title: Comparative Survey of Holding Positions for Reducing Vaccination Pain in Young Infants.
abstract: Background. Infant holding position may reduce vaccination pain. However, the optimal position for young infants remains controversial.Objectives. To compare the effectiveness of holding infants in the supine position and the effectiveness of holding infants in upright position for relieving acute pain from vaccine injection.Methods. This prospective cohort study enrolled 6-12-week-old healthy infants. We examined infant pain responses by evaluating the following three categories: (1) crying, (2) irritability, and (3) facial expression.Results. In total, 282 infants were enrolled, with 103 and 179 held in the supine and upright positions, respectively. At 30 s after vaccination, the infants in the supine position showed a larger decrease in crying (p< 0.001), irritability (p= 0.002), and pained facial expression (p= 0.001) than did those in the upright position. However, there was no significant difference in pain response between two groups at 180 s after intervention.Conclusion. In 2-month-old infants, the supine position may reduce acute pain more effectively than does the upright position. Our findings provide a clinical strategy for relieving vaccination pain in young infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Nursing, Chang Gung University, Taipei 105, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Chu
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei 105, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shao-Wen
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Yuh
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Master Program in Global Health and Development, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei 105, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Hao
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6955-8593
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Weng
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003448:Crying; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006948:Hyperkinesis; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects*