title: Comparison of photoinactivation of T. rubrum by new methylene blue (NMB) and indocyanine green (EmunDo®).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Superficial mycotic skin infections which are predominantly caused by Trichophyton rubrum, poorly responsd to conventional therapies. A great amount of attention has focused on finding more effective treatments. The current work is aimed to compare the effectiveness of phoinactivation of Trichophyton rubrum by two relatively new photosensitizers: a phenothiazinium dye(New methylene blue) and Indocyanine green (EmunDo®).
  
  
  METHODS
  A Final inoculum of T. rubrum which corresponded to 106colony forming unit per milliliter (CFUml-1) was prepared. Antimicrobial Photodynamic treatment (aPDT) of T. rubrum was carried out by either EmunDo®(1mg/ml, Infra-red laser (IRL, λ=810nm, Energy Density 55J/cm2)) or NMB (10μM, Red laser (RL), λ=630nm, Energy Density of 5J/cm2). The suspensions thereafter were subcultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and were counted on due time. based on colony-forming unit per milliliter (CFU/ml).
  
  
  RESULTS
  aPDT with either EmunDo®(E) or NMB (N) considerably diminished the viability of inoculated T. rubrum with respective reduction of 0.64 log and 0.4 log compared to the control group (P<0.001). No significant difference was found between two laser only groups (P=0.79) and two aPDT groups (P=0.73), however significant reduction of T. rubrum in red laser only group (P=0.04) and EmunDo®only group (P=0.04) was found as compared to the control group (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study provides evidence regarding satisfactory photodynamic inactivation of T. rubrum with EmunDo®or NMB as photosensitizers. Irradiation by only red laser source was found superior to only infra-red laser source. Dark toxicity of EmunDo®was more successful than new methylene blue dye.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty - Laser research center in medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fekrazad
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Research Center, Dentistry School, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poorsattar Bejeh Mir
authors.affiliation: Dental student, Tabriz university of medical sciences, Faculty of dentistry, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: mina.kahyaie@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kahyaie Aghdam
authors.affiliation: Periodontology Department, Dental Faculty, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
authors.forename: Vadood
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ghasemi Barghi
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: Photoinactivation; Photosensitizer; Trichophyton rubrum