title: Lymphedema after treatment for endometrial cancer - A review of prevalence and risk factors.
abstract: Lymphedema is one of the least studied complications of cancer treatment and a chronic condition with a substantial impact on health-related quality of life (HQoL). Lymphedema of the legs (LLL) constitutes a common adverse side effect of lymphadenectomy LA in gynecologic cancer treatment. Primary treatment of endometrial cancer (EC) comprises hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy is recommended in prognostic high risk groups of EC. This review summarizes the published literature concerning the prevalence of LLL after treatment for EC, methods used for measuring LLL, risk factors and HQoL impact. The main findings are that the reported prevalence of LLL varies significantly between 0% and 50%. This is due to a lack of a generally accepted standardization of terminology in assessment of lymphedema. The studies use different methods to assess and grade lymphedema and often the methodology used for determining LLL is poorly described and lacks baseline measurement. Lymphadenectomy, number of lymph nodes removed, and radiation therapy seems to increase the risk for LLL. All studies dealing with HQoL show that women with LLL have impaired HQoL. The level of evidence in the published studies is generally low. Consequently it is difficult to make clear-cut conclusions about the true prevalence or determination of risk factors. More prospective longitudinal or randomized trials with LLL as the primary outcome are necessary before conclusions can be drawn regarding prevalence of LLL and risk factor determination in EC. An internationally accepted standardization for terminology and methodology in lymphedema in research is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Highland Hospital, Eksjö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Madelene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wedin
authors.affiliation: Forum Östergötland, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fredrikson
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. Electronic address: Preben.Kjolhede@liu.se.
authors.forename: Preben
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kjølhede
mesh_terms: D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D058994:Salpingectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Endometrial cancer; Lower limb lymphedema; Prevalence; Quality of life; Risk factors