title: The Hydroalcoholic Extract ofMatricaria chamomillaSuppresses Migration and Invasion of Human Breast Cancer MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 Cell Lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matricaria chamomillais an aromatic plant with antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the inhibitory role ofM. chamomillaon migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the methods to evaluate these anticancer mechanisms ofM. chamomillaon human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cells were treated with hydroalcoholic extract ofM. chamomillaat different concentrations (50-1300 μg/mL) for 24, 48, and 72 h in a culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. This study quantified the 50% growth inhibition concentrations (IC50) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay; apoptosis and necrosis through Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide staining; cell proliferation and clone formation by clonogenic assay as well as cellular migration, invasion, and attachment. After 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment, the IC50levels were 992 ± 2.3 μg/mL, 893 ± 5.4 μg/mL, and 785 ± 4.8 μg/mL against MDA-MB-468, respectively, and 1288 ± 5.6 μg/mL, 926 ± 2.5 μg/mL, and 921 ± 3.5 μg/mL, against MCF-7, respectively. Furthermore, increasing the extract concentrations induced cellular apoptosis and necrosis and decreased cellular invasion or migration through 8 μm pores, colonization and attachment in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It indicated time- and dose-dependent anti-invasive and antimigrative or proliferative and antitoxic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of chamomile on breast cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated an effective plant in preventing or treating breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antioxidant compounds inMatricaria chamomillahave anticancer effects.Hydroalcoholic extract ofM. chamomillacontrols cellular proliferation and apoptosis induction.Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide staining suggested that the extract induces apoptosis more than necrosis.Hydroalcoholic extract ofM. chamomillaprevents colonization and cellular migration of human breast cancer MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner.M. chamomillahas low cytotoxic effects on natural cells.Abbreviations Used: IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer; WHO: World Health Organization; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; PI: Propidium iodide; LN: Live cells with normal nucleus; LA: Live cells with apoptized nucleus; DN: Dead cells with normal nucleus; DA: Dead cells with apoptized nucleus; BSA: Bovine serum albumin; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; IC50: 50% growth inhibition concentration; GSE: Grape seed extract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikseresht
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamdollah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Delaviz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi Akbartabar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Toori
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Iraj Ragerdi
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Kashani
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mahmoudi
keywords: Apoptosis; attachment; breast cancer; invasive; migration