title: Intensive trapping of blood-fed Anopheles darlingi in Amazonian Peru reveals unexpectedly high proportions of avian blood-meals.
abstract: Anopheles darlingi, the main malaria vector in the Neotropics, has been considered to be highly anthropophilic. However, many behavioral aspects of this species remain unknown, such as the range of blood-meal sources. Barrier screens were used to collect resting Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes from 2013 to 2015 in three riverine localities (Lupuna, Cahuide and Santa Emilia) in Amazonian Peru. Overall, the Human Blood Index (HBI) ranged from 0.58-0.87, with no significant variation among years or sites. Blood-meal analysis revealed that humans are the most common blood source, followed by avian hosts (Galliformes-chickens and turkeys), and human/Galliforme mixed-meals. The Forage Ratio and Selection Index both show a strong preference for Galliformes over humans in blood-fed mosquitoes. Our data show that 30% of An. darlingi fed on more than one host, including combinations of dogs, pigs, goats and rats. There appears to be a pattern of host choice in An. darlingi, with varying proportions of mosquitoes feeding only on humans, only on Galliformes and some taking mixed-meals of blood (human plus Galliforme), which was detected in the three sites in different years, indicating that there could be a structure to these populations based on blood-feeding preferences. Mosquito age, estimated in two localities, Lupuna and Cahuide, ranged widely between sites and years. This variation may reflect the range of local environmental factors that influence longevity or possibly potential changes in the ability of the mosquito to transmit the parasite. Of 6,204 resting An. darlingi tested for Plasmodium infection, 0.42% were infected with P. vivax. This study provides evidence for the first time of the usefulness of barrier screens for the collection of blood-fed resting mosquitoes to calculate the Human Blood Index (HBI) and other blood-meal sources in a neotropical malaria endemic setting.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9091-5612
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Marlon P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Saavedra
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bickersmith
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Catharine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prussing
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tong Rios
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vinetz
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Conn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002645:Chickens / Q000097:blood; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D046094:Galliformes / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000097:blood* / Q000662:veterinary*; D010568:Peru; D014422:Turkeys / Q000097:blood