title: Female reproductive factors are associated with objectively measured physical activity in middle-aged women.
abstract: Physical activity improves health and may delay the onset of several chronic diseases. For women in particular, the rate of these diseases accelerates at middle age; therefore it is important to identify the determinants of health-enhancing physical activity during midlife in this population. In this study, we focused on determinants that are unique to the female sex, such as childbearing and menopause. The main objective was to characterize the level of physical activity and differences between active and inactive middle-aged Finnish women. In addition, we examined the association of physical activity with female reproductive factors at midlife. The study population consisted of 647 women aged 48 to 55 years who participated in our Estrogenic Regulation of Muscle Apoptosis (ERMA) study during the period from 2015 to 2016. Physical activity was measured objectively using hip-worn accelerometers for seven consecutive days. The outcome measures included the amounts of light intensity physical activity and moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity accumulated in bouts of at least 10 minutes (MVPA10). MVPA10 was used to determine whether women were placed in the active (≥150 min/week) or inactive (<150 min/week) group. Multiple linear regression models were performed with physical activity measures as dependent variables and cumulative reproductive history index, menopausal symptoms, and pelvic floor dysfunction as independent variables. We found that a large portion (61%) of Finnish middle-aged women did not meet the physical activity recommendations of 150 minutes of MVPA10 per week. In the studied cohort, 78% of women experienced menopausal symptoms, and 54% exhibited pelvic floor dysfunction. Perceived menopausal symptoms were associated with greater light physical activity. Perceived pelvic floor dysfunction was associated with lower MVPA10. According to the fully adjusted multiple linear regression models, reproductive factors explained 6.0% of the variation of MVPA10 and 7.5% of the variation of light physical activity. The results increase our knowledge of the factors related to physical activity participation among middle-aged women and indicate that menopausal symptoms and pelvic floor dysfunction should be identified and considered when promoting physical activity for women during midlife. The results emphasize that awareness of female reproductive factors, especially menopausal symptoms and pelvic floor dysfunction, is important for physical activity counseling to effectively help women in performing and sustaining health-enhancing amounts of physical activity. Specifically, the condition of the pelvic floor should be taken into account when identifying the proper activity type and intensity level so that health benefits of physical activity can still be attained without worsening symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.|Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eija K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-9489
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Laakkonen
authors.affiliation: LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kulmala
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pelvic Floor Research and Therapy Unit, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Pauliina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aukee
authors.affiliation: LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Harto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakonen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Urho M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Kujala
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dawn A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Vuokko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kovanen
authors.affiliation: LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tammelin
authors.affiliation: Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Sarianna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sipilä
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059952:Pelvic Floor Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D017584:Reproductive History