title: Molecular mechanisms of the effects of the ethanolic extract of Muntingia calabura Linn. fruit on lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages.
abstract: Four flavonoids (epicatechin, rutin, diosmin and luteolin) and 11 phenolic acids (gallic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybezoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, p-anisic acid and rosmarinic acid) were determined in the ethanolic extract of M. calabura Linn. fruit gathered in Taiwan. The extract suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 as well as the productions of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2and pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6] in RAW264.7 macrophages. The extract modulated the inflammatory processes through inactivation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2), and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducers and activators of transcription 1/3 (STAT1/3). Moreover, the activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) followed by inducing the production of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is also related to the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, and Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jau-Tien
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, and Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Yen
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, and Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Bo-Yan
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. djyang1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Deng-Jye
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8801-4148
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015232:Dinoprostone; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone