title: Neuroimaging of major depression in Parkinson's disease: Cortical thickness, cortical and subcortical volume, and spectroscopy findings.
abstract: Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to compare PD patients with current Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), lifetime MDD, and no MDD using three neuroimaging techniques. A total of 43 PD patients were selected and divided into three groups: (i) current MDD (n = 15), (ii) previous MDD without current MDD (n = 10); and (iii) control group (no current or lifetime MDD; n = 18). All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate cortical thickness, cortical and subcortical volume, and spectroscopy in the bilateral putamen and cingulate cortex. Volumetric analysis showed volume decreases in frontal and temporal areas, bilateral amygdala, and left cerebellar white matter in the lifetime MDD group compared to the control group. Furthermore, the volumes of the anterior cingulate cortex, right amygdala, and left cerebellar white matter were smaller in the group with current MDD compared to the control group. Regarding cortical thickness, the left rostral anterior cingulate gyrus of the group with previous MDD was thinner compared to the control group. There was a weak negative correlation between the NAA/Cre ratio in the right putamen and depressive symptoms. The results suggested current and lifetime MDD have a negative impact on the neurodegenerative process of PD, with decreased volume and/or reduction of cortical thickness in temporal and frontal areas, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and cerebellar white matter.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; INCT Translacional em Medicina (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Gerontologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil. Electronic address: setroh@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcos Hortes N
authors.initials: MHN
authors.lastname: Chagas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vitor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tumas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcio A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pena-Pereira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; INCT Translacional em Medicina (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Paulo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Machado-de-Sousa
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carlos Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; INCT Translacional em Medicina (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Faria
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Sanches
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; INCT Translacional em Medicina (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaime E C
authors.initials: JEC
authors.lastname: Hallak
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; INCT Translacional em Medicina (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Alexandre S
authors.initials: JAS
authors.lastname: Crippa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D066127:White Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: Depression; Neuroimaging; Parkinson's disease