title: Detection of early radiotherapy-induced changes in intrinsic myocardial contractility by ultrasound tissue characterization in patients with early-stage breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are major late complications after radiotherapy (RT) in the thoracic region. Ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC) is a noninvasive method for the identification of myocardial changes. The aim of this prospective clinical trial was to assess whether the analysis of cyclic variation of integrated backscatter (CVIBS) can detect early RT-induced myocardial alterations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three eligible patients with early-stage breast cancer were evaluated before and immediately after adjuvant RT. Twenty and 53 patients had right-sided and left-sided breast cancer, respectively. None of the patients received chemotherapy. Comprehensive echocardiographic examination included three-dimensional (3D) measurements and UTC analysis of the left ventricular (LV) septum and posterior wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RT reduced CVIBS in a dose-dependent manner. The mean heart radiation dose over two gray (Gy) reduced the septal CVIBS from 12.0±3.4 to 9.6±2.5 dB (P<.001) and the posterior wall CVIBS from 12.8±2.7 to 11.3±2.4 dB (P=.007). The CVIBS remained unchanged when the mean heart RT dose was below 2 Gy. Multivariate analysis showed an independent association with a change in septal CVIBS and the use of aromatase inhibitor (β=2.986, P=.001) and body mass index (β=-0.241, P=.014). The posterior values were worse with higher mean lung dose (β=-.485, P=.018) and with nonsmoking status (β=-2.411, P=.009). Echocardiography parameters showed increased myocardial mass but conventional measurements of the LV systolic function remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclic variation of integrated backscatter analysis seems to be a sensitive method to detect early RT-induced myocardial changes. Hence, it may be useful in screening of patients needing closer follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Heart Center Co., Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi Sirkku
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tuohinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skyttä
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Heini
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huhtala
authors.affiliation: Heart Center Co., Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Vesa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.affiliation: Heart Center Co., Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Pirkko-Liisa
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Kellokumpu-Lehtinen
authors.affiliation: Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raatikainen
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
keywords: breast cancer; cyclic variation of integrated backscatter; radiotherapy; ultrasound tissue characterization