title: History, molecular features, and clinical importance of conventional serum biomarkers in lung cancer.
abstract: Serum biomarkers provide valuable information about the diagnosis and prognosis of a wide variety of malignant tumors. Despite the identification of several useful serum biomarkers in lung cancer, consensus on their utility has not yet been reached. Furthermore, guidelines and standard protocols to implement their use for patients with lung cancer are lacking, despite the accumulation of much data on the efficacy of several serum biomarkers over recent decades. In this review, we discuss the molecular features, functions, and clinical relevance of the conventional serum biomarkers for lung cancer, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment 21-1 (CYFRA 21-1), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), sialyl Lewisx(sLex), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA-125), squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen (SCC-Ag), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (proGRP), aiming to provide a snapshot of the current landscape and their potential combined utility in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan. h-nakamura@marianna-u.ac.jp.|Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. h-nakamura@marianna-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimura
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D018394:CA-125 Antigen / Q000097:blood; D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000032:analysis*; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D053539:Keratin-19 / Q000097:blood*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000080506:Sialyl Lewis X Antigen; D019396:Tissue Polypeptide Antigen / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018394:CA-125 Antigen; D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D053539:Keratin-19; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000080506:Sialyl Lewis X Antigen; D019396:Tissue Polypeptide Antigen; C087079:pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (31-98); D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
keywords: CEA; CYFRA 21-1; Lung cancer; Serum biomarker; Tumor marker