title: Friction Reduction through Ultrasonic Vibration Part 2: Experimental Evaluation of Intermittent Contact and Squeeze Film Levitation.
abstract: In part 1 of the current study of haptic displays, a finite element (FE) model of a finger exploring a plate vibrating out-of-plane at ultrasonic frequencies was developed as well as a spring-frictional slider model. It was concluded that the reduction in friction induced by the vibrations could be ascribed to ratchet mechanism as a result of intermittent contact. The relative reduction in friction calculated using the FE model could be superimposed onto an exponential function of a dimensionless group defined from relevant parameters. The current paper presents measurements of the reduction in friction, involving real and artificial fingertips, as a function of the vibrational amplitude and frequency, the applied normal force and the exploration velocity. The results are reasonably similar to the calculated FE values and also could be superimposed using the exponential function provided that the intermittent contact was sufficiently well developed, which for the frequencies examined correspond to a minimum vibrational amplitude of  ∼ 1 µm P-P. It was observed that the reduction in friction depends on the exploration velocity and is independent of the applied normal force and ambient air pressure, which is not consistent with the squeeze film mechanism. However, the modelling did not incorporate the influence of air and the effect of ambient pressure was measured under a limited range of conditions, Thus squeeze film levitation may be synergistic with the mechanical interaction.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sednaoui
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vezzoli
authors.forename: Brygida
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dzidek
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lemaire-Semail
authors.forename: Cedrick
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chappaz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology*; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D014110:Touch; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves