title: Topical anaesthetics for pain control during repair of dermal laceration.
abstract: Topical local anaesthetics provide effective analgesia for patients undergoing numerous superficial procedures, including repair of dermal lacerations. The need for cocaine in topical anaesthetic formulations has been questioned because of concern about adverse effects, thus novel preparations of cocaine-free anaesthetics have been developed. This review was originally published in 2011 and has been updated in 2017.
  
  
  
  To assess whether benefits of non-invasive topical anaesthetic application occur at the expense of decreased analgesic efficacy. To compare the efficacy of various single-component or multi-component topical anaesthetic agents for repair of dermal lacerations. To determine the clinical necessity for topical application of the ester anaesthetic, cocaine.
  
  
  
  For this updated review, we searched the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 11), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; 2010 to December 2016), Embase (2010 to December 2016) and MEDLINE (2010 to December 2016). We did not limit this search by language or format of publication. We contacted manufacturers, international scientific societies and researchers in the field. Weemailed selected journalsand reviewed meta-registers of ongoing trials. For the previous version of this review, we searched these databases to November 2010.
  
  
  
  We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of topical anaesthetics for repair of dermal laceration in adult and paediatric participants.
  
  
  
  Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We contacted study authors for additional information when needed. We collected adverse event information from trial reports. We assessed methodological risk of bias for each included study and employed the GRADE approach to assess the overall quality of the evidence.
  
  
  
  The present updated review included 25 RCTs involving 3278 participants. The small number of trials in each comparison group and the heterogeneity of outcome measures precluded quantitative analysis of data for all but one outcome: pain intensity. In two pooled studies, the mean self-reported visual analogue scale (VAS; 0 to 100 mm) score for topical prilocaine-phenylephrine (PP) was higher than the mean self-reported VAS (0 to 100 mm) score for topical tetracaine-epinephrine-cocaine (TAC) by 5.59 points (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.16 to 13.35). Most trials that compared infiltrated and topical anaesthetics were at high risk of bias, which is likely to have affected their results. Researchers found that several cocaine-free topical anaesthetics provided effective analgesic efficacy. However, data regarding the efficacy of each topical agent are based mostly on single comparisons in trials with unclear or high risk of bias. Mild, self-limited erythematous skin induration occurred in one of 1042 participants who had undergone application of TAC. Investigators reported no serious complications among any of the participants treated with cocaine-based or cocaine-free topical anaesthetics. The overall quality of the evidence according to the GRADE system is low owing to limitations in design and implementation, imprecision of results and high probability of publication bias (selective reporting of data). Additional well-designed RCTs with low risk of bias are necessary before definitive conclusions can be reached.
  
  
  
  We have found two new studies published since the last version of this review was prepared. We have added these studies to those previously included and have conducted an updated analysis, which resulted in the same review conclusions as were presented previously.Mostly descriptive analysis indicates that topical anaesthetics may offer an efficacious, non-invasive means of providing analgesia before suturing of dermal lacerations. Use of cocaine-based topical anaesthetics might be hard to justify, given the availability of other effective topical anaesthetics without cocaine. However, the overall quality of the evidence according to the GRADE system is low owing to limitations in design and implementation, imprecision of results and high probability of publication bias (selective reporting of data). Additional well-designed RCTs with low risk of bias are necessary before definitive conclusions can be reached.
authors.affiliation: Pain Research, Education and Policy (PREP) Program, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Stearns 203, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Baraa O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Tayeb
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuromedicine Pain, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eidelman
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology,Toxicology, and Individualized Pediatric Therapeutics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Cristy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Eidelman
authors.affiliation: Pain Research, Education and Policy (PREP) Program, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Stearns 203, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Pharmacy, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ewan D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: McNicol
authors.affiliation: Pain Research, Education and Policy (PREP) Program, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Stearns 203, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Anesthesiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D002648:Child; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D022125:Lacerations / Q000601:surgery*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries*; D013537:Sutures; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013748:Tetracaine; D003042:Cocaine; D004837:Epinephrine