title: Motor Neurons Tune Premotor Activity in a Vertebrate Central Pattern Generator.
abstract: Central patterns generators (CPGs) are neural circuits that drive rhythmic motor output without sensory feedback. Vertebrate CPGs are generally believed to operate in a top-down manner in which premotor interneurons activate motor neurons that in turn drive muscles. In contrast, the frog (Xenopus laevis) vocal CPG contains a functionally unexplored neuronal projection from the motor nucleus to the premotor nucleus, indicating a recurrent pathway that may contribute to rhythm generation. In this study, we characterized the function of this bottom-up connection. TheX. laevisvocal CPG produces a 50-60 Hz "fast trill" song used by males during courtship. We recorded "fictive vocalizations" in thein vitroCPG from the laryngeal nerve while simultaneously recording premotor activity at the population and single-cell level. We show that transecting the motor-to-premotor projection eliminated the characteristic firing rate of premotor neurons. Silencing motor neurons with the intracellular sodium channel blocker QX-314 also disrupted premotor rhythms, as did blockade of nicotinic synapses in the motor nucleus (the putative location of motor neuron-to-interneuron connections). Electrically stimulating the laryngeal nerve elicited primarily IPSPs in premotor neurons that could be blocked by a nicotinic receptor antagonist. Our results indicate that an inhibitory signal, activated by motor neurons, is required for proper CPG function. To our knowledge, these findings represent the first example of a CPG in which precise premotor rhythms are tuned by motor neuron activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCentral pattern generators (CPGs) are neural circuits that produce rhythmic behaviors. In vertebrates, motor neurons are not commonly known to contribute to CPG function, with the exception of a few spinal circuits where the functional significance of motor neuron feedback is still poorly understood. The frog hindbrain vocal circuit contains a previously unexplored connection from the motor to premotor region. Our results indicate that motor neurons activate this bottom-up connection, and blocking this signal eliminates normal premotor activity. These findings may promote increased awareness of potential involvement of motor neurons in a wider range of CPGs, perhaps clarifying our understanding of network principles underlying motor behaviors in numerous organisms, including humans.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, and.
authors.forename: Kristy J
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9968-5625
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, and.
authors.forename: Wick M
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0123-9788
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5653-1041
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, and ezornik@reed.edu.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9288-0620
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zornik
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D063226:Central Pattern Generators / Q000502:physiology; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: CPG; Xenopus; feedback; synchrony; vocal; vocalization