title: Contextual variations in costs for a community health strategy implemented in rural, peri-urban and nomadic sites in Kenya.
abstract: Many low and middle income countries have developed community health strategies involving lay health workers, to complement and strengthen public health services. This study explores variations in costing parameters pertinent to deployment of community health volunteers across different contexts outlining considerations for costing program scale-up.
  
  
  
  The study used quasi experimental study design and employed both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore community health unit implementation activities and costs and compare costs across purposively selected sites that differed socially, economically and ecologically. Data were collected from November 2010 to December 2013 through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. We interviewed 16 key informants (eight District community health strategy focal persons, eight frontline field officers), and eight focus group discussions (four with community health volunteers and four with community health committee) and 560 sets of monthly cost data. Cost data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel. Qualitative data were transcribed and coded using a content analysis framework.
  
  
  
  Four critical elements: attrition rates for community health volunteers, geography and population density, livelihood opportunity costs and benefits, and social opportunity benefits, drove cost variations across the three sites. Attrition rate was highest in peri-urban site where population is highly mobile and lowest in nomadic site. More households were covered by community health workers in the peri-urban area making per capita costs considerably less than in the nomadic settings where long distances had to be covered to reach sparsely distributed households. Livelihood opportunity costs for Community Health Volunteers were highest in nomadic setting, while peri-urban ones reported substantial employability benefits resulting from training. Social opportunity benefits were highest in rural site.
  
  
  
  Results show that costs of implementing community health strategy varied due to different area contextual factors in Kenya. This study identified four critical elements that drive cost variations: attrition rates for community health volunteers, geography and population density, livelihood opportunity costs and benefits, and social opportunity benefits. Health programme managers and policy-makers need to pay attention to details of contextual factors in costing for effective implementation of community health strategies.
authors.affiliation: The Tropical Institute of Community Health & Development, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, P.O. Box 2224-40100, Kisumu, Kenya. charles_ouma@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Charles Ouma
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4523-3903
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Wafula
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, 1 Stewart Street, Room 205, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: The Tropical Institute of Community Health & Development, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, P.O. Box 2224-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.
authors.forename: Dan C O
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kaseje
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018672:Community Health Planning / Q000191:economics*; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D003150:Community Health Workers / Q000191:economics* / Q000193:education; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics
keywords: Community health strategy; Contextual factors; Costing; Health