title: Future life expectancy in 35 industrialised countries: projections with a Bayesian model ensemble.
abstract: Projections of future mortality and life expectancy are needed to plan for health and social services and pensions. Our aim was to forecast national age-specific mortality and life expectancy using an approach that takes into account the uncertainty related to the choice of forecasting model.
  
  
  
  We developed an ensemble of 21 forecasting models, all of which probabilistically contributed towards the final projections. We applied this approach to project age-specific mortality to 2030 in 35 industrialised countries with high-quality vital statistics data. We used age-specific death rates to calculate life expectancy at birth and at age 65 years, and probability of dying before age 70 years, with life table methods.
  
  
  
  Life expectancy is projected to increase in all 35 countries with a probability of at least 65% for women and 85% for men. There is a 90% probability that life expectancy at birth among South Korean women in 2030 will be higher than 86·7 years, the same as the highest worldwide life expectancy in 2012, and a 57% probability that it will be higher than 90 years. Projected female life expectancy in South Korea is followed by those in France, Spain, and Japan. There is a greater than 95% probability that life expectancy at birth among men in South Korea, Australia, and Switzerland will surpass 80 years in 2030, and a greater than 27% probability that it will surpass 85 years. Of the countries studied, the USA, Japan, Sweden, Greece, Macedonia, and Serbia have some of the lowest projected life expectancy gains for both men and women. The female life expectancy advantage over men is likely to shrink by 2030 in every country except Mexico, where female life expectancy is predicted to increase more than male life expectancy, and in Chile, France, and Greece where the two sexes will see similar gains. More than half of the projected gains in life expectancy at birth in women will be due to enhanced longevity above age 65 years.
  
  
  
  There is more than a 50% probability that by 2030, national female life expectancy will break the 90 year barrier, a level that was deemed unattainable by some at the turn of the 21st century. Our projections show continued increases in longevity, and the need for careful planning for health and social services and pensions.
  
  
  
  UK Medical Research Council and US Environmental Protection Agency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Vasilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kontis
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Department of Information, Evidence and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Colin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mathers
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Guangquan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foreman
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; WHO Collaborating Centre on NCD Surveillance and Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK. Electronic address: majid.ezzati@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ezzati
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D019049:Developed Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000639:trends*; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male