title: Content Analysis of Vomit and Diarrhea Cleanup Procedures To Prevent Norovirus Infections in Retail and Food Service Operations.
abstract: Human noroviruses are the leading cause of foodborne disease in the United States, sickening 19 to 21 million Americans each year. Vomit and diarrhea are both highly concentrated sources of norovirus particles. For this reason, establishing appropriate cleanup procedures for these two substances is critical. Food service establishments in states that have adopted the 2009 or 2013 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Code are required to have a program detailing specific cleanup procedures. The aim of our study was to determine the alignment of existing vomit and diarrhea cleanup procedures with the 11 elements recommended in Annex 3 of the 2011 Supplement to the 2009 Food Code and to determine their readability and clarity of presentation. In July 2015, we located vomit and diarrhea cleanup procedures by asking Norovirus Collaborative for Outreach, Research, and Education stakeholders for procedures used by their constituency groups and by conducting a Google Advanced Search of the World Wide Web. We performed content analysis to determine alignment with the recommendations in Annex 3. Readability and clarity of presentation were also assessed. A total of 38 artifacts were analyzed. The mean alignment score was 7.0 ± 1.7 of 11 points; the mean clarity score was 6.7 ± 2.5 of 17 points. Only nine artifacts were classified as high clarity, high alignment. Vomit and diarrhea cleanup procedures should align with Annex 3 in the Food Code and should, as well, be clearly presented; yet, none of the artifacts completely met both conditions. To reduce the spread of norovirus infections in food service establishments, editable guidelines are needed that are aligned with Annex 3 and are clearly written, into which authors could insert their facility-specific information.
authors.affiliation: Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634.
authors.forename: Morgan G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.affiliation: Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634.
authors.forename: Anne-Julie
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dubé
authors.affiliation: Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634.
authors.forename: Cortney M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.affiliation: North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D003967:Diarrhea; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005522:Food Services; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus; D014481:United States
keywords: Cleaning; Food Code; Food Safety; Gastroenteritis; Restaurants