title: The Moro reaction: More than a reflex, a ritualized behavior of nonverbal communication.
abstract: To propose a phylogenetic significance to the Moro reflex which remains unexplained since its publication in 1918 because both hands are free at the end of the gesture.
  
  
  
  Among the 75 videos of healthy term newborns we have filmed in a research project on antenatal education to parenthood, we describe a sequence that clearly showed the successive movements of the Moro reflex and we report the occurrence of this reflex in the videos that were recorded from Time 0 of birth defined as the moment that lies between the birth of the thorax and the pelvis of the infant.
  
  
  
  The selected sequence showed the following succession of the newborn's actions: quick extension-adduction of both arms, the orientation of the body, head and eyes towards a human person, and full extension-abduction of both arms with spreading of the fingers, crying and a distressed face. There were 13 Moro reflexes between 2 and 14s from Time 0 of birth. We found a significant association between the occurrence of the Moro reflex and the placement of the newborn at birth in supine position on the mother's abdomen (p=0.002).
  
  
  
  The quick extension-adduction of both arms which started the sequence may be considered as a startle reflex controlled by the neural fear system and the arm extension-adduction which followed as a Moro reflex. The characteristics of all Moro reflexes were those of ritualization: amplitude, duration, stereotype of the gestures. This evolutionary process turns a physiological behavior, grasping in this case, to a non-verbal communicative behavior whose meaning is a request to be picked up in the arms. The gestures associated with the Moro reflex: crying and orientation of the body, head, and eyes towards a human person, are gestures of intention to communicate which support our hypothesis. The neural mechanism of the Moro reaction probably involves both the fear and the separation-distress systems.
  
  
  
  This paper proposes for the first time a phylogenetic significance to the Moro reflex: a ritualized behavior of nonverbal communication. Professionals should avoid stimulating the newborns' fear system by unnecessarily triggering Moro reflexes. Antenatal education should teach parents to respond to the Moro reflexes of their newborn infant by picking her up in their arms with mother talk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Mons, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics, Tivoli University Hospital, La Louviere, Belgium. Electronic address: pierre.rousseau@umons.ac.be.
authors.forename: Pierre V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matton
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lecuyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Willy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lahaye
mesh_terms: D003448:Crying / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009633:Nonverbal Communication / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Active defense reaction; Human newborn; Moro reflex; Nonverbal communication; Parental education; Ritualization