title: Topographic Analysis of the Supratrochlear Artery and the Supraorbital Artery: Implication for Improving the Safety of Forehead Augmentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The supratrochlear and supraorbital artery branches from the ophthalmic artery are the primary suppliers of blood to the forehead. Filler injection into the forehead without precise knowledge of its vascular topography poses a risk of severe complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty hemifaces from 11 cadavers were dissected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the presence of the deep branch of the supratrochlear artery, two main arterial distribution patterns of the forehead were observed. Type I (deep branch of the supratrochlear artery-present pattern) was classified into two subtypes: type Ia, in which the layer superficial to the frontalis was supplied medially by the superficial branch of the supratrochlear artery and laterally by the superficial branch of the supraorbital artery, and the deep branch of the supratrochlear artery and the deep branch of the supraorbital artery were distributed deep to the frontalis; and type Ib, in which the layer superficial to the frontalis was supplied by the superficial branch of the supratrochlear artery and the superficial branch of the supraorbital artery in addition to the central artery or the paracentral artery, and the layer deep to the frontalis was supplied the same with type Ia. For type II (deep branch of the supratrochlear artery-absent pattern), the layer superficial to the frontalis was supplied the same with type Ia; only the deep branch of the supraorbital artery supplied the layer deep to the frontalis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study yielded novel arterial systems of the forehead and provided guidance for the safe forehead augmentation.
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; Koh Iksoo Aesthetic Clinic; the Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Li-Yao
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; Koh Iksoo Aesthetic Clinic; the Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Weeranut
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Phothong
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; Koh Iksoo Aesthetic Clinic; the Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Sang-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; Koh Iksoo Aesthetic Clinic; the Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Rungsima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanitphakdeedecha
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; Koh Iksoo Aesthetic Clinic; the Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Iksoo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; Koh Iksoo Aesthetic Clinic; the Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Tanvaa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tansatit
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; Koh Iksoo Aesthetic Clinic; the Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Hee-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*