title: Immune response of toddlers with history of prematurity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not quite well established how immune responses differ in term and preterm infants beyond the first year of life. This study aimed to evaluate aspects of the innate and adaptive immune responses in a group of preterm infants in comparison with their term peers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from preterm and term children at age three years. Innate immune response was evaluated by the analysis of TLR receptors expression on CD11c+HLADRhighcells and inflammatory cytokine production after PBMC stimulation with Toll like receptors (TLR) ligands. Adaptive immune response was evaluated by T cells' phenotyping and function after stimulation with polyclonal conventional T cell stimulus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have found that the patterns of innate and adaptive immune responses at 3 years of age were not affected by the fact of the children having being born preterm or at term.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Brazil; Infant Center, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Muraro
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Brazil; Infant Center, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pitrez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Brazil; Infant Center, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: A P D
authors.initials: APD
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Brazil; Infant Center, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Brazil; Infant Center, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Brazil; Infant Center, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Ewald
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Brazil; Infant Center, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Heinzmann-Filho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Brazil; Infant Center, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Gandolfi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Brazil; Infant Center, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonorino
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Brazil; Infant Center, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. Electronic address: rstein@pucrs.br.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D039521:CD11c Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007223:Infant; D007234:Infant, Premature; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D039521:CD11c Antigen; D016207:Cytokines; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: Cytokines; Immune response; Memory T cell; Preterm children; TLR expression