title: Detecting knee osteoarthritis and its discriminating parameters using random forests.
abstract: This paper tackles the problem of automatic detection of knee osteoarthritis. A computer system is built that takes as input the body kinetics and produces as output not only an estimation of presence of the knee osteoarthritis, as previously done in the literature, but also the most discriminating parameters along with a set of rules on how this decision was reached. This fills the gap of interpretability between the medical and the engineering approaches. We collected locomotion data from 47 subjects with knee osteoarthritis and 47 healthy subjects. Osteoarthritis subjects were recruited from hospital clinics and GP surgeries, and age and sex matched healthy subjects from the local community. Subjects walked on a walkway equipped with two force plates with piezoelectric 3-component force sensors. Parameters of the vertical, anterior-posterior, and medio-lateral ground reaction forces, such as mean value, push-off time, and slope, were extracted. Then random forest regressors map those parameters via rule induction to the degree of knee osteoarthritis. To boost generalisation ability, a subject-independent protocol is employed. The 5-fold cross-validated accuracy is 72.61%±4.24%. We show that with 3 steps or less a reliable clinical measure can be extracted in a rule-based approach when the dataset is analysed appropriately.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal (MSK) Laboratory, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK; Brain Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK. Electronic address: m.kotti@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotti
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal (MSK) Laboratory, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
authors.forename: Lynsey D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Duffell
authors.affiliation: Brain Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK.
authors.forename: Aldo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Faisal
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal (MSK) Laboratory, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK.
authors.forename: Alison H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: McGregor
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D000069550:Machine Learning; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: Ground reaction forces; Knee osteoarthritis; Machine learning; Random forests