title: A three-dimensional block structure consisting exclusively of carbon nanotubes serving as bone regeneration scaffold and as bone defect filler.
abstract: Many recent studies have been conducted to assess the ability of composite materials containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with high bone affinity to serve as scaffolds in bone regenerative medicine. These studies have demonstrated that CNTs can effectively induce bone formation. However, no studies have investigated the usefulness of scaffolds consisting exclusively of CNTs in bone regenerative medicine. We built a three-dimensional block entity with maximized mechanical strength from multi-walled CNTs (MWCNT blocks) and evaluated their efficacy as scaffold material for bone repair. When MWCNT blocks containing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) were implanted in mouse muscle, ectopic bone was formed in direct contact with the blocks. Their bone marrow densities were comparable to those of PET-reinforced collagen sheets with rhBMP-2. On day 1 and day 3, MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were attached to the scaffold surface of MWCNT blocks than that of PET-reinforced collagen sheets. They also showed a maximum compression strength comparable to that of cortical bone. Our MWCNT blocks are expected to serve as bone defect filler and scaffold material for bone regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-20, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.|Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haniu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takanashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physical Therapy, Shinshu University School of Health Sciences, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Aizawa Hospital Sports Medicine Center, Honjou 2-5-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayumu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002828:Choristoma; D019245:Compressive Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016062:Porosity; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine