title: Longitudinal association of hypertension and diabetes mellitus with cognitive functioning in a general 70-year-old population: the SONIC study.
abstract: Both hypertension and diabetes in middle-aged individuals have been suggested to be predictive indicators of cognitive decline. However, the association of hypertension, diabetes and their combination with cognitive functioning is still controversial in older people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between cognitive decline and hypertension, diabetes, and their combination in 70-year-old people based on a 3-year longitudinal analysis. Four hundred and fifty-four people aged 70 (±1) years who participated in the Japanese longitudinal cohort study of Septuagenarians, Octogenarians and Nonagenarians Investigation with Centenarians (SONIC) were recruited randomly from a general population and were monitored for 3 years. The data, including most of the demographics, cognitive functioning measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Japanese version (MoCA-J), blood pressure, blood chemistry and other medical histories, were collected at baseline and during the follow-up. The prevalence of hypertension noted in the follow-up survey was significantly higher than than noted at baseline. The mean MoCA-J score at follow-up was not significantly different from the score obtained at baseline. However, the participants with diabetes, especially combined with hypertension at baseline, had significantly lower MoCA-J scores than those without lifestyle-related diseases. The combination of hypertension and diabetes was still a significant risk factor for cognitive decline, considering the MoCA-J scores obtained during the follow-up after adjustments at baseline, relative to sex, body mass index, dyslipidemia, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, antihypertensive treatment and education level (β=-0.14; P<0.01). Our findings indicate that diabetes and the combination of hypertension and diabetes are clear risk factors for future cognitive decline in elderly individuals who are 70 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Science, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirochika
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ryuno
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Science, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.|Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamide
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Thanatology and Geriatric Behavioral Science, Osaka University, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gondo
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Science, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oguro
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nakama
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Serina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Motonori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Satomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda-Hirao
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeya
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takami
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeya
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Thanatology and Geriatric Behavioral Science, Osaka University, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Thanatology and Geriatric Behavioral Science, Osaka University, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yasumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikebe
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Masui
authors.affiliation: Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.affiliation: Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasumichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryutaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rakugi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors