title: Influence of phosphate on phytotoxicity of ceria nanoparticles in an agar medium.
abstract: Fate and toxicity of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) in the living organisms and the environment are highly related to their transformation. In the present study, the effect of phosphate on the phytotoxicity and transformation of CeO2NPs was investigated in an agar medium using head lettuce plants that are sensitive to Ce3+ions. Plants were treated by CeO2NPs with or without phosphate for 10 days. Results suggest that the treatments of P deficiency (P(-)) and CeO2NPs (P(+)&Ce) could separately induce significant inhibition on the growth of lettuce seedlings and cause oxidative stress, but the inhibition was the most serious when the two conditions were combined (P(-)&Ce). In the absence of phosphate, more CeO2NPs were transformed to Ce(III) in the roots and more Ce3+ions were translocated to the shoots, which induced higher toxicity to head lettuce. Phosphates could alleviate the phytotoxic effect of CeO2NPs through the precipitation of dissociated Ce3+ions. Considering the wide existence of phosphate in the environment, phosphate-related transformation may be a critical factor in evaluating the toxicity and fate of many other metal-based NPs.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Yuhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of South China, Hunan, 421001, China.
authors.forename: Zhaohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Weifang Medical University, Shandong, 261042, China.
authors.forename: Meihua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Yayun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Junzhe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Changjian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Wenhe
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Shengqi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Zhifang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. Electronic address: zhangzhy@ihep.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D002563:Cerium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D018545:Lactuca / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D002563:Cerium
keywords: Agar medium; CeO(2) NPs; Phosphate; Phytotoxicity; Transformation