title: Human and soil exposure during mechanical chlorpyrifos, myclobutanil and copper oxychloride application in a peach orchard in Argentina.
abstract: The objective of this study was to measure the impact of the mechanized chlorpyrifos, copper oxychloride and myclobutanil application in a small peach orchard, on humans (operators, bystanders and residents) and on the productive soil. The mean Potential Dermal Exposure (PDE) of the workers (tractor drivers) was 30.8mL·h-1±16.4mL·h-1, with no specific pesticide distribution on the laborers body. Although the Margin of Safety (MOS) factor for the application stage were above 1 (safe condition) for myclobutanil and cooper oxycloride it was below 1 for chlorpyrifos. The mix and load stage remained as the riskier operation. Pesticide found on the orchard soil ranged from 5.5% to 14.8% of the total chlorpyrifos, copper oxychloride and myclobutanil applied. Pesticide drift was experimentally measured, finding values in the range of 2.4% to 11.2% of the total pesticide applied. Using experimental drift values, bystander (for one application), resident (for 20 applications) and earthworm (for one application) risk indicators (RIs) were calculated for the chlorpyrifos plus copper oxychloride and for myclobutanil treatments for different distances to the orchard border. Earthworm RI was correlated with experimental Eisenia andrei ecotoxicological assays (enzymatic activities: cholinesterases, carboxylesterases and glutathione S-transferases; behavioral: avoidance and bait-lamina tests) with good correlation.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
authors.forename: Giselle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berenstein
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nasello
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Érica
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Beiguel
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Di Schiena
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basack
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Enrique A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zalts
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina. Electronic address: jmontser@ungs.edu.ar.
authors.forename: Javier M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Montserrat
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000032:analysis*; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D009835:Oligochaeta; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D000068239:Prunus persica; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014230:Triazoles / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009570:Nitriles; D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014230:Triazoles; C007120:copper oxychloride; D003300:Copper; C446685:systhane; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: Chlorpyrifos; Copper oxychloride; Exposure; Myclobutanil; Soil