title: Current trend in drug delivery considerations for subcutaneous insulin depots to treat diabetes.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder due to irregularities in glucose metabolism, as a result of insulin disregulation. Chronic DM (Type 1) is treated by daily insulin injections by subcutaneous route. Daily injections cause serious patient non-compliance and medication non-adherence. Insulin Depots (ID) are parenteral formulations designed to release the insulin over a specified period of time, to control the plasma blood glucose level for intended duration. Physiologically, pancreas produces and secretes insulin in basal and pulsatile mode into the blood. Delivery systems mimicking basal release profiles are known as open-loop systems and current marketed products are open-loop systems. Future trend in open-loop systems is to reduce the number of injections per week by enhancing duration of action, by modifying the depot properties. The next generation technologies are closed-loop systems that mimic the pulsatile mode of delivery by pancreas. In closed-loop systems insulin will be released in response to plasma glucose. This review focuses on future trend in open-loop systems; by understanding (a) the secretion of insulin from pancreas, (b) the insulin regulation normal and in DM, (c) insulin depots and (d) the recent progress in open-loop depot technology particularly with respect to nanosystems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India.
authors.forename: Jayakrishnapillai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: P V
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India.
authors.forename: Shantikumar V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India. Electronic address: nairkaladhar@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Kaladhar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamalasanan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C018503:insulin, depot-
keywords: Biomaterials; Chronic disease; Diabetes; Drug delivery; Insulin therapy; PK/PD; Pancreas; Type 1