title: Automated Diagnosis of Heart Sounds Using Rule-Based Classification Tree.
abstract: In order to assist the diagnosis procedure of heart sound signals, this paper presents a new automated method for classifying the heart status using a rule-based classification tree into normal and three abnormal cases; namely the aortic valve stenosis, aortic insufficient, and ventricular septum defect. The developed method includes three main steps as follows. First, one cycle of the heart sound signals is automatically detected and segmented based on time properties of the heart signals. Second, the segmented cycle is preprocessed with the discrete wavelet transform and then largest Lyapunov exponents are calculated to generate the dynamical features of heart sound time series. Finally, a rule-based classification tree is fed by these Lyapunov exponents to give the final decision of the heart health status. The developed method has been tested successfully on twenty-two datasets of normal heart sounds and murmurs with success rate of 95.5%. The resulting error can be easily corrected by modifying the classification rules; consequently, the accuracy of automated heart sounds diagnosis is further improved.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electronic Engineering (FEE), Menoufia University, Menouf, 32952, Egypt. mekarar@ieee.org.
authors.forename: Mohamed Esmail
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Karar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electronic Engineering (FEE), Menoufia University, Menouf, 32952, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sahar H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: El-Khafif
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electronic Engineering (FEE), Menoufia University, Menouf, 32952, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El-Brawany
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003663:Decision Trees; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006347:Heart Sounds / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D058067:Wavelet Analysis
keywords: Classification tree; Discrete wavelet transform; Heart sounds; Largest lyapunov exponents; Phonocardiogram