title: Prenatal tobacco exposure, maternal postnatal nicotine dependence and adolescent risk for nicotine dependence: Birth cohort study.
abstract: The goals of this study are to determine if there is (a) a threshold effect for prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) on adolescent risk for nicotine dependence, and (b) an additive effect of PTE and maternal postnatal nicotine dependence on adolescent risk for nicotine dependence.
  
  
  
  Pregnant women were recruited in their 4th or 5th gestational month and asked about cigarette use during the first trimester. Mothers reported on third trimester cigarette use at delivery. Sixteen years post-partum, mothers and offspring reported on current levels of cigarette use (N=784). Nicotine dependence was assessed in both using a modified Fagerström questionnaire.
  
  
  
  Based on the results of a threshold analysis for PTE, four groups were created: threshold PTE only (10+ cigarettes per day), maternal nicotine postnatal dependence with no-low PTE (0-<10 cigarettes per day), threshold PTE+maternal postnatal nicotine dependence, and a referent group with no-low PTE and no maternal postnatal nicotine dependence. Adolescents in the PTE-only group and the PTE+maternal postnatal nicotine dependence group were significantly more likely to be at risk for nicotine dependence than the offspring from the referent group. However, there was no evidence for an additive effect of maternal postnatal nicotine dependence, and maternal nicotine dependence was not a significant predictor of adolescent risk for nicotine dependence in regression models including prenatal tobacco exposure.
  
  
  
  Bivariate analysis revealed a threshold effect for PTE of 10 cigarettes per day. In multivariate analysis, PTE remained significantly related to risk for offspring nicotine dependence, after controlling for maternal postnatal nicotine dependence and other covariates associated with adolescent cigarette use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Electronic address: degennan@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Natacha M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: De Genna
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Program in Epidemiology, 817 Bellefield Tower, 100 North Bellefield Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Electronic address: lidush@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Lidush
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldschmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Electronic address: nday@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Electronic address: mdc1@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Marie D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cornelius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D000073865:Cigarette Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescence; Nicotine dependence; Pregnancy; Prenatal tobacco exposure; Smoking