title: K-targeted strategy for isolation of phenolic alkaloids of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn by counter-current chromatography using lysine as a pH regulator.
abstract: Counter-current chromatography (CCC) is an efficient liquid-liquid partition chromatography technique without support matrix. Despite there are many significant advancements in the CCC separation of natural products especially for non-ionic neutral compounds, CCC isolation of ionic compounds including alkaloids is still a challenging process guide by classical partition coefficients (K) or distribution ratio (KC) because their partition coefficient could not be equal to distribution ratio in common ionic conditions. Here, taking the extract of embryo of the seed of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn as sample, we introduced a modified K-targeted strategy for isolation of phenolic alkaloids by use of lysine as a pH regulator. The results indicated that if the mass of basic regulators such as aqueous ammonia and lysine added into the solvent system were high enough to inhibit the ionization of the targeted alkaloids, the distribution ratio of targets with ionic and non-ionic molecular forms got stable and might not been changed as the concentration of the pH regulator. In this case, the distribution ratio of target was almost equal to the partition coefficient. Thus, the targets could be isolated by K-targeted CCC separation through adding a certain amount pH regulators into the solvent system. Further experiments also showed that the sample concentration was an important factor on the distribution ratio of targets. Meanwhile, CCC experiments indicated that lysine was more suitable than aqueous ammonia for the separation of phenolic alkaloids because the chemical property of lysine-target complex in the CCC fractions was more stable. Therefore, the preparative CCC separation was performed using 20mM lysine as a pH regulator with more than 800mg injection mass. After simple back-extraction with dichloromethane, the lysine in the CCC fraction was removed completely and pure isoliensinine and neferine were obtained. In summary, the whole results indicated that the modified K-targeted CCC strategy using lysine as the pH regulator was efficient for isolation of phenolic alkaloids from crude plant extracts. It not only provided a practical strategy for the isolation of neferine and its analogues, but also introduced a powerful method to resolve the peak skewing (leading or tailing) in CCC separation of ionic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
authors.forename: Xiuyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China. Electronic address: drwushihua@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shihua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003377:Countercurrent Distribution / Q000379:methods*; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry*; D031653:Nelumbo / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008239:Lysine
keywords: Count-current chromatography; K-targeted strategy; Lysine; Neferine; Peak skewing; Phenolic alkaloids