title: Application of Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Methods towards the Quality Assessment of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Rhizomes from Ecological Plantations.
abstract: The usefulness of ginger in the food industry and pharmacotherapy is strictly related to its content of various components. The study elucidates the chemical composition ofZingiber officinalerhizomes cultivated on ecological plantations on Shikoku Island (Japan). GC-MS analysis of terpene content, LC-MS determination of phenolic content, and the determination of 12 elements using AAS spectrometry were performed to give more detailed insight into the samples. Ninety-five percent of terpene composition was elucidated, with zingiberene as the most abundant sesquiterpene (37.9%); the quantification of gingerols and shogaols was performed, showing the highest contribution of 6-gingerol (268.3 mg/kg); a significant K (43,963 mg/kg of dry mass) and Mn (758.4 mg/kg of dry mass) content was determined in the elemental analysis of the rhizomes and low concentration of toxic elements (Cd, Ni and Pb) remaining below the safe level values recommended by European Commission Directives. The main phenolic compound was (6)-gingerol, which is characteristic of fresh rhizomes and is responsible for their taste and aroma. Surprisingly, high amounts of (6)-shogaol were determined, even though this phenolic compound usually occurs in old or processed material and not in fresh rhizomes. Sesquiterpenes were the major fraction of volatiles. The highest concentrations were determined for α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, geranial, andar-curcumene. The volatiles composition of ginger cultivated on Shikoku Island is specific and strongly differs from plants cultivated in China, Nigeria, or Australia. The elemental composition of ginger rhizomes grown in ecological plantations is more beneficial for human health compared to products grown in normal cultivars, as the products contain high amounts of potassium and manganese and are characterized by low sodium content and lower levels of toxic heavy metals.
authors.affiliation: Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University in Lublin, 4a, Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland. kochw@interia.pl.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University in Lublin, 1, Chodzki str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland. virginia.kukula@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wirginia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kukula-Koch
authors.affiliation: Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University in Lublin, 4a, Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland. zbigniew.marzec@umlub.pl.
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Marzec
authors.affiliation: Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University in Lublin, 4a, Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland. elwira.kasperek7@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elwira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kasperek
authors.affiliation: Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University in Lublin, 4a, Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland. wyszogrodzka@op.pl.
authors.forename: Lucyna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wyszogrodzka-Koma
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University in Lublin, 4a, Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland. wojciech.szwerc@umlub.pl.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Szwerc
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan. asakawa@ph.bunri-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asakawa
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry*; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D027343:Rhizome / Q000737:chemistry*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000737:chemistry; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes; D014131:Trace Elements; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: GC-MS; LC-MS; Zingiber officinale; elements; phenolic compounds; terpenes