title: Randomized Clinical Trial of a Combination of an Inhaled Corticosteroid and Beta Agonist in Patients at Risk of Developing the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Effective pharmacologic treatments directly targeting lung injury in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome are lacking. Early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and beta agonists may reduce progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome by reducing lung inflammation and enhancing alveolar fluid clearance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01783821). The primary outcome was longitudinal change in oxygen saturation divided by the FIO2 (S/F) through day 5. We also analyzed categorical change in S/F by greater than 20%. Other outcomes included need for mechanical ventilation and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five academic centers in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients admitted through the emergency department at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aerosolized budesonide/formoterol versus placebo bid for up to 5 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one patients were enrolled from September 3, 2013, to June 9, 2015. Median time from presentation to first study drug was less than 9 hours. More patients in the control group had shock at enrollment (14 vs 3 patients). The longitudinal increase in S/F was greater in the treatment group (p = 0.02) and independent of shock (p = 0.04). Categorical change in S/F improved (p = 0.01) but not after adjustment for shock (p = 0.15). More patients in the placebo group developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (7 vs 0) and required mechanical ventilation (53% vs 21%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early treatment with inhaled budesonide/formoterol in patients at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome is feasible and improved oxygenation as assessed by S/F. These results support further study to test the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids and beta agonists for prevention of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL. 2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 3Department of Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ. 4Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 5Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA. 6Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. 7Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 8Department of Health-Science Research/Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL. 9Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Emir
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Festic
authors.forename: Gordon E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cartin-Ceba
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hinds
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Banner-Goodspeed
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Adijat T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Asuni
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Talmor
authors.forename: Govindarajan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
authors.forename: Ryan D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Ognjen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gajic
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Matthay
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Levitt
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers; D000069502:Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D062072:Patient Acuity; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D015415:Biomarkers; D000069502:Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination; D010100:Oxygen