title: Management of the clinically node negative neck in squamous cell carcinoma of the maxilla.
abstract: The management of the clinically node negative (N0) neck in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the maxilla (MSCC) is a matter of debate. In this retrospective cohort study the incidence of occult metastases is determined in clinically N0 MSCCs, as well as histopathological factors associated with occult metastases.
  
  
  
  95 patients with clinically N0 MSCCs had maxillectomy. 18 patients with elective treatment of the neck were excluded. The remaining 77 patients followed a 'watch and wait' strategy for the neck and were included in this study. The incidence of occult metastases was calculated and Cox regression analysis was used to assess the predictive and prognostic value of clinical and histopathological parameters.
  
  
  
  Occult metastases occurred in 14.3% (11/77) in the whole cohort and in 19.0% (11/58) in T2-T4 clinically N0 MSCC. Patients with T4 clinically N0 MSCC, showed the highest rate of occult metastases (24.1%). 45.5% of the occult metastases developed in the contralateral neck. The hazard ratio to develop occult metastasis was 5.39 (p=0.017) for perineural growth and 11.12 (p=0.003) for perivascular invasion. Salvage for cervical recurrence was poor at 40%.
  
  
  
  We recommend elective treatment of the neck or improved diagnostics to detect occult metastases in T2-T4 clinically N0 MSCC or when the biopsy specimen shows perineural growth or perivascular invasion. Since the contralateral neck was involved in 45.5% of the regional recurrences, we emphasize the importance of bilateral neck management. Improved diagnostics, like sentinel node biopsy, could possibly further reduce occult metastatic disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michiel H M A
authors.initials: MHMA
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Remco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Bree
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: e.m.vancann@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Ellen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Van Cann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008441:Maxillary Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D016019:Survival Analysis
keywords: Elective neck dissection; Elective treatment of the neck; Maxilla carcinoma; Occult cervical metastasis; Occult metastasis; Occult neck metastasis; Oral squamous cell carcinoma; Sentinel node; Watch and wait strategy