title: Chromium concentrations in ruminant feed ingredients.
abstract: Chromium (Cr), in the form of Cr propionate, has been permitted for supplementation to cattle diets in the United States at levels up to 0.50 mg of Cr/kg of DM since 2009. Little is known regarding Cr concentrations naturally present in practical feed ingredients. The present study was conducted to determine Cr concentrations in feed ingredients commonly fed to ruminants. Feed ingredients were collected from dairy farms, feed mills, grain bins, and university research farms. Mean Cr concentrations in whole cereal grains ranged from 0.025 mg/kg of DM for oats to 0.041 mg/kg of DM for wheat. Grinding whole samples of corn, soybeans, and wheat through a stainless steel Wiley mill screen greatly increased analyzed Cr concentrations. Harvested forages had greater Cr concentrations than concentrates, and alfalfa hay or haylage had greater Cr concentrations than grass hay or corn silage. Chromium in alfalfa hay or haylage (n = 13) averaged 0.522 mg/kg of DM, with a range of 0.199 to 0.889 mg/kg of DM. Corn silage (n = 21) averaged 0.220 mg of Cr/kg of DM with a range of 0.105 to 0.441 mg of Cr/kg of DM. By-product feeds ranged from 0.040 mg of Cr/kg of DM for cottonseed hulls to 1.222 mg of Cr/kg of DM for beet pulp. Of the feed ingredients analyzed, feed grade phosphate sources had the greatest Cr concentration (135.0 mg/kg). Most ruminant feedstuffs and feed ingredients had less than 0.50 mg of Cr/kg of DM. Much of the analyzed total Cr in feed ingredients appears to be due to Cr contamination from soil or metal contact during harvesting, processing, or both.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621. Electronic address: Jerry_Spears@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Spears
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.affiliation: Kemin Industries Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krafka
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002857:Chromium; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004063:Digestion; D012418:Ruminants; D012820:Silage; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium
keywords: cattle; chromium; feed ingredients; ruminants