title: Screening of gene mutations associated with bone metastasis in nonsmall cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to assess the gene mutation of advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with bone metastasis using next-generation sequencing (NGS), and screen for the driver genes which are associated with bone metastasis of lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight clinicopathologic samples from advanced NSCLC combined with bone metastasis patients were collected. Exome sequencing was conducted within 483 tumor-associated genes using Hiseq 2000_PE75 NGS platform.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three thousand six hundred and twenty gene mutations were identified, including point mutation, insertion, and deletion. Among all genes associated with lung cancer signaling pathways, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), and cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) were found to be mutated in all eight patients. The top three genes were FGFR, ataxia telangiectasia mutated, and CDK12, according to mutation frequency. In the meanwhile, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha, adenomatous polyposis coli, and CD22 were found to be mutated in all eight patients with an over 50% mutation frequency (75%, 62.5%, and 50%, respectively), which would be the most potential genes accounting for bone metastasis in lung cancer patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings shed light on several important signalling pathways involved in NSCLC, and suggest new potential molecular targets for treatment of NSCLC patients with bone metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Lung Cancer, The Affiliated Hospital of Military Medical Sciences, The 307th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Lung Cancer, The Affiliated Hospital of Military Medical Sciences, The 307th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Lung Cancer, The Affiliated Hospital of Military Medical Sciences, The 307th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jinlong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Lung Cancer, The Affiliated Hospital of Military Medical Sciences, The 307th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D059645:Mutation Rate; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor