title: Albuminuria, renal function and blood pressure in undernourished children and recovered from undernutrition.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate some biomarkers of renal function and blood pressure in children who had recovered from undernutrition.
  
  
  
  This was cross-sectional, comparative study in which a convenience sample of children of both genders (n = 126; age range 6-16 years) treated at the Centre for Nutritional Recovery and Education (São Paulo, Brazil) was used. These children were classified into four groups for analysis: (1) children who were well nourished (control group; n = 50), (2) those showing stunted growth (stunted group; n = 22), (3) those who were underweight (underweight group; n = 23) and (4) those who had recovered from undernutrition (recovered group; n = 31).
  
  
  
  No between-group differences were found for mean levels of albuminuria, serum creatinine and cystatin C, and similar mean estimates of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; using either creatinine, cystatin C or both). Almost 14% of the stunted group, 4% of the underweight group and 3% of the recovered group had albuminuria of >30 mg/g creatinine (chi-square p = 0.034); none of the control children showed albuminuria of >30 mg/g creatinine. Mean systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) adjusted for age and gender of the children in the stunted [SBP (95% confidence interval): 92 (88-96) mmHg; DBP: 47 (44-49) mmHg] and recovered [SBP: 93 (90-96) mmHg; DBP: 49 (47-51) mmHg] groups were significantly lower than those of the controls [SBP: 98 (95-100) mmHg, P = 0.027; DBP: 53 (52-55) mmHg, P = 0.001]. After additional adjustment for height, mean DBP remained significantly lower in the recovered group compared with the control group [49 (46-51) vs. 53 (51-55) mmHg, respectively; P = 0.018). Logistic regression analysis showed that the stunted group had a 8.4-fold higher chance of developing albuminuria (>10 mg/g creatinine) than the control children (P = 0.006).
  
  
  
  No alterations in renal function were found in underweight children and those who had recovered from undernutrition, whereas children with stunted growth presented with a greater risk for albuminuria. A lower DBP was found in children with stunted growth and those who had recovered from undernutrition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Campus I, Cidade Universitária, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. viniciusjbmartins@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vinicius J B
authors.initials: VJB
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 740, 04023-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sesso
authors.affiliation: Nutrition College, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A. C. Simões, Avenida Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 57072-900, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana P G
authors.initials: APG
authors.lastname: Clemente
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, Edifício de Ciências Biomédicas, 2° andar, 04023-060, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana B F
authors.initials: MBF
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, Edifício de Ciências Biomédicas, 2° andar, 04023-060, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sawaya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Blood pressure; Nutritional recovery; Renal function; Stunting; Undernutrition; Underweight