title: Determination of volatile compounds in cider apple juices using a covalently bonded ionic liquid coating as the stationary phase in gas chromatography.
abstract: A chromatographic method for the separation of volatile compounds in Asturian cider apple juices has been developed. For this separation purpose, a monocationic imidazolium-based ionic liquid bearing a reactive terminal iodine atom was synthesized by a quaternization-anion exchange chemical sequence. Next, the gas chromatography (GC) stationary phase was prepared by covalently linking the imidazolium monolith to the reactive silanol groups of the inner capillary wall at 70 °C. This coated GC column exhibited good thermal stability (290 °C), as well as good efficiency (2000 plates/m) in the separation of volatile compounds from Asturian apple cider juices, and was characterized using the Abraham solvation parameter model. The intra-day and inter-day precision of the chromatographic method was evaluated, obtaining relative standard deviations from 3.7 to 12.9% and from 7.4 to 18.0%, respectively. Furthermore, recoveries from 82.5 to 122% were achieved. Graphical Abstract Covalent bonding of an ionic liquid to inner column wall led to a great improvement of the separation efficiencies of stationary phases in gas chromatography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Jairo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pello-Palma
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain. gonzalezalvarezjaime@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: González-Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Servicio Regional de Investigacion y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera de Oviedo s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dapena de la Fuente
authors.affiliation: Servicio Regional de Investigacion y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera de Oviedo s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mangas-Alonso
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Méndez-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gotor-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain. piarab@uniovi.es.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arias-Abrodo
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000032:analysis*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D044367:Phase Transition; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D052578:Ionic Liquids; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Cider apple juice; Gas chromatography; Ionic liquids; Solvation parameter model; Stationary phases; Volatile compounds