title: Optimal Epinephrine Concentration and Time Delay to Minimize Perfusion in Eyelid Surgery: Measured by Laser-Based Methods and a Novel Form of Extended-Wavelength Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy.
abstract: This study investigates the hypoperfusion effects of epinephrine in local anesthesia in eyelid surgery. A novel form of extended-wavelength diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was evaluated.
  
  
  
  Blood perfusion in porcine eyelid flaps was measured using laser Doppler velocimetry and laser speckle contrast imaging, whereas the tissue response was measured using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with a broad spectrum (450-1550 nm). Epinephrine was either injected cumulatively, 0.1 (1:10,000,000), 1.0 (1:1,000,000), 10 (1:100 000), and 100 μg/ml (1:10 000), to determine the dose-response relation, or given as a single dose (10 μg/ml). Control experiments were performed with saline or lidocaine.
  
  
  
  Increasing concentrations of epinephrine resulted in a gradual decrease in tissue perfusion, measured by laser Doppler velocimetry and laser speckle contrast imaging, approaching a minimum after the injection of 10 μg/ml. Similar tissue response was observed with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The time from the injection of epinephrine (10 μg/ml) to the stabilization of hypoperfusion was 75 seconds. After administration of 10 μg/ml epinephrine, about 20% of the blood perfusion remained, supporting the use of epinephrine in eyelid flaps with a narrow pedicle.
  
  
  
  10 μg/ml epinephrine appears to be adequate for vasoconstriction before oculoplastic surgery. Incisions need only be delayed for about 1 minute. Extended-wavelength diffuse reflectance spectroscopy appears to be a promising technique for monitoring the tissue response following changes in blood perfusion in plastic surgery reconstructions. However, more rigorous validation of the technique is required before it can be implemented in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, and Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rafi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, and Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dahlstrand
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, and Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Khashayar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Memarzadeh
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, and Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blohmé
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, and Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reistad
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, and Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malmsjö
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D013552:Swine; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine