title: Modulating Effect ofHypnea musciformis(Red Seaweed) on Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidants and Biotransforming Enzymes in 7,12-Dimethylbenz (a) Anthracene Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis in Experimental Animals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is the second most widespread diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present work was carried out to evaluate the chemo preventive potential ofHypnea musciformis(ethanol extract) seaweed on oxidative stress markers, bio transforming enzymes, incidence of tumors, and pathological observation in 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) exposed experimental mammary carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in the group 1 served as control. Rats in the group 2 and 3 received a single subcutaneous injection of DMBA (25 mg/kg body weight (b.w)) in the mammary gland to develop mammary carcinoma. In addition, group 3 rats were orally administrated with 200 mg/kg between ofH. musciformisalong with DMBA injection and group 4 rats received ethanolic extract ofH. musciformisevery day orally (200 mg/kg b.w) throughout the experimental period of 16 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results revealed that treatment withH. musciformisethanolic extract to DMBA treated rats significantly reduced the incidence of tumor and tumor volume as compared to DMBA alone treated rats. Moreover, our results showed imbalance in the activities/levels of lipid peroxidation by products, antioxidant enzymes, and bio transforming phase I and II enzymes in the circulation, liver and mammary tissues of DMBA treated rats which were significantly modulated to near normal on treatment with ethanolic extract ofH. musciformis. All these alterations were supported by histochemical findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained from this study suggest that chemo preventive potential ofH. musciformisethanol extract is probably due to their free radicals quenching effect and modulating potential of bio transforming enzymes during DMBA exposed experimental mammary carcinogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DMBA is a source of well-established site specific carcinogenHypnea musciformisact as a free radical quencherHypnea musciformishas a definite chemo preventive efficacy in experimental ratsH. musciformisis a resource of prooxidant/antioxidant balance and also its anti-proliferative effectsH. musciformishas a detoxificant in the mammary carcinoma.Abbreviations Used: BRCA1: Breast Cancer Gene 1; BRCA2: Breast Cancer Gene 1; CYP: Cytochrome P450; DMBA: 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; H2O2: Hydrogen peroxides; LPO: Lipid peroxidation; PAH: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; GSSG: Oxidized glutathione.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Division of Algal Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balamurugan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Division of Algal Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kathiresan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sivakumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Arokia Vijaya Anand
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Mariadoss
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kathiresan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suresh
keywords:  mammary carcinogenesis; Chemo prevention; Hypnea musciformis; oxidative stress; seaweeds