title: Vascular risk factors are associated with retinal arteriolar narrowing and venular widening in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to describe the relationship of retinal arteriolar and venular calibre with vascular risk factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, the medical files of 483 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes were audited to collect retinal images and relevant clinical data. Retinal vascular calibre was measured using standardised protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After multivariable adjustments, a vascular risk profile that included: older age, higher serum creatinine, higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), higher body mass index (BMI), abnormal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), lower high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, longer duration of diabetes and higher serum sodium was associated with narrower central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) (95% CI=-4.10/-0.76, p=0.004). A specific risk profile, including higher total cholesterol level, higher BMI, lower physical activity level, higher HbA1c, higher triglyceride levels, female gender and lower socio-economic status, was associated with wider central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) (95% CI=1.14/5.62, p=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, these findings support evidence that cardiovascular disease may have its origins early in life. Prospective and/or intervention studies are required to confirm whether the observed associations are involved in the causal pathway for retinal vascular calibre.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Itsiopoulos
authors.forename: Konstandina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koklanis
authors.forename: Meri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vukicevic
authors.forename: Fergus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Laima
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brazionis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D012169:Retinal Vein / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers