title: Inhibition of the TetK efflux-pump by the essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and α-terpinene against Staphylococcus aureus IS-58.
abstract: The use of natural products is crucial to suppress the development of these micro-organisms and to reduce the concentration necessary to inhibit these microrganisms, reducing the toxicity risks also. In this study, the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides Leaves and its main constituent α-Terpinene were used in the antibacterial and potentiating activity of antibiotics and ethidium bromide assays, against the bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus IS-58, carriers of efflux pumps. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined using a microdilution method. The capacity of the aforementioned was also tested in combination with tetracycline and ethidium bromide, with the aim of improving the activity of the antibacterials. The MIC of the C. ambrosioides L. essential oil and of α-Terpinene were above 1024 μg/mL, comprising a clinically irrelevant value. However, when associated with the antibiotics, the C. ambrosioides L. essential oil, significantly decreased the MIC of tetracycline and ethidium bromide. The efflux pump is the only mechanism the bacteria possesses to reduce the toxicity of ethidium bromide, and thus this reduction in the MIC demonstrates that the C. ambrosioides L. essential oil is an effective option in the inhibition of the efflux pump present in these micro-organisms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Limaverde
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábia F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Campina
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco A B
authors.initials: FAB
authors.lastname: da Cunha
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francidalva D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Crispim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Figueredo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciene F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceara, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cícera
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Datiane de M Oliveira-Tintino
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil.
authors.forename: Yedda M L S
authors.initials: YMLS
authors.lastname: de Matos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Flaviana B
authors.initials: MFB
authors.lastname: Morais-Braga
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceara, Brazil.
authors.forename: Irwin R A
authors.initials: IRA
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory (LABBE), Department of Genetics, CCB, UFPE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valdir Q
authors.initials: VQ
authors.lastname: Balbino
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil. Electronic address: hdmcoutinho@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Henrique D M
authors.initials: HDM
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microorganisms Genetics (LGM), Department of Molecular Biology, CCEN, UFPB, Brazil.
authors.forename: José P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Siqueira-Júnior
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNIVASF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jackson R G S
authors.initials: JRGS
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil.
authors.forename: Saulo R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Tintino
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D027464:Chenopodium ambrosioides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; C539941:TetL protein, Staphyloccus aureus; C018669:gamma-terpinene
keywords: Chenopodium ambrosioides L; Efflux pump; Staphylococcus aureus; α-Terpinene