title: Reconstructive Management Options of Delayed Complications Following Bladder Outlet Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Technological advancements in urologic endoscopy within the last decades have improved outcomes following bladder outlet reduction surgery while minimizing risks of short- and intermediate-term complications. This review aims to examine late complications of endoscopic reduction of the prostate and the various treatment options available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary incontinence, ejaculatory dysfunction, urethral strictures, bladder neck contractures, and fistula formations are the most common delayed complications following bladder outlet reduction surgery. Evaluation of these complications typically involves a combination of endoscopic examination, urodynamic findings, pelvic imaging, and review of pre-existing symptoms. Treatment options range from conservative measures such as pelvic floor muscle therapy to complex reconstructive procedures including anti-incontinence surgery, urethral reconstruction, and permanent urinary diversion. Although rare, late complications of bladder outlet reduction surgery are important to recognize in order to manage appropriately. Careful evaluation involving multiple diagnostic modalities with consideration for referral to a dedicated reconstructive urologist may be warranted in complex cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, PA, USA. jsimhan@gmail.com.|Urologic Trauma, Reconstruction and Prosthetics, Einstein Healthcare Network, Temple Health and the Fox Chase Cancer Center, 1200 Tabor Road, Moss/3 Sley, Philadelphia, PA, 19141, USA. jsimhan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simhan
mesh_terms: D004542:Ejaculation; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D014548:Urinary Fistula / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Bladder outlet reduction surgery complications; Erectile dysfunction; Laser vaporization; TURP; Transurethral resection of the prostate; Urethral strictures