title: Evaluation of factors associated with severe and frequent back pain in high school athletes.
abstract: Several studies have shown that half of all young athletes experience back pain (BP). However, high intensity and frequency of BP may be harmful, and the factors associated with BP severity have not been investigated in detail. Here, we investigated the factors associated with a high intensity and high frequency of BP in high school athletes. We included 251 athletes (173 boys and 78 girls [14-20 years old]) in this cross-sectional study. The dependent variables were a high frequency and high intensity of BP, and the independent variables were demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, hereditary, anthropometric, behavioural, and postural factors and the level of exercise. The effect measure is presented as prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Of 251 athletes, 104 reported BP; thus, only these athletes were included in the present analysis. Results of multivariable analysis showed an association between high BP intensity and time spent using a computer (PR: 1.15, CI: 1.01-1.33), posture while writing (PR: 1.41, CI: 1.27-1.58), and posture while using a computer (PR: 1.39, CI: 1.26-1.54). Multivariable analysis also revealed an association of high BP frequency with studying in bed (PR: 1.19, CI: 1.01-1.40) and the method of carrying a backpack (PR: 1.19, CI: 1.01-1.40). In conclusion, we found that behavioural and postural factors are associated with a high intensity and frequency of BP. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to compare different intensities and frequencies of BP, and our results may help physicians and coaches to better understand BP in high school athletes.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil.|Instituto Federal Goiano, Goiás, Brazil.
authors.forename: Matias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erika Aparecida
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivan Silveira de
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Avelar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D056352:Athletes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011584:Psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult