title: Histopathological Analysis of Ligamentum Flavum in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis and Disc Herniation.
abstract: METHODS
  Histopathological analyses were performed in ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and lumbar disc herniation (LDH).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate histopathological changes in LF patients with LSS and LDH.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  LSS is the most common spinal disorder in elderly patients. This condition causes lower back and leg pain and paresis, and occurs as a result of degenerative changes in the lumbar spine, including bulging of the intervertebral discs, bony proliferation of the facet joints, and LF thickening; among these, LF thickening is considered a major contributor to the development of LSS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 71 patients operated with the surgical indications of LSS and LDH were included. LF samples were obtained from 31 patients who underwent decompressive laminectomy for symptomatic degenerative LSS (stenotic group) and from 40 patients who underwent lumbar discectomy for LDH (discectomy group). LF materials were examined histopathologically, and other specimens were examined for collagen content, elastic fiber number and array, and presence of calcification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stenotic and discectomy groups did not differ with regard to mean collagen concentration or mean elastic fiber number (p=0.430 and p=0.457, respectively). Mean elastic fiber alignment was 2.36±0.99 in the stenotic group and 1.38±0.54 in the discectomy group (p<0.001). Mean calcification was 0.39±0.50 in the stenotic group, whereas calcification was not detected (0.00±0.00) in the discectomy group; a statistically significant difference was detected (p<0.001) between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LF hypertrophy in spinal stenosis may occur as a result of elastic fiber misalignment along with the development of calcification over time. Further studies determining the pathogenesis of LSS are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
authors.forename: Idiris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Altun
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kasım Zafer
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Yüksel
keywords: Hypertrophy; Ligamentum flavum; Pathology; Spinal stenosis