title: Diagnostic value of sleep stage dissociation as visualized on a 2-dimensional sleep state space in human narcolepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 1 narcolepsy (NT1) is characterized by symptoms believed to represent Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep stage dissociations, occurrences where features of wake and REM sleep are intermingled, resulting in a mixed state. We hypothesized that sleep stage dissociations can be objectively detected through the analysis of nocturnal Polysomnography (PSG) data, and that those affecting REM sleep can be used as a diagnostic feature for narcolepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) model using 38 features extracted from EOG, EMG and EEG was used in control subjects to select features differentiating wake, stage N1, N2, N3 and REM sleep. Sleep stage differentiation was next represented in a 2D projection. Features characteristic of sleep stage differences were estimated from the residual sleep stage probability in the 2D space. Using this model we evaluated PSG data from NT1 and non-narcoleptic subjects. An LDA classifier was used to determine the best separation plane.
  
  
  METHODS
  This method replicates the specificity/sensitivity from the training set to the validation set better than many other methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight prominent features could differentiate narcolepsy and controls in the validation dataset. Using a composite measure and a specificity cut off 95% in the training dataset, sensitivity was 43%. Specificity/sensitivity was 94%/38% in the validation set. Using hypersomnia subjects, specificity/sensitivity was 84%/15%. Analyzing treated narcoleptics the specificity/sensitivity was 94%/10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep stage dissociation can be used for the diagnosis of narcolepsy. However the use of some medications and presence of undiagnosed hypersomnolence patients impacts the result.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Electronic address: Avo.blunt@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anders Vinther
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stephansen
authors.affiliation: Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leary
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive medicine, U Madison Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Peppard
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorder Center, Catholic University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sheungshul
authors.affiliation: Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
authors.forename: Poul Jørgen
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Jennum
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.affiliation: Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mignot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D004585:Electrooculography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008875:Middle Aged; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Diagnostic; LDA classifier; Machine learning; Narcolepsy; Sleep stage dissociation