title: Language and cognitive outcome for high-risk neonates at the age of 2-3 years - experience from an Arab Country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of different neonatal risk factors on different language parameters as well as cognitive abilities among Arabic speaking Egyptian children at the age of two to three years of life and to find out which risk factor(s) had the greatest impact on language and cognitive abilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study was conducted on 103 children with age range of 2-3 years (median age 31 mo). They were 62 males and 41 females who were exposed to different high-risk factors in the perinatal period, with exclusion of metabolic disorders, sepsis/meningitis, congenital anomalies and chromosomal aberrations. The studied children were subjected to a protocol of language assessment that included history taking, clinical and neurological examination, audiological evaluation, assessment of language using modified preschool language scale-4, IQ and mental age assessment and assessment of social age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The studied children had a median gestational age of 37 wk, median birth weight of 2.5 kg. The distribution of the high-risk factors in the affected children were prematurity in 25 children, respiratory distress syndrome in 25 children, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in 15 children, hyperbilirubinemia in 10 children, hypoglycemia in 13 children, mixed risk factors in 15 children. The results revealed that high-risk neonatal complications were associated with impairment of different language parameters and cognitive abilities (P< 0.05). The presence of prematurity, in relation to other risk factors, increases the risk of language and cognitive delay significantly by 3.9 fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arabic-speaking children aged 2-3 years who were exposed to high-risk conditions in the perinatal period are likely to exhibit delays in the development of language and impairments in cognitive abilities. The most significant risk factor associated with language and cognitive impairments was prematurity.
authors.affiliation: Tamer Abou-Elsaad, Hemmat Baz, Phoniatric Unit, ORL Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abou-Elsaad
authors.affiliation: Tamer Abou-Elsaad, Hemmat Baz, Phoniatric Unit, ORL Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hesham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdel-Hady
authors.affiliation: Tamer Abou-Elsaad, Hemmat Baz, Phoniatric Unit, ORL Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hemmat
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baz
authors.affiliation: Tamer Abou-Elsaad, Hemmat Baz, Phoniatric Unit, ORL Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
authors.forename: Doaa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: ElShabrawi
keywords: Arabic language; Child disability; Cognition; High-risk neonates; Prematurity