title: Exploring the associations between intimate partner violence victimization during pregnancy and delayed entry into prenatal care: Evidence from a population-based study in Bangladesh.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy can have serious health consequences for mothers and newborns. The aim of the study is to explore: 1) the influence of experiencing IPV during pregnancy on delayed entry into prenatal care; and 2) whether women's decision-making autonomy and the support for traditional gender roles act to mediate or moderate the relationship between IPV and delayed entry into prenatal care.
  
  
  METHODS
  cross-sectional survey. Multivariate logistic regression models were estimated that control for various socio-demographic and pregnancy related factors to assess whether women who experienced IPV during pregnancy were more likely to delay entry into prenatal care compared with women who had not experienced IPV. The influence of traditional gender roles acceptance and decision-making autonomy were examined both as independent variables and in interaction with IPV, to assess their role as potential mediators or moderators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chandpur district, Bangladesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  the sample comprised of 426 Bangladeshi women, aged 15-49 years. Postpartum mothers who visited vaccinations centres to receive their children's vaccinations constitute the sampling frame.
  
  
  RESULTS
  almost 70% of the women surveyed reported patterns consistent with delayed entry into prenatal care. Accounting for the influence of other covariates, women who experienced physical IPV during pregnancy were 2.61 times more likely (95% CI [1.33, 5.09]) to have delayed entry into prenatal care than their counterparts who did not report physical IPV. Neither sexual nor psychological IPV victimization during pregnancy was linked with late entry into prenatal care. Both gender role attitudes and levels of autonomy mediate the effect of IPV on prenatal care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the results suggest that the high rates of IPV in Bangladesh have effects that can compromise women's health seeking behaviour during pregnancy, putting them and their developing fetus at risk. Specifically, Bangladeshi women who experience physical IPV during pregnancy are more likely to delay or forgo prenatal care, an effect that is further magnified by cultural ideals that emphasize women's traditional roles and limit their autonomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  this study reinforces the need to detect and assist women suffering IPV, not only to offer them help and support but also to increase entry into prenatal care. Healthcare professionals involved in obstetrics and midwifery need to be aware of the risk factors of IPV during pregnancy and be able to identify women who are at risk for delayed entry into prenatal care.
authors.affiliation: School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4122, Australia; Ministry of Planning, Bangladesh Planning Commission, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh. Electronic address: mdjahirul.islam@griffithuni.edu.au.
authors.forename: Md Jahirul
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4122, Australia; Department of Sociology, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Broidy
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.affiliation: School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4122, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mazerolle
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057226:Information Seeking Behavior; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Decision-making autonomy; Delayed entry; Intimate partner violence; Pregnancy; Prenatal care; Traditional gender roles