title: Downregulation of HuR Inhibits the Progression of Esophageal Cancer through Interleukin-18.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of human antigen R (HuR) downregulation and the potential target genes of HuR on the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, a proteomics assay was used to detect the expression of proteins after HuR downregulation, and a luciferase assay was used to detect the potential presence of a HuR binding site on the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of interleukin 18 (IL-18). In addition, colony formation assay, MTT, EdU incorporation assay, Western blot, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, transwell invasion assay, and wound healing assay were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, we found that the expression of both HuR protein and mRNA levels were higher in tumor tissues than in the adjacent tissues. HuR downregulation significantly suppressed cell proliferation. In addition, the metastasis of esophageal cancer cells was inhibited, while the expression of E-cadherin was increased and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP9, and vimentin was decreased after HuR knockdown. Moreover, silencing of HuR disturbed the cell cycle of ESCC cells mainly by inducing G1 arrest. Furthermore, proteomics analysis showed that downregulation of HuR in TE-1 cells resulted in 100 upregulated and 122 downregulated proteins, including IL-18 as a significantly upregulated protein. The expression of IL-18 was inversely regulated by HuR. IL-18 expression was decreased in ESCC tissues, and exogenous IL-18 significantly inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of ESCC cells. The 3'-UTR of IL-18 harbored a HuR binding site, as shown by anin vitroluciferase assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HuR plays an important role in the progression of esophageal carcinoma by targeting IL-18, which may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ESCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhihua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chenxiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yiting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
authors.forename: Judong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D000067780:ELAV-Like Protein 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000067780:ELAV-Like Protein 1; C098770:ELAVL1 protein, human; C000589760:IL18 protein, human; D020382:Interleukin-18; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Cell proliferation; Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; Human antigen R (HuR); Interleukin-18; Neoplasm metastasis