title: Nitric oxide-generating compound GSNO suppresses porcine circovirus type 2 infection in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO), an important signaling molecule with biological functions, has antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogens including viruses. To our knowledge, little information is available about the regulatory effect of NO on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. This study was conducted to investigate the antiviral activity of NO generated from S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), during PCV2 infection of PK-15 cells and BALB/c mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSNO released considerable NO in the culture medium of PK-15 cells, and NO was scavenged by its scavenger hemoglobin (Hb) in a dose-dependent manner. NO strongly inhibited PCV2 replication in PK-15 cells, and the antiviral effect was reversed by Hb. An in vivo assay indicated that GSNO treatment reduced the progression of PCV2 infection in mice, evident as reductions in the percentages of PCV2-positive sera and tissue samples and in the viral DNA copies in serum samples. GSNO also improved the growth performance and immune organs (spleens and thymuses) of the PCV2-infected mice to some degree.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that the NO-generating compound GSNO suppresses PCV2 infection in PK-15 cells and BALB/c mice, indicating that NO and its donor, GSNO, have potential value as antiviral drugs against PCV2 infection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China.|Key laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China.|National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 12 Wen-Hui East Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
authors.forename: Chuanmin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China.|Key laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China.|National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 12 Wen-Hui East Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
authors.forename: Libin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China.|Key laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China.|National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 12 Wen-Hui East Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China. kwh2003@263.net.|Key laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China. kwh2003@263.net.|National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210014, China. kwh2003@263.net.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 12 Wen-Hui East Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou, 225009, China. kwh2003@263.net.
authors.forename: Kongwang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002460:Cell Line; D018173:Circoviridae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D017925:Circovirus; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione
keywords: BALB/c mice; GSNO; Nitric oxide; PCV2; PK-15 cells