title: Regulation Mechanisms of Viral IRES-Driven Translation.
abstract: Internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) can be found in the mRNA of many viruses as well as in cellular genes involved in the stress response, cell cycle, and apoptosis. IRES-mediated translation can occur when dominant cap-dependent translation is inhibited, and viruses can take advantage of this to subvert host translation machinery. In this review, we focus on the four major types of IRES identified in RNA viruses, and outline their distinct structural properties and requirements of translational factors. We further discuss auxiliary host factors known as IRES trans-acting factors (ITAFs), which are involved in the modulation of optimal IRES activity. Currently known strategies employed by viruses to harness ITAFs and regulate IRES activity are also highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Jene
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Clinical Virology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Science, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Electronic address: srshih@mail.cgu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shin-Ru
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shih
mesh_terms: D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D000067556:Internal Ribosome Entry Sites; D010849:Picornaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000067556:Internal Ribosome Entry Sites
keywords: EV-A71; IRES-dependent translation; ITAFs; Picornaviruses