title: Eplerenone for hypertension.
abstract: Eplerenone is an aldosterone receptor blocker that is chemically derived from spironolactone. In Canada, it is indicated for use as adjunctive therapy to reduce mortality for heart failure patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II systolic chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. It is also used as adjunctive therapy for patients with heart failure following myocardial infarction. Additionally, it is indicated for the treatment of mild and moderate essential hypertension for patients who cannot be treated adequately with other agents. It is important to determine the clinical impact of all antihypertensive medications, including aldosterone antagonists, to support their continued use in essential hypertension. No previous systematic reviews have evaluated the effect of eplerenone on cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, and magnitude of blood pressure lowering in patients with hypertension.
  
  
  
  To assess the effects of eplerenone monotherapy versus placebo for primary hypertension in adults. Outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events (fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction), cerebrovascular events (fatal or non fatal strokes), adverse events or withdrawals due to adverse events, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
  
  
  
  We searched the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trials registers up to 3 March 2016. We handsearched references from retrieved studies to identify any studies missed in the initial search. We also searched for unpublished data by contacting the corresponding authors of the included studies and pharmaceutical companies involved in conducting studies on eplerenone monotherapy in primary hypertension. The search had no language restrictions.
  
  
  
  We selected randomized placebo-controlled trials studying adult patients with primary hypertension. We excluded studies in people with secondary or gestational hypertension and studies where participants were receiving multiple antihypertensives.
  
  
  
  Three review authors independently reviewed the search results for studies meeting our criteria. Three review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality using a standardized data extraction form. A fourth independent review author resolved discrepancies or disagreements. We performed data extraction and synthesis using a standardized format on Covidence. We conducted data analysis using Review Manager 5.
  
  
  
  A total of 1437 adult patients participated in the five randomized parallel group studies, with treatment durations ranging from 8 to 16 weeks. The daily doses of eplerenone ranged from 25 mg to 400 mg daily. Meta-analysis of these studies showed a reduction in systolic blood pressure of 9.21 mmHg (95% CI -11.08 to -7.34; I2= 58%) and a reduction of diastolic pressure of 4.18 mmHg (95% CI -5.03 to -3.33; I2= 0%) (moderate quality evidence).There may be a dose response effect for eplerenone in the reduction in systolic blood pressure at doses of 400 mg/day. However, this finding is uncertain, as it is based on a single included study with low quality evidence. Overall there does not appear to be a clinically important dose response in lowering systolic or diastolic blood pressure at eplerenone doses of 50 mg to 400 mg daily. There did not appear to be any differences in the number of patients who withdrew due to adverse events or the number of patients with at least one adverse event in the eplerenone group compared to placebo. However, only three of the five included studies reported adverse events. Most of the included studies were of moderate quality, as we judged multiple domains as being at unclear risk in the 'Risk of bias' assessment.
  
  
  
  Eplerenone 50 to 200 mg/day lowers blood pressure in people with primary hypertension by 9.21 mmHg systolic and 4.18 mmHg diastolic compared to placebo, with no difference of effect between doses of 50 mg/day to 200 mg/day. A dose of 25 mg/day did not produce a statistically significant reduction in systolic or diastolic blood pressure and there is insufficient evidence for doses above 200 mg/day. There is currently no available evidence to determine the effect of eplerenone on clinically meaningful outcomes such as mortality or morbidity in hypertensive patients. The evidence available on side effects is insufficient and of low quality, which makes it impossible to draw conclusions about potential harm associated with eplerenone treatment in hypertensive patients.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy, Lower Mainland Pharmacy Services, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Tina Sc
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.affiliation: Surrey Memorial Hospital Pharmacy, Lower Mainland Pharmacy Services, Surrey, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: May Hy
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Services, Fraser Health Authority, 3938 Kincaid St, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5G 1V7.
authors.forename: Sarah C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Services, Fraser Health Authority, 32900 Marshall Road, Abbotsford, BC, Canada, V2S 0C2.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Clinics, Royal Columbian Hospital, Lower Mainland Pharmacy Services, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Sarah N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Stabler
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy, Lower Mainland Pharmacy Services, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Angus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kinkade
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy, Lower Mainland Pharmacy Services, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.affiliation: Therapeutics Initiative, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tejani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D000077545:Eplerenone; D000075222:Essential Hypertension; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D013148:Spironolactone; D000077545:Eplerenone