title: Newly recognised lineages of perithecial ascomycetes: the new ordersConioscyphalesandPleurotheciales.
abstract: Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from nuclear ribosomal and protein-coding loci support the placement of several perithecial ascomycetes and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from freshwater and terrestrial environments in two monophyletic clades closely related to theSavoryellales. One clade formed by five species ofConioscyphaand a second clade containing several genera of uncertain taxonomic status centred onPleurothecium, represent two distinct taxonomic groups at the ordinal systematic rank. They are proposed as new orders, theConioscyphalesandPleurotheciales. Several taxonomic novelties are introduced in thePleurotheciales, i.e. two new genera (AdelosphaeriaandMelanotrigonum), three novel species (A. catenata,M. ovale,Phaeoisaria fasciculata) and a new combination (Pleurotheciella uniseptata). A new combination is proposed forSavoryella limneticainAscotaiwanias.str. based on molecular data and culture characters. A strongly supported lineage containing a new genusPlagiascoma, species ofBactrodesmiastrumandAscotaiwania persoonii, was identified as a sister to theConioscyphales/Pleurotheciales/Savoryellalesclade in our multilocus phylogeny. Together, they are nested in a monophyly in theHypocreomycetidae, significantly supported by Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses. Members of this clade share a few morphological characters, such as the absence of stromatic tissue or clypeus, similar anatomies of the 2-layered ascomatal walls, thin-walled unitunicate asci with a distinct, non-amyloid apical annulus, symmetrical, transversely septate ascospores and holoblastic conidiogenesis. They represent the only fungi in theHypocreomycetidaewith apically free, filiform to cylindrical, persistent or partially disintegrating paraphyses. The systematic placement of two other dematiaceous hyphomycetes was resolved based on DNA sequences;Phragmocephala stemphylioidesis a member of thePleurothecialesandTriadelphia uniseptatais within theSavoryellales.
authors.affiliation: Department of Taxonomy, Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Réblová
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.affiliation: Las Muros, Rimont 09420, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Štěpánek
keywords: Hypocreomycetidae; Phaeoisaria; freshwater fungi; holoblastic conidiogenesis; multigene analysis; systematics