title: Dimensions of the South Oaks Gambling Screen in Finland: A cross-sectional population study.
abstract: The underlying structure of problematic gambling behaviors, such as those assessed by the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), remain unknown: Can problem gambling be assessed unidimensionally or should multiple qualitatively different dimensions be taken into account, and if so, what do these qualitative dimensions indicate? How significant are the deviations from unidimensionality in practice? A cross-sectional random sample of Finns aged 15-74 (n = 4,484) was drawn from the Population Information Registry and surveyed in 2011-2012. Analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics, Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models. Altogether, 14.9% of the population endorsed at least one of the 20 SOGS items, but nine items had low endorsement rates (≤ 0.2%). CFA and MIRT techniques suggested that individuals differed from each other in two positively correlated (r = 0.70) underlying dimensions: "impact on self primarily" and "impact on others also". This two-factor correlated-factors model can be reinterpreted as a bifactor model with one general gambling-problem factor and two specific factors with similar interpretation as in the correlated-factors model but with non-overlapping items. The two specific factors may provide clinically useful information without extra costs of assessment.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health Solutions, Alcohol, Drugs and Addictions Unit, Finland.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anne H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rosenström
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health Solutions, Alcohol, Drugs and Addictions Unit, Finland.|Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Edgren
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Volberg
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health Solutions, Alcohol, Drugs and Addictions Unit, Finland.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.|Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alho
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health Solutions, Alcohol, Drugs and Addictions Unit, Finland.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castrén
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005715:Gambling / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diagnostic classification; gambling instrument; measurement; population survey; problem gambling; psychometrics