title: COMT Val158Met polymorphism moderates the association between PTSD symptom severity and hippocampal volume.
abstract: Memory-based alterations are among the hallmark symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and may be associated with the integrity of the hippocampus. However, neuroimaging studies of hippocampal volume in individuals with PTSD have yielded inconsistent results, raising the possibility that various moderators, such as genetic factors, may influence this association. We examined whether the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism, which has previously been shown to be associated with hippocampal volume in healthy individuals, moderates the association between PTSD and hippocampal volume.
  
  
  
  Recent war veterans underwent structural MRI on a 3 T scanner. We extracted volumes of the right and left hippocampus using FreeSurfer and adjusted them for individual differences in intracranial volume. We assessed PTSD severity using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Hierarchical linear regression was used to model the genotype (Val158Met polymorphism) × PTSD severity interaction and its association with hippocampal volume.
  
  
  
  We included 146 white, non-Hispanic recent war veterans (90% male, 53% with diagnosed PTSD) in our analyses. A significant genotype × PTSD symptom severity interaction emerged such that individuals with greater current PTSD symptom severity who were homozygous for the Val allele showed significant reductions in left hippocampal volume.
  
  
  
  The direction of proposed effects is unknown, thus precluding definitive assessment of whether differences in hippocampal volume reflect a consequence of PTSD, a pre-existing characteristic, or both.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest that the COMT polymorphism moderates the association between PTSD and hippocampal volume. These results highlight the role that the dopaminergic system has in brain structure and suggest a possible mechanism for memory disturbance in individuals with PTSD.
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Jasmeet P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Logue
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reagan
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salat
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Erika J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sadeh
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Spielberg
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sperbeck
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Regina E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: McGlinchey
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Milberg
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verfaellie
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Annjanette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schichman
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Reagan, Wolf, Sadeh, Miller); the Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Wolf, Sadeh, Spielberg, Sperbeck, Hayes, Verfaellie, Miller); the Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Salat, Spielberg, Hayes); the Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Logue); the Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (Hayes, Verfaellie); the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (Salat); the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders and Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. (McGlinchey, Milberg); the Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, USA (Stone, Schichman).
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics*; D014227:Triazines
chemical_list: D014227:Triazines; C028704:cyromazine; C588010:COMT protein, human; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase