title: Ecotoxicity of veterinary enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin antibiotics on anuran amphibian larvae.
abstract: The ecological risks posed by two β-diketone antibiotics (DKAs, enrofloxacin, ENR and ciprofloxacin, CPX), characterized by their long persistence in aqueous environments and known deleterious effect on model organisms such as zebrafish were analysed using Rhinella arenarum larvae. Sublethal tests were conducted using environmentally relevant concentrations of both ENR and CPX (1-1000μgL-1) under standard laboratory conditions for 96h. Biological endpoints and biomarkers evaluated were body size, shape, development and growth rates, and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, GST; Catalase, CAT). Risk assessment was analysed based on ration quotients (RQ). The size and shape measurements of the larvae exposed to concentrations greater than 10μgL-1of CPX were lower compared to controls (Dunnett post hoc p<0.05) and presented signs of emaciation. Concentrations of 1000μgL-1of CPX induced GST activity, in contrast with inhibited GST and CAT of larvae exposed to ENR. Risk assessments indicated that concentrations greater than or equal to10μgL-1of CPX and ENR are ecotoxic for development, growth, detoxifying, and oxidative stress enzymes. It is suggested that additional risk assessments may provide evidence of bioaccumulation of CPX and ENR in tissues or organs of amphibian larvae by mesocosm sediment test conditions. Finally, intestinal microbiome studies should be considered to establish the mechanisms of action of both antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: paolapeltzer@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Paola M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Peltzer
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Rafael C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Lajmanovich
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Andres M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Attademo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Celina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Junges
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, (FBCB-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carla M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Teglia
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Candela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martinuzzi
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Lucila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Curi
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, (FBCB-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Culzoni
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, (FBCB-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Hector C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Goicoechea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001118:Argentina; D002025:Bufonidae; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000633:toxicity*; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D002939:Ciprofloxacin
keywords: Amphibian; Antibiotics; Biomarkers; Development; Pharmaceuticals