title: Hormone Therapy and Delivery Strategies against Cardiovascular Diseases.
abstract: This review article is aimed to delineate the potential role of hormones in the treatment and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases with special emphasis on the nitric oxide (NO) involved mechanisms. This review will also offer an overview on current and future hormone usages, pathophysiology, clinical features, absorption mechanisms and adverse effects. The hormone therapies against cardiovascular diseases as well as their treatment strategies, delivery routes and carriers were thoroughly discussed. Ongoing and future basic and clinical research with hormone will provide important insights into efficient treatment strategies against cardiovascular diseases. It was necessary to explore advanced delivery systems, such as drug eluting stent, microneedles, nanotechnology and stem cell preconditioning, for an efficient delivery of hormones against cardiovascular diseases. The future is enlightened with the advent of novel, safer and more effective carriers for hormone delivery as well as learning how to maximize the therapeutic efficacy against cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426. United States.
authors.forename: Gayathri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110. United States.
authors.forename: Nurhasni
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110. United States.
authors.forename: Jin-Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: 2464 Charlotte St. Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108. United States.
authors.forename: Chi H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents; D006728:Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D008081:Liposomes
keywords: Hormone; cardiovascular; delivery; preconditioning; regulation; stem cell transplantation