title: The feasibility of singing to improve gait in Parkinson disease.
abstract: Brain regions important for controlling movement are also responsible for rhythmic processing. In Parkinson disease (PD), defective internal timing within the brain has been linked to impaired beat discrimination, and may contribute to a loss of ability to maintain a steady gait rhythm. Less rhythmic gait is inherently less efficient, and this may lead to gait impairment including reduced speed, cadence, and stride length, as well as increased variability. While external rhythmic auditory stimulation (e.g. a metronome beat) is well-established as an effective tool to stabilize gait in PD, little is known about whether self-generated cues such as singing have the same beneficial effect on gait in PD. Thus, we compared gait patterns of 23 people with mild to moderate PD under five cued conditions: uncued, music only, singing only, singing with music, and a verbal dual-task condition. In our single-session study, singing while walking did not significantly alter velocity, cadence, or stride length, indicating that it was not excessively demanding for people with PD. In addition, walking was less variable when singing than during other cued conditions. This was further supported by the comparison between singing trials and a verbal dual-task condition. In contrast to singing, the verbal dual-task negatively affected gait performance. These findings suggest that singing holds promise as an effective cueing technique that may be as good as or better than traditional cueing techniques for improving gait among people with PD.
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Electronic address: harrisonel@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Elinor C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Marie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McNeely
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Electronic address: earhartg@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Gammon M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Earhart
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000368:Aged; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010507:Periodicity; D063346:Singing; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: Cueing; Gait; Music; Parkinson disease; Singing