title: Safety of standardized Macleaya cordata extract in an eighty-four-day dietary study in dairy cows.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of a standardized Macleaya cordata Extract Product (MCEP) containing the quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloids, sanguinarine and chelerythrine, when fed to dairy cows. Thirty-six dairy cows were randomized into three groups with twelve cows/treatment in two replica pens for each treatment group: control (C) without MCEP added to feed, treatment 1 (SANG-1000) with MCEP added to feed at 1,000 mg/animal/day (1.5 mg/kg bw/day) and treatment 2 (SANG-10000) with MCEP added to feed at 10,000 mg/animal/day (15.5 mg MCEP/kg bw/day). After two weeks of acclimation, animals were observed for an 84-day experimental period, with body weight, feed intake and milk production measured daily. Milk composition was analysed every two weeks. Haematological analyses were performed on Day 0 and Day 84, and clinical chemistry analyses were performed on Day 84 of the study. There was no statistically significant difference (p > .10) among the three groups on body condition score, milk production or milk composition over the study period. There were no significant differences in body weight gain or feed consumption among the three groups. Animals in the SANG-10000 group had significantly higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) than the C group (p < .1) and lower mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) than the SANG-1000 group (p < .1). Concentrations of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in milk samples collected on Day 84 were below the detection limit (LOD) as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). In conclusion, this study presents compelling data supporting the hypothesis that the test product MCEP, when included in the TMR at up to 10,000 mg/animal/day (15.5 mg MCEP/kg bw/day), is well tolerated by dairy cows.
authors.affiliation: Burdock Group, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8416-7400
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Burdock Group, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.affiliation: Phytobiotics, Futterzusatzstoffe GmbH, Eltville, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Alvensleben
authors.affiliation: CERZOO Srl, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morlacchini
authors.affiliation: CERZOO Srl, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fusconi
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D053119:Benzophenanthridines / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000737:chemistry; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D028101:Papaveraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D007546:Isoquinolines; D010936:Plant Extracts; C005705:sanguinarine; C016299:chelerythrine
keywords: benzophenanthridine alkaloids; dairy cow; sanguinarine