title: Apathy dimensions in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Apathy is a prominent and disabling symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is a multidimensional behaviour, but which dimensions are specifically affected is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this preliminary study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Dimensional Apathy Scale (DAS) and explore the multidimensional profile of apathy in PD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four PD patients, with 30 of their informants/carers, and 34 healthy controls, with 30 of their informants, completed the DAS, Apathy Evaluation Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form. Motor staging and independent living status were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparative group analyses revealed that PD patients were significantly more apathetic on self-rated executive (p = 0.01) and initiation (p = 0.03) dimensions than controls, where only executive apathy was significantly higher in ratings of patients' informants/carers compared with controls' informants (p = 0.02). A third of patients were impaired on at least one apathy dimension. Additionally, patients with apathy tended to have more impaired activities of daily living, while none of the apathy dimensions related to motor disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show the DAS is a valid and reliable multidimensional apathy tool for use in PD. PD is characterised by an executive apathy profile as determined by informants/carers, although patients described both executive and initiation apathy. This indicates a lack of motivation for planning, organisation and attention and lack of initiation of thoughts or behaviours. Further research is needed to determine the cognitive underpinnings of this emerging apathy profile and the clinical impact in PD. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Human Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.|Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.|Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.|Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.|Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Ratko
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-3639
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radakovic
authors.affiliation: Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.|Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.affiliation: Human Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.|Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.|Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.|Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abrahams
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057565:Apathy; D001288:Attention; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods
keywords: Parkinson's disease; activities of daily living; apathy; depression; motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms