title: Hyperpolarized Helium-3 Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detects Abnormalities of Lung Structure in Children With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine whether hyperpolarized He diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging detects abnormalities in the lungs in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) as compared with age-matched normal children.
  
  
  METHODS
  All experiments were compliant with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and performed with Food and Drug Administration approval under an IND application. The protocol was approved by our Institutional Review Board, and written informed consent was obtained. Hyperpolarized He diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 16 subjects with a history of preterm birth complicated by BPD (age range, 6.8 to 13.5 y; mean, 9.0 y) and in 29 healthy term-birth subjects (age range, 4.5-14.7 y; mean, 9.2 y) using a gradient-echo sequence with bipolar diffusion gradients and with measurements at 2 b values (0 and 1.6 s/cm). Age-related comparison of the whole-lung mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), 90th percentile ADC, and percentage of whole-lung volume with ADC>0.2 cm/s between the 2 groups was examined using ordinary least-squares multiple regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ADC was significantly greater in subjects with BPD (0.187 vs. 0.152 cm/s, P<0.001). The 90th percentile ADC and mean percentage lung volume with ADC>0.2 cm/s were also higher in the BPD group (0.258 vs. 0.215 cm/s, 30.3% vs. 11.9%, P<0.001 for both). The body surface area-adjusted ventilated lung volume was similar in the 2 groups (1.93 vs. 1.91 L, P=0.90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with BPD had higher ADCs and the same lung volumes when compared with age-matched healthy subjects, suggesting that children with BPD have enlarged alveoli that are reduced in number.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Radiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine ‡Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System §Public Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA †Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flors
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mugler
authors.forename: Alix
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paget-Brown
authors.forename: Deborah K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Froh
authors.forename: Eduard E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: de Lange
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Patrie
authors.forename: Talissa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Altes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006371:Helium; D006801:Humans; D007554:Isotopes; D008168:Lung / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D007554:Isotopes; D006371:Helium; C000615206:Helium-3