title: Upper Pole Heminephrectomy Versus Lower Pole Ureteroureterostomy for Ectopic Upper Pole Ureters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ureteral duplication and ectopic upper pole ureters are commonly associated with renal pathology, including vesicoureteral reflux, obstruction, infection, and renal function loss. There remains no consensus on the most appropriate management of these complex patients. In this review, we sought to compare existing data on upper pole heminephrectomy with ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Application of magnetic resonance imaging and minimally invasive techniques have led to changes in the diagnosis and treatment of ectopic upper pole ureters. Recent studies have highlighted the safety of laparoscopic and robot-assisted upper pole heminephrectomy and ureteroureterostomy. Minimally invasive approaches to ectopic upper pole ureters appear safe and effective, with complication rates remaining low. Minimally invasive upper pole heminephrectomy carries a higher risk of lower pole function loss. Both upper pole heminephrectomy and ureteroureterostomy carry a small risk of additional surgery on the bladder and remnant ureter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. aakhava3@jhmi.edu.|Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1800 Orleans St., Bloomberg 7308-B, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. aakhava3@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Ardavan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akhavan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009392:Nephrectomy; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Ectopic ureter; Heminephrectomy; Ureteral duplication; Ureterocele; Ureteroureterostomy; Vesicoureteral reflux