title: Chronic administration of the soluble, nonbacterial fraction of kefir attenuates lipid deposition in LDLr-/-mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kefir is obtained by the action of acidic bacteria and yeasts that exist in symbiotic association in kefir grains. Recently, this fermented milk drink has been recommended for the treatment of several clinical conditions, such as inflammatory, gastrointestinal, or cardiovascular-related diseases, or a combination of these diseases. However, its effects on atherosclerosis are not yet clear. The aim of this study was to prove that chronic treatment with a soluble, nonbacterial fraction of kefir could reduce the progression of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLr-/-) mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  LDLr-/-mice were divided into four groups as follows: RESULTS: The soluble, nonbacterial fraction of kefir reduced lipid deposition (P < 0.05) independent of hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, kefir was capable of diminishing the circulating proinflammatory intereukin (IL)-6 level and the ratio of tumor necrosis factor-α to IL-10 (50% and 42%, P < 0.05, respectively) and augmenting the antiinflammatory IL-10 level by approximately 74% (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic treatment with a soluble nonbacterial fraction of kefir was able to decrease the lipid deposition in LDLr-/-hypercholesteremic mice, at least in part through modifying the circulating cytokine profile. The beneficial effects of kefir provide new perspectives for its use as an adjuvant in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriélly F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Santanna
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Placielle F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Filete
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ewelyne M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcella L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvana S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Meyrelles
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Brazil; Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elisardo C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Vasquez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Endringer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicologic Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dulcineia S P
authors.initials: DSP
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Brazil; Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago M C
authors.initials: TMC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Brazil. Electronic address: Tadeu.andrade@uvv.br.
authors.forename: Tadeu U
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Andrade
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D000070716:Kefir / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Cytokines; Kefir; LDLr(−/−); Probiotics