title: Physical Function Differences Between the Stages From Normal Cognition to Moderate Alzheimer Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the differences in the physical function test results across stages from normal cognition (NC) to moderate Alzheimer disease (AD) and how risk factors of physical function decline are correlated with the physical function test results.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of outpatients at the Memory Disorder Outpatient Center of Japan's National Center of Geriatrics and Gerontology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 882 individuals aged ≥65 diagnosed with NC (n = 210), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI; n = 273), mild AD (n = 181) or moderate AD (n = 197).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the participants' results for functional reach (FR), the one-leg standing (OLS) test, the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, tandem gait (TG), and grip strength (GS). A one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to identify significant differences among the groups' results on the physical function tests, controlling for age, sex, educational year, Mini-Nutritional Assessment, senior activity and exercise frequency, low-density lipoprotein, body mass index, free-fat mass index, and assistance for the TUG test. Multiple regression analysis was also used to investigate the correlation between these covariates and physical function tests results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ANCOVA showed that FR, OLS, and TG were significantly worse among the individuals with aMCI, mild AD, or moderate AD compared with NC. However, TUG was significantly worse only in the moderate AD group compared with the NC, aMCI, and mild AD group. Multiple regression analysis showed that aging was correlated with poorer scores on all physical function tests, women had poorer scores on FR and GS than men, and low frequency of senior activity was significantly correlated with poorer scores on FR, OLS, and TG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postural impairment and instability on TG was seen in earlier AD stages compared with instability on TUG. As were the covariates of age and sex, senior activity frequency was significantly related to 2 or more physical function tests.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.affiliation: Departments of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. Electronic address: umegaki@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Umegaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Aichi Prefectural College of Nursing and Health, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Departments of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.affiliation: Departments of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuzuya
authors.affiliation: Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toba
authors.affiliation: Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakurai
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011187:Posture
keywords: ANCOVA; Alzheimer disease; amnestic MCI; gait; postural function