title: The impact of bowl size, program setup, and blood hematocrit on the performance of a discontinuous autotransfusion system.
abstract: Cell salvage is an essential element in the concept of blood management. Modern devices provide different bowl sizes and sensor-directed programs to optimally adjust to varying clinical situations.
  
  
  
  In an experimental performance study, the discontinuous autotransfusion device XTRA (LivaNova/Sorin) was evaluated using fresh donor blood anticoagulated with heparin 5 U/mL and adjusted to a hematocrit of 10% or 25%, representing orthopedic or cardiac surgery. Test blood was processed with the autotransfusion device XTRA in four different bowls (55 mL, 125 mL, 175 mL, and 225 mL) and in three different program modes (a standard program, an optimized program, and an emergency program).
  
  
  
  Processing speed increased with bowl size and with the emergency program (range, 6.4-29.8 mL red blood cells [RBCs]/min). The RBC recovery rate exceeded 90% for all bowls and programs except the 55-mL bowl with the emergency program. Plasma elimination exceeded 95% for all bowls and programs except the 225-mL bowl with the emergency and standard programs. Maximal RBC recovery (range, 94.7%-97.6%) and plasma elimination (range, 98.7%-99.5%) were obtained with the medium-sized bowls (125 mL and 175 mL) and the optimized program. Elimination rates for potassium or plasma free hemoglobin were consistently lower than for protein or albumin and were highest for heparin.
  
  
  
  Increased hematocrit and RBC recovery rates are obtained with the optimized program Popt with the discontinuous autotransfusion device. The emergency program Pem speeds up the process but leads to RBC loss and reduced plasma elimination rates; therefore, it should be restricted to emergency situations. All four different sized bowls have high performance. Plasma elimination is represented best by protein or albumin elimination rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Timo F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Seyfried
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5509-9760
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Passau Medical Center, Passau, Germany.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Streithoff
authors.affiliation: BioSciences Research Associates, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mandle
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, St. Josef Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pawlik
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Busse
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ernil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D001804:Blood Transfusion, Autologous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057725:Operative Blood Salvage / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D012984:Software