title: Self-monitoring of blood glucose among patients with diabetes in Jordan: Perception, adherence, and influential factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) adherence among Jordanian patients with diabetes and to identify the predictive factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 18 hospitals and healthcare centers covering south, north, and middle of Jordan. All patients with diabetes attending endocrinology clinics from May to December, 2015 were approached. The questionnaires were distributed by trained pharmacists and were self-administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1079 participants completed the survey. Only 59% of participants were SMBG adherent. Predictors of SMBG adherence were treatment regimen; insulin with oral hypoglycemic agents (p=0.044, CI 1.023-5.274, OR=2.323) or insulin only (p=0.005, CI 1.225-3.115, OR=1.953), and health education on how to use the SMBG meter (p<0.001, CI 10.538-32.497, OR=18.506). The frequency of SMBG was significantly associated with the treatment regimen, with patients who were taking oral hypoglycemic agents (p<0.001) or insulin therapy (p=0.004) tested more frequently as compared to others. Additionally, the frequency of testing was significantly associated with the reason of performing SMBG (p<0.001). Frequency of daily testing was the highest among patients who performed SMBG to know if they were hypoglycemic (48.9%) or hyperglycemic (48.0%), or to inform their doctors (28.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SMBG adherence was suboptimal. Predictors of SMBG adherence were treatment regimen and health education about the SMBG meter.
authors.affiliation: Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan. Electronic address: mskeilani@just.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Maha S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Al-Keilani
authors.affiliation: Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan. Electronic address: baalmomani1@just.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Basima A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Almomani
authors.affiliation: Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan. Electronic address: nasawalha@just.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Nour A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Sawalha
authors.affiliation: King Abdulla University Hospital, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan. Electronic address: bashhabat@just.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Batool A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Shhabat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007597:Jordan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010465:Perception; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Glycemic control; Health education; Healthcare; Self-monitoring of blood glucose