title: Cogan's syndrome: State of the art of systemic immunosuppressive treatment in adult and pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the evidences for treatment of Cogan's syndrome (CS), with reference to adult and younger patients described in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  DATA SOURCES: Studies reviewed were English language original articles ranging from 1990 to 2016 reporting data for subjects with CS (typical and atypical) undergoing any systemic treatment other than steroids alone. Medline/EMBASE, Cochrane Library were searched. The full text of articles meeting selection criteria was reviewed for: study type, diagnosis, number of subjects, treatment type and duration, clinical and/or functional outcomes, possible systemic manifestation or other autoimmune syndromes combined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors identified 76 relevant reports: 4 prospective studies, 2 retrospective studies, 12 case series and 58 case reports. The studies included a total of 141 new patients: based on the available data, 46 men and 50 women with a mean age of 33years (range 5-69). In the descriptive analysis adult patients (N=87) were separated from pediatric patients (<18years old) (N=17). Concerning treatment strategies, except for a first-line approach to check for a rapid remission, or for a drug sensibility often supporting the diagnosis, a long-term steroidal monotherapy is no longer recommended in CS. As in other autoimmune and rheumatologic diseases, combined treatment with steroid-sparing immunosuppressant agents, also considering "biological" drugs, is nowadays preferred. However, the evidence of clearly effective or preferable treatment options for CS remains lacking, mostly due to the rarity of the disease and to the consequent difficulty in organizing high-quality prospective trials.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy. Electronic address: paolo.mora@unipr.it.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calzetti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghirardini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rubino
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gandolfi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orsoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055952:Cogan Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: Adult-pediatric; Cogan's syndrome; Immunosuppressant; Systemic therapy