title: Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Acrylate-Based Gastrosparing NSAID Prodrugs.
abstract: Dexibuprofen and aceclofenac are well-known NSAID molecules, their oral use leads to gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. To circumvent that GI toxicity, the prodrug approach is a better alternative. Hence, this research was undertaken to synthesize prodrugs of dexibuprofen and aceclofenac using acrylic polymers with degradable ester bonds. Dexibuprofen was linked to 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate by an activated ester technique. The resulting material was copolymerized with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate (in 1:3 mole ratios) by the free radical polymerization method, utilizing azoisobutyronitrile at 65-70°C. Similarly aceclofenac was also processed. The resulting prodrugs were characterized by IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. The synthesized prodrugs possess optimal physicochemical characteristics such as the intended molecular weight, lipophilicity, partition coefficient, and protein binding. The drug release on hydrolysis was studied in various fluids such as SGF (pH 1.2), SIF (pH 7.4), and SCF (pH 6.8), to establish the drug release kinetics. Pharmacological evaluation exhibited anti-inflammatory activity with remarkable reduction in ulcerogenicity compared to the parent drug. Under the conditions used, the prodrugs showed no antigenicity in Wistar rats. Thus, it was concluded that acrylic-based prodrugs were efficient in drug localization in the stomach, without gastric problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Poonthavanam, Malappuram, India.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rasheed
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutics Division, Sri Padmavathi School of Pharmacy, Tirupati, India.
authors.forename: Prasanna Raju
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7859-0475
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Yalavarthi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Poonthavanam, Malappuram, India.
authors.forename: Haseena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheramparambil
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, India.
authors.forename: Jaya Preethi
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Peesa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Poonthavanam, Malappuram, India.
authors.forename: Azeem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdul Khareem
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D011355:Prodrugs; C036658:acrylic acid
keywords: Aceclofenac; Anaphylaxis; Antigenicity; Dexibuprofen201600325-kwd-0005">Ulcer index