title: Treatment of hemifacial spasm with botulinum toxin type a: effective, long lasting and well tolerated.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in the treatment of HFS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of patients treated at the Movement Disorders Outpatient Clinic in the Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, from 2009 to 2013 was carried out. A total of 550 BTX-A injections were administered to 100 HFS patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean duration of improvement following each injection session was 3.1 months, mean latency to detection of improvement was 7.1 days and mean success rate was 94.7%. Patients were evaluated at an interval of 5.8 months after each application. Adverse effects, which were mostly minor, were observed in 37% of the patients at least once during follow-up. The most frequent was ptosis (35.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of HFS with BTX-A was effective, sustainable and safe and had minimal, well-tolerated side effects.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Curitiba PR, Brasil.
authors.forename: Jean Pierre Mette
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Batisti
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Curitiba PR, Brasil.
authors.forename: Alais Daiane Fadini
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kleinfelder
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Curitiba PR, Brasil.
authors.forename: Natália Bassalobre
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Unidade de Distúrbios do Movimento, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba PR, Brasil.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.affiliation: University Health Network, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Renato Puppi
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Munhoz
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Unidade de Distúrbios do Movimento, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba PR, Brasil.
authors.forename: Hélio Afonso Ghizoni
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Teive
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A