title: Morphological comparison of five species of poison dart frogs of the genus Ranitomeya (Anura: Dendrobatidae) including the skeleton, the muscle system and inner organs.
abstract: The morphology of larvae stages of most amphibians are often completely different than in adults. Tadpole descriptions have historically been based on external characters like morphometrics, color pattern and oral disc structure. Other papers described anatomical details by the use of dissections. The increase in micro-CT scanning technology provides an opportunity to quantify and describe in detail internal characters like skeleton, musculature and organs. To date, no such tadpole descriptions exist for the well-studied Neotropical poison dart frog genus Ranitomeya (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Here we provide descriptions of the internal skeletal, musculature and organ structures of five Ranitomeya species and then provide morphological comparisons. Contrary to previous observations, closely related species display several morphological differences. For example, we observed considerable variation in chondrocranial characters, the extent of cranial ossifications, the appearance of some cranial muscles and the arrangement of inner organs. Further studies on the tadpole morphology of more species of Ranitomeya and other dendrobatid genera are needed to enable us to understand the complete morphological variation in this group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Herpetology, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krings
authors.affiliation: Department of Herpetology, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: RJL Micro & Analytic, Karlsdorf-Neuthard, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Heneka
authors.affiliation: Department of Herpetology, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6108-1639
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rödder
mesh_terms: D000664:Amphibian Venoms / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D016707:Tissue Fixation; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D000664:Amphibian Venoms