title: Sacral Neuromodulation Implant Infection: Risk Factors and Prevention.
abstract: Device infection is one of the most common complications of sacral nerve stimulator placement and occurs in approximately 3-10% of cases. Infection is a serious complication, as it often requires complete explantation of the device. Not much is known regarding risk factors for and methods of preventing infection in sacral nerve stimulation. Multiple risk factors have been linked to device infection including prolonged percutaneous testing and choice of preoperative antibiotic. Methods of infection prevention have also been studied recently, including antibiotic-impregnated collage and type of skin preparation. This review will discuss the recent literature identifying risk factors and means of preventing infection in sacral nerve stimulation. Finally, we will outline a protocol we have enacted at our institution which has resulted in an incidence of infection of 1.6%.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Calvin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Q10-1, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.|Urogynecology Unit, Hospital Dr. Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile.|Division de Obstetricia y Ginecologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pizarro-Berdichevsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Q10-1, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Marisa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. vasavas@ccf.org.|Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Q10-1, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. vasavas@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Sandip P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Vasavada
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020878:Device Removal; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
keywords: Device infection; Infection; Infection prevention; Sacral nerve stimulation; Sacral neuromodulation