title: A comparative study of mud-like and coralliform calcium carbonate gallbladder stones.
abstract: To gain insight to underlying mechanism of the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) gallbladder stones, we did comparative study of stones with mud appearance and those with coralliform appearance. A total of 93 gallbladder stones with mud appearance and 50 stones with coralliform appearance were analyzed. The appearance, color, texture, and the detection of Clonorchis sinensis eggs by microscopic examination were compared between the two groups. Then, the material compositions of stones were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and the spectrogram characteristics were compared. Moreover, microstructure characteristics of the two kinds of stones were observed and compared with Scanning Electron Microscopy. Mud-like gallbladder stones were mainly earthy yellow or brown with brittle or soft texture, while coralliform stones were mainly black with extremely hard texture, the differences between the two groups was significant (p < .05). The analytic results of FTIR spectroscopy showed that 95.7% (89/93) of the mud-like gallbladder stones were CaCO3stones, and mainly aragonite; while all of the coralliform stones were CaCO3stones, and mainly calcite (p < .05). Meanwhile, microscopic examination indicated that the detection rate of Clonorchis sinensis eggs in mud-like CaCO3stones was lower than that in coralliform CaCO3stones (p < .05), and that in aragonite CaCO3stones was lower than that in calcite CaCO3stones(p < .05). Mud-like CaCO3stones mainly happened to patients with cystic duct obstruction. Clonorchis sinensis infection was mainly associated with coralliform (calcite) CaCO3stones. Cystic duct obstruction was mainly associated with mud-like (aragonite) CaCO3stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nansha, Guangzhou, 511470, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Rui-Hong
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7812-5960
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nansha, Guangzhou, 511470, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Bing
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nansha, Guangzhou, 511470, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nansha, Guangzhou, 511470, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasonics, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nansha, Guangzhou, 511470, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hai-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nansha, Guangzhou, 511470, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hai-Qiang
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry*; D003003:Clonorchiasis / Q000473:pathology; D003004:Clonorchis sinensis; D003116:Color; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000469:parasitology / Q000503:physiopathology; D042882:Gallstones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D010063:Ovum / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002119:Calcium Carbonate
keywords: Clonorchis sinensis; FTIR spectroscopy; aragonite; calcite; calcium carbonate stones; scanning electronic microscopy