title: Association between lutein intake and lutein concentrations in human milk samples from lactating mothers in South Korea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the lutein content of breast milk and its association with maternal lutein intake among lactating mothers in South Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Milk samples were obtained from 98 healthy lactating women (mean age; 32.5 ± 3.5 years). Dietary intake data were collected by a food record method for three consecutive days. Maternal lutein intake was estimated by using the lutein database. Lutein concentrations in human milk were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean values of the daily lutein intakes and breast milk lutein concentrations in lactating mothers were 4.70 ± 3.11 mg/day (median 3.87) and 3.50 ± 3.71 µg/dl (median 2.45), respectively. Breast milk lutein concentrations were positively associated with the dietary lutein intake of lactating mothers after adjustment for lactating women's age, BMI, dietary energy intake, type of breastfeeding, and infants' age (β = 0.3629, P = 0.0056).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering that lutein in milk can be associated with dietary lutein intake, knowledge about infant requirement is needed to define the adequate lutein levels in human milk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Maeil Asia Human Milk Research Center (MAHRC), Maeil Dairies Co. Ltd, The K Twin Tower A, Joonghak-Dong, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03142, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunju
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Maeil Asia Human Milk Research Center (MAHRC), Maeil Dairies Co. Ltd, The K Twin Tower A, Joonghak-Dong, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03142, Republic of Korea. jungjia@maeil.com.
authors.forename: Ji A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea. nschang@ewha.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Namsoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D014975:Lutein / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D056910:Republic of Korea
chemical_list: D014975:Lutein
keywords: Lutein; dietary intake; human milk; lactating mothers