title: The cost of free health care for all Kenyans: assessing the financial sustainability of contributory and non-contributory financing mechanisms.
abstract: The need to provide quality and equitable health services and protect populations from impoverishing health care costs has pushed universal health coverage (UHC) to the top of global health policy agenda. In many developing countries where the majority of the population works in the informal sector, there are critical debates over the best financing mechanisms to progress towards UHC. In Kenya, government health policy has prioritized contributory financing strategy (social health insurance) as the main financing mechanism for UHC. However, there are currently no studies that have assessed the cost of either social health insurance (SHI) as the contributory approach or an alternative financing mechanism involving non-contributory (general tax funding) approaches to UHC in Kenya. The aim of this study was to critically assess the financial requirements of both contributory and non-contributory mechanisms to financing UHC in Kenya in the context of large informal sector populations.
  
  
  
  SimIns Basic® model, Version 2.1, 2008 (WHO/GTZ), was used to assess the feasibility of UHC in Kenya and provide estimates of financial resource needs for UHC over a 17-year period (2013-2030). Data sources included review of national and international literature on inflation, demography, macro-economy, health insurance, health services unit costs and utilization rates. The data were triangulated across geographic regions for accuracy and integrity of the simulation. SimIns models for 10 years only so data from the final year of the model was used to project for another 7 years. The 17-year period was necessary because the Government of Kenya aims to achieve UHC by 2030.
  
  
  
  The results show that SHI is financially sustainable (Sustainability in this study is used to mean that expenditure does not outstrip revenue.) (revenues and expenditure match) within the first five years of implementation, but it becomes less sustainable with time. Modelling for a non-contributory scenario, on the other hand, showed greater sustainability both in the short- and long-term. The financial resource requirements for universal access to health care through general government revenue are compared with a contributory health insurance scheme approach. Although both funding options would require considerable government subsidies, given the magnitude of the informal sector in Kenya and their limited financial capacity, a tax-funded system would be less costly and more sustainable in the long-term than an insurance scheme approach. However, more innovative financing for health care as well as giving the health sector higher priority in government expenditure will be required to make the non-contributory financing mechanism more sustainable.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Healthcare Management, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya. vokungu@strathmore.edu.|KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. vokungu@strathmore.edu.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1359-2645
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Okungu
authors.affiliation: KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chuma
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McIntyre
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D004651:Employment; D005380:Financing, Government; D017048:Health Care Costs; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000191:economics*; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D061889:Healthcare Financing; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007348:Insurance, Health; D007630:Kenya; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D013660:Taxes; D019472:Universal Health Insurance
keywords: Contributory; Informal sector; Non-contributory; Universal health coverage