title: Prevalence and distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Spain during the 2000-2015 period (the GEHEP 005 study).
abstract: We report the largest study on the prevalence and distribution of HCV genotypes in Spain (2000-2015), and we relate them with clinical, epidemiological and virological factors. Patients from 29 hospitals in 10 autonomous communities (Andalusia, Aragon, Castilla-Leon, Catalonia, Galicia, Canary Islands, Madrid Community, Valencian Community, Murcia Region and Basque Country) have been studied. Annual distribution of HCV genotypes and subtypes, as well as gender, age, transmission route, HIV and/or HBV coinfection, and treatment details were recorded. We included 48595 chronically HCV-infected patients with the following characteristics: median age 51 years (IQR, 44-58), 67.9% male, 19.1% HIV-coinfected, 23.5% HBV-coinfected. Parenteral transmission route was the most frequent (58.7%). Genotype distribution was 66.9% GT1 (24.9% subtype 1a and 37.9% subtype 1b), 2.8% GT2, 17.3% GT3, 11.4% GT4 and 0.1% GT5 and 0.02% GT6. LiPA was the most widely HCV genotyping test used (52.4%). HCV subtype 1a and genotypes 3 and 4 were closely associated with male gender, parenteral route of infection and HIV and HBV coinfection; in contrast, subtype 1b and genotype 2 were associated with female gender, nonparenteral route and mono-infection. Age was related to genotype distribution, and different patterns of distribution and biodiversity index were observed between different geographical areas. Finally, we describe how treatment and changes in transmission routes may have affected HCV genotype prevalence and distribution patterns. We present the most recent data on molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Spain. This study confirms that genotype distributions vary with age, sex, HIV and HBV coinfection and within geographical areas and epidemiological groups.
authors.affiliation: Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.affiliation: Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Frias
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Viciana
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martínez-Sapiña
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitari Germans Trías i Pujol, Badalona, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martró
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coletta
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cardeñoso
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suárez
authors.affiliation: Complexo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trigo
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Granjer
authors.affiliation: Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Montiel
authors.affiliation: Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de la Iglesia
authors.affiliation: Hospital del SAS de Jerez de la Frontera, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Alados
authors.affiliation: Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vegas
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fernández-Cuenca
authors.affiliation: Hospital Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pena
authors.affiliation: Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reina
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Bujalance
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastían, Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Echevarria
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benítez
authors.affiliation: Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pérez-Castro
authors.affiliation: Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ocete
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Fuenlabrada, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: García-Arata
authors.affiliation: Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Iglesias
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Instituto de Investigación Ibs-Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Instituto de Investigación Ibs-Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7611-781X
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058974:Phylogeography; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: epidemiological/geographical distribution; genotype; hepatitis C virus; prevalence