title: The epidemiology of alcohol use in Izmir, Turkey: drinking pattern, impairment and help-seeking.
abstract: There is no report on various patterns of alcohol drinking and related impairment, help-seeking in Turkey. We investigated the 12-month prevalence and correlates of drinking patterns and alcohol use disorders in the general population of Izmir-Turkey, with further analyses on role impairment and help-seeking.
  
  
  
  A multi-stage clustered area probability sample of adult household residents in the Izmir Metropolitan Area was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 2.1 (n  = 4011). Estimation focused on prevalence and correlates of 12-month drinking pattern and DSM-IV alcohol use disorders. The 12-month drinking pattern included groups of non-regular users, regular non-heavy drinkers, regular heavy drinkers, and alcohol abuse disorder and alcohol dependence. All respondents were questioned about receiving 12-month treatment for any psychological complaints, the route of help-seeking, and were assessed with Short Form-36 for functional impairments. Multinomial logistic regression was used for underlying associations between the covariates and the drinking patterns.
  
  
  
  The rate of lifetime alcohol abstinence was 52.3% while the prevalence of past-year users was 14.8%. The 12-month prevalence estimates of regular heavy drinkers, and alcohol abuse disorder and dependence were 2.5%, 3.2 and 1.6%, respectively. Any of the drinking patterns and alcohol use disorders was associated with male gender, and higher levels of education, monthly income and socioeconomic status. Alcohol dependence was associated with mental health impairment but not with physical impairment. The 12-month rates of help-seeking in alcohol abuse and dependence were 11.6 and 16.5%.
  
  
  
  Although alcohol use disorders are lower than estimates of Western countries, alcohol use constitute a major reason of disability with prominent treatment gap.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Halis
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ulaş
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey. tolga.binbay@deu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Tolga
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Binbay
authors.affiliation: Hakkari State Hospital, Hakkari, Turkey.
authors.forename: Umut
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kırlı
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hayriye
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elbi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Köksal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alptekin
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D000066505:Help-Seeking Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012380:Role; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol; Drinking; Epidemiology; Help-seeking; Role impairment