title: Dual-afferent sensory input training for voluntary movement after stroke: A pilot randomized controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stimulation through afferent sensory input is necessary to improve voluntary functional movement in stroke patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Dual-afferent sensory input, which combines electromyography-triggered functional electric stimulation (ETFES) and action observation, was investigated to determine its effects on voluntary movements in stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on 18 patients with left hemiplegia diagnosed between 6 and 24 months prior. The 9 subjects in the dual-afferent sensory input (DASI) group underwent ETFES with action observation training for 4 weeks (20 min/d, 5 d/wk), while the 9 control group subjects underwent functional electric stimulation (FES) for the same duration. The outcome measures were the movement-related cortical potential (MRCP), H-reflex, electromyography (EMG), and balance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The control and DASI groups showed significant increases in MRCP, muscle activity, and balance, while H-reflex was significantly decreased. MRCP and balance showed significant differences between DASI and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DASI stimulates voluntary movement in patients, causes rapid activation of the cerebral cortex, and reduces excessive excitation of spinal motor neurons. Therefore, DASI, which stimulates voluntary movement, has a greater effect on brain activation in stroke patients.
authors.forename: Seahyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Kyung-Yoon
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006181:H-Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Action observation; afferent sensory input; electromyography-triggered functional electric stimulation; stroke rehabilitation