title: Planar implantable sensor for in vivo measurement of cellular oxygen metabolism in brain tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain imaging methods are continually improving. Imaging of the cerebral cortex is widely used in both animal experiments and charting human brain function in health and disease. Among the animal models, the rodent cerebral cortex has been widely used because of patterned neural representation of the whiskers on the snout and relative ease of activating cortical tissue with whisker stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested a new planar solid-state oxygen sensor comprising a polymeric film with a phosphorescent oxygen-sensitive coating on the working side, to monitor dynamics of oxygen metabolism in the cerebral cortex following sensory stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensory stimulation led to changes in oxygenation and deoxygenation processes of activated areas in the barrel cortex. We demonstrate the possibility of dynamic mapping of relative changes in oxygenation in live mouse brain tissue with such a sensor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oxygenation-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is very effective method for functional brain mapping but have high costs and limited spatial resolution. Optical imaging of intrinsic signal (IOS) does not provide the required sensitivity, and voltage-sensitive dye optical imaging (VSDi) has limited applicability due to significant toxicity of the voltage-sensitive dye. Our planar solid-state oxygen sensor imaging approach circumvents these limitations, providing a simple optical contrast agent with low toxicity and rapid application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The planar solid-state oxygen sensor described here can be used as a tool in visualization and real-time analysis of sensory-evoked neural activity in vivo. Further, this approach allows visualization of local neural activity with high temporal and spatial resolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, HSF-2, 21201 MD, Baltimore, USA. Electronic address: tsytsarev@som.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Vassiliy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsytsarev
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, HSF-2, 21201 MD, Baltimore, USA. Electronic address: akkentli@umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akkentli
authors.affiliation: Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20010, USA. Electronic address: EPumbo@childrensnational.org.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pumbo
authors.affiliation: Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20740, USA. Electronic address: qtang@umd.edu.
authors.forename: Qinggong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20740, USA. Electronic address: yuchen@umd.edu.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, HSF-2, 21201 MD, Baltimore, USA. Electronic address: RErzurumlu@som.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Reha S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Erzurumlu
authors.affiliation: School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building 1.28, College Road, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: d.papkovsky@ucc.ie.
authors.forename: Dmitri B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Papkovsky
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D055698:Touch Perception / Q000502:physiology; D014520:Urethane / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D014738:Vibrissae / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D014520:Urethane; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Barrel field; Functional brain mapping; In vivo optical imaging; Planar oxygen sensor; Quenched-phosphorescence oxygen sensing; Somatosensory cortex; Whisker stimulation