title: Dendritic cells, macrophages, NK and CD8+T lymphocytes play pivotal roles in controlling HSV-1 in the trigeminal ganglia by producing IL1-beta, iNOS and granzyme B.
abstract: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) cause not only mild symptoms but also blindness and encephalitis. It was previously shown that the immune response against HSV-1 occurs mainly in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and that Toll-like receptors 2 and 9 (TLR2/9) are important in mediating this response. It was also demonstrated that iNOS (nitric oxide synthase) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) play an essential role in the defense against HSV-1 infection. Importantly, the present work aimed to identify the primary cells responsible for iNOS and IL-1β production and search for other important molecules and cells that might or might not depend on TLR2/9 receptors to mediate the immune response against HSV-1.
  
  
  
  C57BL/6 (wild type, WT) and TLR2/9-/-mice were infected by the intranasal route with HSV-1 (1 × 106p.f.u.). Cells were obtained from the TG and spleen tissues and the profile of immune cells was determined by flow cytometry in infected and mock infected WT and knockout mice. The percentage of cells producing iNOS, IL-1β, granzyme B and perforin was also determined by flow cytometry. Chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) was measured by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) in the TG, spleen and lung. Expression of type I interferons (IFNs), interleukins (IL) 5 and 10, IL-1β and granzyme B were quantified by real time PCR.
  
  
  
  The results indicate that dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mϕ) were the main sources of IL-1β and iNOS, respectively, which, together with type I IFNs, were essential for the immune response against HSV-1. Additionally, we showed that granzyme B produced by CD8+T and NK lymphocytes and MCP-1 were also important for this immune response. Moreover, our data indicate that the robust production of MCP-1 and granzyme B is either TLR-independent or down regulated by TLRs and occurs in the TG of TLR2/9-/-infected mice.
  
  
  
  Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that the responses mediated by DCs, Mo/Mϕ, NK and CD8+T lymphocytes through IL-1β, iNOS and granzyme B production, respectively, together with the production of type I IFN early in the infection, are crucial to host defense against HSV-1.
authors.affiliation: Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lucinda
authors.affiliation: Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Marta
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália Lima
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Pessoa
authors.affiliation: Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Beatriz Senra Álvares da Silva
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Graciela Kunrath
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arthur Molinari
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Magalhães Vieira
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erna Geessien
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Kroon
authors.affiliation: Biologia e Imunologia Parasitária, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lis Ribeiro do Valle
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.affiliation: Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil. marcoasc@cpqrr.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: Marco Antônio
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4683-0176
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Campos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D053804:Granzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D007370:Interferon Type I; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C495370:Tlr9 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D053804:Granzymes; C509214:Gzmb protein, mouse
keywords: CD8+ T lymphocytes; Dendritic cells; Encephalitis; Herpes simplex virus 1; Innate immunity; Macrophages; Murine model; Neuropathogenesis; TLRs