title: Literacy Outcomes for Primary School Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing: A Cohort Comparison Study.
abstract: In this study, we compared the language and literacy of two cohorts of children with severe-profound hearing loss, recruited 10 years apart, to determine if outcomes had improved in line with the introduction of newborn hearing screening and access to improved hearing aid technology.
  
  
  
  Forty-two children with deafness, aged 5-7 years with a mean unaided loss of 102 DB, were assessed on language, reading, and phonological skills. Their performance was compared with that of a similar group of 32 children with deafness assessed 10 years earlier and also a group of 40 children with normal hearing of similar single word reading ability.
  
  
  
  English vocabulary was significantly higher in the new cohort although it was still below chronological age. Phonological awareness and reading ability had not significantly changed over time. In both cohorts, English vocabulary predicted reading, but phonological awareness was only a significant predictor for the new cohort.
  
  
  
  The current results show that vocabulary knowledge of children with severe-profound hearing loss has improved over time, but there has not been a commensurate improvement in phonological skills or reading. They suggest that children with severe-profound hearing loss will require continued support to develop robust phonological coding skills to underpin reading.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: School of Education, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Emmanouela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Terlektsi
authors.affiliation: Division of Language and Communication Science, City, University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fiona E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Kyle
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006310:Hearing Aids; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006801:Humans; D000067010:Literacy; D008297:Male; D019986:Persons with Hearing Disabilities; D010700:Phonetics; D011932:Reading; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014825:Vocabulary