title: Complex Roles of Microglial Cells in Ischemic Stroke Pathobiology: New Insights and Future Directions.
abstract: Ischemic stroke constitutes the major cause of death and disability in the industrialized world. The interest in microglia arose from the evidence outlining the role of neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke pathobiology. Microglia constitute the powerhouse of innate immunity in the brain. Microglial cells are highly ramified, and use these ramifications as sentinels to detect changes in brain homeostasis. Once a danger signal is recognized, cells become activated and mount specialized responses that range from eliminating cell debris to secreting inflammatory signals and trophic factors. Originally, it was suggested that microglia play essentially a detrimental role in ischemic stroke. However, recent reports are providing evidence that the role of these cells is more complex than what was originally thought. Although these cells play detrimental role in the acute phase, they are required for tissue regeneration in the post-acute phases. This complex role of microglia in ischemic stroke pathobiology constitutes a major challenge for the development of efficient immunomodulatory therapies. This review aims at providing an overview regarding the role of resident microglia and peripherally recruited macrophages in ischemic pathobiology. Furthermore, the review will highlight future directions towards the development of novel fine-tuning immunomodulatory therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada. revathy.guruswamy.1@ulaval.ca.|Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada. revathy.guruswamy.1@ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Revathy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guruswamy
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada. ayman.el-ali@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca.|Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada. ayman.el-ali@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: ElAli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D002450:Cell Communication; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012157:Mononuclear Phagocyte System / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: injury; ischemic stroke; macrophages; microglia; monocytes; repair