title: Prevalence of Pain in Nursing Home Residents: The Role of Dementia Stage and Dementia Subtypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study pain prevalence, pain type, and its pharmacological treatment in Dutch nursing home residents in relation to dementia subtype and dementia severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected as part of the PAINdemiA study, an observational cross-sectional study conducted between May 2014 and December 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten nursing homes in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 199 nursing home residents in various stages of dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data on pain (by observation: MOBID-2 Pain Scale and by self-report scales), pain type, pain medication, dementia subtype, dementia severity (GDS), and demographic features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the whole sample, the prevalence of pain was 43% (95% confidence interval 36%-50%) using the MOBID-2 Pain Scale. Regardless of regularly scheduled analgesics, approximately one-third of the residents with pain suffered from moderate to severe pain. Pain assessment with the MOBID-2 Pain Scale showed no difference in pain between dementia subtypes, but residents with more severe dementia experienced pain more often than those with less severe dementia (27% vs 15%). The prevalence of self-reported pain was significantly higher in residents with vascular dementia (VaD) (54%) compared with those with Alzheimer disease (18%) and other dementia subtypes (14%). Nociceptive pain was the predominant type of pain (72%) followed by mixed pain (25%). Acetaminophen was the most prescribed analgesic (80%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the participating nursing home residents had no pain; however, pain was observed more often in residents with severe dementia, whereas residents in the early stages of VaD self-reported pain more often that those with other dementia subtypes. As one-third of the residents with clinically relevant pain had moderate to severe pain regardless of using pain medication, more focus should be on how pain management could use more tailored approaches and be regularly adjusted to individual needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.vankooten2@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Kooten
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smalbrugge
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van der Wouden
authors.affiliation: GGZ InGeest /Department of Psychiatry and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Max L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stek
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cees M P M
authors.initials: CMPM
authors.lastname: Hertogh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Alzheimer disease; Dementia; Nursing homes; neuropathic pain; pain; vascular dementia