title: Electrogoniometer measurement and directional analysis of wrist angles and movements during the Sollerman hand function test.
abstract: METHODS
  Clinical measurement.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  To investigate the characteristics of wrist motion (area, axis, and location) during activities of daily living (ADL) using electrogoniometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 83 normal volunteers performed the Sollerman hand function test (SHFT) with a flexible biaxial electrogoniometer applied to their wrists. This technique is accurate and reliable and has been used before for assessment of wrist circumduction in normal volunteers. A software package was used to overlay an ellipse of best fit around the 2-dimensional trace of the electrogoniometer mathematically computing the area, location, and axis angle of the ellipse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most ADL could be completed within 20% of the total area of circumduction (3686°° ± 1575°°) of a normal wrist. An oblique plane in radial extension and ulnar flexion (dart-throwing motion plane) was used for rotation (-14° ± 32°) and power grip tasks (-29° ± 25°) during ADL; however, precision tasks (4° ± 28°), like writing, were performed more often in the flexion extension plane. In the dominant hand, only 2 power tasks were located in flexion region (cutting play dough [ulnar] and pouring carton [radial]), precision tasks were located centrally, and rotation and other power tasks were located in extension region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has identified that wrist motion during the ADL requires varying degrees of movement in oblique planes. Using electrogoniometry, we could visualize the area, location, and plane of motion during ADL. This could assist future researchers to compare procedures leading to loss of motion in specific quadrants of wrist motion and its impact on patient's ability in performing particular ADL. It could guide hand therapists to specifically focus on retraining the ADL that may be affected when wrist range of motion is lost after injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic level III.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dauncey
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom. Electronic address: hps@le.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Harvinder P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Dias
keywords: Activities of daily living; Directional analysis; Electrogoniometry; Sollerman hand function test; Wrist