title: Human Papillomavirus Genotypes and Methylation of CADM1, PAX1, MAL and ADCYAP1 Genes in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients
abstract: Background: High-risk types of human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) may play a role in the development of epithelial
  ovarian cancer (EOC). The aim of this study was to determine any HPV genotypes and correlations to CADM1,
  PAX1, MAL and ADCYAP1 gene methylation in Egyptian EOC patients. Materials and methods: The prevalence
  of HR-HPV in 100 formalin fixed paraffin embedded EOC tissues was determined using nested polymerase chain
  reaction (PCR) with MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6 + primers to amplify a broad spectrum of HPV genotypes in a single
  reaction. DNA sequencing was applied to identify HPV genotypes for the positive samples. All samples negative for
  HPV were re-analyzed for HR-HPV and low-risk HPV subtypes using type specific primers. Results: The prevalence
  of HPV was 10% in our EOC cases. HPV-16 and HPV-18 were the predominant genotypes followed by HPV−33, all
  being associated with advanced stages. Other HR-HPV and low risk HPV genotypes were not found. CADM1 was
  hypermethylated in 100% of patients infected with HPV-16 and HPV-33 and in 75% of patients infected with HPV-18.
  Hypermethylation of PAX1 was evident in 80% and in 75% of patients infected with HPV-16 and HPV-18 while MAL
  was hypermethylated in 100% and ADCYAP1 was hypermethylated in 60% and in 75%, respectively. Conclusion:
  The presence of high risk HPV genotypes among epithelial ovarian carcinoma may reflect an importance of infection
  in the pathogenesis of EOC. In HR-HPV infected cancers, DNA methylation may be one of the mechanisms triggering
  the alteration in CADM1, PAX1, MAL and ADCYAP1 gene expression levels.
authors.affiliation: Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt.  Email:hildahafez@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Zeinab K
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Mohamed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hafez
authors.forename: Mahmoud M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.forename: Abdel Rahman N
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Zekri
keywords: Human papilloma virus genotypes; epithelial ovarian cancer; nested polymerase chain reaction