title: Livestock and feed water productivity in the mixed crop-livestock system.
abstract: Recently with limited information from intensified grain-based farming systems in developed countries, livestock production is challenged as being huge consumer of freshwater. The smallholder mixed crop-livestock (MCL) system which is predominant in developing countries like Ethiopia, is maintained with considerable contributions of crop residues (CR) to livestock feeding. Inclusion of CR is expected to reduce the water requirement for feed production resulting improvement in livestock water productivity (LWP). This study was conducted to determine feed water productivity (FWP) and LWP in the MCL system. A multistage sampling procedure was followed to select farmers from different wealth status. Wealth status dictated by ownership of key farm resources such as size of cropland and livestock influenced the magnitude of livestock outputs, FWP and LWP. Significant difference in feed collected, freshwater evapotranspired, livestock outputs and water productivity (WP) were observed between wealth groups, where wealthier are relatively more advantaged. Water productivity of CR and grazing land (GL) analyzed separately showed contrasting differences where better-off gained more on CR, whereas vice versa on GL. These counterbalancing of variations may justify the non-significant difference in total FWP between wealth groups. Despite observed differences, low WP on GL indicates the need of interventions at all levels. The variation in WP of CR is attributed to availability of production factors which restrained the capacity of poor farmers most. A linear relationship between the proportion of CR in livestock feed and FWP was evident, but the relationship with LWP was not likely linear. As CR are inherently low in digestibility and nutritive values which have an effect on feed conversion into valuable livestock products and services, increasing share of CR beyond an optimum level is not a viable option to bring improvements in livestock productivity as expressed in terms of LWP. Ensuring land security, installing proper grazing management, improved forage seed supply and application of soil and water conservation are expected to enhance WP on GL. Given the relationship of production factors with crop biomass and associated WP, interventions targeted to improve provision of inputs, credit, extension and training support due emphasis to the poor would increase CR yield and reduce part of water use for feed production. Optimizing feed value of CR with treatment and supplementation, following water efficient forage production methods and maintenance of healthy productive animals are expected to amplify the benefits from livestock and eventually improve LWP.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Animal Science,College of Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences,Debre Berhan University,PO Box 445,Debre Berhan,Ethiopia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bekele
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Animal Production,College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture,Addis Ababa University,PO Box 34,Debre Zeit,Ethiopia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mengistu
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Animal Production,College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture,Addis Ababa University,PO Box 34,Debre Zeit,Ethiopia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tamir
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000074067:Conservation of Water Resources; D005002:Ethiopia; D000067565:Farmers; D005618:Fresh Water; D058751:Livestock; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D014867:Water
keywords: evapotranspiration; feed; livestock; water productivity; wealth