title: An epidemiological study of ADHD and conduct disorder: does family conflict moderate the association?
abstract: To examine the role of family conflict in the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD).
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional national population survey was carried out among 10,838 14-16 year old students in all secondary schools in Iceland. Three latent measures, financial status, ADHD and CD, and one observed measure, family structure, were included in the study. A structural equation model was used to evaluate direct effects between ADHD and CD for four different groups; females and males, experiencing family conflict and those not experiencing family conflict.
  
  
  
  ADHD was significantly and positively associated with CD for all groups. When controlling for financial status and family structure it was found that ADHD was positively and significantly associated with CD for adolescent females and males not experiencing family conflict as well as for those experiencing family conflict. The link between ADHD and CD was significantly stronger for those adolescents who had experienced family conflict compared to those who had not experienced family conflict. These results suggest that family conflict moderates the association between ADHD and CD for both girls and boys.
  
  
  
  The results of this study indicate that family environment and ADHD symptoms are important when predicting CD among adolescent youth. Most notably, family conflict exacerbates the effects of ADHD symptoms on CD among both females and males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland. ingadora@ru.is.|Teacher's College, Columbia University, 525 west, 120th street, Manhattan, NY, 10027, USA. ingadora@ru.is.
authors.forename: Inga Dora
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Sigfusdottir
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Bryndis Bjork
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Asgeirsdottir
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Hildigunnur Anna
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.|University of Iceland, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Jon Fridrik
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.|Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.|West London Mental Health, Broadmoor Hospital, Regional Secure Unit, St Bernard's Hospital, Uxbridge Rd, Southall, UB1 3EU, UK.|Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of London, 7th Floor Commonwealth Building, Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.|King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: Gisli H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gudjonsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054541:Family Conflict / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Adolescents; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Conduct disorder; Family conflict