak@pan.olsztyn.pl.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krupa-Kozak
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima St., 10, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland. n.drabinska@pan.olsztyn.pl.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Drabińska
keywords: bone alterations; breadmaking; calcium absorption; calcium supplements; coeliac disease; gluten-free diet; intestinal inflammation; malnutrition