title: Impact of Workplace Physical Activity Interventions on Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Health Among Working-Age Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women in high-income Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Physical activity is protective for cardiovascular disease. The realities of modern life require working-age women to address work-related, family, and social demands. Few working-age women meet current moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) recommendations. Given that working-age women spend a substantial proportion of their waking hours at work, places of employment may be an opportune and a controlled setting to implement programs, improving MVPA levels and enhancing cardiometabolic health.
  
  
  
  Eight electronic databases were searched to identify all prospective cohort and experimental studies reporting an MVPA outcome of workplace interventions for working-age women (mean age, 18-65 years) in high-income Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool; quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. A qualitative synthesis was performed for all studies, and meta-analyses were conducted where possible. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria; 20 studies were included in the meta-analyses. Workplace interventions significantly increased minutes per week of metabolic equivalents (4 studies; standardized mean differences, 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44 to 2.69), but not minutes per week of MVPA (13 studies; standardized mean differences, 0.38; 95% CI, -0.15 to 0.92) or metabolic equivalents per week (3 studies; standardized mean differences, 0.11; 95% CI, -0.48 to 0.71). Workplace interventions also significantly decreased body mass (7 studies; mean differences, -0.83 kg; 95% CI, -1.64 to -0.02), body mass index (6 studies; mean differences, -0.35 kg/m2; 95% CI, -0.62 to -0.07), low-density lipoprotein (4 studies; mean differences, -0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.17 to -0.04), and blood glucose (2 studies; mean differences, -0.18 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.29 to -0.07). These workplace interventions targeting MVPA levels and known beneficial cardiometabolic health sequelae were of lower quality evidence.
  
  
  
  Workplace interventions variably improve MVPA levels and related cardiometabolic health sequelae of working-age women in high-income Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Our findings underscore the need for ongoing research in this area but also increased dissemination of the existing programs and knowledge.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (J.L.R., S.A.P., C.G.E., K.-A.M., H.E.T., L.M.C., A.L.P., R.D.R.); and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada (S.H.). jreed@ottawaheart.ca.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (J.L.R., S.A.P., C.G.E., K.-A.M., H.E.T., L.M.C., A.L.P., R.D.R.); and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada (S.H.).
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (J.L.R., S.A.P., C.G.E., K.-A.M., H.E.T., L.M.C., A.L.P., R.D.R.); and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada (S.H.).
authors.forename: Cara G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (J.L.R., S.A.P., C.G.E., K.-A.M., H.E.T., L.M.C., A.L.P., R.D.R.); and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada (S.H.).
authors.forename: Kerri-Anne
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (J.L.R., S.A.P., C.G.E., K.-A.M., H.E.T., L.M.C., A.L.P., R.D.R.); and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada (S.H.).
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Tulloch
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (J.L.R., S.A.P., C.G.E., K.-A.M., H.E.T., L.M.C., A.L.P., R.D.R.); and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada (S.H.).
authors.forename: Swapnil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hiremath
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (J.L.R., S.A.P., C.G.E., K.-A.M., H.E.T., L.M.C., A.L.P., R.D.R.); and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada (S.H.).
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cotie
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (J.L.R., S.A.P., C.G.E., K.-A.M., H.E.T., L.M.C., A.L.P., R.D.R.); and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada (S.H.).
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pipe
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (J.L.R., S.A.P., C.G.E., K.-A.M., H.E.T., L.M.C., A.L.P., R.D.R.); and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada (S.H.).
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D009786:Occupational Health Services; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D016387:Women's Health; D014931:Women, Working; D017132:Workplace; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: exercise; motor activity; risk; women; workplace