title: Deriving water quality criteria for trivalent and pentavalent arsenic.
abstract: Arsenic (As) is a common trace element whose oxidation states mainly include four types (-3, 0, +3, and +5), and inorganic As(III) and As(V) are regarded as the most commonly existing forms in aqueous environments. Generally, As(III) has a higher toxicity than As(V) due to the different mechanisms in arsenic toxicity. However, there are few studies about the water quality criteria (WQC) of As(III) and As(V) respectively because of the deficiency of arsenic toxicity data coming from diverse taxonomic groups. In this research, eight native Chinese aquatic organisms were adopted to conduct toxicity tests for As(III) and As(V) to supplement the published toxicity data. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method on the basis of the Log-normal model which was the most optimal among eight models was applied to derive WQCs of As(III) and As(V). Results showed that crustaceans were the most sensitive to As(III) and As(V) among all tested species, thus they could be a biological indicator, and the influence of pH values on arsenic toxicity was complex and species-specific. Besides, the sensitivity differences between native and non-native species were observed. Finally, a criterion maximum concentration (CMC) of 167 and 384μg/L for As(III) and As(V), and a criterion continuous concentration (CCC) of 42 and 44μg/L for As(III) and As(V) were derived using native species, regardless of pH values. The WQCs were also verified by other two methods of ETX 2.0 and species sensitivity rank.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: liuzt@craes.org.cn.
authors.forename: Zhengtao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: zgyan@craes.org.cn.
authors.forename: Zhenguang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.
authors.forename: Xianliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Yahui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
keywords: Arsenate; Arsenite; Criterion continuous concentration; Criterion maximum concentration; Species sensitivity distributions; Water quality criteria