title: Fast magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging techniques in human brain- applications in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Multi voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is an important imaging tool that combines imaging and spectroscopic techniques. MRSI of the human brain has been beneficially applied to different clinical applications in neurology, particularly in neurooncology but also in multiple sclerosis, stroke and epilepsy. However, a major challenge in conventional MRSI is the longer acquisition time required for adequate signal to be collected. Fast MRSI of the brain in vivo is an alternative approach to reduce scanning time and make MRSI more clinically suitable.Fast MRSI can be categorised into spiral, echo-planar, parallel and turbo imaging techniques, each with its own strengths. After a brief introduction on the basics of non-invasive examination (1H-MRS) and localization techniques principles, different fast MRSI techniques will be discussed from their initial development to the recent innovations with particular emphasis on their capacity to record neurochemical changes in the brain in a variety of pathologies.The clinical applications of whole brain fast spectroscopic techniques, can assist in the assessment of neurochemical changes in the human brain and help in understanding the roles they play in disease. To give a good example of the utilities of these techniques in clinical context, MRSI application in multiple sclerosis was chosen. The available up to date and relevant literature is discussed and an outline of future research is presented.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Oun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al-Iedani
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.|Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lechner-Scott
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Road, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ribbons
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Saadallah.ramadan@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Saadallah
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3874-7866
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramadan
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: EPSI; Fast MRSI; Human; In vivo; Multiple Sclerosis; Spiral