title: Intrinsic disorder in biomarkers of insulin resistance, hypoadiponectinemia, and endothelial dysfunction among the type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic and progressive disease that is strongly associated with various complications including cardiovascular diseases and related mortality. The present study aimed to analyze the abundance and functionality of intrinsically disordered regions in several biomarkers of insulin resistance, adiponectin, and endothelial dysfunction found in the T2DM patients. In fact, in comparison to controls, obese T2DM patients are known to have significantly higher levels of inter-cellular adhesion molecule (iCAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (vCAM-1), and E-selectin, whereas their adiponectin levels are relatively low. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these selected biomarkers (iCAM-1, vCAM-1, E-selectin, and adiponectin) are characterized by the noticeable levels of intrinsic disorder propensity and high binding promiscuity, which are important features expected for proteins serving as biomarkers. Within the limit of studied groups, there is an association between insulin resistance and both hypoadiponectinemia and endothelial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Osama H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Al-Jiffri
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fadwa M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Al-Sharif
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Essam H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Al-Jiffri
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Uversky
keywords: E-selectin; Type 2 diabetes; adiponectin; iCAM-1; insulin resistance; intrinsically disordered protein; vCAM-1