title: Phase-specific expression of an insulin-like androgenic gland factor in a marine shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni: Implication for maintaining protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shrimp in the genus Lysmata have a unique and rare sexual system referred to as protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism, whereby individuals mature first as male (male phase), and then the female function may also develop as the shrimp grow, so that the gonad is able to produce both eggs and sperms simultaneously, a condition called simultaneous hermaphroditism (euhermaphrodite phase). To date, the mechanisms of sex control in this sexual system still remain poorly understood. Many studies indicate that an insulin-like androgenic gland factor (IAG) is involved in controlling sex differentiation in gonochoric crustaceans, but its role in the protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite is still not clear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To determine whether an IAG is involved in sex control in the hermaphrodite, here we, for the first time, cloned the IAG gene cDNA sequence from Lysmata wurdemanni (termed Lw-IAG: L. wurdemanni insulin-like AG factor), a protandric simultaneous hermaphroditic shrimp. The IAG contains an open reading frame of 528 bp, corresponding to 176 amino acids, which consists of a signal peptide, B chain, C peptide, and A chain. The organization is similar to the IAGs found in other decapods. The IAG gene was expressed in both male and euhermaphrodite phases, but the expression level was significantly higher in the male phase than in the euhermaphrodite phase. Immunofluorescence analysis and Western Blotting revealed that the IAG protein was expressed in the androgenic gland, and its expression level was higher in the male phase than in the euhermaphrodite phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data presented here suggest that the IAG gene may be a factor controlling sex in the protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite, and that the euhermaphrodite phase is maintained by reduced gene expression, i.e., the presence of the androgenic gland (or the androgenic hormone it produces) completely inhibits ovarian development in the male phase, and incomplete degeneration of the androgenic gland in the euhermaphrodite phase results in simultaneous hermaphroditism. The findings presented in the current study can help to reveal how protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism evolved in crustaceans.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of East China Sea & Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China.|East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of East China Sea & Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China.|East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of East China Sea & Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China.|East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D060829:Arthropod Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000235:genetics*; D042341:Gonadal Hormones / Q000235:genetics*; D006066:Gonads / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D019849:Sex Determination Processes / Q000235:genetics; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D042341:Gonadal Hormones; D007328:Insulin