title: Evaluating the effectiveness, impact and safety of live attenuated and seasonal inactivated influenza vaccination: protocol for the Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Effectiveness II (SIVE II) study.
abstract: Seasonal (inactivated) influenza vaccination is recommended for all individuals aged 65+ and in individuals under 65 who are at an increased risk of complications of influenza infection, for example, people with asthma.Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was recommended for children as they are thought to be responsible for much of the transmission of influenza to the populations at risk of serious complications from influenza. A phased roll-out of the LAIV pilot programme began in 2013/2014. There is limited evidence for vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the populations targeted for influenza vaccination. The aim of this study is to examine the safety and effectiveness of the live attenuated seasonal influenza vaccine programme in children and the inactivated seasonal influenza vaccination programme among different age and at-risk groups of people.
  
  
  
  Test negative and cohort study designs will be used to estimate VE. A primary care database covering 1.25 million people in Scotland for the period 2000/2001 to 2015/2016 will be linked to the Scottish Immunisation Recall Service (SIRS), Health Protection Scotland virology database, admissions to Scottish hospitals and the Scottish death register. Vaccination status (including LAIV uptake) will be determined from the primary care and SIRS database. The primary outcome will be influenza-positive real-time PCR tests carried out in sentinel general practices and other healthcare settings. Secondary outcomes include influenza-like illness and asthma-related general practice consultations, hospitalisations and death. An instrumental variable analysis will be carried out to account for confounding. Self-controlled study designs will be used to estimate the risk of adverse events associated with influenza vaccination.
  
  
  
  We obtained approval from the National Research Ethics Service Committee, West Midlands-Edgbaston. The study findings will be presented at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.
  
  
  
  ISRCTN88072400; Pre-results.
authors.affiliation: Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5194-8083
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Nazir I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Lone
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Kimberley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.|Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMenamin
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Beatrix
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: von Wissmann
authors.affiliation: Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vasileiou
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, New Radcliffe House, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK.|Cardiff University, Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: Centre of Academic Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Lewis D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.affiliation: West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gunson
authors.affiliation: Child Life & Health and MRC-Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.affiliation: Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sheikh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012042:Registries; D012107:Research Design; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTIOUS DISEASES