title: Epilepsy treatment in adults and adolescents: Expert opinion, 2016.
abstract: There are over twenty anti-seizure medications and anti-seizure devices available commercially in the United States. The multitude of treatment options for seizures can present a challenge to clinicians, especially those who are not subspecialists in the epilepsy field. Many clinical questions are not adequately answered in double-blind randomized controlled studies. In the presence of a knowledge gap, many clinicians consult a respected colleague with acknowledged expertise in the field. Our survey was designed to provide expert opinions on the treatment of epilepsy in adults and adolescents.
  
  
  
  We surveyed a group of 42 physicians across the United States who are considered experts based on publication record in the field of epilepsy, or a leadership role in a National Association of Epilepsy Centers comprehensive epilepsy program. The survey consisted of 43 multiple-part patient scenario questions and was administered online using Redcap software. The experts provided their opinion on 1126 treatment options based on a modified Rand 9-point scale. The patient scenarios focused on genetically-mediated generalized epilepsy and focal epilepsy. The scenarios first focused on overall treatment strategy and then on specific pharmacotherapies. Other questions focused on treatment of specific patient populations (pregnancy, the elderly, patients with brain tumors, and post organ transplant patients), epilepsy patients with comorbidities (renal and hepatic disease, depression), and how to combine medications after failure of monotherapy. Statistical analysis of data used the expert consensus method.
  
  
  
  Valproate was considered a drug of choice in all genetically-mediated generalized epilepsies, except in the population of women of child-bearing age. Ethosuximide was a drug of choice in patient with absence seizures, and levetiracetam was a drug of choice in patients with genetic generalized tonic-clonic seizures and myoclonic seizures. Lamotrigine, levetiracetam and oxcarbazepine were considered drugs of choice for initial treatment of focal seizures. Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the drugs of choice for women of child-bearing age with either genetic generalized epilepsy or focal epilepsy. Lamotrigine and levetiracetam were the drugs of choice in the elderly population. Lamotrigine was preferred in patients with co-morbid depression. Levetiracetam was the drug of choice in treating patients with hepatic failure, or who have undergone organ transplantation. Compared to the 2005 and 2001 surveys, there was increased preference for the use of levetiracetam and lamotrigine, and decreased preference for the use of phenytoin, gabapentin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine.
  
  
  
  The study presented here provides a "snapshot" of the clinical practices of experts in the treatment of epilepsy. The experts were very often in agreement, and reached consensus in 81% of the possible responses. However, expert opinion does not replace the medical literature; instead, it acts to supplement existing information. Using the study results is similar to requesting an expert consultation. Our findings suggest options that the clinician should consider to achieve best practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States. Electronic address: jerryshih@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Jerry J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States.
authors.forename: Julia B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Whitlock
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chimato
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Karceski
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States.
authors.forename: Ryan D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Frank
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014227:Triazines / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014227:Triazines; D002220:Carbamazepine; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine; D010889:Piracetam
keywords: Antiepileptic drugs; Consensus; Focal epilepsy; Generalized epilepsy; Guidelines; Rand method