title: Influence of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) on erythrocyte photohemolysis via photofrin and Rose Bengal sensitization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (IO-NP) were recently employed in medical applications as a diagnostic tool and drug carrier. Photofrin (PF) is a photosensitizer that clinically is used in Photodynamic therapy (PDT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The photosensitivity of PF and Rose Bengal (RB) mixed with (IO-NP) on red blood cells (RBCs) lysis was investigated. Second, Photohemolysis for post-irradiation (delayed) and during irradiation (continuous) with PF, RB and IO-NP combinations at different concentrations was investigated. Third, the photohemolysis rate, relative lysis steepness and power-concentration dependant parameter were evaluated by modeling and fitting the data using Gompertz function and power law.
  
  
  METHODS
  RBCs were isolated from healthy male human volunteer. Washed cells (7.86×106cells/mm3) were incubated with PF only or with IO-NP for 45min at 37°C then irradiated to a range of temperatures (4-41°C). CPH results were recorded and evaluated using Gompertz function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative steepness of the photohemolysis curves was approximately independent on light dose for delayed irradiation. The presence of IO-NP increases the rupturing time for 50% of the RBCs. Photohemolysis rate for delayed irradiation using the power law, led to 1.7 and 2.3 power dependence, respectively, for PF only and PF mixed with IO-NP. The power dependence of continuous irradiation measurements showed inverse proportionality for different concentrations of IO-NP combined with 2μg/ml PF concentration and 1.5μg/ml for RB concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Photosensitization of RBC with PF or RB mixed with IO-NP inhibited rupturing erythrocyte membrane and therefore a consideration should be taken against their combination in clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Physics Laboratory, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan. Electronic address: alakmoh@just.edu.jo.
authors.forename: M-Ali H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Al-Akhras
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Physics Laboratory, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan; College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Al-Ahsa, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aljarrah
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Physics Laboratory, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan.
authors.forename: Borhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albiss
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Physics Laboratory, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan.
authors.forename: Duaa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Al-Khalili
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003911:Dextrans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012395:Rose Bengal / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D004338:Drug Combinations; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D053769:Nanocapsules; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C097921:ferumoxtran-10; D012395:Rose Bengal; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether
keywords: Iron oxide nanoparticles; Modeling; Photofrin; Photohemolysis; Rose Bengal