title: The impacts of forest management strategies for woodland caribou vary across biogeographic gradients.
abstract: Loss or alteration of forest ecosystems due to anthropogenic activities has prompted the need for mitigation measures aimed at protecting habitat for forest-dependent wildlife. Understanding how wildlife respond to such management efforts is essential for achieving conservation targets. Boreal caribou are a species of conservation concern due to the impacts of human induced habitat alteration; however the effects of habitat management activities are poorly understood. We assessed the relationship between large scale patterns in forest harvesting and caribou spatial behaviours over a 20-year period, spanning a change in forest management intended to protect caribou habitat. Caribou range size, fidelity, and proximity to forest harvests were assessed in relation to change in harvest patterns through time and across two landscapes that varied widely in natural disturbance and community dynamics. We observed up to 89% declines in total area harvested within our study areas, with declining harvest size and aggregation. These landscape outcomes were coincident with caribou exhibiting greater fidelity and spacing farther away from disturbances at smaller scales, hypothesized to be beneficial for acquiring food and avoiding predators. Contrary to our expectation that the large scale maintenance of habitat patches would permit caribou to space away from disturbance, their proximity to harvest blocks at the population range scale did not decrease through time, suggesting that movement toward landscape recovery for caribou in previously harvested regions will likely stretch over multiple decades. Caribou spatial behaviours varied across the two landscapes independently of forest management. Our study underlines the importance of understanding both changes in industry demands, as well as natural landscape variation in habitat when managing wildlife.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2906-5268
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.|Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ministry of Natural Resources & Forestry c/o Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Glen S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Frank F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Mallory
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D016468:Forestry; D065928:Forests; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012053:Reindeer