title: Gender Differences in Publication Productivity Among Academic Urologists in the United States.
abstract: To describe the publication productivity of academic urologists in the United States by gender.
  
  
  
  Gender inequality is prevalent in most surgical subspecialties, including urology. Despite small numbers of women in academic positions, differences in scholarly impact by gender are relatively unknown. We assembled a list of 1922 academic urologists (1686 men (87.7%), 236 women (12.3%)) at 124 academic institutions throughout the United States as of February 2016. Scopus and Google Scholar were queried for bibliometric data on each individual, including h-index and m-quotient. We analyzed these metrics for both genders by educational background, subspecialty, National Institutes of Health funding, and academic rank.
  
  
  
  Men had higher median h-indices than women overall (P < .05), and had higher successive academic ranks (P < .05). Proportionally fewer women attained senior academic ranking (professor/chair), (P < .05). There was no difference in research productivity by successive rank after controlling for career duration (m-quotient). Women were more likely to choose a practice that specialized in pediatric urology or female urology/pelvic reconstructive surgery than their male counterparts (P < .05).
  
  
  
  Women represent a growing proportion of academic urology faculty, but despite the recent increase in number entering the field, relatively few women occupy senior leadership positions. Improving psychosocial barriers to advancement such as lack of mentorship or discriminatory policies may help pioneering female urologists as they progress in their careers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
authors.forename: Erik N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lenherr
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
authors.forename: Heidi A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
authors.forename: Terry C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Jessop
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. Electronic address: will.lowrance@hci.utah.edu.
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lowrance
mesh_terms: D015706:Bibliometrics; D035843:Biomedical Research; D002322:Career Mobility; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D011643:Publishing; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D014495:Universities; D000072178:Urologists; D014572:Urology; D000078329:Workforce