title: Echocardiography-guided pericardiocentesis as the method of choice for treatment of significant pericardial effusion following cardiac surgery: a 12-year single-center experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are limited contemporary data on the safety and efficacy of echo-guided pericardiocentesis following cardiac surgery in Europe. The aim of the study was to review tertiary cardiac surgery center experience with postoperative pericardial effusion (PE) diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6830 patients underwent open-heart surgery at our center between December 2004 and November 2016. Of these patients, 208 (3%) required pericardiocentesis for significant PE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant reduction of the incidence of substantial PE requiring pericardiocentesis by use of alternative surgical pericardial cavity drainage system (the accessory Redon drain positioned along the diaphragmatic surface of the heart) compared to conventional retrosternal chest tube drainage (3.3% vs. 2.1%). The rate/relative risk of pericardiocentesis was significantly higher after valve surgery, aortic root and ascending aorta surgery, and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation-i.e. among patients who had received postoperative anticoagulation therapy. Clinical manifestations of cardiac tamponade were observed in 36% of patients, while progressive large PE without tamponade was evacuated in 41% of patients. Initial echo-guided pericardiocentesis was therapeutically effective in 98.6% of cases, and the rate of major complications was 1%. There was no mortality related to pericardiocentesis. Eighteen patients (8.7%) required repeated pericardiocenteses due to recurrent effusion. Fifteen patients (7.2%) in the pericardiocentesis group required surgery due to recurrent effusion, persistent bleeding, or clotted hemopericardium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echo-guided pericardiocentesis was very effective and safe method for primary treatment of postoperative PE. Most patients did not require further intervention after this treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic - martin.kolek@fno.cz.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolek
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Radim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D020519:Pericardiocentesis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult