title: Methylene Blue for the Treatment of Intractable Pain Associated with Oral Mucositis.
abstract: Oral mucositis is a common and often debilitating complication among cancer patients receiving radiation therapy to the head and neck or chemotherapy agents, or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pain and decreased oral function associated with oral mucositis may persist long after the conclusion of therapy. Although most patients respond to conservative management, a subset of patients develops intractable pain with severe consequences. For some, the use of total parenteral nutrition with insertion of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding tubes is the only alternative. Current recommendations to treat mucositis and its related pain include basic oral care, bland oral rinses, topical anesthetics, and systemic analgesics. We believe that chemical neurolysis of the affected areas with methylene blue used as an oral rinse is a noninvasive, efficient, safe, and cost-effective alternative that can provide prolonged analgesia in patients with intractable pain of oral mucositis. The benefits of this therapy are reflected in its improvement of patients' quality of life by enabling oral feeding and controlling pain. We report a series of 5 consecutive patients with intractable oral mucositis-related pain despite conventional treatment with systemic opiates. All 5 patients responded well to the use of 0.05% methylene blue as mouth rinse, demonstrating sustained analgesia over 3 weeks. The treatment was tolerated well, and overall patient satisfaction was very high. We also observed that methylene blue rinse significantly reduced the total opioid requirement, as demonstrated by reductions in the patients' morphine equivalent daily dose scores after its use. Our case series suggests that 0.5% methylene blue oral rinse therapy is an effective and inexpensive modality that can be used safely to palliate intractable oral pain in patients with mucositis associated with cancer treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report using this therapy to treat pain from oral mucositis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.|Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.|Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.|Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Carlos J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Roldan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nouri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Billy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009067:Mouthwashes; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: adjuvants; cancer; intractable; pain