title: Labour pain experiences and perceptions: a qualitative study among post-partum women in Ghana.
abstract: Women have experienced severe labour pain over the years and various attempts have been made to effectively manage labour pain. However, there is paucity of literature on the labour pain experience and perceptions about labour pain with the contemporary Ghanaian health system. Therefore this study sought to gain an in-depth understanding on labour pain experiences and perceptions of post-partum women.
  
  
  
  The study adopted an exploratory descriptive qualitative approach and collected data through individual interviews. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants who were purposively sampled. After transcription of interviews, the data were analyzed inductively using content analysis techniques.
  
  
  
  Women in this study experienced pain during labour rated as mild, moderate and severe and the pain was felt at the waist area, vagina, lower abdomen and the general body. The women expressed labour pain through crying, screaming and shouting. They prayed to God to help reduce the severe pain. Some women endured the pain, cried inwardly and others showed no sign of pain. Some women believed that crying during labour is a sign of weakness. Pain reliefs such as pethidine (Meperidine) was occasionally given. Non-pharmacologic measures employed included walking around, deep breathing, side-lying, waist holding, squatting, taking a shower and chewing gum. The individuality of pain experience and expression was emphasized and the socio-cultural orientation of women made some of them stoic.
  
  
  
  We concluded that it is necessary for all health professionals to manage labour pain effectively taking the socio-cultural context into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Health, School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana. aziatol@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7813-5525
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aziato
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Wisconsin International University College, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Angela Kwartemaa
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Acheampong
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Health, School of Nursing, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kitimdow Lazarus
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Umoar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D048949:Labor Pain; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D008614:Meperidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D010147:Pain Measurement; D056888:Patient Positioning; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008614:Meperidine
keywords: Ghana; Labour pain; Pain; Pain experience; Qualitative research