title: Flos Farfarae Inhibits Enterovirus 71-Induced Cell Injury by Preventing Viral Replication and Structural Protein Expression.
abstract: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection can cause airway symptoms, brainstem encephalitis, neurogenic shock, and neurogenic pulmonary edema with high morbidity and mortality. There is no proven therapeutic modality. Flos Farfarae is the dried flower bud of Tussilago farfara L. that has been used to manage airway illnesses for thousands of years. It has neuro-protective activity and has been used to manage neuro-inflammatory diseases. However, it is unknown whether Flos Farfarae has activity against EV71-induced neuropathy. The current study used both human foreskin fibroblast (CCFS-1/KMC) and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell lines to test the hypothesis that a hot water extract of Flos Farfarae could effectively inhibit EV71 infection. The authenticity of Flos Farfarae was confirmed by HPLC-UV fingerprint. Through plaque reduction assays and flow cytometry, Flos Farfarae was found to inhibit EV71 infection ([Formula: see text]). Inhibition of viral replication and protein expression were further confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and western blot, respectively. The estimated IC[Formula: see text]s were 106.3[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL in CCFS-1/KMC, and 15.0[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL in RD cells. Therefore, Flos Farfarae could be beneficial to inhibit EV71 infection by preventing viral replication and structural protein expression.
authors.affiliation: * Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: * Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: † School of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming Hong
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: ‡ Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: § Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lien Chai
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: ¶ Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen University of Technology, Ping-Tung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Den En
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.affiliation: * Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.|∥ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jung San
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000821:virology*; D052816:Foreskin / Q000166:cytology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D031207:Tussilago; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins
keywords: Herbal Medicine; TCM; Traditional Chinese Medicine; Treatment; Viral Translation