title: Impact of volume-conducted potential in interpretation of cortico-cortical evoked potential: Detailed analysis of high-resolution electrocorticography using two mathematical approaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP) has been utilized to evaluate connectivity between cortices. However, previous reports have rarely referred to the impact of volume-conducted potential (VCP) which must be a confounding factor of large potential around the stimulation site. To address this issue, we challenged the null hypothesis that VCP accounts for the majority of the recorded potential, particularly around the stimulation site.
  
  
  METHODS
  CCEP was recorded with high-density intracranial electrodes in 8 patients with intractable epilepsy. First, we performed regression analysis for describing the relationship between the distance and potential of each electrode. Second, we performed principal component analysis (PCA) to reveal the temporal features of recorded waveforms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The regression curve, declining by the inverse square of the distance, fitted tightly to the plots (R2: 0.878-0.991) with outliers. PCA suggested the responses around the stimulation site had the same temporal features. We also observed the continuous declination over the anatomical gap and the phase reversal phenomena around the stimulation site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results were consistent with the null hypothesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlighted the risk of misinterpreting CCEP mapping, and proposed mathematical removal of VCP, which could lead to more reliable mapping based on CCEP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Seijiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. Electronic address: nkunii-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kunii
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-8625, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishishita
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ibayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: Cortico-cortical evoked potential; Electrocorticography; Epilepsy; Principal component analysis; Regression analysis; Volume-conducted potential