title: Medico-legal aspects of congenital heart diseases in buying and selling of pets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The veterinarian should be able to assess congenital and inherited malformations such as heart defects because they may be object of legal disputes. In this study, the authors report some cases of congenital heart defects in pets (dogs and cats) to clarify whether or not they may be considered a redhibitory defect.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 28 medical records of pets referred with suspected congenital heart disease were examined. All patients aged between 3 and 24 months underwent clinical examination, chest X-ray examination, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography and angiocardiography when necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Congenital heart diseases or associated cardiac malformations were confirmed. Considering the above congenital diseases as redhibitory defect and the rights of the owners from a strictly legal viewpoint, 9 owners demanded an estimatory action and 11 a redhibitory action; 1 owner decided to demand the reimbursement of veterinary expenses because the animal died; 7 owners took no legal action but requested surgical intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Until more appropriate and detailed legislation on the buying and selling of pet animals is put in place; the authors propose to include in the contract a temporal extension of the guarantee relating to congenital heart disease, which can often become evident later.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Passantino
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pugliese
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Quartarone
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Practioner, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Clinic Gran Sasso, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bussadori
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Bartolomeo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guercio
keywords: companion animals; congenital defects; heart diseases; purchase; redhibitory defect