title: Low Prevalence of Substandard and Falsified Antimalarial and Antibiotic Medicines in Public and Faith-Based Health Facilities of Southern Malawi.
abstract: AbstractSubstandard and falsified antimalarial and antibiotic medicines represent a serious problem for public health, especially in low- and middle-income countries. However, information on the prevalence of poor-quality medicines is limited. In the present study, samples of six antimalarial and six antibiotic medicines were collected from 31 health facilities and drug outlets in southern Malawi. Random sampling was used in the selection of health facilities. For sample collection, an overt approach was used in licensed facilities, and a mystery shopper approach in nonlicensed outlets. One hundred and fifty-five samples were analyzed by visual and physical examination and by rapid prescreening tests, that is, disintegration testing and thin-layer chromatography using the GPHF-Minilab. Fifty-six of the samples were analyzed according to pharmacopeial monographs in a World Health Organization-prequalified quality control laboratory. Seven out-of-specification medicines were identified. One sample was classified as falsified, lacking the declared active ingredients, and containing other active ingredients instead. Three samples were classified as substandard with extreme deviations from the pharmacopeial standards, and three further samples as substandard with nonextreme deviations. Of the substandard medicines, three failed in dissolution testing, two in the assay for the content of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, and one failed in both dissolution testing and assay. Six of the seven out-of-specification medicines were from private facilities. Only one out-of-specification medicine was found within the samples from public and faith-based health facilities. Although the observed presence of substandard and falsified medicines in Malawi requires action, their low prevalence in public and faith-based health facilities is encouraging.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khuluza
authors.affiliation: Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies (MEDS), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kigera
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.|Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heide
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000032:analysis*; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D058110:Counterfeit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D006268:Health Facilities; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi; D011786:Quality Control; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000962:Antimalarials; D058110:Counterfeit Drugs