title: Serological study of influenza viruses in veterinarians working with swine in Mexico.
abstract: Humans and swine are both affected by influenza viruses, and swine are considered a potential source of new influenza viruses. Transmission of influenza viruses across species is well documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of different influenza virus subtypes in veterinarians working for the Mexican swine industry, using a hemagglutination inhibition test. All sera tested were collected in July 2011. The data were analysed using a generalized linear model and a linear model to study the possible association of seroprevalence with the age of the veterinarian, vaccination status, and biosecurity level of the farm where they work. The observed seroprevalence was 12.3%, 76.5%, 46.9%, and 11.1% for the human subtypes of pandemic influenza virus (pH1N1), seasonal human influenza virus (hH1N1), the swine subtypes of classical swine influenza virus (swH1N1), and triple-reassortant swine influenza virus (swH3N2), respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that age was associated with hH1N1 seroprevalence (P < 0.05). Similarly, age and vaccination were associated with pH1N1 seroprevalence (P < 0.05). On the other hand, none of the studied factors were associated with swH1N1 and swH3N2 seroprevalence. All of the pH1N1-positive sera were from vaccinated veterinarians, whereas all of those not vaccinated tested negative for this subtype. Our findings suggest that, between the onset of the 2009 pandemic and July 2011, the Mexican veterinarians working in the swine industry did not have immunity to the pH1N1 virus; hence, they would have been at risk for infection with this virus if this subtype had been circulating in swine in Mexico prior to 2011.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FMVZ-UNAM, Av. Universidad No. 3000. Copilco, Del. Coyoacán, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saavedra-Montañez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, CP 04960, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Castillo-Juárez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, FMVZ-UNAM, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Betancourt
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Investigacion Disciplinaria en Microbiología Animal, INIFAP, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rivera-Benitez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FMVZ-UNAM, Av. Universidad No. 3000. Copilco, Del. Coyoacán, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico. betosram@yahoo.es.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Mendoza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D000072480:Farms; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D018634:Veterinarians; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral