title: Comprehensive Description of Comorbidity for Autism Spectrum Disorder in a General Population.
abstract: Few published studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbidity are population based.
  
  
  
  To describe the comorbidity of ASD and disorders listed in the main classes of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) in a general population.
  
  
  
  Direct physician billing data for the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, for the treatment of any presenting concern in the Calgary Health Zone (n = 763,449) from 1994 to 2009 were extracted. Diagnosed ICD-9 disorders (independent variable) were grouped into 17 categories using ICD-9 diagnosis codes. ASD (dependent variable) was classified under ICD-9 Code 299. Individuals with and without independent disorder classes were counted by the presence or absence of any ASD. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals of the association were calculated.
  
  
  
  ORs of ASD comorbidities.
  
  
  
  Annual rates of ASD increased 3.9-fold for males and 1.4-fold for females. Diagnosed disorders ranked by OR in the independent ICD-9 categories indicated that males with ASD had overall higher ORs (> 1.0) in 11 main ICD-9 classes, and females with ASD had higher ORs (> 1.0) in 12 main ICD-9 classes. Males with ASD had lower ORs in 4 main ICD-9 disease classes; females with ASD had lower ORs related only to the main class "complications of pregnancy and childbirth." Five main ICD-9 classes were not significant for males or females.
  
  
  
  Patients with ASD have significant comorbidity of physical disorders. This finding may inform other areas of research and assessment in clinical management.
authors.affiliation: Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Community Health Services at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada. cawthord@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cawthorpe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology