title: Serum dihomo-γ-linolenic acid level is inversely associated with the risk of depression. A 21-year follow-up study in general population men.
abstract: Depression is a major public health challenge worldwide, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially n-3 PUFAs, have been found to inversely associate with the risk of depression. However, only few cross-sectional studies have investigated the association between dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), an n-6 PUFA with anti-inflammatory effects, and depression. The aims of the present study were to examine an association between serum DGLA and the risk of depression, and to study whether the potential association is mediated via inflammation.
  
  
  
  A 20-year prospective Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) follow-up study was conducted from 1984 to 1989 with 2179 middle-aged and older Finnish men (42-60 years old at baseline). The baseline concentrations of serum fatty acids, including DGLA, were determined. A hospital discharge diagnosis of depression was used as the main outcome and obtained from linkage to National Hospital Discharge Register. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured to assess inflammation.
  
  
  
  An inverse association between serum DGLA concentration and incidence of depression was found after adjustment for several potential confounders (Hazard ratio HR 0.53, CI 0.36-0.79, P=0.002). The association between DGLA and depression was not dependent on inflammation (P-interaction=0.618).
  
  
  
  Our findings may not be generalizable to individuals below middle-age or women. Moreover, we were unable to consider cases with mild depression in the longitudinal setting.
  
  
  
  Higher serum DGLA concentrations may predict lower risk of develop depression in elderly men. Further studies are warranted to address potential mechanisms as mechanism behind this association remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Teymoor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yary
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029, KYS, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tommi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tolmunen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029, KYS, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Soili M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tomi-Pekka
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Tuomainen
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nurmi
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kauhanen
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voutilainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029, KYS, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: anu.ruusunen@kuh.fi.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruusunen
mesh_terms: D015126:8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044967:Serum / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015126:8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid
keywords: DGLA; Depression; Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid; Fatty acids; Prospective study