title: Titanium-hydroxyapatite composites sintered at low temperature for tissue engineering: in vitro cell support and biocompatibility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In clinical orthopedics, a critical problem is the bone tissue loss produced by a disease or injury. The use of composites from titanium and hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications has increased due to the resulting advantageous combination of hydroxyapatite bioactivity and favorable mechanical properties of titanium. Powder metallurgy is a simple and lower-cost method that uses powder from titanium and hydroxyapatite to obtain composites having hydroxyapatite phases in a metallic matrix. However, this method has certain limitations arising from thermal decomposition of hydroxyapatite in the titanium-hydroxyapatite system above 800°C. We obtained a composite from titanium and bovine hydroxyapatite powders sintered at 800°C and evaluated its bioactivity and cytocompatibility according to the ISO 10993 standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surface analysis and bioactivity of the composite was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and SEM. MTT assay was carried out to assess cytotoxicity on Vero and NIH3T3 cells. Cell morphology and cell adhesion on the composite surface were analyzed using fluorescence and SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained a porous composite with hydroxyapatite particles well integrated in titanium matrix which presented excellent bioactivity. Our data did not reveal any toxicity of titanium-hydroxyapatite composite on Vero or NIH3T3 cells. Moreover, extracts from composite did not affect cell morphology or density. Finally, NIH3T3 cells were capable of adhering to and proliferating on the composite surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The composite obtained displayed promising biomedical applications through the simple method of powder metallurgy. Additionally, these findings provide an in vitro proof for adequate biocompatibility of titanium-hydroxyapatite composite sintered at 800°C.
authors.affiliation: IIBYT-UNC-CONICET, Department of Chemistry, School of Exact, Physics and Natural Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba - Argentina.
authors.forename: Romina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Comín
authors.affiliation: IIBYT-UNC-CONICET, Department of Chemistry, School of Exact, Physics and Natural Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba - Argentina.
authors.forename: Mariana P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cid
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, School of Exact, Physics and Natural Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba - Argentina.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grinschpun
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, School of Exact, Physics and Natural Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba - Argentina.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oldani
authors.affiliation: IIBYT-UNC-CONICET, Department of Chemistry, School of Exact, Physics and Natural Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba - Argentina.
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Salvatierra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D017886:Durapatite; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D013696:Temperature; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D014025:Titanium; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017886:Durapatite; D014025:Titanium