title: Panayiotopoulos Syndrome with a special emphasis of ictal semiologic features.
abstract: The aim was to identify the demographic, electroencephalographic findings, clinical features, especially ictal semiological symptoms of patients diagnosed with Panayiotopoulos Syndrome.
  
  
  
  The semiologic and EEG findings of 42 patients were reviewed. Statistical analysis was used to determine the frequencies of semiologic features and to define the symptom clusters.
  
  
  
  The most common clinical features were nausea (54.8%), vomiting (50.0%), pallor (50.0%), deviation of head and eyes (45.2%), generalized seizures (35.7%), ictal syncope (33.3%) and stomach ache (26.2%). Visual manifestations which were observed in 38.9% of the patients were amaurosis, flashes of colourful lights, flashes of brightful lights, visual hallucinations and blurring of vision. Autonomic status epilepticus was observed in 21.4% of the patients. Cluster analysis of 13 most common symptoms showed a tendency toward 3 clusters. Pallor constituted a subgroup on its own whereas nausea, vomiting, deviation of head and eyes tended to occur together in the second subgroup and the third subgroup included semiologic features some of which were atypical for PS.
  
  
  
  A broad spectrum of typical and atypical clinical features might be observed in patients with PS. Some of the semiologic features of PS might have tendency to occur together. Overlapping of typical autonomic features with some of the atypical features might suggest that PS, RE and ICOE-G were the constituents of the same neurobiological spectrum. Our detailed data might contribute to the awareness of a wide range of variabilites in the electroclinical features of PS.
authors.affiliation: Sişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey(1); Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: A Destina
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Yalçın
authors.affiliation: Sişli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey(1); Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: hulyatoydemir@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Hülya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ertaşoğlu Toydemir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D020190:Myoclonic Epilepsy, Juvenile / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012640:Seizures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013577:Syndrome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Autonomic seizures; Occipital seizures; Panayiotopoulos Syndrome