title: Air Quality Impacts of Electrifying Vehicles and Equipment Across the United States.
abstract: U.S.-wide air quality impacts of electrifying vehicles and off-road equipment are estimated for 2030 using 3-D photochemical air quality model and detailed emissions inventories. Electrification reduces tailpipe emissions and emissions from petroleum refining, transport, and storage, but increases electricity demand. The Electrification Case assumes approximately 17% of light duty and 8% of heavy duty vehicle miles traveled and from 17% to 79% of various off-road equipment types considered good candidates for electrification is powered by electricity. The Electrification Case raises electricity demand by 5% over the 2030 Base Case but nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions decrease by 209 thousand tons (3%) overall. Emissions of other criteria pollutants also decrease. Air quality benefits of electrification are modest, mostly less than 1 ppb for ozone and 0.5 μg m-3for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), but widespread. The largest reductions for ozone and PM occur in urban areas due to lower mobile source emissions. Electrifying off-road equipment yields more benefits than electrifying on-road vehicles. Reduced crude oil imports and associated marine vessel emissions cause additional benefits in port cities. Changes in other gas and PM emissions, as well as impacts on acid and nutrient deposition, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Ramboll Environ, 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, California 94998, United States.
authors.forename: Uarporn
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3953-3766
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nopmongcol
authors.affiliation: Ramboll Environ, 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, California 94998, United States.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Electric Power Research Institute , 3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States.
authors.forename: Eladio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Knipping
authors.affiliation: Electric Power Research Institute , 3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Modelytic, 4120 Dublin Boulevard, Suite 110, Dublin, California 94568, United States.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schurhoff
authors.affiliation: Electric Power Research Institute , 3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Ramboll Environ, 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, California 94998, United States.
authors.forename: Jaegun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Ramboll Environ, 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, California 94998, United States.
authors.forename: Tejas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Ramboll Environ, 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, California 94998, United States.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yarwood
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D010126:Ozone; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014481:United States; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D010126:Ozone