title: General self-efficacy and diabetes management self-efficacy of diabetic patients referred to diabetes clinic of Aq Qala, North of Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-efficacy is one of the factors involved in successful self-care of diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate general self-efficacy and diabetes management self-efficacy and to determine their association with glycemic control in diabetic individuals, referred to the diabetes clinic of Aq Qala city, North of Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 251 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were enrolled using census method. Data collection tools consisted of Sherer General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSES) and Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) with minor demographic adjustments and hemoglobin A1C test. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical techniques include independentt-test, Spearman correlation coefficient and linear regression were applied for further data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean and standard deviation age of subjects was 56.17 ± 10.45 years. The mean level of HbA1C of studied subject was 8.35 ± 2.02%. There was a negative correlation between age and general self-efficacy and diabetes self-efficacy while, there was a positive correlation between general self-efficacy and diabetes self-efficacy (P< 0.001). Results of the regression analysis showed that duration of the disease was the only variable which had a significant effect on the level of hemoglobin A1C (P< 0.001), so that for each year of having the disease, the level of hemoglobin A1C increased by 0.084% (CI 95% = 0.048-0.121).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  General self-efficacy and diabetes self-efficacy does not affect glycemic control in diabetic individuals. The duration of the disease is the only affecting variable on glycemic control by its worsening in diabetic individuals. Interventions are recommended to help glycemic control in individuals who are having this disease for longer periods. Moreover, further studies on the affecting factors on poor glycemic control of diabetic patients as well as the role of time variable, are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hajar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dehghan
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdurrahman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charkazi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ghorban Mohammad
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kouchaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Bagher Pahlevan
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Zadeh
authors.affiliation: AleJalil Hospital, AqQala Health Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, AqQala, Iran.
authors.forename: Bibi Azizieh
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dehghan
authors.affiliation: Public Health Department, School of Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matlabi
authors.affiliation: Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mansourian
authors.affiliation: Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.|Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qorbani
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Safari
authors.affiliation: Social Determinants of Health Research Center and Public Health Department, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Tahereh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pashaei
authors.affiliation: Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Babak Rastegari
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Mehr
keywords: Aq Qala; Diabetes; Diabetes self-efficacy; Glycemic control