title: Maternal psychological stress-induced developmental disability, neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the offspring of Wistar albino rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress is an inevitable part of life, and maternal stress during the gestational period has dramatic effects in the early programming of the physiology and behavior of offspring. The developmental period is crucial for the well-being of the offspring. Prenatal stress influences the developmental outcomes of the fetus, in part because the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to stress. The etiology of birth defects of the offspring is reported to be 30-40% genetic and 7-10% multifactorial, with the remaining 50% still unknown and also there is no clear cause for neonatal mortality and still-birth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study explores the association of maternal psychological stress on mother and the offspring's incidence of birth defects, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant animals were restrained to induce psychological stress (3 times per day, 45 minutes per session). Except control group, other animals were exposed to restraint stress during the gestational period: early gestational stress (EGS, stress exposure during 1st day to 10th days of gestational period), late gestational stress (LGS, stress exposure during 11th day to till parturition), and full term gestational stress (FGS, stress exposure to the whole gestational period). The effects of maternal stress on the mother and their offspring were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expectant female rats exposed to stress by physical restraint showed decreased body weight gain, food intake, and fecal pellet levels. Specifically, the offspring of female rats subjected to late gestational and full term gestational restraint stress showed more deleterious effects, such as physical impairment (LGS 24.44%, FGS 10%), neonatal mortality (EGS 2.56%, LGS 24.44%, FGS 17.5%), stillbirths (FGS 27.5%), low birth weight (EGS 5.42g, LGS 4.40g, FGS 4.12g), preterm births (EGS 539 Hrs, LGS 514 Hrs, FGS 520.6 Hrs), and delayed eyelid opening (EGS 15.16 Days, LGS 17 Days, FGS 17.67 Days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study reveal that maternal stress may be associated with the offspring's abnormal structural phenotyping, preterm birth, stillbirth and neonatal mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Dr. A.L.M Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Sakthivel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Govindaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Dr. A.L.M Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Annadurai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shanmuganathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Dr. A.L.M Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ravindran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology; D003672:Defecation; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D050497:Stillbirth; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015430:Weight Gain