title: Regular energy drink consumption is associated with the risk of health and behavioural problems in adolescents.
abstract: Consumption of energy drinks has become popular and frequent among adolescents across Europe. Previous research showed that regular consumption of these drinks was associated with several health and behavioural problems. The aim of the present study was to determine the socio-demographic groups at risk for regular energy drink consumption and to explore the association of regular energy drinks consumption with health and behavioural problems and negative school experiences in adolescents. Data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study conducted in 2014 in Slovakia were analysed. We assessed socio-demographic characteristics, energy drink consumption, health and behavioural problems and negative school experiences based on self-reports from 8977 adolescents aged 11-15 years (mean age/standard deviation 13/1.33; 50.0% boys). The prevalence of regular energy drink consumption in the present sample was 20.6% (95%CI: 20%-21%). Regular energy drink consumption was more frequent among boys and older adolescents. Adolescents with a medium-level family affluence were less likely to drink energy drinks regularly. Adolescents who consumed energy drinks regularly had more health and behavioural problems and negative school experiences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents drinking energy drinks are at risk of a wide range of negative outcomes and should be specifically addressed by preventive interventions. What is Known • Energy drink consumption has become popular and frequent among adolescents across Europe. • There is growing evidence that energy drink consumption is related to negative social, emotional and health outcomes, but only a few studies have explored this relationship in adolescents. What is New • Regular energy drink consumption was more frequent among boys and adolescents reporting low family affluence and increased with age. • Adolescents reporting regular energy drink consumption were in higher risk to suffer from health and behavioural problems and negative school experiences.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, P. J. Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia. jana.holubcikova@upjs.sk.|Department of Health Psychology, P. J. Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia. jana.holubcikova@upjs.sk.|Institute of Research on Children, Youth and Family, Masaryk University, Joštova 218/10, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic. jana.holubcikova@upjs.sk.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holubcikova
authors.affiliation: Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, P. J. Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia.|Department of Health Psychology, P. J. Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia.|Olomouc University Society and Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitní 22, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kolarcik
authors.affiliation: Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, P. J. Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia.|Department of Health Psychology, P. J. Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia.|Olomouc University Society and Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitní 22, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madarasova Geckova
authors.affiliation: Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, P. J. Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia.|Department of Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sijmen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reijneveld
authors.affiliation: Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, P. J. Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia.|Olomouc University Society and Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitní 22, 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic.|Department of Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jitse P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Dijk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000067697:Adolescent Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D012306:Risk; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012574:Schools; D018154:Slovakia; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Adolescents; Energy drinks; Health and behavioural problems; Negative school experience