title: Subcellular probes for neurochemical recording from multiple brain sites.
abstract: Dysregulation of neurochemicals, in particular, dopamine, is epitomized in numerous debilitating disorders that impair normal movement and mood aspects of our everyday behavior. Neurochemical transmission is a neuron-specific process, and further exhibits region-specific signaling in the brain. Tools are needed to monitor the heterogeneous spatiotemporal dynamics of dopamine neurotransmission without compromising the physiological processes of the neuronal environment. We developed neurochemical probes that are ten times smaller than any existing dopamine sensor, based on the size of the entire implanted shaft and its sensing tip. The microfabricated probe occupies a spatial footprint (9 μm) coordinate with the average size of individual neuronal cells (∼10 μm). These cellular-scale probes were shown to reduce inflammatory response of the implanted brain tissue environment. The probes are further configured in the form of a microarray to permit electrochemical sampling of dopamine and other neurotransmitters at unprecedented spatial densities and distributions. Dopamine recording was performed concurrently from up to 16 sites in the striatum of rats, revealing a remarkable spatiotemporal contrast in dopamine transmission as well as site-specific pharmacological modulation. Collectively, the reported platform endeavors to enable high density mapping of the chemical messengers fundamentally involved in neuronal communication through the use of minimally invasive probes that help preserve the neuronal viability of the implant environment.
authors.affiliation: Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Bldg 76 Room 653G, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. mjcima@mit.edu and McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Helen N
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0389-982X
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Schwerdt
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Min Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amemori
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Daigo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimazu
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Harshita
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yerramreddy
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Ekin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karasan
authors.affiliation: Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Bldg 76 Room 653G, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. mjcima@mit.edu and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Graybiel
authors.affiliation: Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Bldg 76 Room 653G, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. mjcima@mit.edu and Department of Materials Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D004298:Dopamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D008297:Male; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009448:Neurochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D015335:Molecular Probes; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D004298:Dopamine