title: Visible glove perforation in total knee arthroplasty.
abstract: The risk of superficial surgical site infection (SSI) and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after glove perforation is not evident. This study was to identify risk factors for glove perforation in primary TKR (total knee replacement) and the risk of subsequent superficial SSI and PJI.
  
  
  
  Results of visible glove perforation of both inner and outer gloves during TKR were reviewed. A case-control analysis was performed on the preoperative and operative variables to identify predictive risk factors for glove perforation. Rate of SSI and PJI was compared between perforation and non-perforation groups, including 1226 series and 183 case-control subset.
  
  
  
  One thousand two hundred twenty-six primary TKR from 2011 to 2014 was reviewed. Fifty-five knees had visible glove perforations. The operation perforation rate was 4.5%. Risk factors identified were body mass index (BMI) > 30, bilateral surgery, operation time >120 min and non-trainee surgeons. Superficial SSI was significantly higher in glove perforation group (9.15 vs. 0.51% and 0.55%). PJI was not significantly different (1.82% vs. 0.60% and 1.1%). The adjusted odds ratio for superficial SSI after perforation was 15.2, independent of BMI and operation time.
  
  
  
  Visible glove perforation in TKR is associated with several risk factors. The risk of superficial SSI is higher after perforation.
authors.affiliation: 1 Joint Replacement Center, Yan Chai Hospital, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Lee Qunn
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Jid
authors.affiliation: 1 Joint Replacement Center, Yan Chai Hospital, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Mak Wai
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.affiliation: 1 Joint Replacement Center, Yan Chai Hospital, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Wong Yiu
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: 1 Joint Replacement Center, Yan Chai Hospital, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Wai Yuk
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005932:Gloves, Surgical; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: glove perforation; periprosthetic infection; risk factors; superficial surgical site infection; total knee arthroplasty