title: Development and validation of an improved mechanical thorax for simulating cardiopulmonary resuscitation with adjustable chest stiffness and simulated blood flow.
abstract: Investigations of compressive frequency, duty cycle, or waveform during CPR are typically rooted in animal research or computer simulations. Our goal was to generate a mechanical model incorporating alternate stiffness settings and an integrated blood flow system, enabling defined, reproducible comparisons of CPR efficacy. Based on thoracic stiffness data measured in human cadavers, such a model was constructed using valve-controlled pneumatic pistons and an artificial heart. This model offers two realistic levels of chest elasticity, with a blood flow apparatus that reflects compressive depth and waveform changes. We conducted CPR at opposing levels of physiologic stiffness, using a LUCAS device, a motor-driven plunger, and a group of volunteers. In high-stiffness mode, blood flow generated by volunteers was significantly less after just 2min of CPR, whereas flow generated by LUCAS device was superior by comparison. Optimal blood flow was obtained via motor-driven plunger, with trapezoidal waveform.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center, Technische Universität München, Munich 80636, Germany. Electronic address: Eichhornst@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eichhorn
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center, Technische Universität München, Munich 80636, Germany. Electronic address: Spindler.Johannes@web.de.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spindler
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center, Technische Universität München, Munich 80636, Germany. Electronic address: m.g.polski@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polski
authors.affiliation: Fakultät für Informatik, Robotics and Embedded Systems, Technische Universität München, Germany. Electronic address: Mendozag@in.tum.de.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering, Munich University for Applied Science, Munich, Germany . Electronic address: DrSchreiber@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.affiliation: GS Elektromedizinische Geräte GmbH, Kaufering, Germany . Electronic address: Michael.Heller@corpuls.com.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center, Technische Universität München, Munich 80636, Germany. Electronic address: Deutsch@dhm.mhn.de.
authors.forename: Marcus Andre
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwigs Maximilians Universität München, Germany. Electronic address: Christian.Braun@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center, Technische Universität München, Munich 80636, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Lange@dhm.mhn.de.
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center, Technische Universität München, Munich 80636, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Krane@dhm.mhn.de.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krane
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001775:Blood Circulation; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D013909:Thorax / Q000098:blood supply*
keywords: Blood flow; Mechanical thorax model; Resuscitation; Thorax stiffness