title: Leaching of rare earth elements from fluorescent powder using the tea fungus Kombucha.
abstract: In most modern technologies such as flat screens, highly effective magnets and lasers, as well as luminescence phosphors, Rare Earth Elements (REE) are used. Unfortunately no environmentally friendly recycling process exists so far. In comparison to other elements the interaction of microorganisms with REE has been studied to a less extent. However, as REE are ubiquitously present in nature it can be assumed that microorganisms play an important role in the biogeochemistry of REE. This study investigates the potential of organic acid-producing microbes for extracting REE from industrial waste. In Germany, 175 tons of fluorescent phosphor (FP) are collected per year as a distinct fraction from the recycling of compact fluorescent lamps. Because the FP contains about 10% of REE-oxides bound in the so-called triband dyes it is a readily accessible secondary resource of REE. Using the symbiotic mixed culture Kombucha, consisting of yeasts and acetic acid bacteria, REE were leached at a significant rate. The highest leaching-rates were observed in shake cultures using the entire Kombucha-consortium or its supernatant as leaching agent compared to experiments using the isolates Zygosaccharomyces lentus and Komagataeibacter hansenii as leaching organisms. During the cultivation, the pH decreased as a result of organic acid production (mainly acetic and gluconic acid). Thus, the underlying mechanism of the triband dye solubilisation is probably linked to the carboxyl-functionality or a proton excess. In accordance with the higher solubility of REE-oxides compared to REE-phosphates and -aluminates, the red dye Y2O3:Eu2+containing relatively expensive REE was shown to be preferentially solubilized. These results show that it is possible to dissolve the REE-compounds of FP with the help of microbial processes. Moreover, they provide the basis for the development of an eco-friendly alternative to the currently applied methods that use strong inorganic acids or toxic chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Halsbrücker Straße 34, 09599 Freiberg, Germany. Electronic address: s.hopfe@hzdr.de.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hopfe
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flemming
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Halsbrücker Straße 34, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Halsbrücker Straße 34, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Möckel
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Halsbrücker Straße 34, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kutschke
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Halsbrücker Straße 34, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pollmann
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D059029:Electronic Waste; D005658:Fungi / Q000502:physiology*; D005858:Germany; D000068858:Kombucha Tea; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth / Q000032:analysis*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000068858:Kombucha Tea; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth
keywords: Bioleaching; Fluorescent phosphor; Kombucha; Organic acids; Rare earth elements