title: Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in comparison: prevalence, metabolic profile, and key differences. A cross-sectional study in Italian hospitalized elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence, assess the metabolic profile, and key differences (versus healthy) in a cohort of subjects with sarcopenia (S) and in sarcopenic obesity (SO) hospitalized elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment was performed. We enrolled 639 elderly subjects (196 men, 443 women) with a mean age of 80.90 ± 7.77 years. Analysis of variance and a multinomial logistic regression analysis adjusting for covariates were used to assess the differences between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of (S) was 12.42% in women and 23.47% in men. (SO) was 8.13% in women and 22.45% in men. Data showed that either groups had a functional impairment (Barthel index < 50 points). (S) had the mean value of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (>15 mm/h), CPR (>0.50 mg/dl) homocysteine (>12 micromol/l), and hemoglobin (<12 g/dl). Ferritin level over the range (>145 mcg/dl) was detected in either cohort (due to inflammation). (SO) had glycemia (>110 mg/dl). Key differences in (S) cohort (versus healthy) were a reduction in functional impairment (p < 0.001), an increase in white blood cell (p < 0.01), a decrease in iron level (p < 0.05), in electrolytes balance (Na: p < 0.01 and Cl: p < 0.01), and tyroid function (TSH: p < 0.001). In addition, (S) had higher state of inflammation (erythrocyte sedimentation rate: p < 0.05 and C-reactive protein: p < 0.01), and an increase of risk of fractures (FRAX: OR 1.07; p < 0.001), risk of malnutrition (mini nutritional assessment: p < 0.001), and risk of edema (extra cellular water: p < 0.001). In (SO) cohort, an increase in white blood cell (p < 0.001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p < 0.05) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (S) subjects appears more vulnerable than (SO). Sarcopenia is closely linked to an increase in the risk of hip-femur fractures, inflammation, edema, and malnutrition. The (SO) subjects seem to benefit from the "obesity paradox."
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, University of Pavia, Via Emilia 12, Pavia, Italy. simoneperna@hotmail.it.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2720-1473
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perna
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, University of Pavia, Via Emilia 12, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peroni
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, University of Pavia, Via Emilia 12, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Milena Anna
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Faliva
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, University of Pavia, Via Emilia 12, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bartolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naso
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miccono
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, University of Pavia, Via Emilia 12, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rondanelli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000502:physiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Elderly; Inflammation; Malnutrition; Osteoporosis; Sarcopenia; Sarcopenic obesity