title: Urinary Antibiotics of Pregnant Women in Eastern China and Cumulative Health Risk Assessment.
abstract: Exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy can pose a systematic effect on human health. A few biomonitoring studies have demonstrated an extensive exposure of children to antibiotics, but there is still a lack of data for pregnant women. To assess the exposure of pregnant women to antibiotics and potential health risk, we investigated 536 pregnant women aged 16-42 years from two geographically different study sites in Eastern China in 2015. We measured 21 antibiotics of five categories (seven fluoroquinolones, three phenicols, four tetracyclines, three macrolides, and four sulfonamides) in urine using the isotope dilution ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The hazard index (HI) was calculated on the basis of estimated daily exposure dose and acceptable daily intakes. A total of 16 antibiotics were found in urine, with detection frequencies between 0.2 and 16.0%. Antibiotics were overall detected in 41.6% of urine, and two or more antibiotics were detected in 13.1% of urine. Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and trimethoprim were most frequently detected in urine, with detection frequencies between 10 and 20%. The majority of the antibiotics tested had an estimated daily exposure dose less than 1 μg/kg/day, and 4.3% of pregnant women had a HI value of more than 1. These findings indicated that pregnant women were frequently exposed to antibiotics and some individuals were in the potential risk of adverse microbiological effects induced by antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hexing
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8456-8888
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Haimen City Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Haimen, Jiangsu 226100, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Junhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Yuhuan County Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Yuhuan, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317600, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lingyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Haimen City Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Haimen, Jiangsu 226100, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Peixin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Yuhuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Yuhuan, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317600, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Meifang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chaowei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haijiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Gengsheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qingwu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013754:Tetracyclines
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D013754:Tetracyclines