title: Preprocedural ultrasound assessment does not improve trainee performance of spinal anesthesia for obstetrical patients: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of additional information from preprocedure ultrasound examination to aid anesthesiology trainees performing spinal anesthesia for obstetric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trainee residents were randomly allocated to landmark technique and anatomy demonstration via ultrasound examination or landmark technique only for spinal anesthetic placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obstetric delivery suite.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty healthy obstetric patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound examination prior to spinal anesthetic placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was the number of attempts for the spinal anesthetic. Secondary outcomes included placement duration; block height; and the incidence of need for staff intervention, paresthesia, and bloody tap. Subjective ease of placement was rated on a 100-mm visual analog scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline demographic data were similar between the patient groups. The median number of attempts with preprocedure ultrasound and landmark was 3 (interquartile range, 2-7). This was not significantly different from the number of attempts with landmark technique only of 3 (1-60) (P=.69). The median duration of spinal placement with ultrasound and landmark was 92 (51-140) seconds vs 75 (53-126) seconds with landmark only (P=.57). There was no statistical difference between the groups in spinal placement duration, need for staff intervention, paresthesia, bloody tap, lumbar interspace, or block height. There was no difference in subjective ease of spinal placement by the resident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study of junior anesthesia trainees performing obstetrical spinal anesthesia with preprocedure ultrasound and landmark technique or landmark technique only, no significant difference was observed in the number of attempts, duration of spinal placement, subjective ease of spinal placement, or any other measured secondary outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Turkstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kristine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Marmai
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S Indu
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000072080:Anesthesiologists / Q000193:education*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
keywords: Obstetrics; Spinal anesthetic; Trainees; Ultrasound