title: Protective effects of linalool against amyloid beta-induced cognitive deficits and damages in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Amyloid-beta (Aβ)-mediated neurotoxicity plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which induces oxidative stress and apoptosis. Linalool (LI) is a volatile monoterpene showing positive effect in AD treatment. This study was designed to research the protective effect of LI against neurotoxicity and cognitive deficits induced by Aβ1-40in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aβ1-40(4μg) solution was injected in the bilateral hippocampus to induce cognitive deficits of mice. The protective effects of LI were evaluated by behavioral tests and the related mechanism was further explored by observing the apoptosis and oxidative stress changes in the hippocampus of mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LI (100mg/kg, i.p.) administration significantly improved the cognitive performance of model mice in Morris water maze test and step-through test. Meanwhile, LI effectively reversed the Aβ1-40induced hippocampal cell injury in histological examination, apoptosis in TUNEL assay, changes of oxidative stress indicators (SOD, GPX, AChE). Besides, the activated cleaved caspase (caspase-3, caspase-9) was suppressed and Nrf2, HO-1 expression was elevated by LI treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LI could attenuate cognitive deficits induced by Aβ, and the neuroprotective effect of LI might be mediated by alleviation of apoptosis, oxidative stress depending on activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. We could assume that LI has the potential to be a neuroprotective substance for AD therapy.
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China. Electronic address: clamslowly@163.com.
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Kezhu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uighur Medicine, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830049, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uighur Medicine, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830049, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uighur Medicine, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830049, China.
authors.forename: Silafu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aibai
authors.affiliation: China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 1, Beijing 100094, China.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 1, Beijing 100094, China. Electronic address: xmliu@implad.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xinmin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D007306:Insecticides; D039821:Monoterpenes; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C018584:linalool
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Apoptosis; Cognitive improvement; Linalool; Oxidative stress