title: Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis for Discrimination from Healthy Subjects.
abstract: Purpose Human breath analysis is proposed with increasing frequency as a useful tool in clinical application. We performed this study to find the characteristic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the exhaled breath of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) for discrimination from healthy subjects. Methods VOCs in the exhaled breath of 40 IPF patients and 55 healthy controls were measured using a multi-capillary column and ion mobility spectrometer. The patients were examined by pulmonary function tests, blood gas analysis, and serum biomarkers of interstitial pneumonia. Results We detected 85 VOC peaks in the exhaled breath of IPF patients and controls. IPF patients showed 5 significant VOC peaks; p-cymene, acetoin, isoprene, ethylbenzene, and an unknown compound. The VOC peak of p-cymene was significantly lower (p < 0.001), while the VOC peaks of acetoin, isoprene, ethylbenzene, and the unknown compound were significantly higher (p < 0.001 for all) compared with the peaks of controls. Comparing VOC peaks with clinical parameters, negative correlations with VC (r =-0.393, p = 0.013), %VC (r =-0.569, p < 0.001), FVC (r = -0.440, p = 0.004), %FVC (r =-0.539, p < 0.001), DLco (r =-0.394, p = 0.018), and %DLco (r =-0.413, p = 0.008) and a positive correlation with KL-6 (r = 0.432, p = 0.005) were found for p-cymene. Conclusion We found characteristic 5 VOCs in the exhaled breath of IPF patients. Among them, the VOC peaks of p-cymene were related to the clinical parameters of IPF. These VOCs may be useful biomarkers of IPF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.|Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, 38-3 Goryoukaku-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 040-8611, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu-Ichi
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan. gyamada@sapmed.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishikiori
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimiyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Umeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuronuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Center for Research and Education "Process Analysis & Technology", Reutlingen University, Alteburgstrasse 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg Ingo
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Baumbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000093:Acetoin / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests; D002070:Butadienes / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000081007:Cymenes; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D045782:Hemiterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D054990:Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000097:blood; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D010420:Pentanes / Q000032:analysis; D011653:Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity; D014797:Vital Capacity; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D002070:Butadienes; D000081007:Cymenes; D045782:Hemiterpenes; C060192:MUC1 protein, human; D039821:Monoterpenes; D018396:Mucin-1; D010420:Pentanes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C005059:isoprene; C007210:4-cymene; D000093:Acetoin; C004912:ethylbenzene; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Exhaled breath; Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; Ion mobility spectrometer; Multi-capillary column; Volatile organic compound