title: Cell stress response to two different types of polymer coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles.
abstract: Potential nanoparticle (NP) toxicity is one of crucial problems that limit the applicability of NPs. When designing NPs for biomedical and biotechnological applications it is thus important to understand the mechanisms of their toxicity. In this study, we analysed the stress responses of previously designed polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) coated NPs on primary human myoblasts (MYO) and B16 mouse melanoma cell line. Negatively charged PAA did not induce cell toxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) or activate the transcription factor NF-κB in either cell line even at high concentrations (100μg/ml). On the other hand, positively charged PEI NPs induced a concentration dependent necrotic cell death and an increase in ROS following 24h incubation already at low concentrations (>4μg/ml). Moreover, PEI NPs induced NF-κB activation 15-30min after incubation in MYO cells, most probably through activation of TLR4 receptor. Interestingly, there was no NF-κB response to PEI NPs in B16 cells.
authors.affiliation: Group for nano and biotechnological applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: jasna.lojk@fe.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lojk
authors.affiliation: Group for nano and biotechnological applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: klemen.strojan@fe.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Klemen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strojan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: katarina.mis@mf.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miš
authors.affiliation: Group for nano and biotechnological applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: vladimir.bregar@kolektor.com.
authors.forename: Boštjan Vladimir
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Bregar
authors.affiliation: Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: iva.hafner@ki.si.
authors.forename: Iva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hafner Bratkovič
authors.affiliation: Group for nano and biotechnological applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: marusa.rajh@fe.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Maruša
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bizjak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: sergej.pirkmajer@mf.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Sergej
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pirkmajer
authors.affiliation: Group for nano and biotechnological applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: mojca.pavlin@fe.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Mojca
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavlin
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003035:Cobalt / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D011094:Polyethyleneimine / Q000737:chemistry; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C495377:LY96 protein, human; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C569492:cobalt ferrite; D003035:Cobalt; C006903:carbopol 940; D011094:Polyethyleneimine
keywords: NF-κB; Nanoparticles; Necrosis; PAA; PEI; ROS; TLR4; Toxicity