title: The dietary replacement of marine ingredients by terrestrial animal and plant alternatives modulates the antiviral immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
abstract: The effects of replacing marine ingredients by terrestrial ingredients on the health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are poorly understood. During a 14-week trial, Atlantic salmon fed a fish meal-fish oil based diet (MAR) showed similar growth performance to others fed a plant protein/vegetable oil based diet (VEG), whereas poorer performance was observed in those fed an animal by-product meal/vegetable oil based diet (ABP). At the end of the trial, salmon were injected with either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or the viral mimic polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (pIC) and sampled for head kidney RNA after 24 h. The levels of 27 immune-related transcripts, and of 5 others involved in eicosanoid synthesis (including paralogues in both cases) were measured in the head kidney of the salmon using qPCR. All of the assayed immune-related genes and cox2 were pIC-induced, while the other eicosanoid synthesis-related genes were pIC-repressed. Linear regression was used to establish correlations between different immune transcripts, elucidating the cascade of responses to pIC and specialization among paralogues. Regarding the effect of diet on the antiviral immune response, pIC-treated fish fed diets ABP and VEG showed higher transcript levels of tlr3, irf1b, stat1a, isg15b, and gig1 compared to those fed diet MAR. We infer that the observed dietary immunomodulation could be due to the lower proportion of arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in diets ABP and VEG. Furthermore, our results suggest a major role of dietary ARA in Atlantic salmon immunity, as low ARA proportion in diet VEG coincided with the highest pIC-induction of some immune transcripts (tlr7, stat1c, mxb, and gig1) and the lowest levels of transcripts encoding eicosanoid-synthesizing enzymes (5loxa, 5loxb, and pgds). In contrast, the high ARA/EPA ratio of diet ABP appeared to favor increased expression of transcripts involved in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (5loxa and 5loxb) and chemotaxis (ccl19b). In conclusion, our findings show that nutritionally balanced plant-based diets may enhance the immune response of Atlantic salmon. Future studies should explore the possible advantages of plant-based diets in Atlantic salmon exposed to a viral infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada. Electronic address: acaballeroso@mun.ca.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caballero-Solares
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada. Electronic address: jrhall@mun.ca.
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada. Electronic address: xi.xue@mun.ca.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada. Electronic address: keslamloo@mun.ca.
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eslamloo
authors.affiliation: Cargill Innovation Centre, 4335 Dirdal, Norway. Electronic address: Richard_Taylor@cargill.com.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada. Electronic address: cparrish@mun.ca.
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Parrish
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada. Electronic address: mrise@mun.ca.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rise
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060226:Head Kidney / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000494:pharmacology; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D005395:Fish Oils; D029941:Fish Proteins; D010938:Plant Oils; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D012313:RNA; D011070:Poly I-C
keywords: Animal by-product ingredients; Antiviral; Atlantic salmon; Eicosanoids; Fatty acids; Immune response; Plant ingredients