title: Vitamin D deficiency and sufficiency among Canadian children residing at high latitude following the revision of the RDA of vitamin D intake in 2010.
abstract: Recently, countries at high latitudes have updated their vitamin D recommendations to ensure adequate intake for the musculoskeletal
  health of their respective populations. In 2010, the dietary guidelines for vitamin D for Canadians and Americans aged 1–70 years
  increased from 5 μg/d to 15 μg/d, whereas in 2016 for citizens of the UK aged ≥4 years 10 μg/d is recommended. The vitamin D status
  of Canadian children following the revised dietary guidelines is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and
  determinants of vitamin D deficiency and sufficiency among Canadian children. For this study, we assumed serum 25-hydroxy vitamin
  D (25(OH)D) concentrations <30 nmol/l as ‘deficient’ and ≥50 nmol/l as ‘sufficient’. Data from children aged 3–18 years (n 2270) who
  participated in the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey were analysed. Of all children, 5·6% were vitamin D deficient and
  71% were vitamin D sufficient. Children who consumed vitamin D-fortified milk daily (77 %) were more likely to be sufficient than
  those who consumed it less frequently (OR 2·4; 95% CI 1·7, 3·3). The 9% of children who reported taking vitamin D-containing
  supplements in the previous month had higher 25(OH)D concentrations (β 5·9 nmol/l; 95% CI 1·3, 12·1 nmol/l) relative to those who
  did not. Children who were older, obese, of non-white ethnicity and from low-income households were less likely to be vitamin D
  sufficient. To improve vitamin D status, consumption of vitamin D-rich foods should be promoted, and fortification of more food items
  or formal recommendations for vitamin D supplementation should be considered.
authors.affiliation: 1School of Public Health,University of Alberta,Alberta,Canada.
authors.forename: Lalani L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Munasinghe
authors.affiliation: 1School of Public Health,University of Alberta,Alberta,Canada.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences,University of Alberta,Alberta,Canada,T6G1C.
authors.forename: Noreen D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Willows
authors.affiliation: 1School of Public Health,University of Alberta,Alberta,Canada.
authors.forename: Erin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Faught
authors.affiliation: 1School of Public Health,University of Alberta,Alberta,Canada.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ekwaru
authors.affiliation: 1School of Public Health,University of Alberta,Alberta,Canada.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Veugelers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords:  25(OH)D 25-hydroxy vitamin D;  CHMS Canadian Health Measures Survey;  DRI Dietary Reference Intake;  MEC mobile examination centre; Canada; Canadian Health Measure Survey; Children; Determinants; Dietary reference intake; Supplementation; Vitamin D