title: Predicting floods with Flickr tags.
abstract: Increasingly, user generated content (UGC) in social media postings and their associated metadata such as time and location stamps are being used to provide useful operational information during natural hazard events such as hurricanes, storms and floods. The main advantage of these new sources of data are twofold. First, in a purely additive sense, they can provide much denser geographical coverage of the hazard as compared to traditional sensor networks. Second, they provide what physical sensors are not able to do: By documenting personal observations and experiences, they directly record the impact of a hazard on the human environment. For this reason interpretation of the content (e.g., hashtags, images, text, emojis, etc) and metadata (e.g., keywords, tags, geolocation) have been a focus of much research into social media analytics. However, as choices of semantic tags in the current methods are usually reduced to the exact name or type of the event (e.g., hashtags '#Sandy' or '#flooding'), the main limitation of such approaches remains their mere nowcasting capacity. In this study we make use of polysemous tags of images posted during several recent flood events and demonstrate how such volunteered geographic data can be used to provide early warning of an event before its outbreak.
authors.affiliation: Warwick Institute for the Science of Cities, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nataliya
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4740-6708
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tkachenko
authors.affiliation: Warwick Institute for the Science of Cities, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.|Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.affiliation: Warwick Institute for the Science of Cities, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.|Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Procter
mesh_terms: D055867:Cyclonic Storms; D003625:Data Collection; D004189:Disaster Planning; D004190:Disasters; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D055868:Floods; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D010781:Photography; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D061108:Social Media