title: Orthodontic treatment modifies the oxidant-antioxidant balance in saliva of clinically healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to analyse salivary markers of oxidative stress and an antioxidant response in clinically healthy subjects with fixed orthodontic appliances.
  
  
  METHODS
  37 volunteers were included in the study. Unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva were analysed for oxidative and antioxidant status and nickel levels immediately before the insertion of the appliances, an one week after and twenty four weeks after the insertion of fixed appliances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in tiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and total oxidant status (TOS) one week, and total protein concentration twenty four weeks after the attachment of orthodontic appliances was found in the saliva. The markers of antioxidant status: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), uric acid (UA), peroxidase (Px), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were not changed in all periods in UWS. In SWS a significant decrease in SOD1 and CAT was found whereas Px was increased one week after treatment and UA twenty four weeks following treatment. TAS was decreased in UWS and SWS twenty four weeks after orthodontic treatment. Oxidative status index (OSI) was elevated both in UWS and SWS one week after orthodontic treatment in comparison to the results obtained before and twenty four weeks. One week after treatment an increased concentration of nickel was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orthodontic treatment modifies the oxidative-antioxidative balance in the saliva of clinically healthy subjects. Increased nickel concentration in saliva, released from orthodontic appliances, seems to be responsible for changes in the oxidative status of the saliva.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland. Electronic address: pbuczko@op.pl.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buczko
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Care Higher Vocational School, Suwalki, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knaś
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grycz
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Szarmach
authors.affiliation: Conservative Dentistry Department, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zalewska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011379:Prognosis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D016877:Oxidants
keywords: Orthodontic appliances; Oxidative stress; Saliva nickel