title: A Pause-then-Cancel model of stopping: evidence from basal ganglia neurophysiology.
abstract: Many studies have implicated the basal ganglia in the suppression of action impulses ('stopping'). Here, we discuss recent neurophysiological evidence that distinct hypothesized processes involved in action preparation and cancellation can be mapped onto distinct basal ganglia cell types and pathways. We examine how movement-related activity in the striatum is related to a 'Go' process and how going may be modulated by brief epochs of beta oscillations. We then describe how, rather than a unitary 'Stop' process, there appear to be separate, complementary 'Pause' and 'Cancel' mechanisms. We discuss the implications of these stopping subprocesses for the interpretation of the stop-signal reaction time-in particular, some activity that seems too slow to causally contribute to stopping when assuming a single Stop processes may actually be fast enough under a Pause-then-Cancel model. Finally, we suggest that combining complementary neural mechanisms that emphasize speed or accuracy respectively may serve more generally to optimize speed-accuracy trade-offs.This article is part of the themed issue 'Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness'.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK robert.schmidt@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2474-3744
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Berke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology*; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D009068:Movement; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time
keywords: behavioural inhibition; race model; stop-signal task; striatum; subthalamic nucleus