title: Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenal surgery for clinical and subclinical Cushing's syndrome in patients with bilateral adrenal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of hypercortisolism for patients with bilateral adrenal disease (BAD) is controversial. Bilateral total adrenalectomy results in permanent hypocortisolaemia requiring lifelong steroid replacement. A more conservative surgical approach, with less than bilateral total adrenalectomy (leaving functional adrenal tissue either unilaterally or bilaterally), represents an alternative option; however, long-term outcome or recurrence data are limited. We report our experience with the surgical management of hypercortisolism caused by BAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2004 and 2016, 42 patients (12 male, 30 female; mean age 58 ± 10 years) with clinical or subclinical Cushing's syndrome (CS/sCS) caused by BAD underwent adrenal surgery via the posterior retroperitoneoscopic approach. Adrenal surgery was defined as "adrenalectomy" when total gland excision was performed or "resection" when a partial or subtotal adrenal resection was performed. Clinical, radiological and biochemical parameters were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy adrenal operations performed in total included unilateral resection (n = 3), unilateral adrenalectomy (n = 15), bilateral resection (n = 9), adrenalectomy and contralateral resection (n = 14) and bilateral total adrenalectomy (n = 3). Median operating time was 47.5 min (30-150) with no difference between unilateral and bilateral (synchronous included) procedures (p = 0.15). Mortality was zero. Clavien-Dindo grade of postoperative complications was I (n = 5) and IV (n = 3). All but one patient with CS and 17/31 patients with sCS received postoperative steroid supplementation for a median duration of 20 (1.5-129) months. After median follow-up of 40 months (3-129), the remission rate was 92%; 11 patients required ongoing steroid supplementation. There were three biochemical recurrences (two underwent contralateral resection); two patients with new/progressive radiological nodularity are biochemically eucortisolaemic. A significant reduction in BMI (p = 0.01) and antihypertensive requirements (p = 0.04) was observed postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A surgical approach which facilitates the conservation of functional adrenal tissue represents a suitable strategy for hypercortisolism caused by BAD. This approach avoids the necessity for lifelong steroid replacement in the majority of cases with low rates of adrenal insufficiency and recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick and University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. aoife.lowery@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aoife J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lowery
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Chirurgie und Zentrum für Minimal Invasive Chirurgie, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Evang. Huyssens-Stiftung/Knappschaft GmbH, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seeliger
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Chirurgie und Zentrum für Minimal Invasive Chirurgie, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Evang. Huyssens-Stiftung/Knappschaft GmbH, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Pier F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Alesina
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Chirurgie und Zentrum für Minimal Invasive Chirurgie, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Evang. Huyssens-Stiftung/Knappschaft GmbH, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Walz
mesh_terms: D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000379:methods*; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Adrenalectomy; Bilateral adrenalectomy; Cushing’s syndrome; Hypercortisolism; Retroperitoneoscopic