title: Resistant starch lowers postprandial glucose and leptin in overweight adults consuming a moderate-to-high-fat diet: a randomized-controlled trial.
abstract: High-amylose maize resistant starch type 2 (HAM-RS2) stimulates gut-derived satiety peptides and reduces adiposity in animals. Human studies have not supported these findings despite improvements in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity after HAM-RS2 intake which can lower adiposity-related disease risk. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of HAM-RS2 consumption on blood glucose homeostasis in overweight, healthy adults. We also examined changes in biomarkers of satiety (glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1], peptide YY [PYY], and leptin) and body composition determined by anthropometrics and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, dietary intake, and subjective satiety measured by a visual analogue scale following HAM-RS2 consumption.
  
  
  
  Using a randomized-controlled, parallel-arm, double-blind design, 18 overweight, healthy adults consumed either muffins enriched with 30 g HAM-RS2 (n = 11) or 0 g HAM-RS2 (control; n = 7) daily for 6 weeks. The HAM-RS2 and control muffins were similar in total calories and available carbohydrate.
  
  
  
  At baseline, total PYY concentrations were significantly higher 120 min following the consumption of study muffins in the HAM-RS2 group than control group (P = 0.043). Within the HAM-RS2 group, the area under the curve (AUC) glucose (P = 0.028), AUC leptin (P = 0.022), and postprandial 120-min leptin (P = 0.028) decreased independent of changes in body composition or overall energy intake at the end of 6 weeks. Fasting total PYY increased (P = 0.033) in the HAM-RS2 group, but changes in insulin or total GLP-1 were not observed. Mean overall change in subjective satiety score did not correlate with mean AUC biomarker changes suggesting the satiety peptides did not elicit a satiation response or change in overall total caloric intake. The metabolic response from HAM-RS2 occurred despite the habitual intake of a moderate-to-high-fat diet (mean range 34.5% to 39.4% of total calories).
  
  
  
  Consuming 30 g HAM-RS2 daily for 6 weeks can improve glucose homeostasis, lower leptin concentrations, and increase fasting PYY in healthy overweight adults without impacting body composition and may aid in the prevention of chronic disease. However, between-group differences in biomarkers were not observed and future research is warranted before specific recommendations can be made.
  
  
  
  None.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Texas Woman's University, 6700 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Mindy Patterson
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Maziarz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preisendanz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.
authors.forename: Shanil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Juma
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.
authors.forename: Victorine
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Imrhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.|Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Chandan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA. pvijayagopal@twu.edu.
authors.forename: Parakat
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0791-2312
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vijayagopal
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood*; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012527:Satiation; D013213:Starch / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D013213:Starch
keywords: Fiber; Gut peptides; Leptin; Overweight; PYY; Resistant starch; Satiety