title: Influence of Amino Acids in Dairy Products on Glucose Homeostasis: The Clinical Evidence.
abstract: Dairy products have been hypothesized to protect against type 2 diabetes because of their high content of whey proteins, rich in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) - leucine, isoleucine and valine - and lysine, which may decrease postprandial glucose responses and stimulate insulin secretion. Paradoxically, epidemiologic studies also show that higher levels of plasma BCAAs have been linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the objective was to review the recent clinical evidence concerning the intake of amino acids found in dairy proteins so as to determine their impact on glucose homeostasis in healthy persons and in those with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Clinical studies have reported that the major dairy amino acids, namely, leucine, isoleucine, glutamine, phenylalanine, proline and lysine, have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis. Yet the reported doses of amino acids investigated are too elevated to be reached through adequate dairy product intake. The minor dairy amino acids, arginine and glycine, may improve glucose homeostasis by improving other risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Further, the combination of amino acids may also improve glucose-related outcomes, suggesting additive or synergistic effects. Nevertheless, additional long-term studies in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are needed to ascertain the benefits for glucose homeostasis of amino acids found in dairy foods.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chartrand
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Marine S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Julien
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: iwona.rudkowska@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rudkowska
mesh_terms: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D003611:Dairy Products; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: acides aminés à chaîne ramifiée; branched-chain amino acids; glucagon; glucose management; insulin resistance; insulinorésistance; milk protein; prise en charge de la glycémie; protéine du lait