title: RETRACTED: Protective effects of total flavonoids in Caragana against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury in human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
abstract: This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).
  
  This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief.
  
  An Expression of Concern for this article was previously published while an investigation was conducted (see related editorial: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113812). This retraction notice supersedes the Expression of Concern published earlier.
  
  Concern was raised about the reliability of the Transwell assay images shown in Figure 4A, which appear to contain similar features to those found in other publications, as detailed here: https://pubpeer.com/publications/FE1B7461C358F48E6838BF1622C291; and here: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1r0MyIYpagBc58BRF9c3luWNlCX8VUvUuPyYYXzxWvgY/edit#gid=262337249. An additional suspected image duplication within Figure 5A was also identified. The journal requested the corresponding author comment on these concerns and provide the associated raw data. The authors did not respond to this request and therefore the Editor-in-Chief decided to retract the article.
authors.affiliation: Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
authors.forename: Qian-Song
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
authors.forename: Zi-Yuan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
authors.forename: Guo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, PR China.
authors.forename: Fu-Jiang
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Qi
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, PR China. Electronic address: kuangshixiang2009@163.com.
authors.forename: Shi-Xiang
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Kuang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D032602:Caragana / Q000737:chemistry*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D020011:Protective Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
keywords: Brain microvascular endothelial cells; HIF-1α-VEGF-Notch 1 signaling pathway; Hypoxia/reoxygenation; Migration; Protective effect; Total flavonoids in Caragana; Tube formation