title: Removal of heavy metals from polluted soil using the citric acid fermentation broth: a promising washing agent.
abstract: The citric acid fermentation broth was prepared and it was employed to washing remediation of heavy metal-polluted soil. A well-defined washing effect was obtained, the removal percentages using citric acid fermentation broth are that 48.2% for Pb, 30.6% for Cu, 43.7% for Cr, and 58.4% for Cd and higher than that using citric acid solution. The kinetics of heavy metals desorption can be described by the double constant equation and Elovich equation and is a heterogeneous diffusion process. The speciation analysis shows that the citric acid fermentation broth can effectively reduce bioavailability and environmental risk of heavy metals. Spectroscopy characteristics analysis suggests that the washing method has only a small effect on the mineral composition and does not destroy the framework of soil system. Therefore, the citric acid fermentation broth is a promising washing agent and possesses a potential practical application value in the field of remediation of soils with a good washing performance.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.|Joint Research Centre for International Cross-border Ethnic Regions Biomass Clean Utilization in Yunnan, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongjiao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China. kylw168@163.com.|Joint Research Centre for International Cross-border Ethnic Regions Biomass Clean Utilization in Yunnan, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China. kylw168@163.com.
authors.forename: Yuntao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.|Joint Research Centre for International Cross-border Ethnic Regions Biomass Clean Utilization in Yunnan, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Huabin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiong
mesh_terms: D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005285:Fermentation; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D019343:Citric Acid
keywords: Citric acid fermentation broth; Heavy metals; Polluted soil; Remediation; Washing agent