title: Development and validation of an extraction method for the analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances in human hair.
abstract: Human hair has many advantages as a non-invasive sample; however, analytical methods for detecting perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human hair are still in the development stage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for monitoring 11 PFASs in human hair. Solid-phase extraction (SPE), ion-pairing extraction (IPE), a combined method (SPE+IPE) and solvent extraction with ENVI-carb clean-up were compared to develop an optimal extraction method using two types of hair sample (powder and piece forms). Analysis of PFASs was performed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Among the four different extraction procedures, the SPE method using powdered hair showed the best extraction efficiency and recoveries ranged from 85.8 to 102%. The method detection limits for the SPE method were 0.114-0.796 ng/g and good precision (below 10%) and accuracy (66.4-110%) were obtained. In light of these results, SPE is considered the optimal method for PFAS extraction from hair. It was also successfully used to detect PFASs in human hair samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea.
authors.forename: Da-Hye
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea. Electronic address: jeoh@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jeong-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056910:Republic of Korea; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons
keywords: Analytical method; Hair; Non-invasive method; Perfluoroalkyl substances