title: Statistical process control charts for monitoring military injuries.
abstract: An essential aspect of an injury prevention process is surveillance, which quantifies and documents injury rates in populations of interest and enables monitoring of injury frequencies, rates and trends. To drive progress towards injury reduction goals, additional tools are needed. Statistical process control charts, a methodology that has not been previously applied to Army injury monitoring, capitalise on existing medical surveillance data to provide information to leadership about injury trends necessary for prevention planning and evaluation.
  
  
  
  Statistical process control Shewhart u-charts were created for 49 US Army installations using quarterly injury medical encounter rates, 2007-2015, for active duty soldiers obtained from the Defense Medical Surveillance System. Injuries were defined according to established military injury surveillance recommendations. Charts display control limits three standard deviations (SDs) above and below an installation-specific historical average rate determined using 28 data points, 2007-2013. Charts are available in Army strategic management dashboards.
  
  
  
  From 2007 to 2015, Army injury rates ranged from 1254 to 1494 unique injuries per 1000 person-years. Installation injury rates ranged from 610 to 2312 injuries per 1000 person-years. Control charts identified four installations with injury rates exceeding the upper control limits at least once during 2014-2015, rates at three installations exceeded the lower control limit at least once and 42 installations had rates that fluctuated around the historical mean.
  
  
  
  Control charts can be used to drive progress towards injury reduction goals by indicating statistically significant increases and decreases in injury rates. Future applications to military subpopulations, other health outcome metrics and chart enhancements are suggested.
authors.affiliation: Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuh
authors.affiliation: Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canham-Chervak
authors.affiliation: Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control