title: Comparison Among Manual Facial Approximations Conducted by Two Methodological Approaches of Face Prediction.
abstract: This study verified the difference between two methods of forensic facial approximation (FFA) regarding recognition and resemblance rates. Three-dimensional models of skulls were obtained from computerized tomography (CT) scans of two subjects (targets). Two manual FFAs were performed for each target, by applying two different guidelines for the facial structures (what we called "American method" (AM) and "Combined method" (CM)). Unfamiliar assessors evaluated the sculptures by recognition and resemblance tests. The AM was that which allowed more correct responses of recognition and higher resemblance's scores for the male target (p < 0.001). Regarding guidelines for modeling characteristics of the face, the ones that are practical and easily performed for sculptures, such as the length of the anterior nasal spine multiplied by 3 for nose prediction, may offer better results in terms of resemblance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.|Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, SP, 14801-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lara Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raíssa Ananda Paim
authors.initials: RAP
authors.lastname: Strapasson
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alice Aquino
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zanin
authors.affiliation: Three-dimensional Technologies Division, Renato Archer Information Technology Center, Rodovia Dom Pedro I, km 143.6, Jardim Santa Mônica, Campinas, SP, 13069-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jorge Vicente Lopes
authors.initials: JVL
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff
authors.initials: RFH
authors.lastname: Melani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012613:Sculpture; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: face; forensic anthropology; forensic dentistry; forensic facial approximation; forensic facial reconstruction; forensic science; sculpture; skull