title: Complexing Methylene Blue with Phosphorus Dendrimers to Increase Photodynamic Activity.
abstract: The efficiency of photodynamic therapy is limited mainly due to low selectivity, unfavorable biodistribution of photosensitizers, and long-lasting skin sensitivity to light. However, drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles may overcome the limitations mentioned above. Among others, dendrimers are particularly attractive as carriers, because of their globular architecture and high loading capacity. The goal of the study was to check whether an anionic phosphorus dendrimer is suitable as a carrier of a photosensitizer-methylene blue (MB). As a biological model, basal cell carcinoma cell lines were used. We checked the influence of the MB complexation on its singlet oxygen production ability using a commercial fluorescence probe. Next, cellular uptake, phototoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell death were investigated. The MB-anionic dendrimer complex (MB-1an) was found to generate less singlet oxygen; however, the complex showed higher cellular uptake and phototoxicity against basal cell carcinoma cell lines, which was accompanied with enhanced ROS production. Owing to the obtained results, we conclude that the photodynamic activity of MB complexed with an anionic dendrimer is higher than free MB against basal cell carcinoma cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland. rozanek.monika@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dabrzalska
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland. ankuj@biol.uni.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janaszewska
authors.affiliation: Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland. zabloc@cbmm.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zablocka
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 860, 45 Rue Des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France. serge.mignani@parisdescartes.fr.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mignani
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France. jean-pierre.majoral@lcc-toulouse.fr.|Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, UPS, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France. jean-pierre.majoral@lcc-toulouse.fr.
authors.forename: Jean Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Majoral
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland. aklajn@biol.uni.lodz.pl.|Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany. aklajn@biol.uni.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klajnert-Maculewicz
mesh_terms: D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006801:Humans; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D050091:Dendrimers; D004337:Drug Carriers; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D026082:Singlet Oxygen; D010758:Phosphorus; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: basal cell carcinoma; methylene blue; nanocarrier; phosphorus dendrimer; photodynamic therapy; photosensitizer; phototoxicity