title: Microbiological Quality and Occurrence of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Fresh-Squeezed Orange Juice Samples Purchased from Street Vendors in Mexico City.
abstract: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are potentially pathogenic agents commonly found in a natural ecosystem. For this reason, food is considered another source of NTM transmission for humans. The aims of this study were to evaluate the microbiological quality and the occurrence of NTM in fresh-squeezed orange juice samples purchased from street vendors. All 102 samples analyzed were positive for aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB), with limits ranging from 1.8 to 6.2 log CFU/ml. A total of 55 (54%), 25 (25%), and 13 (13%) orange juice samples were positive for total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and Escherichia coli , respectively. TC, FC, and E. coli were present with limits ranging from <3 to >1,100 most probable number (MPN)/ml, <3 to 460 MPN/ml, and <3 to 11 MPN/ml, respectively. Six orange juice samples harbored NTM. These NTM were identified by using three molecular markers (hsp65, rrs, and rpoB genes) and corresponded to the fast-growing mycobacteria: Mycobacterium fortuitum (n = 3), Mycobacterium rhodesiae (n = 1), Mycobacterium obuense (n = 1), and a mixture of M. fortuitum and Mycobacterium mucogenicum in an additional sample (n = 1). No correlation was found between the presence NTM in orange juice samples with the presence and concentration of the indicator microorganisms (aerobic mesophilic bacteria, TC, and FC). Overall, these results suggest that fresh-squeezed orange juice might represent a vehicle for NTM transmission in humans. Therefore, prevention of contamination by humans (proper handling and washing of oranges) during juice preparation should be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., C.P. 11340, México.
authors.forename: Jorge F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cerna-Cortes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., C.P. 11340, México.
authors.forename: Ana Laura
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cortes-Cueto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., C.P. 11340, México.
authors.forename: Maria Rosalia
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cano-Gaona
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., C.P. 11340, México.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leon-Montes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales 800, Colonia Lomas de Virreyes, México, D.F., C.P. 11000, Mexico.
authors.forename: Addy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Helguera-Repetto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., C.P. 11340, México.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rivera-Gutierrez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., C.P. 11340, México.
authors.forename: Laura P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Salas-Rangel
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Quimicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Centro Universitario, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, C.P. 42183, México.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Rosas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., C.P. 11340, México.
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Y-Merchand
mesh_terms: D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000382:microbiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D009170:Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
keywords: Fresh-squeezed orange juice; Microbiological quality; Nontuberculous mycobacteria