title: Binary mixture toxicities of triphenyltin with tributyltin or copper to five marine organisms: Implications on environmental risk assessment.
abstract: Triphenyltin (TPT) often coexists with tributyltin (TBT) and Cu in coastal waters worldwide. The combined toxic effect of TPT and TBT has always been assumed to be additive without any scientific proof, and the combined effect of Cu and TPT on marine organisms has not been vigorously studied. This study, therefore, investigated the acute toxicity of binary mixture of TPT/Cu and TPT/TBT to five selected marine species including Thalassiosira pseudonana, Skeletonema costatum, Tigriopus japonicus, Brachionus koreanus and Oryzias melastigma. The interaction between TPT and TBT or Cu was modeled antagonistic based on concentration addition (CA) model, while it was synergistic according to response addition (RA) model. Both model well predicted the toxicity of binary mixtures to the five organisms. As for the environmental risk assessment, CA overestimated the toxicity in most cases and thus is a more conservative model than RA model for assessing the toxicity of these chemical mixtures.
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, PR China. Electronic address: yixianliang@dlut.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xianliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Vivien W W
authors.initials: VWW
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kenneth M Y
authors.initials: KMY
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D033342:Copepoda / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D009990:Oryzias / Q000254:growth & development; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012403:Rotifera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C011559:tributyltin; D003300:Copper; C030665:triphenyltin
keywords: Additive; Antagonistic; Concentration addition; Response addition; Synergistic