title: Cytopathologic differential diagnosis of low-grade urothelial carcinoma and reactive urothelial proliferation in bladder washings: a logistic regression analysis.
abstract: Conventional cytomorphologic assessment is the first step to establish an accurate diagnosis in urinary cytology. In cytologic preparations, the separation of low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC) from reactive urothelial proliferation (RUP) can be exceedingly difficult. The bladder washing cytologies of 32 LGUC and 29 RUP were reviewed. The cytologic slides were examined for the presence or absence of the 28 cytologic features. The cytologic criteria showing statistical significance in LGUC were increased numbers of monotonous single (non-umbrella) cells, three-dimensional cellular papillary clusters without fibrovascular cores, irregular bordered clusters, atypical single cells, irregular nuclear overlap, cytoplasmic homogeneity, increased N/C ratio, pleomorphism, nuclear border irregularity, nuclear eccentricity, elongated nuclei, and hyperchromasia (p ˂ 0.05), and the cytologic criteria showing statistical significance in RUP were inflammatory background, mixture of small and large urothelial cells, loose monolayer aggregates, and vacuolated cytoplasm (p ˂ 0.05). When these variables were subjected to a stepwise logistic regression analysis, four features were selected to distinguish LGUC from RUP: increased numbers of monotonous single (non-umbrella) cells, increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, hyperchromasia, and presence of small and large urothelial cells (p = 0.0001). By this logistic model of the 32 cases with proven LGUC, the stepwise logistic regression analysis correctly predicted 31 (96.9%) patients with this diagnosis, and of the 29 patients with RUP, the logistic model correctly predicted 26 (89.7%) patients as having this disease. There are several cytologic features to separate LGUC from RUP. Stepwise logistic regression analysis is a valuable tool for determining the most useful cytologic criteria to distinguish these entities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, İzmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cakir
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ulku
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kucuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emel Ebru
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Pala
authors.affiliation: Pathology Laboratory, Hakkari State Hospital, Hakkari, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sezer
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Rahmi Gokhan
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ekin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cakmak
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D003556:Cystitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D003584:Cytological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Low-grade urothelial carcinoma; cytomorphological features; reactive urothelial proliferation