title: M-mode echocardiographic reference values in Pantja goats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to establish M-mode echocardiographic reference values in Pantja goats and to study the effect of gender and body weight (BW) on these parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 18, clinically healthy, adult Pantja goats of either sex, aged 2-4 years and weighing 10-44 kg were included in the study. Echocardiographic examination was performed in the standing unsedated animal. All measurements were made from the right parasternal long-axis left ventricular outflow tract view of the heart. The following parameters were recorded: Left ventricular internal diameter at diastole and systole, interventricular septal thickness at diastole and systole, left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) thickness at diastole and systole, end diastolic and systolic volumes, stroke volume, fractional shortening, ejection fraction, percent systolic thickening of interventricular septum, percent systolic thickening of LVPW, cardiac output, left atrial (LA) diameter at diastole and systole, aortic (AO) root diameter at diastole and systole, LA/AO, LA posterior wall thickness at diastole and systole, left ventricular ejection time, DE amplitude, EF slope, AC interval and e-point to septal separation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study demonstrated specific reference ranges of M-mode echocardiographic parameters and indices in healthy Pantja goats. Normal echocardiographic values obtained in Pantja goats were quite different from other goat breeds. Gender had no influence on echocardiographic parameters, while high correlations were found between most echocardiographic parameters and BW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The echocardiographic values obtained in the study may serve as a reference for future studies in this breed, for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and for utilizing the goat as a model for cardiac disorders in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, Pantnagar - 263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
authors.forename: Parul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, Pantnagar - 263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
authors.forename: Narendra Singh
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Jadon
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, Pantnagar - 263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
authors.forename: Deepti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bodh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, Pantnagar - 263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
authors.forename: Manjul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kandpal
keywords: M-mode; Pantja; echocardiography; goats; heart disease