title: Multiple pharmacological targets, cytotoxicity, and phytochemical profile of Aphloia theiformis (Vahl.) Benn.
abstract: Aphloia theiformis (Vahl.) Benn. (AT) is traditionally used in Sub-Saharan African countries including Mauritius as a biomedicine for the management of several diseases. However, there is a dearth of experimental studies to validate these claims. We endeavoured to evaluate the inhibitory effects of crude aqueous extract as traditionally used together with the crude methanol extracts of AT leaves on urease, angiotensin (I) converting enzyme (ACE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), cholesterol esterase (CEase), glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa), and glycation in vitro. The crude extract showing potent activity against the studied enzymes was further partitioned using different solvents of increasing polarity. The enzyme inhibitory and antiglycation activities of each fraction was assessed. Kinetic of inhibition of the active crude extract/fractions on the aforementioned enzymes was consequently determined using Lineweaver-Burk plots. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-UV/MS) system was used to establish the phytochemical profile of AT. The real time cell analysis system (iCELLigence™) was used to monitor any cellular cytotoxicity of AT. Crude methanolextract (CME) was a potent inhibitor of the studied enzymes, with IC50ranging from 696.22 to 19.73μg/mL. CME (82.5%) significantly (p<0.05) inhibited glycation and was comparable to aminoguanidine (81.5%). Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of CME showed non-competitive, competitive, and uncompetitive mode of inhibition against ACE, CEase, and AChE respectively. Mangiferin, a xanthone glucoside was present in CME, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions. Active extract/fractions were found to be non-cytotoxic (IC50>20μg/mL) according to the U.S National Cancer Institute plant screening program. This study has established baseline data that tend to justify the traditional use of AT and open new avenues for future biomedicine development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius.
authors.forename: Marie Carene Nancy
authors.initials: MCN
authors.lastname: Picot
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atalay
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, 42250 Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gokhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zengin
authors.affiliation: BotaniCert, Botanical and Phytochemical Authentication, 4, trav. Dupont, 06130 Grasse, France.
authors.forename: Loïc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Loffredo
authors.affiliation: BotaniCert, Botanical and Phytochemical Authentication, 4, trav. Dupont, 06130 Grasse, France.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hadji-Minaglou
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius. Electronic address: f.mahomoodally@uom.ac.mu.
authors.forename: Mohamad Fawzi
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mahomoodally
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D044004:Xanthones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044004:Xanthones; C013592:mangiferin; C009689:xanthone; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Antiglycation; Aphloia theiformis; Cytotoxicity; Mauritius; Medicinal plant