title: Lamivudine, Entecavir, or Tenofovir Treatment of Hepatitis B Infection: Effects on Calcium, Phosphate, FGF23 and Indicators of Bone Metabolism.
abstract: Patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) are often treated with nucleoside/nucleotide antiviral agents and metabolic bone toxicity is a possible concern.
  
  
  
  To determine the relationships between fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a phosphaturic hormone, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone biochemical abnormalities in these patients.
  
  
  
  This is a cross-sectional observational study comparing HBV-infected subjects treated for at least one year with tenofovir (TDF), lamuvidine (LVD), entacavir (ETV), or not treated (CON). Patients with abnormalities in either calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO4), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) or FGF23 were further evaluated with BMD by DXA.
  
  
  
  No difference in liver enzymes or renal function seen among groups, but hypophosphatemia was seen in all groups with the highest incidence with TDF-treatment (14%). FGF 23 levels were found to be elevated in 11.1% of TDF patients, 2.77% amongst controls. No elevations were found in the LVD or ETV groups. Among a subset of subjects (FGF23, PO4, and/or Ca abnormalities) who underwent further evaluation, 67% had insufficient 25-OH vitamin D, and 30% had elevated 24 h urinary Ca or PO4 excretion. No patients with FGF23 abnormalities had urine abnormalities. 40% had low DXA Z-score (&amp;lt;-2) at spine or hip but there was no difference between control and antiviral treatment groups and the mean FRAX score was 2.33% for major osteoporotic fractures and 0.29% for hip fracture.
  
  
  
  Abnormalities in bone metabolism, particularly involving vitamin D insufficiency, in HBV-treated subjects were observed with a small increased likelihood in TDF treated patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saeedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mojebi-Mogharar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Supna K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dubland
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Jo-Ann
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yousefi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pudek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Siegfried R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Erb
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Wing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Peter Kwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kendler
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000139:chemically induced; D006147:Guanine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000068698:Tenofovir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; C000717427:FGF23 protein, human; D010710:Phosphates; D019259:Lamivudine; C413685:entecavir; D006147:Guanine; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D000068698:Tenofovir; D002118:Calcium
keywords: BMD; HBV; Vitamin D; fibroblast growth factor 23; hypophosphataemia