title: The optimal blood glucose level for critically ill adult patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycaemic control is recognized as one of the important aspects in managing critically ill patients. Both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia independently increase the risk of patient mortality. Hence, the identification of optimal glycaemic control is of paramount importance in the management of critically ill patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this literature review is to examine the current status of glycaemic control in critically ill adult patients. This literature review will focus on randomized controlled trials comparing intensive insulin therapy to conventional insulin therapy, with an objective to identify optimal blood glucose level targets for critically ill adult patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted to identify large randomized controlled trials for the optimal targeted blood glucose level for critically ill adult patients published since 2000. A total of eight studies fulfilled the selection criteria of this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With current human and technology resources, the results of the studies support commencing glycaemic control once the blood glucose level of critically ill patients reaches 10 mmol/L and maintaining this level between 8 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This literature review provides a recommendation for targeting the optimal blood glucose level for critically ill patients within moderate blood glucose level target range (8-10 mmol/L). The need for uniformed glucometrics for unbiased reporting and further research for optimal blood glucose target is required, especially in light of new technological advancements in closed-loop insulin delivery and monitoring devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This literature review has revealed a need to call for consensus in the measurement and reporting of glycaemic control using standardized glucometrics.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, The Wesley Hospital, QLD , Auchenflower, Australia.
authors.forename: Shaoning
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Alfred Health / La Trobe University Intensive Care Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Emergency Nurse Practitioner, La Trobe Rural Health School, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tori
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012015:Reference Standards; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Adult intensive care; Critical care nursing; Critical pathways; Intensive care nursing; Patient monitoring