title: Low bone mineral density risk factors and testing patterns in institutionalized adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adults with intellectual or developmental disability (ID/DD) have multiple risks for low bone mineral density (BMD) without formal guidelines to guide testing. We sought to identify risk factors and patterns of BMD testing among institutionalized adults with ID/DD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated risk factors for low BMD (Z-/T-score < -1) and patterns of BMD testing among adults with ID/DD receiving care at a state-run residential facility. Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher's exact and Pearson's chi-squared tests were used as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 140 eligible patients, only 44% ever had BMD testing of which 89% had low BMD. Median age at diagnosis was 42 years old. Individuals with low BMD were more likely to be older, non-weight bearing, Caucasian and have severe cognitive delay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adults with ID/DD in this facility had a high prevalence of low BMD. Further studies are needed to better characterize risk factors and inform screening within this high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, UCLA-Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mailee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.affiliation: Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Campagna
authors.affiliation: Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.|Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D002658:Developmental Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012112:Residential Facilities; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: bone mineral density; intellectual and developmental disability; osteopenia; osteoporosis; prevention; screening