title: Osseointegration of Titanium Implants With Different Rough Surfaces: A Histologic and Histomorphometric Study in an Adult Minipig Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many chemical and physical modifications of titanium surfaces were introduced, aiming at improving surface bioactivity, but few comparative evidence exists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate histologically in minipigs the osseointegration of implants made of commercially pure (CP) titanium or titanium alloy, treated by different roughening procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three sandblasted acid-etched (SA) surfaces, 2 anodized (AN), and 1 double acid-etched (DAE) were compared. Surface microtopography was characterized with scanning electron microscope; surface element composition was also assessed. One implant per group was inserted in each proximal tibia of 2 minipigs. Three months after healing, block biopsies were taken for histomorphometric analysis. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured at insertion and before harvesting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest amount of cortical bone-implant contact was observed around SA implants and showed positive correlation with surface roughness. The greatest increase in ISQ was observed in CP-AN implants. In the medullary region, SA implants showed the best osteogenic response, whereas inflammatory cells were found around DAE and alloy-AN implants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SA surfaces were more osteogenic than anodized or dual acid-etched ones, although not significantly. Surface roughness affected osseointegration.
authors.affiliation: *Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Head of Section of Oral Physiology, Dental Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy. †Academic Researcher, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Head of Section of Endodontics, Dental Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy. ‡Postdoc Fellow, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. §Visiting Professor, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; CEO at CRABCC srl (Biotechnology Research Center for Cardiothoracic Applications), Rivolta d'Adda, Cremona, Italy. ¶PhD Student, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. ‖Full Professor, Director of Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. Head of Dental Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy. #Associate Professor, Head of the Ground Section Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo Del
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fabbro
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taschieri
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Canciani
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Addis
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Musto
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dellavia
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D000069343:Bone-Implant Interface / Q000502:physiology*; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D005260:Female; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D023421:Models, Animal; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013552:Swine; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium