title: Investigation of the elastic modulus, tensile and flexural strength of five skull simulant materials for impact testing of a forensic skin/skull/brain model.
abstract: Conducting in vitro research for forensic, impact and injury simulation modelling generally involves the use of a skull simulant with mechanical properties similar to those found in the human skull. For this study epoxy resin, fibre filled epoxy resin, 3D-printing filaments (PETG, PLA) and self-cure acrylic denture base resin were used to fabricate the specimens (n=20 per material group), according to ISO 527-2 IBB and ISO20795-1. Tensile and flexural testing in a universal testing machine was used to measure their tensile/flexural elastic modulus and strength. The results showed that the epoxy resin and fibre filled epoxy resin had similar tensile elastic moduli (no statistical significant difference) with lower values observed for the other materials. The fibre filled epoxy resin had a considerably higher flexural elastic modulus and strength, possibly attributed to the presence of fibres. Of the simulants tested, epoxy resin had an elastic modulus and flexural strength close to that of mean human skull values reported in the literature, and thus can be considered as a suitable skull simulant for a skin/skull/brain model for lower impact forces that do not exceed the fracture stress. For higher impact forces a 3D printing filament (PLA) may be a more suitable skull simulant material, due to its closer match to fracture stresses found in human skull bone. Influencing factors were also anisotropy, heterogeneity and viscoelasticity of human skull bone and simulant specimens.
authors.affiliation: Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 647, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. Electronic address: falland.ohio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Falland-Cheung
authors.affiliation: Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 647, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: J Neil
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Waddell
authors.affiliation: Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 647, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chun Li
authors.affiliation: Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 647, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Darryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 647, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brunton
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000032:analysis*; D001921:Brain; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D044707:Forensic Sciences; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D018583:Pliability; D012867:Skin; D012886:Skull; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins
keywords: 3D printing filament; Cranial bone; Epoxy resin; Skull simulant