title: Use of physical restraint: Nurses' knowledge, attitude, intention and practice and influencing factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the knowledge, attitude, intention and practice of nurses towards physical restraint and factors influencing these variables.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A literature review showed a lack of studies focused on the intention of nurses regarding physical restraint throughout the world. Considering that very little research on physical restraint use has been carried out in Malaysia, assessment of nurses' knowledge, attitude, intention and practice is necessary before developing a minimising programme in hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire to assess the knowledge, attitude, intention and practice was completed by all nurses (n = 309) in twelve wards of a teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate knowledge and attitude with strong intention to use physical restraint were found among the nurses. Less than half of nurses considered alternatives to physical restraint and most of them did not understand the reasons for the physical restraint. Nurses' academic qualification, read any information source during past year and nurses' work unit showed a significant association with nurses' knowledge. Multiple linear regression analysis found knowledge, attitude and intention were significantly associated with nurses' practice to use physical restraint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed some important misunderstandings of nurses about using physical restraint and strong intention regarding using physical restraint. Findings of this study serve as a supporting reason for importance of educating nurses about the use of physical restraint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exploring the knowledge, attitude, intention and current practice of nurses towards physical restraint is important so that an effective strategy can be formulated to minimise the use of physical restraints in hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9706-9172
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eskandari
authors.affiliation: Head of Department of Nursing Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khatijah Lim
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.|Head of Psychological Medicine Research Group of University of Malaya (PARADIGM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.|Malaysian Psychiatric Association, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.|Malaysian J Psychiatry, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nor Zuraida
authors.initials: NZ
authors.lastname: Zainal
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Li Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: attitude; nurses’ knowledge; physical restraint; practice and intention towards physical restraint