title: Shear bond strength of ceramic and metallic orthodontic brackets bonded with self-etching primer and conventional bonding adhesives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adult patients typically require high-quality orthodontic treatment for ceramic brackets, but some clinicians remain concerned about the bond strength of these brackets. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the shear bond strength and de-bonding characteristics of metallic and ceramic brackets bonded with two types of bonding agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an experimental study done in 2013 in Babol, Iran, 120 extracted human maxillary premolar teeth were randomly divided into four groups as follows: HM group: metallic bracket/conventional bonding agent; SM group: metallic bracket/Transbond self-etching primer; HC group: ceramic bracket/conventional bonding agent; SC group: ceramic bracket/Transbond self-etching primer. Twenty-four hours after thermocycling (1000 cycle, 5 °C-55 °C), the shear bond strength values were measured. The amount of resin remaining on the tooth surface (adhesive remnant index: ARI) was determined under a stereomicroscope. Enamel detachment index was evaluated under a scanning electron microscope. To perform statistical analysis, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Tukey post-hoc tests were applied. The level of significance was set at p <0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean shear bond strength values (MPa ± SD) were group HM=12.59, group SM=11.15, group HC=7.7, and group SC=7.41. Bond strength differences between groups HM and SM (p=0.063) and between HC and SC (p=0.091) were not statistically significant. There were significant differences between HM and HC and between SM and SC groups (p < 0.05). Insignificant differences were found in ARI among all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicated that the metallic brackets had higher bond strengths in comparison with ceramic brackets. In addition, self-etching primer was able to produce fewer bonds compared with the conventional technique. Many samples showed the bracket-adhesive interface failure or failure inside the adhesive.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontist, Assistant Professor, Dental Material Research Center, Dental Faculty, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Valiollah
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arash
authors.affiliation: General Dentist, Faculty Member, Dental Material Research Center, Dental Faculty, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naghipour
authors.affiliation: Orthodontist, Faculty Member, Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravadgar
authors.affiliation: General Practitioner, Faculty Member, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karkhah
authors.affiliation: Orthodontist, Faculty Member, Dental Material Research Center, Dental Faculty, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Saleh
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Barati
keywords: Acid etching; Self-etching primer; Shear bond