title: The Role of Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multi-factorial systemic disorder which involves immune, genetic and environmental factors. Stress, in its various forms, plays an important role in gastrointestinal diseases and, in particular, in IBD.
  
  
  
  Here, we focus on the environmental stressors in different aspects of IBD (pathogenesis, course and severity of disease) and, in particular, will evaluate the mechanisms by which they may influence IBD.
  
  
  
  The effect of stress on IBD might be mediated by autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. These nervous pathways are part of the so called "brain-gut axis" which links gastrointestinal integrity and functions to central nervous system acting through the increase of intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation and cytokines network.
  
  
  
  The incidence of emotional disorders is higher in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis compared to general population. Moreover, depression and anxiety influence the course and the severity of the underlying intestinal disease. Hence, it is important to consider appropriate psychological therapy in IBD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine-Gastroenterology, Second University of Naples, Naples. Italy.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sgambato
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine-Gastroenterology, Second University of Naples, Naples. Italy.
authors.forename: Agnese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine-Gastroenterology, Second University of Naples, Naples. Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ranaldo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine-Gastroenterology, Second University of Naples, Naples. Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.affiliation: Division of Hepato- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples. Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Gut-brain; anxiety; autonomic nervous system; depression; hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; inflammatory bowel disease; stress