title: De novo sequencing and comparative transcriptome analysis of the male and hermaphroditic flowers provide insights into the regulation of flower formation in andromonoecious taihangia rupestris.
abstract: Taihangia rupestris, an andromonoecious plant species, bears both male and hermaphroditic flowers within the same individual. However, the establishment and development of male and hermaphroditic flowers in andromonoecious Taihangia remain poorly understood, due to the limited genetic and sequence information. To investigate the potential molecular mechanism in the regulation of Taihangia flower formation, we used de novo RNA sequencing to compare the transcriptome profiles of male and hermaphroditic flowers at early and late developmental stages.
  
  
  
  Four cDNA libraries, including male floral bud, hermaphroditic floral bud, male flower, and hermaphroditic flower, were constructed and sequenced by using the Illumina RNA-Seq method. Totally, 84,596,426 qualified Illumina reads were obtained and then assembled into 59,064 unigenes, of which 24,753 unigenes were annotated in the NCBI non-redundant protein database. In addition, 12,214, 7,153, and 8,115 unigenes were assigned into 53 Gene Ontology (GO) functional groups, 25 Clusters of Orthologous Group (COG) categories, and 126 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, respectively. By pairwise comparison of unigene abundance between the samples, we identified 1,668 differential expressed genes (DEGs), including 176 transcription factors (TFs) between the male and hermaphroditic flowers. At the early developmental stage, we found 263 up-regulated genes and 436 down-regulated genes expressed in hermaphroditic floral buds, while 844 up-regulated genes and 314 down-regulated genes were detected in hermaphroditic flowers at the late developmental stage. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that a large number of DEGs were associated with a wide range of functions, including cell cycle, epigenetic processes, flower development, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid pathway. Finally, real-time quantitative PCR was conducted to validate the DEGs identified in the present study.
  
  
  
  In this study, transcriptome data of this rare andromonoecious Taihangia were reported for the first time. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed the significant differences in gene expression profiles between male and hermaphroditic flowers at early and late developmental stages. The transcriptome data of Taihangia would be helpful to improve the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms in regulation of flower formation and unisexual flower establishment in andromonoecious plants.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, Jilin, China. wgli0708@163.com.|College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China. wgli0708@163.com.
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Lihui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Guodong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Yandi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Tianjun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, Jilin, China. yanwenzhang0209@163.com.
authors.forename: Yanwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000096:biosynthesis; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017343:Genes, Plant; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018749:RNA, Plant; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D027824:Rosaceae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D010940:Plant Proteins; D018749:RNA, Plant; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: Flower formation; Hermaphroditic flower; Male flower; Sex differentiation; Taihangia; Transcriptome