title: Poly(methyl methacrylate) with TiO2nanoparticles inclusion for stereolitographic complete denture manufacturing - the fututre in dental care for elderly edentulous patients?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to obtain a Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA)-TiO2nanocomposite material with improved antibacterial characteristics, suitable for manufacturing 3D printed dental prosthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1, 2.5 by weight% of TiO2nanoparticles have been added to the commercially available stereolithographic PMMA material and the obtained nanocomposites have been analyzed using FTIR, SEM and also tested for antimicrobial efficacy against bacterial cultures from Candida species (C. scotti).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SEM images and EDX results highlighted the presence of TiO2in PMMA nanocomposites. The elemental composition (EDX) also showed the presence of other fillers included in stereolithographic PMMA solution. FTIR analysis clearly revealed changes in polymeric matrix structure when adding TiO2nanoparticles. Sample containing 0.4, 1 and 2.5wt% TiO2nanoparticles inhibited the growth of Candida scotti strain in standard conditions according to the toxicity control method (DHA). Increasing quantity of nano-titania has resulted in particles fooling, forming new aggregates instead of the homogenous dispersion of nanoparticles with modified viscosity characteristics and expected lower mechanical parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant improvements in polymer characteristics and nice dispersion of the TiO2nanoparticles have been noticed for 0.4wt%, therefore it was used for stereolitographic complete denture prototyping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporation of TiO2nanoparticles in PMMA polymer matrix was proved to have antibacterial effects, specifically on Candida species. The newly obtained 0.4% nanocomposite was successfully used with stereolitographic technique for complete denture manufacturing. However, mechanical and biocompatibility tests need to be performed in order to extend the clinical usage.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Analytical Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu St., 1, Bucharest, Romania. Electronic address: eugenia_totu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Eugenia Eftimie
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Totu
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Analytical Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu St., 1, Bucharest, Romania. Electronic address: nechiforus@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Aurelia Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nechifor
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Analytical Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu St., 1, Bucharest, Romania. Electronic address: doru.nechifor@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Gheorghe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nechifor
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharamceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt,. Electronic address: haboulenein@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hassan Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Aboul-Enein
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Midwifery and Medical Assisting, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8, Blvd Eroilor Sanitari, 050474, Bucharest, Romania,. Electronic address: corinacristache@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Corina Marilena
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cristache
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D016321:Dental Care for Aged; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D017266:Dental Prosthesis; D003819:Denture Bases; D003824:Denture, Complete; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009066:Mouth, Edentulous; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D000076227:Stereolithography; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003764:Dental Materials; D011108:Polymers; C009495:titanium dioxide; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D014025:Titanium
keywords: 3D printing; Antibacterial nanoparticles; Complete denture; Elderly patients; PMMA-TiO(2) nanocomposite