title: Protective effect of rutin in comparison to silymarin against induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of rutin (RTN) in comparison to silymarin (SLM) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar albino rats (n=24) of 3 months age were equally divided into four groups. Group 1 served as normal control. Hepatotoxicity was induced in the remaining three groups with administration of 500 mg/kg po APAP from day 1-3. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were subsequently administered orally with distilled water, 25 mg/kg of SLM, and 20 mg/kg of RTN, respectively, for 11 days. The mean body weights and biomarkers of hepatotoxicity were estimated on day 0, 4 (confirmation of toxicity), and 15 (at the end of treatment). Hematological parameters were evaluated on day 4 and 15. Antioxidant profile and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) were assessed at the end of the experiment. Liver tissues were subjected to histopathology and transmission electron microscopy after the sacrifice on day 15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antioxidant profile, ATPases, and hematological and sero-biochemical parameters were significantly altered, and histopathological changes were noticed in the liver of toxic control group. These changes were reversed in groups 3 and 4 that were administered with SLM and RTN, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present investigation enunciated that SLM has potent hepatoprotective activity though the RTN was found superior in restoring the pathological alterations in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: M Kasi
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: A Gopala
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: B Kala
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Madhuri
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boobalan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, P V Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: M Anudeep
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reddy
keywords: acetaminophen; hepatotoxicity; rutin; silymarin