title: Very High Prevalence of Frozen Shoulder in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes of ≥45 Years' Duration: The Dialong Shoulder Study.
abstract: To compare the prevalence of shoulder disorders and self-reported shoulder disability in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetes-free subjects; and to explore the association between the long-term glycemic burden and shoulder disability in the diabetes group.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study of shoulder diagnoses with 30 years' historical data on glycemic burden in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  
  Diabetics center and a university hospital.
  
  
  
  Subjects attending the Norwegian Diabetics Center in 2015 with type 1 diabetes since 1970 or earlier were eligible (N=136). One hundred and five patients were included, and 102 (50% women; mean age, 61.9y) completed the study together with 73 diabetes-free subjects (55% women; mean age, 62.5y).
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
  
  
  
  Shoulder diagnoses decided through clinical examination according to scientific diagnostic criteria.
  
  
  
  Frozen shoulder was diagnosed in 60 (59%) patients with diabetes and 0 diabetes-free subjects, with a lifetime prevalence of 76% in the diabetes group versus 14% in the diabetes-free subjects. Patients with diabetes had higher disability and higher mean QuickDASH scores (23.0±19.9) than diabetes-free subjects (8.9±12.0), with a mean difference of -14.2 (95% confidence interval, -19.3 to -9.0) points (P<.001). We found an association between chronic hyperglycemia and QuickDASH scores, with a 6.16-point increase in QuickDASH scores per unit increase in glycated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) (P=.014).
  
  
  
  The point prevalence of frozen shoulder in patients with long-lasting type 1 diabetes was 59%, and the lifetime prevalence was 76%. The diabetes group had more shoulder disability than diabetes-free subjects. The historical HbA1clevel was associated with increased shoulder disability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: n_gj@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Niels Gunnar
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Juel
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jens Ivar
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Brox
authors.affiliation: Oslo Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Cathrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brunborg
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristine Bech
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Holte
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Diabetics Center, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tore Julsrud
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002062:Bursitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D009664:Norway; D015995:Prevalence; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
keywords: Diabetes mellitus, type 1; Hemoglobin A, glycosylated; Pain; Rehabilitation; Shoulder