title: State-of-the-Art Methods for Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Analysis in Athletes-The Need for Novel Non-Invasive Techniques.
abstract: Muscle glycogen levels have a profound impact on an athlete's sporting performance, thus measurement is vital. Carbohydrate manipulation is a fundamental component in an athlete's lifestyle and is a critical part of elite performance, since it can provide necessary training adaptations. This paper provides a critical review of the current invasive and non-invasive methods for measuring skeletal muscle glycogen levels. These include the gold standard muscle biopsy, histochemical analysis, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and musculoskeletal high frequency ultrasound, as well as pursuing future application of electromagnetic sensors in the pursuit of portable non-invasive quantification of muscle glycogen. This paper will be of interest to researchers who wish to understand the current and most appropriate techniques in measuring skeletal muscle glycogen. This will have applications both in the lab and in the field by improving the accuracy of research protocols and following the physiological adaptations to exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, BEST Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK. J.Greene@2013.ljmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, School of Sports and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK. J.B.Louis@ljmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK. O.Korostynska@ljmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Korostynska
authors.affiliation: Animalia, Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, Økern 0513, Oslo, Norway. alex.mason@animalia.no.|Department of Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK. alex.mason@animalia.no.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D006003:Glycogen
keywords: carbohydrates; electromagnetic sensors; magnetic resonance spectroscopy; muscle biopsy; muscle glycogen; musculoskeletal ultrasound