title: Educational intervention for improving the appropriateness of transthoracic echocardiograms ordered by pediatric cardiologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of educational intervention (EI) in the Pediatric Appropriate Use of Echocardiography (PAUSE) study to improve appropriateness of transthoracic echocardiograms (TTEs) ordered in pediatric cardiology clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were prospectively collected after the publication of the Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) document during 2 phases: the pre-EI phase (1/1/15 to 4/30/15) and the post-EI phase (7/1/15 to 10/30/15). Pre-EI, site-investigators (SI) determined AUC indications, by reviewing the clinic records. Post-EI, providers assigned indications prior to obtaining TTE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric cardiology clinics at six centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Those ≤18 years old, receiving initial outpatient TTE.
  
  
  METHODS
  EI included (i) sharing the pre-EI appropriateness ratings with providers, (ii) lecture on AUC, (iii) providers self-assigning indications, and (iv) monthly e-mail feedback by SI to individual providers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary outcome measure was a change in the proportion of studies for indications rated R following EI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4542 TTEs (1907 pre-EI, 2635 post-EI) ordered by 90 physicians, overall comparison of appropriateness ratings before and after EI showed an increase in Appropriate (72.5%-76.2%, P = .004), no change in May Be Appropriate, and a decline in Rarely Appropriate (R) from 9.6% to 7.4%, P = .008. Following EI, a significant decline in R was observed only in three centers and EI did not affect the variation in TTEs ordered for R indications among physicians (P = .467). Physicians with the highest proportion of TTEs ordered for R before EI, showed the most significant decline in R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Appropriateness of pediatric outpatient TTE varies substantially by center. A customized EI resulted in modest improvement in the appropriateness of TTEs in the PAUSE study, with an increase in Appropriate and a decrease in R TTEs. Multifaceted EIs are required to improve adherence to national standards such as AUC.
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kelleman
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.affiliation: Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Kenan W D
authors.initials: KWD
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Eidem
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Oscar J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Benavidez
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Rory B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.affiliation: Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: NewYork-Presbyterian, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Wyman W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000072096:Cardiologists / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards*; D002309:Cardiology / Q000193:education*; D002648:Child; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000592:standards*; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: appropriate use criteria; echocardiography; outpatient; quality improvement