title: Apple Polysaccharide inhibits microbial dysbiosis and chronic inflammation and modulates gut permeability in HFD-fed rats.
abstract: The saying "An apple a day keeps the doctor away" has been known for over 150 years, and numerous studies have shown that apple consumption is closely associated with reduced risks of chronic diseases. It has been well accepted that dysbiosis is the reflection of various chronic diseases. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of apple polysaccharides (AP) on gut dysbiosis. High-fat diet (HFD) fed rats were treated for 14 weeks with AP. The microbiota composition, microbiota-generated short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), gut permeability and chronic inflammation were analyzed. AP treatment showed higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and Lactobacillus while lower Firmicutes and Fusobacteium. AP significantly increased total SCFAs level that contributed by acetic acid and isobutyric acid. Moreover, AP dramatically alleviated dysbiosis-associated gut permeability and chronic inflammation with decreased plasma LBP, up-regulation of Occludin, down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL-1) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The potential mechanism is due to the fact that AP reduces gut permeability, which involves the induction of autophagy in goblet cells. Therefore, AP exerts health benefits through inhibiting gut dysbiosis and chronic inflammation and modulating gut permeability in HFD-induced dysbiosis rats.
authors.affiliation: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200040, China; State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutial process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutial Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China. Electronic address: wang1986sheng@163.com.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. Electronic address: hbnuliqian@yahoo.com.cn.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200040, China; State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutial process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutial Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China. Electronic address: 869275007@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2042, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: 183034355@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200040, China; State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutial process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutial Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China. Electronic address: 272430796@qq.com.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200040, China; State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutial process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutial Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China. Electronic address: 279695361@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yifei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200040, China; State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutial process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutial Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China. Electronic address: 594045591@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xiaotao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200040, China; State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutial process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutial Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China. Electronic address: liuli1129@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200040, China; State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutial process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutial Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China. Electronic address: qibingmei@126.com.
authors.forename: Qibing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D020397:Goblet Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D011134:Polysaccharides
keywords: Apple polysaccharide; Goblet cells; Gut dysbiosis