title: An evolutionary solution of terrestrial isopods to cope with low atmospheric oxygen levels.
abstract: The evolution of current terrestrial life was founded by major waves of land invasion coinciding with high atmospheric oxygen content. These waves were followed by periods with substantially reduced oxygen concentration and accompanied by the evolution of novel traits. Reproduction and development are limiting factors for evolutionary water-land transitions, and brood care has probably facilitated land invasion. Peracarid crustaceans provide parental care for their offspring by brooding the early stages within the motherly brood pouch, the marsupium. Terrestrial isopod progeny begin ontogenetic development within the marsupium in water, but conclude development within the marsupium in air. Our results for progeny growth until hatching from the marsupium provide evidence for the limiting effects of oxygen concentration and for a potentially adaptive solution. Inclusion of air within the marsupium compensates for initially constrained growth in water through catch-up growth, and it may explain how terrestrial isopods adapted to short- and long-term changes in oxygen concentration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland terezia.horvathova@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Terézia
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2645-3844
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horváthová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antoł
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czarnoleski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kozłowski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bauchinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D033321:Isopoda / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Atmospheric oxygen concentration; Brood care; Catch-up growth; Hypoxia; Land invasion; Progeny development