title: Prepotent response inhibition and reaction times in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder from a Caribbean community.
abstract: Impairment in inhibitory control has been postulated as an underlying hallmark of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which can be utilized as a quantitative trait for genetic studies. Here, we evaluate whether inhibitory control, measured by simple automatized prepotent response (PR) inhibition variables, is a robust discriminant function for the diagnosis of ADHD in children and can be used as an endophenotype for future genetic studies. One hundred fifty-two school children (30.9% female, 67.8% with ADHD) were recruited. The ADHD checklist was used as the screening tool, whilst the DSM-IV Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview, neurologic interview and neurologic examination, and the WISC III FSIQ test were administered as the gold standard procedure to assert ADHD diagnosis. A Go/No-Go task using a naturalistic and automatized visual signal was administered. A linear multifactor model (MANOVA) was fitted to compare groups including ADHD status, age, and gender as multiple independent factors. Linear discriminant analysis and the receiver operating characteristic curve were used to assess the predictive performance of PR inhibition variables for ADHD diagnosis. We found that four variables of prepotent response reaction time- and prepotent response inhibition established statistically significant differences between children with and without ADHD. Furthermore, these variables generated a strong discriminant function with a total classification capability of 73, 84% specificity, 68% sensitivity, and 90% positive predictive value for ADHD diagnosis, which support reaction times as a candidate endophenotype that could potentially be used in future ADHD genetic research.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Calle 54 # 59 -189, Sede 1, Bloque C, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Giomar
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8697-0424
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Figueroa
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Calle 54 # 59 -189, Sede 1, Bloque C, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ardila-Duarte
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.|Neuropsychology and Conduct Research Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Calle 54 # 59 -189, Sede 1, Bloque C, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Johan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Acosta-López
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Calle 54 # 59 -189, Sede 1, Bloque C, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cervantes-Henríquez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Calle 54 # 59 -189, Sede 1, Bloque C, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Wilmar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pineda-Alhucema
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Calle 54 # 59 -189, Sede 1, Bloque C, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Jeimys
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cervantes-Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Calle 54 # 59 -189, Sede 1, Bloque C, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Marisol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quintero-Ibarra
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Calle 54 # 59 -189, Sede 1, Bloque C, Barranquilla, Colombia.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Rojas
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.|Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia.|Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
authors.forename: Jorge I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Vélez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Calle 54 # 59 -189, Sede 1, Bloque C, Barranquilla, Colombia. ppuentes1@unisimonbolivar.edu.co.|Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad Simón Bolívar-Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia. ppuentes1@unisimonbolivar.edu.co.
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Puentes-Rozo
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D017691:Caribbean Region; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D058068:Endophenotypes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time
keywords: ADHD; Endophenotypes; Inhibitory control; Prepotent response inhibition; Reaction time