title: Quantitative Evaluation of Atlas-based Attenuation Correction for Brain PET in an Integrated Time-of-Flight PET/MR Imaging System.
abstract: Purpose To assess the patient-dependent accuracy of atlas-based attenuation correction (ATAC) for brain positron emission tomography (PET) in an integrated time-of-flight (TOF) PET/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging system. Materials and Methods Thirty recruited patients provided informed consent in this institutional review board-approved study. All patients underwent whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography (CT) followed by TOF PET/MR imaging. With use of TOF PET data, PET images were reconstructed with four different attenuation correction (AC) methods: PET with patient CT-based AC (CTAC), PET with ATAC (air and bone from an atlas), PET with ATACpatientBone(air and tissue from the atlas with patient bone), and PET with ATACboneless(air and tissue from the atlas without bone). For quantitative evaluation, PET mean activity concentration values were measured in 14 1-mL volumes of interest (VOIs) distributed throughout the brain and statistical significance was tested with a paired t test. Results The mean overall difference (±standard deviation) of PET with ATAC compared with PET with CTAC was -0.69 kBq/mL ± 0.60 (-4.0% ± 3.2) (P < .001). The results were patient dependent (range, -9.3% to 0.57%) and VOI dependent (range, -5.9 to -2.2). In addition, when bone was not included for AC, the overall difference of PET with ATACboneless(-9.4% ± 3.7) was significantly worse than that of PET with ATAC (-4.0% ± 3.2) (P < .001). Finally, when patient bone was used for AC instead of atlas bone, the overall difference of PET with ATACpatientBone(-1.5% ± 1.5) improved over that of PET with ATAC (-4.0% ± 3.2) (P < .001). Conclusion ATAC in PET/MR imaging achieves similar quantification accuracy to that from CTAC by means of atlas-based bone compensation. However, patient-specific anatomic differences from the atlas causes bone attenuation differences and misclassified sinuses, which result in patient-dependent performance variation of ATAC.©RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF Physics Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946 (J.Y., N.J., S.C.B., T.A.H., P.E.Z.L., D.V., Y.S.); GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wis (Y.J.); and Department of Radiology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (T.A.H.).
authors.forename: Jaewon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF Physics Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946 (J.Y., N.J., S.C.B., T.A.H., P.E.Z.L., D.V., Y.S.); GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wis (Y.J.); and Department of Radiology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (T.A.H.).
authors.forename: Yiqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jian
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF Physics Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946 (J.Y., N.J., S.C.B., T.A.H., P.E.Z.L., D.V., Y.S.); GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wis (Y.J.); and Department of Radiology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (T.A.H.).
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1613-0072
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF Physics Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946 (J.Y., N.J., S.C.B., T.A.H., P.E.Z.L., D.V., Y.S.); GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wis (Y.J.); and Department of Radiology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (T.A.H.).
authors.forename: Spencer C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF Physics Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946 (J.Y., N.J., S.C.B., T.A.H., P.E.Z.L., D.V., Y.S.); GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wis (Y.J.); and Department of Radiology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (T.A.H.).
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hope
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF Physics Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946 (J.Y., N.J., S.C.B., T.A.H., P.E.Z.L., D.V., Y.S.); GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wis (Y.J.); and Department of Radiology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (T.A.H.).
authors.forename: Peder E Z
authors.initials: PEZ
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF Physics Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946 (J.Y., N.J., S.C.B., T.A.H., P.E.Z.L., D.V., Y.S.); GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wis (Y.J.); and Department of Radiology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (T.A.H.).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vigneron
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF Physics Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946 (J.Y., N.J., S.C.B., T.A.H., P.E.Z.L., D.V., Y.S.); GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wis (Y.J.); and Department of Radiology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (T.A.H.).
authors.forename: Youngho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18