title: Procedures for cryogenic X-ray ptychographic imaging of biological samples.
abstract: Biological sample-preparation procedures have been developed for imaging human chromosomes under cryogenic conditions. A new experimental setup, developed for imaging frozen samples using beamline I13 at Diamond Light Source, is described. This manuscript describes the equipment and experimental procedures as well as the authors' first ptychographic reconstructions using X-rays.
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, England; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, England; Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, England.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, England; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, England; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, England; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, England.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, England; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, England.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhartiya
authors.affiliation: Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Oxfordshire, England.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cunnea
authors.affiliation: Diamond Light Source , Didcot, Oxfordshire, England.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Diamond Light Source , Didcot, Oxfordshire, England.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cacho-Nerin
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, England; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, England.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwenke
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, England; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, England; Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Robinson
keywords: X-ray ptychography; cell nuclei; chromosome imaging; human chromosomes; plunge freezing