title: Does infant feeding modulate the manifestation of celiac disease and type 1 diabetes?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The review aims to critically discuss the role of infant feeding in the development of celiac disease and type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prospective observational and randomized interventional studies show that breastfeeding (BF) or BF during gluten introduction does not reduce the risk of developing CD, but high gluten consumption before age 2 years increased the risk in Swedish children.Despite evidence from retrospective studies, prospective trials failed to find a protective effect of breastfeeding against the risk of T1D development. Nevertheless, breastfeeding at the time of cereal introduction decreases this risk. There is some evidence demonstrating that early exposure to sugar-sweetened beverages increases the risk of T1D in childhood, whereas the timing of gluten introduction, except if introduced very early, does not affect it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breastfeeding and/or timing of gluten introduction does not influence celiac disease risk. Breastfeeding at the time of cereal introduction might be protective against T1D. The introduction of certain solid foods at an early age may be associated with the risk of T1D.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands bDepartment of Translation Medical Science, Section of Pediatric and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Caroline R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Discepolo
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troncone
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mearin
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000379:methods*; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005983:Glutens; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens