title: Cosmeceutical Effects of Galactomannan Fraction fromArenga pinnataFruitsIn vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cosmeceuticals refer to natural cosmetics with medical-like benefits due to their bioactive contents. Sugar palm fruit (Arenga pinnata) extract has been claimed for its anti-aging effectin vitro. However, its active compounds for cosmeceuticals is still unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was aimed to extract galactomannan fromA. pinnatafruits and test its efficacy for tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant, and anti-photoaging activitiesin vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Galactomannan fromA. pinnatafruits was extracted by freeze drying and identified for its chemical compounds by using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS). Galactomannan was tested for its tyrosinase inhibition in both cell-based (melanocytes) and enzymatic assays, antioxidant activity using ferrous ion chelating assay (FCA) assay, and anti-photoaging activity for inhibiting the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13 in macrophages using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Identification of galactomannan fraction fromA. pinnatafruits by py-GC/MS mainly consisted of oxonium ion and glucosides. For cellular assay, galactomannan at 5 μg/mL inhibited >50% of tyrosinase activity in melanocytes induced by phorbol myristate acetate. At the enzymatic level, galactomannan at similar concentration showed less tyrosinase activity inhibition (~20%). FCA results showed that galactomannan at 10 μg/mL exerted >50% of antioxidant activity. The qRT-PCR data indicated that galactomannan at 5 μg/mL inhibited >50% of MMP-1 and MMP-13 gene expressions in ultraviolet B-treated macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Galactomannan fraction fromA. pinnatafruits has efficacy for enlightening effect, antioxidant, and anti-photoaging activity in the dose-independent pattern, indicating its cosmeceutical effects for skin healthcare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A. pinnatafruit containing galactomannan has cosmeceutical potentials through enlightening effect, antioxidant, and anti-photoaging activity in vitro.Galactomannan fraction has inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity in both cellular melanocytes and enzymatic systems.Galactomannan fraction has strong protection against UVB-irradiation effect by inhibiting collagenase genes (MMP-1 and MMP-13) in macrophages.Abbreviations Used: Py-GC/MS: Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; FCA: Ferrous chelating activity; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; qRT-PCR: Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; PMA: Phorbol myristate acetate; UV: Ultraviolet; RPMI: Roswell Park Memorial Institute; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified eagle media; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; MTT: 3-(4,5-diethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dipheniltetrazolium bromide; L-DOPA: L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl; SPF: Sun protection factor.
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia; Master of Science in Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Yanti
authors.affiliation: Master of Science in Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Madriena
authors.affiliation: Master of Science in Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia; Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta 14440, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Soegianto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
keywords: Arenga pinnata; cosmeceutical agent; galactomannan fraction; sugar palm fruit