title: Chemical and cytotoxic analyses of brown Brazilian propolis (Apis mellifera) and its in vitro activity against itraconazole-resistant Sporothrix brasiliensis.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of brown Brazilian propolis and its in vitro activity against itraconazole-resistant Sporothrix brasiliensis from animal sporotrichosis. Propolis was acquired commercially and prepared as a hydroalcoholic extract. Chemical analysis was evaluated by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry of ultra-efficiency. The cell viability was evaluated by MTT test in MDBK cells of 50 to 0.09 μg/mL. For antifungal tests, twenty isolates of Sporothrix brasiliensis from dogs (n = 11) and cats (n = 9) with sporotrichosis were tested to itraconazole (16-0.0313 μg/mL) and to propolis (3.125-0.09 mg/mL) by broth microdilution technique (CLSI M38-A2), adapted to natural products. The results were expressed in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). Itraconazole showed activity between MIC values of 0.25 to greater than 16 μg/mL, and 88.9% (08/09) and 72.7% (08/11) of S. brasiliensis from cats and dogs, respectively, were considered itraconazole-resistant. All Sporothrix brasiliensis were sensitive to brown propolis between MIC values of 0.19-1.56 mg/mL, including the itraconazole-resistant isolates, whereas the MFC values of propolis were from 0.78 to greater than 3.125 mg/mL. Propolis maintained a medium to high cell viability between concentration of 0.78 to 0.09 μg/mL, and p-coumaric acid was the major compound. Brown Brazilian propolis is a promising antifungal candidate against sporotrichosis and more studies need to be undertaken to evaluate its safe use to understand its efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Micologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: waller.stefanie@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Stefanie B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Saúde Populacional, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: cristina_peter@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Cristina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Cromatografia e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jéssica F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Saúde Populacional, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Picoli
authors.affiliation: Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Micologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiza da G
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Osório
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Cromatografia e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Saúde Populacional, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: João L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zani
authors.affiliation: Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Micologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: de Faria
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: João R B
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: de Mello
authors.affiliation: Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Micologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mário C A
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Meireles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D001938:Brazil; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D002415:Cats; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D004285:Dogs; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D011429:Propolis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D013175:Sporothrix / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013174:Sporotrichosis / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D017964:Itraconazole; D011429:Propolis
keywords: Chemical analysis; Cytotoxicity; Itraconazole; Natural product; Propolis; Sporotrichosis