title: High Dietary Magnesium Intake is Significantly and Independently Associated with Higher Insulin Sensitivity in a Mexican-Mestizo Population: A Brief Cross-Sectional Report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnesium acts as a cofactor in many intracellular reactions including phosphorylation of the insulin receptor; therefore, its imbalance can potentially cause insulin resistance. Low serum magnesium concentration has been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between the daily dietary magnesium intake and insulin resistance estimated by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and homeostatic model assessment 2, as well as insulin sensitivity estimated by the Matsuda index.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a university affiliated medical center, 32 participants (22 women, 10 men) that had an indication for testing for type 2 diabetes mellitus with an oral glucose tolerance test were enrolled in this cross-sectional, comparative study. Clinical and biochemical evaluations were carried out including an oral glucose tolerance test. Hepatic insulin resistance index, homeostatic model assessment 2, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and Matsuda insulin sensitivity were calculated for each participant. They were asked to recall their food ingestion (24 hours) of three days of the past week, including a weekend day; magnesium intake was calculated according to the food nutritional information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The low dietary magnesium intake group (< 4.5 mg/kg/day) had a higher two-hour insulin concentration after an oral glucose tolerance test compared to those with high dietary magnesium (119.5 [73.0-190.6] vs. 63.5 [25.4-114.2]; p = 0.008), and insulin sensitivity assessed by the Matsuda index was higher in the high dietary magnesium intake group (4.3 ± 3.1 vs. 2.4 ± 1.5; p = 0.042). In multiple linear regression analysis a higher dietary magnesium intake was independently associated (β = 4.93; p = 0.05) with a better insulin sensitivity estimated by the Matsuda index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that higher magnesium intake is independently associated with better insulin sensitivity in patients at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moctezuma-Velázquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Sámano
authors.affiliation: Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
authors.forename: María Belén
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Cajas-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Diana Lorena
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Reyes-Molina
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galindo-Guzmán
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Clara-Elena
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Meza-Arana
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cuevas-Ramos
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gulias-Herrero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004032:Diet; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016014:Linear Models; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D008274:Magnesium