title: Does a foot-drop implant improve kinetic and kinematic parameters in the foot and ankle?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unlike the drop foot therapy with ortheses, the therapeutic effect of an implantable peroneus nerve stimulator (iPNS) is not well described. IPNS is a dynamic therapy option which is placed directly to the motoric part of the peroneal nerve and evokes a dorsiflexion of the paralysed foot. This retrospective study evaluates the kinematics and kinetics in drop foot patients who were treated with an iPNS.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 subjects (mean age 51.3 years) with a chronic stroke-related drop foot were treated with an implantable peroneal nerve stimulator. After a mean follow-up from 12.5 months, kinematics and kinetics as well as spatiotemporal parameters were evaluated and compared in activated and deactivated iPNS. Therefore, a gait analysis with motion capture system (Vicon Motion System Ltd®, Oxford, UK) and Plug-in-Gait model was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study showed significantly improved results in ankle dorsiflexion from 6.8° to 1.8° at the initial contact and from -7.3° to 0.9° during swing phase (p ≤ 0.004 and p ≤ 0.005, respectively). Likewise, we could measure improved kinetics, i.a. with a statistically significant improvement in vertical ground reaction force at loading response from 99.76 to 106.71 N/kg (p = 0.043). Enhanced spatiotemporal results in cadence, douple support, stride length, and walking speed could also be achieved, but without statistical significance (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show statistically significant improvement in ankle dorsiflexion and vertical ground reaction forces. These facts indicate a more gait stability and gait efficacy. Therefore, the use of an iPNS appears an encouraging therapeutic option for patients with a stroke-related drop foot.
authors.affiliation: Sporthopaedicum Straubing, Bahnhofplatz 27, 94315, Straubing, Germany. kraj@gmx.net.
authors.forename: Kiriakos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Daniilidis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials (LBB), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Strasse 1-7, 30625, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Eike
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jakubowitz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials (LBB), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Strasse 1-7, 30625, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomann
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Strasse 1-7, 30625, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ettinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Strasse 1-7, 30625, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stukenborg-Colsman
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Strasse 1-7, 30625, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Daiwei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010543:Peroneal Nerve; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Drop foot; Functional electrostimulation; Gait analysis; Implantable peroneus nerve stimulator; Stroke