title: Correlation between pre-ramadan glycemic control and subsequent glucose fluctuation during fasting in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even though patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are exempted from fasting, the vast majority elect to fast against the advice of their healthcare providers. We have previously reported the incidence of wide fluctuations in blood glucose (BG) along with "unrecognized" severe hypoglycemia during Ramadan fasting in adolescents with T1DM. This report compares the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data during fasting in adolescents with T1DM according to their Pre-Ramadan diabetes control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children and adolescents with T1DM who intended to fast the month of Ramadan were asked to wear the CGM during fasting for a minimum of 3 days. Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and severe hyperglycemia were identified as BG <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), BG 201-300 mg/dL (11.2-16.7 mmol/L), or BG >300 mg/dL (16.7 mmol/L) respectively, while normoglycemia was identified as BG 70-200 mg/dL (3.9-11.1 mmol/L). Patients were categorized as well-controlled (Group 1) and poorly controlled (Group 2) if the pre-fasting HbA1C was ≤8% (64 mmol/mol) and >8%, respectively. We compared the mean BG and the percentages of time spent in hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and severe hyperglycemia between the two groups using Chi-square (significant difference when P value was <0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 21 patients were enrolled (15 females), age 15 ± 4 years, duration of diabetes 6 ± 3 years, and HbA1C 8.5 ± 1.0% (70 mmol/mol). There were 7 subjects in Group 1, mean HbA1C 7.5 ± 0.4, and 14 subjects in Group 2, mean HbA1C 9.1 ± 0.9. The mean ± SD BG was 174 ± 76 mg/dL versus 199 ± 98, (P < 0.05) in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The percentages of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and severe hyperglycemia were significantly higher in Group 2, while there was a higher percentage of normoglycemia in Group 1. The overall durations of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and severe hyperglycemia in Group 2 were longer by 30, 14, and 135%, respectively, than those in Group 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glycemic control before Ramadan in adolescents with T1 DM appears to correlate with blood glucose profile during Ramadan fasting. Our data suggest that optimal glycemic control before Ramadan may reduce the potential risks associated with fasting and minimize glucose fluctuation.
authors.affiliation: Tawam Hospital in Affiliation with Johns Hopkins Medicine, P. O. Box 15258, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. bafandi@tawamhospital.ae.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Afandi
authors.affiliation: Tawam Hospital in Affiliation with Johns Hopkins Medicine, P. O. Box 15258, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Tawam Hospital in Affiliation with Johns Hopkins Medicine, P. O. Box 15258, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al Hassani
authors.affiliation: Tawam Hospital in Affiliation with Johns Hopkins Medicine, P. O. Box 15258, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hadi
authors.affiliation: Tawam Hospital in Affiliation with Johns Hopkins Medicine, P. O. Box 15258, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohamed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007514:Islam; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D014479:United Arab Emirates / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Adolescents; Correlation; Fastingm; Glycemic; Ramadan; SMBG