title: Professional identity in clinician-scientists: brokers between care and science.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite increasing numbers of publications, science often fails to significantly improve patient care. Clinician-scientists, professionals who combine care and research activities, play an important role in helping to solve this problem. However, despite the ascribed advantages of connecting scientific knowledge and inquiry with health care, clinician-scientists are scarce, especially amongst non-physicians. The education of clinician-scientists can be complex because they must form professional identities at the intersection of care and research. The successful education of clinician-scientists requires insight into how these professionals view their professional identity and how they combine distinct practices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to investigate how recently trained nurse- and physiotherapist-scientists perceive their professional identities and experience the crossing of boundaries between care and research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 nurse- and physiotherapist-scientists at 1 year after they had completed MSc research training. Interviews were thematically analysed using insights from the theoretical frameworks of dialogical self theory and boundary crossing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After research training, the initial professional identity, of clinician, remained important for novice clinician-scientists, whereas the scientist identity was experienced as additional and complementary. A meta-identity as broker, referred to as a 'bridge builder', seemed to mediate competing demands or tensions between the two positions. Obtaining and maintaining a dual work position were experienced as logistically demanding; nevertheless, it was considered beneficial for crossing the boundaries between care and research because it led to reflection on the health profession, knowledge integration, inquiry and innovation in care, improved data collection, and research with a focus on clinical applicability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novice clinician-scientists experience dual professional identities as care providers and scientists. The meta-position of being a broker who connects care and research is seen as core to the unique clinician-scientist identity. To develop this role, identity formation and boundary-crossing competencies merit explicit attention within clinician-scientist programmes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Education and Training, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kluijtmans
authors.affiliation: Center for Education and Training, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.|Institute for Paramedical Studies, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Else
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Graduate School of Teaching, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akkerman
authors.affiliation: Department of Education, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Tartwijk
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D002983:Clinical Competence; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D009726:Nurses; D005791:Patient Care / Q000523:psychology; D059825:Physical Therapists; D024382:Professional Role; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012106:Research; D012649:Self Concept; D012933:Social Identification