title: Plant Volatiles Increase Sex Pheromone Attraction of Holotrichia parallela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea).
abstract: Holotrichia parallela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) is a notorious pest of many crops. To improve the effectiveness of its female-produced sex pheromone (L-isoleucine methyl ester:(R)-(-)-linalool = 6:1), 14 plant volatiles, including dodecanoic acid, dodecanal, farnesol, α-farnesene, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, (R)-(+)-limonene, α-phellandrene, α-pinene, ocimene, methyl benzoate, and benzaldehyde, were individually evaluated using electroantennography and olfactometer assays. (E)-2-Hexenyl acetate and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate were found to elicit the strongest responses in both males and females. Further testing of these two compounds in mixtures with the sex pheromone indicated that (E)-2-hexenyl acetate had a stronger synergistic effect than (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. Field evaluations showed that mixtures of (E)-2-hexenyl acetate and the sex pheromone resulted in significantly higher catches than the sex pheromone alone. Using a 5:1 mixture of the sex pheromone and (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, the maximum number of females per trap per day was 14, showing a synergistic effect of a factor of four. For males, a 3:1 mixture of the sex pheromone and (E)-2-hexenyl acetate yielded a maximum number of 310 individuals per trap per day, equivalent to a synergistic effect of 175%. These results may provide the basis for the development of efficient pest management systems against H. parallela using plant volatiles and insect sex pheromones.
authors.affiliation: Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.affiliation: Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qiang
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Guo
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China.
authors.forename: Wan-Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China. 13455277580@163.com.
authors.forename: Ming-Jing
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Qu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D012724:Sex Attractants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012903:Smell / Q000187:drug effects; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012724:Sex Attractants; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: (E)-2-hexenyl acetate; EAG; Olfactory response; Sex pheromone; Synergy effect