title: Histomorphology, ultrastructure and fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue in pansteatitis, the potentials in understanding the underlying mechanism and diagnosis of pansteatitis in the Nile crocodile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an effort to characterize the fat body and other adipose tissue in the Nile crocodile and the effects of pansteatitis on the structure and composition of the adipose tissue, we evaluated the regional variation in structure and fatty acid composition of healthy farmed crocodiles and those affected by pansteatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adipose tissue samples were collected from the subcutaneous, visceral and intramuscular fat and the abdominal fat body of ten 4-year old juvenile crocodiles from Izinthaba Crocodile Farm, Pretoria, South Africa while pansteatitis samples were collected from visceral and intramuscular fat of crocodiles that had died of pansteatitis at the Olifant River, Mpumalanga, also in South Africa. Histomorphology, ultrastrustucture and fatty acid composition by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histological examination showed regional variations in the adipose tissue especially in the collagen content of the ECM, tissue perfusion and division into lobes and lobules by fibrous capsule. Considerable fibrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration especially by macrophages and lymphocytes and toxic changes in the nucleus were observed in the pansteatitis samples. Regional variation in lipid composition especially in Myristoleic (C14:1), Erucic acid (C22:1n9), and Docosadienoic acid (C22:2n6) was observed. Most of the saturated and trans fatty acids were found in significant quantities in the pansteatitis samples, but had very low levels of the cis fatty acid and the essential fatty acids with C18 backbone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that there exists some regional variation in histomorphology and fatty acid composition in the healthy adipose tissue of the Nile crocodile. It also showed that pansteatitis in the Nile crocodile might have been triggered by sudden change in energy balance from consumption of dead fish; and probable exposure to toxic environmental conditions with the evidence of up scaled monounsaturated long chain fatty acids composition and toxic changes in the leucocytes observed in pansteatitis in the present study.
authors.affiliation: Anatomy and Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa. odunayoazeez@yahoo.com.|Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. odunayoazeez@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: O I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Azeez
authors.affiliation: Paraclinical Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Myburgh
authors.affiliation: Anatomy and Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Meintjes
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Tropical Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oosthuizen
authors.affiliation: Anatomy and Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chamunorwa
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles; D000818:Animals; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009928:Organ Specificity; D013231:Steatitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids
keywords: Adipose tissue; Histomorphology; Long chain fatty acid; Nile crocodile; Pansteatitis