title: Acute and Chronic Outcomes of Gas-Bubble Disease in a Colony of African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis).
abstract: Gas-bubble disease occurs in aquatic species that are exposed to water that is supersaturated with gases. In February 2007, municipal water supersaturated with gas was inadvertently pumped into the vivarium's aquatic housing systems and affected approximately 450 adult female Xenopus laevis. The inflow of supersaturated water was stopped immediately, the holding tanks aggressively aerated, and all experimental manipulations and feeding ceased. Within the first 6 h after the event, morbidity approached 90%, and mortality reached 3.5%. Acutely affected frogs showed clinical signs of gas-bubble disease: buoyancy problems, micro- and macroscopic bubbles in the foot webbing, hyperemia in foot webbing and leg skin, and loss of the mucous slime coat. All of the frogs that died or were euthanized had areas of mesenteric infarction, which resulted in intestinal epithelial necrosis and degeneration of the muscular tunic. Over the subsequent 2 wk, as gas saturation levels returned to normal, the clinical symptoms resolved completely in the remaining frogs. However, 3 mo later, 85% of them failed to lay eggs or produce oocytes, and the remaining 15% produced oocytes of low number and poor quality, yielding cytosolic extracts with poor to no enzymatic activity. Histology of the egg mass from a single 2- to 3-y-old frog at 3 mo after disease resolution revealed irregularly shaped oocytes, few large mature oocytes, and numerous small, degenerating oocytes. At 6 mo after the incident, the remaining frogs continued to fail to produce eggs of sufficient quantity or quality after hormonal priming. The researchers consequently opted to cull the remainder of the colony and repopulate with new frogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Julia Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Felt
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bouley
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;, Email: sherril@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Sherril L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000662:veterinary*; D007238:Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D008643:Mesentery / Q000098:blood supply*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010532:Peritoneal Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D014881:Water Supply; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000097:blood*