title: [Factors affecting exposure level for medical staff during orthopedic procedures under fluoroscopic control].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extended control of staff exposure in interventional radiology has been legally required over the last few years. This is determined by a number of factors, including the type of procedure, technical conditions and methodology. In orthopedic procedures fluoroscopy is used to control surgical reconstructions. An influence of particular factors on the registered values of doses received by the members of medical team performing osteosynthesis for limb fractures is presented in this paper.
  
  
  METHODS
  Doses received by individual interventional team members performing specific functions, operator, assisting physicians and scrub nurse, during a series of the procedures were measured. Each person was equipped with 4 dosimetric tools, containing thermoluminescent dosimeters, to measure the equivalent doses for the eyes, hand skin and the neck (outside the shield) and to evaluate effective doses. The investigations were performed in operational theatres of 3 hospitals in Łódź.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The equivalent doses per one procedure for the eyes and hand skin of the operator were 0.029-0.073 mSv and 0.366-1.604 mSv, respectively. Significantly higher doses were noted during the procedures of intramedullary osteosynthesis, especially for the operator. An average age and body mass index (BMI) of patients treated in the monitored hospitals did not differ statistically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the dosimetric measurements the following conclusions can be drawn: in orthopedic procedures of interventional radiology (IR) the exposure of the staff is mostly determined by the type of procedure and more precisely by its complexity and by the optimized use of X-ray unit, including pulsed fluoroscopy. It is also revealed that the operator is the most exposed person in the interventional team. Med Pr 2017;68(1):75-83.
authors.affiliation: Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi / Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland (Wydział Nauk Biomedycznych i Kształcenia Podyplomowego, Zakład Medycznych Technik Obrazowania / Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Department of Medical Imaging Techniques). maria.staniszewska@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Staniszewska
authors.affiliation: Instytut Fizyki Jądrowej im. Henryka Niewodniczańskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk / The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland (Laboratorium Dozymetrii Indywidualnej i Środowiskowej / Laboratory of Individual and Environmental Dosimetry).
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kopeć
authors.affiliation: Instytut Fizyki Jądrowej im. Henryka Niewodniczańskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk / The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland (Laboratorium Dozymetrii Indywidualnej i Środowiskowej / Laboratory of Individual and Environmental Dosimetry).
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Budzanowski
authors.affiliation: Uniwersytecki Szpital Kliniczny im. Wojskowej Akademii Medycznej - Centralny Szpital Weteranów / University Clinical Hospital Military Memorial Medical Academy - Central Veterans' Hospital, Łódź, Poland (Klinika Ortopedii, Traumatologii i Rehabilitacji Pourazowej / Clinic of Orthopaedy, Traumatology and Traumatic Rehabilitation).
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Owsiak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008503:Medical Staff; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: doses; fluoroscopy; interventional radiology; occupational exposure; orthopaedy; thermoluminescent dosimetry