title: The mechanism of force transference in feet of children ages two to six.
abstract: The aim of this study was to design an algorithm to quantify the plantar force transference of children from ages 2-6. In total, 319 healthy children without abnormal gait patterns, foot deformities or injuries, able to walk independently, and with normal BMIs were recruited, and their plantar force distributions were measured. Their plantar areas were divided into ten parts: the hallux, toes #2-5, the first to fifth metatarsal heads (1st-5th MTH), the mid-foot (MF), medial heel (MH) and lateral heel (LH), in which a relative force-time integral (FTIrel) (%) was calculated. Our results show that the FTIrel was significantly transferred along either the transverse or longitudinal arches. The middle of the forefoot and the toe areas were the two main loading regions in children aged 2-3, and posterior to anterior FTIrel shifting was typical. However, anterior to posterior and lateral to medial FTI transferences were found in children aged 5-6, and major loading was found in the heel area. Further, loading in the mid-foot varied with the child's development and was observed to tend to decrease over time. Overall, according to the algorithm designed in this study, these results demonstrated that the development of the arches, both in transverse and longitudinal directions, had already begun in early stages of toddlerhood. Meanwhile, the arches were an important attractor engaged in the windlass mechanism while walking, and they played a major role as bridges to promote posterior to anterior and medial to lateral force transference.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
authors.forename: Mingyu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
authors.forename: Wuyong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Science Laboratory, Zhejiang Red Dragonfly Footwear Co., LTD.,Wenzhou 325100, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; Science Laboratory, Zhejiang Red Dragonfly Footwear Co., LTD.,Wenzhou 325100, PR China. Electronic address: zj_scu@qq.com.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000465:Algorithms; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D005529:Foot Bones / Q000502:physiology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Children’s development in motion; Foot arches in develop; Force transference mechanism; Force-time integral