title: Flavonoid-enriched extract from Hippophae rhamnoides seed reduces high fat diet induced obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic triglyceride accumulation in C57BL/6 mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flavonoid-enriched extract from Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae) seed (FSH) has shown beneficial effects in anti-hypertension and lowering cholesterol level. However, evidence for its efficacy in treating obesity is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine if FSH can reduce body weight and regulate lipid metabolism disorder in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model, and to investigate potential molecular targets involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were fed with HFD for 8 weeks to induce obesity. The modeled mice were divided into four groups and treated with vehicle, rosiglitazone (2 mg/kg), low (100 mg/kg) and high (300 mg/kg) dose of FSH, respectively. Normal control was also used. The treatments were administered orally for 9 weeks. We measured the effect of FSH on regulating body weight, various liver and serum parameters, and molecular targets that are key to lipid metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FSH administration at 100 and 300 mg/kg significantly reduced body weight gain by 33.06 and 43.51%, respectively. Additionally, triglyceride concentration in serum and liver were decreased by 15.67 and 49.56%, individually, after FSH (300 mg/kg) treatment. Upon FSH (100 and 300 mg/kg) treatment, PPARα mRNA expression was upregulated in liver (1.24- and 1.42-fold) and in adipose tissue (1.66- and 1.72-fold). Furthermore, FSH downregulated PPARγ protein level both in liver and adipose tissue. Moreover, FSH inhibited macrophage infiltration into adipose tissues, and downregulated TNFα mRNA expression in adipose tissue (38.01-47.70%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This effect was mediated via regulation of PPARγ and PPARα gene expression, and suppression of adipose tissue inflammation.
authors.affiliation: a School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Oncology , Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zeng-Run
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: a School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Meng-Ran
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: a School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D031281:Hippophae; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012639:Seeds; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Obese mice; PPARα; PPARγ; inflammation