title: Apigenin attenuates hippocampal oxidative events, inflammation and pathological alterations in rats fed high fat, fructose diet.
abstract: High calorie diet promotes oxidative stress and chronic low grade inflammation that predispose to brain dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Hippocampus region of the brain has been shown to be particularly sensitive to high calorie diet. We hypothesize that apigenin (API), a flavonoid could attenuate hippocampal derangements induced by high fat-high fructose diet (HFFD). In this study, we investigated the effects of API on oxidative stress and inflammation in the hippocampus, and compared with those of sitagliptin (STG), a standard drug with neuroprotective properties. The markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were examined using biochemical assays, western blotting and immunohistochemistry techniques. HFFD-fed rats showed severe pathological alterations and API treatment rescued the hippocampus from the derangements. API significantly improved the antioxidant machinery, reduced ROS levels and prevented the activation of the stress kinases, inhibitor of kappa B kinase beta (IKKβ) and c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), and the nuclear translocation and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). The plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines were also reduced. Our findings suggest that hippocampal derangements triggered by HFFD feeding were effectively curtailed by API. Suppression of oxidative stress, NF-κB activation and JNK phosphorylation in the hippocampus are the mechanisms by which API offers neuroprotection in this model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Jagan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalivarathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Sathiya Priya
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chandrasekaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalaivanan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Vidhya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: cvaradha@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carani Venkatraman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D047310:Apigenin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005419:Flavonoids; D007328:Insulin; D016328:NF-kappa B; D005632:Fructose; D047310:Apigenin; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: Apigenin; High calorie diet; Hippocampus; Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Sitagliptin