title: Dangerous practices in a hemodialysis unit in Vietnam identify from mixed methods.
abstract: Non-compliance with infection control practices poses a serious risk to patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. We aimed to identify the type and frequency of non-compliance with infection control practices in a hemodialysis unit in Vietnam where a large outbreak of hepatitis C infection had occurred.
  
  
  
  Mixed methods approach included observations and discussions of non-compliance with all 12 nurses at the Hemodialysis Unit, District-6 Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City. Observations of nursing care activities were made between September 2013 and January 2014. Compliance with hand hygiene and glove use during nursing care activities were classified according to the potential for a serious risk of transmission of infection and reported as percentages. Each nurse was expected to provide 11 nursing care activities to three patients assigned per hemodialysis sessions. Activities were to be given on an individual patient-centered care basis, that is, one patient was to receive all 11 activities by their assigned nurse. On completion of the observations all nurses were enrolled in a focus group where observed non-compliance was discussed and transcripts were examined for themes.
  
  
  
  Hand hygiene compliance rate was low (27%, 95%CI 25%-28%, 1633/6140) regardless of classification of seriousness of risk from this breach. Although glove use (76%, 95%CI 74-78%, 1211/1586) and other personal protective equipment use (81%, 95%CI 78%-83%, 773/959) were high gloves were observed to be reused with multiple patients during a single nursing care activity provided to consecutive patients. Nurses explained the breakdown of providing nursing care activities on an individual patient-centered basis was a response to limited supply of gloves and hand hygiene facilities and was exacerbated by nursing being co-opted by overly demanding patients to provide services without delay.
  
  
  
  The adaption by the nurses to provide 11 single care activities to multiple consecutive patients in the absence of changing gloves and low hand hygiene compliance was potentially the central risk factor that facilitated the hepatitis C outbreak. Patient-centered care needs to be enforced to minimize multiple nurse-patient contacts that are associated with non-compliance classified as serious risk of infection transmission. Nurse empowerment to resist unreasonable patient demands may also be pivotal to assisting their compliance with hand hygiene and single patient-centered care. An audit program to measure infection control resources and practices may facilitate enforcement of the guidelines.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Australia, Level 3 Samuels Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Minh Cuong
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Australia, Level 3 Samuels Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. m.mclaws@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mary-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McLaws
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D017575:Gloves, Protective / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000592:standards; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D063373:Hand Hygiene; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000635:transmission; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000635:transmission; D006757:Hospital Units; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014744:Vietnam
keywords: Barriers; Glove use; Hand hygiene; Healthcare workers; Hemodialysis; Infection control non-compliance