title: Nurses' resilience and the emotional labour of nursing work: An integrative review of empirical literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The emotional labour of nursing work involves managing the emotional demands of relating with patients, families and colleagues. Building nurses' resilience is an important strategy in mitigating the stress and burnout that may be caused by ongoing exposure to these demands. Understandings of resilience in the context of emotional labour in nursing, however, are limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the state of knowledge on resilience in the context of emotional labour in nursing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Integrative literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, and PsycINFO electronic databases were searched for abstracts published between 2005 and 2015 and written in English. Reference lists were hand searched.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method was used to guide this review. The constant comparative method was used to analyze and synthesize data from 27 peer-reviewed quantitative and qualitative articles. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Emotional labour is a facet of all aspects of nursing work and nurse-patient/family/collegial interactions. Emotional dissonance arising from surface acting in emotional labour can lead to stress and burnout. Resilience can be a protective process for the negative effects of emotional labour. Several resilience interventions have been designed to strengthen nurses' individual resources and reduce the negative effects of workplace stress; however they do not specifically address emotional labour. Inclusion of emotional labour-mitigating strategies is recommended for future resilience interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resilience is a significant intervention that can build nurses' resources and address the effects of emotional dissonance in nursing work. There is a need for further investigation of the relationship between resilience and emotional labour in nursing, and robust evaluation of the impact of resilience interventions that address emotional labour.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery & Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia; Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia; Consultation Liaison Mental Health, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia. Electronic address: Cynthia.Delgado@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT 2617, Australia. Electronic address: Dominic.Upton@canberra.edu.au.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce ACT 2617, Australia. Electronic address: Kristen.Ranse@canberra.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ranse
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery & Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital & Northwestern Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville VIC 3050, Australia. Electronic address: Trentham.Furness@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Trentham
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furness
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery & Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital & Northwestern Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Parkville VIC 3050, Australia. Electronic address: Kim.Foster@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004644:Emotions; D036262:Empirical Research; D006801:Humans; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000523:psychology*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological
keywords: Emotional dissonance; Emotional labour; Nurses; Nursing work; Resilience