title: Mechanistic added value of a trans-Sulfonamide-Platinum-Complex in human melanoma cell lines and synergism with cis-Platin.
abstract: Cisplatin is a potent antitumor agent. However, toxicity and primary and secondary resistance are major limitations of cisplatin-based chemotherapy, leading to therapeutic failure. We have previously reported that mono-sulfonamide platinum complexes have good antitumor activity against different tumoral cell lines and with a different and better cytotoxic profile than cisplatin. Besides, N-sulfonamides have been used extensively in medicinal chemistry as bactericides, anticonvulsant, inhibitors of the carbonic anhydrase, inhibitors of histone deacetylases, and inhibitors of microtubule polymerization, among others.
  
  
  
  We aimed to compare the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin and a trans-sulfonamide-platinum-complex (TSPC), in two human melanoma cell lines that differ in their TP53 status: SK-MEL-5, TP53 wild type, and SK-MEL-28, TP53 mutated. We performed cytotoxicity assays with both drugs, alone and in combination, cell cycle analyses, western blotting and immunoprecipitation, and fluorescence immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  
  TSPC had similar antiproliferative activity than cisplatin against SK-MEL-5 (3.24 ± 1.08 vs 2.89 ± 1.12 μM) and higher against SK-MEL-28 cells (5.83 ± 1.06 vs 10.17 ± 1.29 μM). Combination of both drugs inhibited proliferation in both cell lines, being especially important in SK-MEL-28, and showing a synergistic effect. In contrast to cisplatin, TSPC caused G1 instead G2/M arrest in both cell lines. Our present findings indicate that the G1 arrest is associated with the induction of CDKN1A and CDKN1B proteins, and that this response is also present in melanoma cells containing TP53 mutated. Also, strong accumulation of CDKN1A and CDKN1B in cells nuclei was seen upon TSPC treatment in both cell lines.
  
  
  
  Overall, these findings provide a new promising TSPC compound with in vitro antitumor activity against melanoma cell lines, and with a different mechanism of action from that of cisplatin. Besides, TSPC synergism with cisplatin facilitates its potential use for co-treatment to reduce toxicity and resistance against cisplatin. TSPC remains a promising lead compound for the generation of novel antineoplastic agent and to explore its synergism with other DNA damaging agents.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12), Avda de Córdoba S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agudo-López
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12), Avda de Córdoba S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prieto-García
authors.affiliation: Organic Chemistry Department (Module 1), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Fco Tomás y Valiente, 5. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alemán
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12), Avda de Córdoba S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12), Avda de Córdoba S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: C Vanesa
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Díaz-García
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parrilla-Rubio
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Chemistry Department (Module 7), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Fco Tomás y Valiente, 5, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Chemistry Department (Module 7), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Fco Tomás y Valiente, 5, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Navarro-Ranninger
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12), Avda de Córdoba S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain.|Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Hernán
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cortés-Funes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12), Avda de Córdoba S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain.|Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: López-Martín
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i + 12), Avda de Córdoba S/N, 28041, Madrid, Spain. agullo@h12o.es.
authors.forename: M Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Agulló-Ortuño
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; C436291:CDKN1B protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D013449:Sulfonamides; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D002945:Cisplatin
keywords: Cell Cycle control; Cisplatin; Mechanisms of action; Melanoma; Mono-Sulfonamide; Transplatin