title: Gastrointestinal Pharmacology.
abstract: There is little evidence for most of the medications currently used to treat functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) in children. Not only are there very few clinical trials, but also most have significant variability in the methods used and outcomes measured. Thus, the decision on the most appropriate pharmacological treatment is frequently based on adult studies or empirical data. In children, peppermint oil, trimebutine, and drotaverine have shown significant benefit compared with placebo, each of them in a single randomized clinical trial. A small study found that cyproheptadine was beneficial in the treatment of FAPDs in children. There are conflicting data regarding amitriptyline. While one small study found a significant benefit in quality of life compared with placebo, a large multicenter study found no benefit compared with placebo. The antidepressant, citalopram, failed to meet the primary outcomes in intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis. Rifaximin has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of adults with IBS. Those findings differ from studies in children where no benefit was found compared to placebo. To date, there are no placebo-controlled trials published on the use of linaclotide or lubiprostone in children. Alpha 2 delta ligands such as gabapentin and pregabalin are sometimes used in the care of this group of children, but no clinical trials are available in children with FAPDs. Similarly, novel drugs that have been approved for the care of irritable bowel with diarrhea in adults such as eluxadoline have yet to be studied in children.
  
  
  
  Little data support the use of most medications commonly used to treat FAPDs in children. More randomized, placebo-controlled studies are needed to assess the efficacy of pharmacological interventions in the treatment of FAPDs in children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. miguel.saps@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saps
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents
keywords: Children; Clinical trials; Functional abdominal pain disorders; Irritable bowel syndrome; Treatment