title: Advance in Anti-tumor Mechanisms of Shikonin, Alkannin and their Derivatives.
abstract: Shikonin, alkannin and their derivatives, the main ingredient of Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst native to Inner Mongolian and Northwest of China respectively, hold promising potentials for antitumor effects via multiple-target mechanisms. This review will emphasize the importance of their antitumor activity in apoptosis, necroptosis and immunogenic cell death, and expound the relationship of their antitumor activity and naphthoquinone scaffold that could generate ROS and alkylating agent. Meanwhile, the antitumor mechanisms of naturally-occurring shikonin, alkannin and their derivatives, which were divided into the direct interaction involved in alkylating agent, covalently binding the DNA and protein, as well as the indirect interaction mediated by ROS, nonspecifically influencing the mitochondria or multiple signal pathways, will be systematically summarized and discussed.
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642. China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240. China.
authors.forename: Jia-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240. China.
authors.forename: Qing-Qing
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240. China.
authors.forename: Shao-Shun
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Meteria, Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, E. 232, Waihuan Rd, University Town, Panyu, Guangzhou, 510006. China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642. China.
authors.forename: Sui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006801:Humans; D029684:Lithospermum / Q000737:chemistry; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C018204:alkannin; C016101:shikonin
keywords: Alkannin; DNA; ROS; anti-tumor mechanisms; bioalkylation; shikonin