title: External Validation and Optimization of International Consensus Clinical Target Volumes for Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Bladder Cancer.
abstract: International consensus (IC) clinical target volumes (CTVs) have been proposed to standardize radiation field design in the treatment of patients at high risk of locoregional failure (LRF) after radical cystectomy. The purpose of this study was to externally validate the IC CTVs in a cohort of postsurgical patients followed up for LRF and identify revisions that might improve the IC CTVs' performance.
  
  
  
  Among 334 patients with pT3 to pT4 bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy, LRF developed in 58 (17%), of whom 52 had computed tomography scans available for review. Images with LRF were exported into a treatment planning system, and IC CTVs were contoured and evaluated for adequacy of coverage of each LRF with respect to both the patient and each of 6 pelvic subsites: common iliac (CI) region, obturator region (OR), external and internal iliac region, presacral region, cystectomy bed, or other pelvic site. Revisions to the IC contours were proposed based on the findings.
  
  
  
  Of the 52 patients with documented LRF, 13 (25%) had LRFs that were outside of the IC CTV involving 17 pelvic subsites: 5 near the CI CTV, 5 near the OR CTV, 1 near the external and internal iliac region, and 6 near the cystectomy bed. The 5 CI failures were located superior to the CTV, and the 5 OR failures were located medial to the CTV. Increasing the superior boundary of the CI to a vessel-based definition of the aortic bifurcation, as well as increasing the medial extension of the OR by an additional 9 mm, decreased the number of patients with LRF outside of the IC CTV to 7 (13%).
  
  
  
  Modified IC CTVs inclusive of a slight adjustment superiorly for the CI region and medially for the OR may reduce the risk of pelvic failure in patients treated with adjuvant radiation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Abhinav V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Christodouleas
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Tianming
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Norman D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Electronic address: sliauw@radonc.uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: Stanley L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Liauw
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059351:Organ Sparing Treatments / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000528:radiation effects; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*