title: Modulating Tone to Promote Motor Development Using a Neurofacilitation of Developmental Reaction (NFDR) Approach in Children with Neurodevelopmental Delay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of a Neurofacilitation of Developmental Reaction (NFDR) approach with that of a Conventional approach in the modulation of tone in children with neurodevelopmental delay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental control design. A total of 30 spastic children ranging in age from 4 to 7 years with neurodevelopmental delay were included. Baseline evaluations of muscle tone and gross motor functional performance abilities were performed. The children were allocated into two intervention groups of 15 subjects each. In groups A and B, the NFDR and conventional approaches were applied, respectively, for 3 months and were followed by subsequent re-evaluations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between group analyses were performed using independent t test for tone and primitive reflex intensity and a Mann-Whitney U test for gross motor functional ability. For the within-group analyses, paired t tests were used for tone and primitive reflex intensity, and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for gross motor functional ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NFDR approach/technique prepares the muscle to undergo tonal modulation and thereby enhances motor development and improves the motor functional performance abilities of the children with neurodevelopmental delay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital, Government of NCT Delhi, 110002 India.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.affiliation: Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Institute for the Physically Handicapped, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, Government of India, New Delhi, 110002, India.
authors.forename: Meenakshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.affiliation: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India.
authors.forename: Ravindra Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, King George Medical University (Formerly Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University), Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Vijai Prakash
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007 India.
authors.forename: Girdhar Gopal
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Agarwal
keywords: motor skills; muscle tone; neurodevelopmental delay; neurofacilitation of developmental reaction; posture