title: Evaluation of the intestinal permeability of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract polyphenols and terpenoids in Caco-2 cell monolayers.
abstract: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is grown throughout the world and is widely used as a medicinal herb and to season and preserve food. Rosemary polyphenols and terpenoids have attracted great interest due to their potential health benefits. However, complete information regarding their absorption and bioavailability in Caco-2 cell model is scarce. The permeation properties of the bioactive compounds (flavonoids, diterpenes, triterpenes and phenylpropanoids) of a rosemary extract (RE), obtained by supercritical fluid extraction, was studied in Caco-2 cell monolayer model, both in a free form or liposomed. Compounds were identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS), and the apparent permeability values (Papp) were determined, for the first time in the extract, for 24 compounds in both directions across cell monolayer. For some compounds, such as triterpenoids and some flavonoids, Papp values found were reported for the first time in Caco-2 cells.Our results indicate that most compounds are scarcely absorbed, and passive diffusion is suggested to be the primary mechanism of absorption. The use of liposomes to vehiculize the extract resulted in reduced permeability for most compounds. Finally, the biopharmaceutical classification (BCS) of all the compounds was achieved according to their permeability and solubility data for bioequivalence purposes. BCS study reveal that most of the RE compounds could be classified as classes III and IV (low permeability); therefore, RE itself should also be classified into this category.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche, Spain.
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain.|Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avda. del Conocimiento n° 37, Armilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Borrás-Linares
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche, Spain.|Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Engineering Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.|INVTROTECNIA S.L., Santiago Grisolía 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8113-0795
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrajón-Catalán
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain.|Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avda. del Conocimiento n° 37, Armilla, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arráez-Román
authors.affiliation: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Engineering Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: González-Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research-CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain.|Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avda. del Conocimiento n° 37, Armilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Segura-Carretero
authors.affiliation: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Engineering Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Marival
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bermejo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche, Spain.|CIBER, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB12/03/30038), Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Micol
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002470:Cell Survival; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; D004058:Diffusion; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000737:chemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry; D010539:Permeability; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D027542:Rosmarinus / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D005419:Flavonoids; D008081:Liposomes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D013729:Terpenes; C053775:rosemary oil