title: Inhibitory dysfunction contributes to some of the motor and non-motor symptoms of movement disorders and psychiatric disorders.
abstract: Recently, it has been proposed that similar to goal-directed and habitual action mediated by the fronto-striatal circuits, the fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallidal-thalamo-cortical network may also mediate goal-directed and habitual (automatic) inhibition in both the motor and non-motor domains. Within this framework, some of the clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease, dystonia, Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder can be considered to represent an imbalance between goal-directed and habitual action and inhibition. It is possible that surgical interventions targeting the basal ganglia nuclei, such as deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the internal segment of the globus pallidus, improve these disorders by restoring a functional balance between facilitation and inhibition in the fronto-striatal networks. These proposals require investigation in future studies.This article is part of the themed issue 'Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness'.
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK m.jahanshahi@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8018-7482
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jahanshahi
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: John C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1367-6467
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rothwell
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009068:Movement; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Parkinson's disease; Tourette syndrome; basal ganglia; dystonia; inhibition; obsessive–compulsive disorder