title: Post disaster resilience: Racially different correlates of depression symptoms among hurricane Katrina-Rita volunteers.
abstract: The present analyses examined the differential risks of and protective factors against depressive symptoms of African American and Non-Hispanic White American student volunteers, respectively after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (H-KR). A total sample of 554 student volunteers were recruited from mental health professional programs at five universities located in the Deep South, namely areas severely impacted by H-KR during fall semester 2005. The response rate was 91% (n = 505). African American respondents (n = 299) and Non-Hispanic White Americans (n = 206) completed the survey questionnaires. Respondents retrospectively provided information on peritraumatic emotional reactions and previous trauma that were recalled by H-KR and H-KR stressors. African American respondents reported higher levels of depressive symptoms (65.2%) than their Non-Hispanic White counterparts (34.8%). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that disaster related stressors affected African Americans (p < 0.001), but not Non-Hispanic Whites. However, African Americans who experienced peritraumatic positive emotions had lower depression levels. Lower rates of recollection of prior traumas during H-KR were reported by African American respondents, whereas previous trauma recollections predicted symptoms among Non-Hispanic White Americans (p < 0.05). Exhibiting more optimism had lower depression levels among Non-Hispanic White Americans. Peritraumatic negative emotion was the only shared risk for depressive symptoms of both groups. Findings underscore racially different levels of depressive symptoms that may contribute to varying degrees of resilience among student volunteers. Future research and practice may address these racial differences by understanding the risk factors for depressive symptoms to develop appropriate interventions for racial groups, and cultivating the protective factors that contribute to resilience from traumatic experiences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology; University of the Pacific; Stockton, CA USA.
authors.forename: Ethel G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Nicdao
authors.affiliation: College of Social Work; Florida State University; Tallahassee, FL USA.
authors.forename: La Tonya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.affiliation: College of Social Work; Florida State University; Tallahassee, FL USA.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work; University of Hawaii; Honolulu, HI USA.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Plummer
authors.affiliation: College of Social Work; Florida State University; Tallahassee, FL USA.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Groff
keywords: Hurricanes Katrina and Rita-related stress; depressive symptom; optimism; peritraumatic positive emotions; previous trauma; racial differences