title: Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions.
abstract: In the future, (electro-)chemical catalysts will have to be more tolerant towards a varying supply of energy and raw materials. This is mainly due to the fluctuating nature of renewable energies. For example, power-to-chemical processes require a shift from steady-state operation towards operation under dynamic reaction conditions. This brings along a number of demands for the design of both catalysts and reactors, because it is well-known that the structure of catalysts is very dynamic. However, in-depth studies of catalysts and catalytic reactors under such transient conditions have only started recently. This requires studies and advances in the fields of 1) operando spectroscopy including time-resolved methods, 2) theory with predictive quality, 3) kinetic modelling, 4) design of catalysts by appropriate preparation concepts, and 5) novel/modular reactor designs. An intensive exchange between these scientific disciplines will enable a substantial gain of fundamental knowledge which is urgently required. This concept article highlights recent developments, challenges, and future directions for understanding catalysts under dynamic reaction conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany.
authors.forename: Kai F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kalz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry Technische Universität Berlin D-10623 Berlin Germany.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kraehnert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Technology Universität Leipzig D-04103 Leipzig Germany.
authors.forename: Muslim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dvoyashkin
authors.affiliation: Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dittmeyer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Technology Universität Leipzig D-04103 Leipzig Germany.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gläser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Energy and Process Systems Engineering TU Braunschweig D-38106 Braunschweig Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krewer
authors.affiliation: Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technische Universität München D-85747 Garching Germany.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany; Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany.
authors.forename: Jan-Dierk
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3606-0956
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Grunwaldt
keywords: electrocatalysis; energy storage; heterogeneous catalysis; molecular modelling; operando spectroscopy