title: Association between fruit, vegetable, seafood, and dairy intake and a reduction in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Qingdao, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fruit, vegetable, seafood, and dairy intake may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, but this relationship is unclear. We aimed to examine the associations between fruit, vegetable, seafood, and dairy intake and type 2 diabetes prevalence in a Chinese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4,343 individuals aged 35-74 years participated in a population-based cross-sectional study in Qingdao, China. The frequency and quantity of fruit, vegetable, seafood, and dairy intake were determined using a standard food frequency questionnaire. Diabetes was classified according to the WHO/IDF 2006 criteria. Logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate odds ratio (OR) for type 2 diabetes in relation to fruit, vegetable, seafood, and dairy intake in a multivariable model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% confidence interval) for the presence of type 2 diabetes were 0.68 (0.46-0.98), 0.50 (0.37-0.68), and 0.91 (0.66-1.25), respectively, for the highest versus the lowest groups regarding total fruit and vegetable, fruit or vegetable intake in women. The ORs for type 2 diabetes prevalence regarding the quantity of fruit and vegetable, fruit, and yogurt intake were 0.88 (0.78-0.99), 0.71 (0.61-0.82), and 0.56 (0.32-0.98) in women, but not in men. Seafood consumption was inversely associated with diabetes risk in men, but not in women; the corresponding figures were 0.58 (0.35-0.96) and 0.92 (0.63-1.36), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fruit, vegetable, and yogurt intake in women and seafood intake in men were inversely associated with type 2 diabetes prevalence in this Chinese population. These findings require confirmation in a prospective study.
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Jiwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Shanghai Branch of Eli Lilly Suzhou Pharmaceutical Company, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yanlei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Aili
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China.|Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Bai
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Fuling
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Qingdao Endocrine and Diabetes Hospital, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Zengchang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China. Email: ningf1010@126.com.|Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017747:Seafood; D012737:Sex Factors; D014675:Vegetables; D015014:Yogurt