title: Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake of Pregnant Women and Women of Childbearing Age in the United States: Potential for Deficiency?
abstract: Omega-3 fatty acids play critical roles during fetal growth and development with increased intakes associated with improved maternal-fetal outcomes. Omega-3 fatty acid intake in Western diets is low, and the impact of socioeconomic factors on omega-3 fatty acid intake in pregnant women and women of childbearing age has not been reported. We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2003-2012 to assess the relationship between omega-3 fatty acid intake and socioeconomic factors in women of childbearing age. Out of 7266 eligible participants, 6478 were women of childbearing age, while 788 were identified as pregnant at the time of the survey. Mean EPA+DHA intake of the population was 89.0 mg with no significant difference between pregnant and non-pregnant women. By univariate and multivariate analyses adjusting for confounders, omega-3 fatty acid intake was significantly associated with poverty-to-income ratio, race, and educational attainment. Our results demonstrate that omega-3 fatty acid intake is a concern in pregnant women and women of childbearing age in the United States, and that socioeconomically disadvantaged populations are more susceptible to potential deficiencies. Strategies to increase omega-3 fatty acid intake in these populations could have the potential to improve maternal and infant health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 Nebraska Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198-5910, USA. tnordgren@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Tara M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Nordgren
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Department, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984375 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4375, USA. elyden@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lyden
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981205 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1205, USA. alanders@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anderson-Berry
authors.affiliation: Medical Nutrition Education Division, College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984045 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4045, USA. ckhanson@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Corrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011247:Pregnancy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: childbearing; diet; omega-3 fatty acid; pregnancy; socioeconomic; women