title: Assessment of lymphatic filariasis prior to re-starting mass drug administration campaigns in coastal Kenya.
abstract: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a debilitating disease associated with extensive disfigurement and is one of a diverse group of diseases referred to as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) which mainly occur among the poorest populations. In line with global recommendations to eliminate LF, Kenya launched its LF elimination programme in 2002 with the aim to implement annual mass drug administration (MDA) in order to interrupt LF transmission. However, the programme faced financial and administrative challenges over the years such that sustained annual MDA was not possible. Recently, there has been renewed interest to eliminate LF and the Kenyan Ministry of Health, through support from World Health Organization (WHO), restarted annual MDA in 2015. The objective of this study was to evaluate the current status of LF infection in the endemic coastal region of Kenya before MDA campaigns were restarted.
  
  
  
  Ten sentinel sites in Kwale, Kilifi, Tana River, Lamu, and Taita-Taveta counties in coastal Kenya were selected for participation in a cross-sectional survey of LF infection prevalence. At least 300 individuals in each sentinel village were sampled through random house-to-house visits. During the day, the point-of-care immunochromatographic test (ICT) was used to detect the presence of Wuchereria bancrofti circulating filarial antigen in finger prick blood samples collected from residents of the selected sentinel villages. Those individuals who tested positive with the ICT test were requested to provide a night-time blood sample for microfilariae (MF) examination. The overall prevalence of filarial antigenaemia was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.9-1.8%). Ndau Island in Lamu County had the highest prevalence (6.3%; 95% CI: 4.1-9.7%), whereas sites in Kilifi and Kwale counties had prevalences < 1.7%. Mean microfilarial density was also higher in Ndau Island (234 MF/ml) compared to sentinel sites in Kwale and Kilifi counties (< 25 MF/ml). No LF infection was detected in Tana River and Taita-Taveta counties. Overall, more than 88% of the study participants reported to have used a bed net the previous night.
  
  
  
  Prevalence of LF infection is generally very low in coastal Kenya, but there remain areas that require further rounds of MDA if the disease is to be eliminated as a public health problem in line with the ongoing global elimination efforts. However, areas where there was no evidence of LF transmission should be considered for WHO-recommended transmission assessment surveys in view of stopping MDA.
authors.affiliation: Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. sammynjenga@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sammy M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Njenga
authors.affiliation: Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Henry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kanyi
authors.affiliation: Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Faith M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Mutungi
authors.affiliation: Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Collins
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Okoyo
authors.affiliation: Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Hadley S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Matendechero
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Pullan
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Halliday
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brooker
authors.affiliation: WHO Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: C Njeri
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Wamae
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya.
authors.forename: Joyce K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Onsongo
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Won
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence
keywords: Circulating filarial antigen; Cross-sectional study; ICT test; Kenya; Lymphatic filariasis; Microfilariae; Transmission assessment; Wuchereria bancrofti