title: Advances in optogenetic and chemogenetic methods to study brain circuits in non-human primates.
abstract: Over the last 10 years, the use of opto- and chemogenetics to modulate neuronal activity in research applications has increased exponentially. Both techniques involve the genetic delivery of artificial proteins (opsins or engineered receptors) that are expressed on a selective population of neurons. The firing of these neurons can then be manipulated using light sources (for opsins) or by systemic administration of exogenous compounds (for chemogenetic receptors). Opto- and chemogenetic tools have enabled many important advances in basal ganglia research in rodent models, yet these techniques have faced a slow progress in non-human primate (NHP) research. In this review, we present a summary of the current state of these techniques in NHP research and outline some of the main challenges associated with the use of these genetic-based approaches in monkeys. We also explore cutting-edge developments that will facilitate the use of opto- and chemogenetics in NHPs, and help advance our understanding of basal ganglia circuits in normal and pathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. agalvan@emory.edu.|Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. agalvan@emory.edu.|Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. agalvan@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9939-0130
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galvan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.|Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Caiola
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.|Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Albaugh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D062308:Optogenetics; D011323:Primates
keywords: Basal ganglia; Chemogenetics; DREADDs; Monkeys; Non-human primates; Opsins; Optogenetics