title: Effects of three triazine metabolites and their mixture at environmentally relevant concentrations on early life stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis).
abstract: The sensitivity of early life stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) to chronic exposure of one out of three triazine metabolites (terbuthylazine 2-hydroxy - T2H, terbuthylazine-desethyl - TD, and atrazine 2-hydroxy - A2H) and their mixture at maximal environmentally real concentrations was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The effects were assessed on the basis of mortality, growth, development, oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes activity and histopathology. Single metabolites (T2H - 0.73 μg/L; TD - 1.80 μg/L; A2H - 0.66 μg/L) and their mixture were not associated with negative effects on mortality, behaviour and early ontogeny, however, two metabolites (TD and A2H) and mixtures caused significantly lower growth and significantly higher catalase activity of early life stages of marbled crayfish. No histopathological changes of gills were observed after exposure to all tested triazine treatments, however, apparent histological differences in structural cells organization such as superiority in numbers of lipid resorptive cells were recorded in after exposition to TD and mixture. In conclusion, this study shows potential risk of using triazine herbicides in agriculture due to effects of their degradation products on non-target organisms.
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czechia. Electronic address: velisek@frov.jcu.cz.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Velisek
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czechia.
authors.forename: Alzbeta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stara
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czechia.
authors.forename: Eliska
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zuskova
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czechia.
authors.forename: Antonin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kouba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D003400:Astacoidea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D006540:Herbicides; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Antioxidant enzyme; Developmental stage; Histopathology; Oxidative stress; Toxicity test