title: Immunoprofiling as a predictor of patient's response to cancer therapy-promises and challenges.
abstract: Immune cell infiltration is common to many tumors and has been recognized by pathologists for more than 100 years. The application of digital imaging and objective assessment software allowed a concise determination of the type and quantity of immune cells and their location relative to the tumor and, in the case of colon cancer, characterized overall survival better than AJCC TNM staging. Subsequently, expression of PD-L1, by 50% or more tumor cells, identified NSCLC patients with double the response rate to anti-PD-1. Soon, automated staining methods will improve reproducibility of multiplex staining and allow for CLIA standards so that multiplex staining can be used to make clinical decisions. Ultimately, machine-learning algorithms will help interpret data from tissue images and lead to improved delivery of precision medicine.
authors.affiliation: Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pathology, Halle, Germany; Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bethmann
authors.affiliation: Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, United States; School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
authors.forename: Zipei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. Electronic address: bernard.fox@providence.org.
authors.forename: Bernard A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins