title: Nanocarriers Mediated Topical Drug Delivery for Psoriasis Treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory skin disease affecting 2 to 3% of people worldwide. Topical therapy as first option in the management of psoriasis is an attractive strategy by delivering drugs efficiently into target sites of disease, minimizing systemic side effects of drugs and ensuring high patient compliance. However, the delivery of antipsoriatic agents via conventional topical formulations is limited due to their poor percutaneous penetration and targeting into deeper layers of the skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, an overview of skin structure and psoriatic skin as well as different approaches used for the treatment are provided. We discussed the topical nanocarriers including solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, dendrimers and micelles used to deliver antipsoriatic drugs. We also summarized the 2011 onward research studies dealing with the application of nanocarriers for psoriasis treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the last decades, numerous types of nanocarriers have been widely investigated as a novel delivery approach to reach effective antipsoriatic drug concentrations. These nanocarriers can enhance the therapeutic efficacy and minimize the toxicity of the drugs by lowering the dose. They also improve drug localization in the skin and achieve site-specific drug targeting. But, most of the available studies have lack of clinical outcome in psoriasis and required more focus on the clinical evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nanocarriers could enhance deposition of antipsoriatic drugs in targeted sites of the skin. Nevertheless, still there is a need to develop more effective simulated models that provide realistic model for psoriasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul. Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevgi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gungor
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul. Turkey.
authors.forename: Meriem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezigue
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012869:Skin Absorption
keywords: Nanocarrier; anti-psoriatic drug; psoriasis; skin delivery; skin targeting; topical delivery