title: Temporal change of photophobic step-up responses of Euglena gracilis investigated through motion analysis.
abstract: The adaptation to a strong light is one of the essential characteristics of green algae, yet lacking relatively the information about the photophobic responses of Eukaryotic microalgae. We investigated the photophobic step-up responses of Euglena gracilis over a time course of several hours with alternated repetition of blue-light pulse illumination and spatially patterned blue-light illumination. Four distinctive photophobic motions in response to strong blue light were identified in a trace image analysis, namely on-site rotation, running and tumbling, continuous circular swimming, and unaffected straightforward swimming. The cells cultured in autotrophic conditions under weak light showed mainly the on-site rotation response at the beginning of blue-light illumination, but they acquired more blue-light tolerant responses of running and tumbling, circular swimming, or straightforward swimming. The efficiency of escaping from a blue-light illuminated area improved markedly with the development of these photophobic motions. Time constant of 3.0 h was deduced for the evolution of photophobic responses of E. gracilis. The nutrient-rich metabolic status of the cells resulting from photosynthesis during the experiments, i.e., the accumulation of photosynthesized nutrient products in balance between formation and consumption, was the main factor responsible for the development of photophobic responses. The reduction-oxidation status in and around E. gracilis cells did not affect their photophobic responses significantly, unlike the case of photophobic responses and phototaxis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. This study shows that the evolution of photophobic motion type of E. gracilis is dominated mainly by the nutrient metabolic status of the cells. The fact suggests that the nutrient-rich cells have a higher threshold for switching the flagellar motion from straightforward swimming to rotation under a strong light.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Lab, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ozasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea.|Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan.|Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan.|Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Lab, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Mizuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeda
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D016825:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / Q000502:physiology; D005056:Euglena gracilis / Q000502:physiology*; D005502:Food; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008027:Light; D058086:Microalgae / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D010788:Photosynthesis; D000071444:Phototaxis; D012399:Rotation; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording