title: Low prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 1 diabetes is associated with decreased subclinical cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been proposed as an independent cardiovascular risk factor. The present study evaluated the prevalence of NAFLD in a cohort of type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients and its potential relationship with subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred T1D patients (mean [±SD] age 39.4 ± 7.8 years, disease duration 21.7 ± 8.6 years) were included in the present cross-sectional study. All subjects underwent abdominal ultrasonography for detection of NAFLD, carotid ultrasonography to measure the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and atheroma plaques, and cardiac tomography for evaluation of the coronary artery calcium score (CACS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the study cohort, 12% had NAFLD and 23% had a CACS >0. The T1D subjects with NAFLD had a greater CIMT than those without NAFLD (0.65 ± 0.17 vs 0.55 ± 0.14 mm; P = 0.029), but there were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to CACS, glycemic control, or the presence of carotid plaques. Patients with high liver enzyme concentrations (>20 U/L) had a higher CIMT (0.60 ± 0.16 vs 0.54 ± 0.13; P = 0.04) and there was a higher proportion of altered CACS (17 [73.9%] vs 6 [26.1%]; P = 0.001) and detection of carotid plaques (10 [76.9%] vs 3 [23.1%]; P = 0.014) in this group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low prevalence of NAFLD was found in the T1D cohort that was associated globally with a low proportion of abnormal CVD imaging markers, although these imaging parameters were worse in subjects in whom NAFLD was detected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Enric
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-1962
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Serra-Planas
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.|Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aguilera
authors.affiliation: Service of Radiology, Institute of Research and Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Service of Radiology, Institute of Research and Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.|Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joaquín
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rocio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puig
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.|Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Dídac
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mauricio
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.|Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Health Sciences Research Institute and University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puig-Domingo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids
keywords: 1型糖尿病; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; subclinical atherosclerosis; transaminases; type 1 diabetes; 亚临床动脉粥样硬化; 转氨酶; 非酒精性脂肪性肝病