title: Comparison of direct measures of adiposity with indirect measures for assessing cardiometabolic risk factors in preadolescent girls.
abstract: Childhood overweight and obesity remains high, contributing to cardiometabolic risk factors at younger ages. It is unclear which measures of adiposity serve as the best proxies for identifying children at metabolic risk. This study assessed whether DXA-derived direct measures of adiposity are more strongly related to cardiometabolic risk factors in children than indirect measures.
  
  
  
  Anthropometric and DXA measures of adiposity and a comprehensive assessment of cardiometabolic risk factors were obtained in 288, 9-12 year old girls, most being of Hispanic ethnicity. Multiple regression models for each metabolic parameter were run against each adiposity measure while controlling for maturation and ethnicity. In addition, regression models including both indirect and direct measures were developed to assess whether using direct measures of adiposity could provide a better prediction of the cardiometabolic risk factors beyond that of using indirect measures alone.
  
  
  
  Measures of adiposity were significantly correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors (p < 0.05) except fasting glucose. After adjusting for maturation and ethnicity, indirect measures of adiposity accounted for 29-34% in HOMA-IR, 10-13% in TG, 14-17% in HDL-C, and 5-8% in LDL-C while direct measures accounted for 29-34% in HOMA-IR, 10-12% in TG, 13-16% in HDL-C, and 5-6% in LDL-C. The addition of direct measures of adiposity to indirect measures added significantly to the variance explained for HOMA-IR (p = 0.04).
  
  
  
  Anthropometric measures may perform as well as the more precise direct DXA-derived measures of adiposity for assessing most CVD risk factors in preadolescent girls. The use of DXA-derived adiposity measures together with indirect measures may be advantageous for predicting insulin resistance risk.
  
  
  
  NCT02654262 . Retrospectively registered 11 January 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA. mchr@email.arizona.edu.|College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Shantz Building, PO Box 210038, 1177 E. 4th Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0034, USA. mchr@email.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1825-8010
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hetherington-Rauth
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.|Departments of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.|University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bea
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Vinson R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Blew
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.|Departments of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Lohman
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Going
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Body composition; Cardiovascular disease; Girls