title: Dosimetry applications in GATE Monte Carlo toolkit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are a well-established method for studying physical processes in medical physics. The purpose of this review is to present GATE dosimetry applications on diagnostic and therapeutic simulated protocols. There is a significant need for accurate quantification of the absorbed dose in several specific applications such as preclinical and pediatric studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  GATE is an open-source MC toolkit for simulating imaging, radiotherapy (RT) and dosimetry applications in a user-friendly environment, which is well validated and widely accepted by the scientific community. In RT applications, during treatment planning, it is essential to accurately assess the deposited energy and the absorbed dose per tissue/organ of interest, as well as the local statistical uncertainty. Several types of realistic dosimetric applications are described including: molecular imaging, radio-immunotherapy, radiotherapy and brachytherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GATE has been efficiently used in several applications, such as Dose Point Kernels, S-values, Brachytherapy parameters, and has been compared against various MC codes which are considered as standard tools for decades. Furthermore, the presented studies show reliable modeling of particle beams when comparing experimental with simulated data. Examples of different dosimetric protocols are reported for individualized dosimetry and simulations combining imaging and therapy dose monitoring, with the use of modern computational phantoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Personalization of medical protocols can be achieved by combining GATE MC simulations with anthropomorphic computational models and clinical anatomical data. This is a review study, covering several dosimetric applications of GATE, and the different tools used for modeling realistic clinical acquisitions with accurate dose assessment.
authors.affiliation: BET Solutions, 116 Alexandras Av., GR-11472 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: panpap@betsolutions.gr.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Papadimitroulas
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy; D011874:Radiometry; D011878:Radiotherapy
keywords: Dosimetry; GATE; Monte Carlo simulations; Radiotherapy