title: Effects of bariatric surgery on night eating and depressive symptoms: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Night eating syndrome (NES) is characterized by a delayed pattern of food intake and is clinically defined by the presence of evening hyperphagia, nocturnal ingestion, morning anorexia, and sleep problems. Although most studies report an association of obesity, depressive mood, and NES, very little is known about the impact of bariatric surgery in the course of this syndrome, particularly in patients with depressive symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of bariatric surgery on night eating and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary hospital, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients consecutively submitted to bariatric surgery were included in the study. Baseline depressive symptoms were assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form (BDI-SF) and night eating by the Night Eating Questionnaire. Measurements were repeated postoperatively for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were predominantly female (M/F = 9/51). Mean (±SD) age was 34.7±9.2 years and body mass index was 46.04±7.52 kg/m². On average, BDI-SF scores improved after bariatric surgery (9.77±7.01 versus 4.70±4.60; P = .001). Patients with baseline depressive symptoms (BDI-SF>4), in contrast to those without, showed a significant improvement in Night Eating Questionnaire scores (16.03±7.73 versus 12.80±7.76; P = .01), despite a similar postoperative reduction in weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bariatric surgery is associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms. After the surgical intervention, improvement of night eating can be observed predominantly in patients with preoperative depressive symptoms. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of an important role of mood problems in NES.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sleep and Biological Rhythms, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thisciane
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ferreira Pinto
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sleep and Biological Rhythms, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. Electronic address: pedrobruin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pedro Felipe
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Carvalhedo de Bruin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sleep and Biological Rhythms, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: Veralice Meireles
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Sales de Bruin
authors.affiliation: Hospital Geral Dr. César Cals, Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ney Lemos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sleep and Biological Rhythms, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Henrique
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Azevedo Lopes
authors.affiliation: Hospital Geral Dr. César Cals, Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marcos Lopes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bariatric surgery; Circadian rhythm; Depression; Eating disorders; Night eating questionnaire; Obesity