title: Patients with non-substance-related disorders report a similar profile of childhood trauma experiences compared to heroin-dependent patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure to traumatic events is common among patients with substance use disorders (SUD). In patients with non-substance-related disorders, especially with gambling disorders (GD) and internet addiction (IA), traumatic childhood experiences have not been investigated extensively. The objective of this study was to compare trauma histories in patients with GD and IA to patients with heroin dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional surveys including the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and clinical data among 107 participants; 59 patients with non-substance-related disorders (GD [n = 39]; IA [n = 20]) were compared to 28 patients prescribed injectable heroin for opioid dependence in heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) and to a healthy control group (HC) (n = 20).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings revealed a high prevalence of trauma exposure in all three clinical groups, with 74.4% of patients with GD, 80.0% of patients with IA, and 93.0% of patients in HAT compared to 40% in HC. All three groups (GD, IA, HAT) reported significantly higher levels of "emotional neglect" compared to HC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide clinically relevant information suggesting that the burden of childhood traumatic experiences may be as common in patients with GD and IA as in patients with heroin dependence. These findings could pose an important starting-point for treatment. (Am J Addict 2017;26:215-220).
authors.affiliation: Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philipp V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Schwaninger
authors.affiliation: Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dittmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Renanto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poespodihardjo
authors.affiliation: Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gerhard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wiesbeck
authors.affiliation: Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.affiliation: Division of Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sylvie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Petitjean
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000069586:Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events / Q000523:psychology*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011599:Psychopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires