title: Spread of a Major Clone of Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis in Poultry and in Salmonellosis Outbreaks in Southern Brazil.
abstract: Salmonella spp. are among the most important agents of foodborne diseases all over the world. Human Salmonella outbreaks are often associated with the consumption of poultry products (meat and eggs), and one of the most prevalent serotypes associated with these products is Salmonella Enteritidis. Brazil is one of the most important poultry exporters in the world. In southern Brazil, three closely related clones of Salmonella Enteritidis have been responsible for the majority of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks over the past decade. However, until now, there has been little information regarding the clonal relationship among the Brazilian Salmonella strains of avian origin and those involved in foodborne outbreaks. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to complete the molecular characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated from poultry and food sources involved in Salmonella outbreaks. PCR ribotyping was performed to discriminate the strains into different ribotype profiles according to the banding pattern amplification. This technique was able to differentiate the Salmonella Enteritidis strains into two banding patterns: R2 and R4. R2 accounted for 98.7% of the strains. DNA sequencing of the 600-bp fragment, present in all ribotypes, was applied to confirm this result. The sequences generated showed high levels of similarity, ranging from 99.7 to 100%, and were grouped into a single cluster. These results suggest that there is a clonal relationship among the Salmonella Enteritidis strains responsible for several salmonellosis outbreaks and the strains collected from poultry sources.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karen Apellanis
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thales Quedi
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Furian
authors.affiliation: Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sara Neves
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Agronomia, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo César
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Tondo
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Felipe
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Streck
authors.affiliation: Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Tadeu Pippi
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Salle
authors.affiliation: Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hamilton Luiz
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: de Souza Moraes
authors.affiliation: Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vladimir Pinheiro
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: do Nascimento
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D011200:Poultry; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D065288:Serogroup
keywords: Clonal relationship; Molecular characterization; PCR ribotyping; Salmonella