title: Maximum Time-to-Rescue After the 1908 Messina-Reggio Calabria Earthquake was 20 Days: Hints for Disaster Planning?
abstract: Introduction Maximum time-to-rescue has been studied accurately for many earthquakes in the years 1985-2004. No study is available for historical quakes. Hypothesis/Problem This study aimed to evaluate long-term survivors (from the fifth day after the quake) of the Messina-Reggio Calabria earthquake (1908; Italy), which is considered, historically, to be the worst seismic event in Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accurate readings of 11 national newspapers from the fifth day after the quake looking for rescued persons and transferring, to an ad hoc form, all data relating to each rescued person.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum time-to rescue was 20 days. There were 225 survivors, among them 51 children (22.6 %). For 23 out 225 rescued persons, there was evidence of availability of foods and drinkable fluids while under the rubble.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maximum time-to-rescue under the debris following this historical earthquake far exceeds that of all other quakes that occurred in the years 1985-2004. The long survival under debris was probably due to the lack of an order to stop search and rescue. Recent strategies reducing the time for search and rescue carry the risk of missing survivors. De Santo NG , Bisaccia C , De Santo LS . Maximum time-to-rescue after the 1908 Messina-Reggio Calabria Earthquake was 20 days: hints for disaster planning? Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):249-252.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Medicine,Second University of Naples,Naples,Italy.
authors.forename: Natale Gaspare
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: De Santo
authors.affiliation: 2Mazzini Institute,Naples,Italy.
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bisaccia
authors.affiliation: 3Cardiac Surgery,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences,University of Foggia,Foggia,Italy.
authors.forename: Luca Salvatore
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: De Santo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004189:Disaster Planning; D055866:Earthquakes / Q000266:history; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D018635:Rescue Work / Q000266:history*; D017741:Survivors; D013997:Time Factors
keywords:  USAR urban search and rescue; disaster planning; earthquakes; rescue work