title: Associations among depressive symptoms, childhood abuse, neuroticism, and adult stressful life events in the general adult population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have suggested that the interactions among several factors affect the onset, progression, and prognosis of major depressive disorder. This study investigated how childhood abuse, neuroticism, and adult stressful life events interact with one another and affect depressive symptoms in the general adult population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 413 participants from the nonclinical general adult population completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale, the neuroticism subscale of the shortened Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised, and the Life Experiences Survey, which are self-report scales. Structural equation modeling (Mplus version 7.3) and single and multiple regressions were used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Childhood abuse, neuroticism, and negative evaluation of life events increased the severity of the depressive symptoms directly. Childhood abuse also indirectly increased the negative appraisal of life events and the severity of the depressive symptoms through enhanced neuroticism in the structural equation modeling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was recall bias in this study. The causal relationship was not clear because this study was conducted using a cross-sectional design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggested that neuroticism is the mediating factor for the two effects of childhood abuse on adulthood depressive symptoms and negative evaluation of life events. Childhood abuse directly and indirectly predicted the severity of depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takaesu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido.
authors.forename: Yukiei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murakoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Human Sciences, Graduate school of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kusumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
keywords: childhood abuse; depression; neuroticism; stressful life events; structural equation modeling