title: National survey of health in the tattoo industry: Observational study of 448 French tattooists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The data regarding the health of professional tattooists is inexistent. Tattooists are usually heavily tattooed and exposed daily to body fluids and skin-to-skin contacts with customers, tattoo inks, solvents, allergens, irritants, and work for hours often in inadequate positions using vibrating tattoo machines. We analyzed the health status of active French professional tattooists.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational self-reported Internet survey was performed among 448 tattooists who were members of the French Tattoo Union in November 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main physical complaints were musculoskeletal: back pain (65%), finger pain (41.5%) and muscular pain (28.8%). Finger pain, back pain, muscular pain and carpal tunnel symptoms/tingling sensations on the fingers occurred among 88%, 61.5%, 68% and 84% of the cases after having started their activity (p < 0.001). Other chronic diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancers remained at a low level here.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Professional tattooists have a high prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints about back pain due to repetitive movements, awkward postures and use of a vibrating tattoo machine. Tattooists have a unique environment that imply developing intervention and preventive strategies for them. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(1):111-120.
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Departments of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology). nicolas.kluger@hus.fi.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kluger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011187:Posture; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013653:Tattooing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: Raynaud phenomenon; carpal tunnel syndrome; ink; musculoskeletal diseases; occupational diseases; tattooing