title: Expert subjective comparison of haptic models for bone-drill interaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A haptic algorithm to simulate the interaction between a surgical drill and bone using a constraint-based algorithm has been previously demonstrated. However, there has been no blinded study to determine whether this algorithm is preferred by professionals who commonly use this type of system METHODS: Fourteen otologic surgeons were presented with a spring-damper model and a constraint-based model of drill-bone interaction rendered on a low-cost haptic device with only linear feedback. The participants were blinded as to what algorithm they were using. They then answered survey questions about their opinions of the models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surgeons overwhelmingly preferred the constraint-based model. They generally preferred the constraint-based model in the individual questions as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Follow-up work can be done to fine-tune the parameters in the model, but this study shows that a sophisticated algorithm can make a significant difference even on a low-fidelity haptic device.
authors.affiliation: Ohio Supercomputer Center, 1224 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA. kerwin@osc.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4560-3203
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerwin
authors.affiliation: Ohio Supercomputer Center, 1224 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hittle
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
authors.forename: Sonny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Ohio Supercomputer Center, 1224 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stredney
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, 4000 Eye and Ear Institute, 915 Olentangry River Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.|Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wiet
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D013506:Otologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Haptics; Surgical simulation; User study