title: Aldo-keto reductase-1 (AKR1) protect cellular enzymes from salt stress by detoxifying reactive cytotoxic compounds.
abstract: Cytotoxic compounds like reactive carbonyl compounds such as methylglyoxal (MG), melandialdehyde (MDA), besides the ROS accumulate significantly at higher levels under salinity stress conditions and affect lipids and proteins that inhibit plant growth and productivity. The detoxification of these cytotoxic compounds by overexpression of NADPH-dependent Aldo-ketoreductase (AKR1) enzyme enhances the salinity stress tolerance in tobacco. The PsAKR1 overexpression plants showed higher survival and chlorophyll content and reduced MDA, H2O2, and MG levels under NaCl stress. The transgenic plants showed reduced levels of Na+levels in both root and shoot due to reduced reactive carbonyl compounds (RCCs) and showed enhanced membrane stability resulted in higher root growth and biomass. The increased levels of antioxidant glutathione and enhanced activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) suggest AKR1 could protect these enzymes from the RCC induced protein carbonylation by detoxification process. The transgenics also showed higher activity of delta 1-pyrroline-5- carboxylate synthase (P5CS) enzyme resulted in increasedproline levels to maintain osmotic homeostasis. The results demonstrates that the AKR1 protects proteins or enzymes that are involved in scavenging of cytotoxic compounds by detoxifying RCCs generated under salinity stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India.
authors.forename: Ramu S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vemanna
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Babitha
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Jayant K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Solanki
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Amarnatha Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sarangi
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India. Electronic address: Udayakumar_m@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Udayakumar
mesh_terms: D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D000074408:Aldo-Keto Reductases; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D018533:Biomass; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009953:Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010788:Photosynthesis; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D054712:Salinity; D055051:Salt-Tolerant Plants / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002734:Chlorophyll; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde; D011392:Proline; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D000074408:Aldo-Keto Reductases; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D009953:Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase
keywords: AKR; Antioxidant; Cytotoxic compounds; Proline; Protein carbonyls; ROS; Salinity