title: Video-rate volumetric functional imaging of the brain at synaptic resolution.
abstract: Neurons and neural networks often extend hundreds of micrometers in three dimensions. Capturing the calcium transients associated with their activity requires volume imaging methods with subsecond temporal resolution. Such speed is a challenge for conventional two-photon laser-scanning microscopy, because it depends on serial focal scanning in 3D and indicators with limited brightness. Here we present an optical module that is easily integrated into standard two-photon laser-scanning microscopes to generate an axially elongated Bessel focus, which when scanned in 2D turns frame rate into volume rate. We demonstrated the power of this approach in enabling discoveries for neurobiology by imaging the calcium dynamics of volumes of neurons and synapses in fruit flies, zebrafish larvae, mice and ferrets in vivo. Calcium signals in objects as small as dendritic spines could be resolved at video rates, provided that the samples were sparsely labeled to limit overlap in their axially projected images.
authors.affiliation: Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Rongwen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Wenzhi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Yajie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kerlin
authors.affiliation: Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bierfeld
authors.affiliation: Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.|Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Seelig
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Architecture and Development of Cerebral Cortex, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Architecture and Development of Cerebral Cortex, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scholl
authors.affiliation: Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Boaz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mohar
authors.affiliation: Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.|Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanimoto
authors.affiliation: Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Architecture and Development of Cerebral Cortex, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Orger
authors.affiliation: Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003712:Dendrites / Q000502:physiology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D017785:Photons; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium