title: Refinement and cross-validation of nickel bioavailability in PNEC-Pro, a regulatory tool for site-specific risk assessment of metals in surface water.
abstract: The European Water Framework Directive prescribes that the environmental quality standards for nickel in surface waters should be based on bioavailable concentrations. Biotic ligand models (BLMs) are powerful tools to account for site-specific bioavailability within risk assessments. Several BLMs and simplified tools are available. For nickel, most of them are based on the same toxicity dataset and chemical speciation methodology as laid down in the 2008 European Union Environmental Risk Assessment Report (RAR). Since then, further insights into the toxic effects of nickel on aquatic species have been gained, and new data and methodologies have been generated and implemented using the predicted-no-effect-concentration (PNEC)-pro tool. The aim of the present study is to provide maximum transparency on data revisions and how this affects the derived environmental quality standards. A case study with 7 different ecoregions was used to determine differences in species sensitivity distributions and in hazardous concentrations for 5% of the species (HC5) values between the original Ni-RAR BLMs and the PNEC-pro BLMs. The BLM parameters used were pH dependent, which extended the applicability domain of PNEC-pro up to a pH of 8.7 for surface waters. After inclusion of additional species and adjustment for cross-species extrapolation, the HC5s were well within the prediction range of the RAR. Based on the latest data and scientific insights, transfer functions in the user-friendly PNEC-pro tool have been updated accordingly without compromising the original considerations of the Ni-RAR. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2367-2376. © 2017 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anja J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Verschoor
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martina G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vijver
authors.affiliation: Deltares, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos P M
authors.initials: JPM
authors.lastname: Vink
mesh_terms: D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005060:Europe; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D016014:Linear Models; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013045:Species Specificity; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009532:Nickel
keywords: Bioavailability; Biotic ligand model; HC5 values; Metals; Nickel; Risk assessment; Surface water monitoring