title: An exploratory study into measuring the cortical bone thickness from CT in the presence of metal implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a method for measuring the cortical bone thickness from computed tomography (CT) scans with metallic implants and to assess the benefits of metal artefact removal software.
  
  
  METHODS
  A previously validated technique based on the fitting of a cortical model was modified to also model metal structures when required. Cortical thickness measurements were taken over intact bone segments and compared with the corresponding contralateral bone segment. The evaluation dataset includes post-operative CT scans of a unipolar hemi-arthroplasty, a dynamic hip screw fixation, a bipolar hemi-arthroplasty, a fixation with cannulated screws and a total hip arthroplasty. All CT scans were analysed before and after processing with metal artefact removal software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cortical thickness validity and accuracy were improved through the use of a modified metalwork-optimised model and metal artefact removal software. For the proximal femoral segments of the aforementioned cases, the cortical thickness was measured with a mean absolute error of 0.55, 0.39, 0.46, 0.53 and 0.69 mm. The hemi-pelvis produced thickness errors of 0.51, 0.52, 0.52, 0.47 and 0.67 mm, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method was shown to measure cortical bone thickness in the presence of metalwork at a sub-millimetre accuracy. This new technique might be helpful in assessing fracture healing near implants or fixation devices, and improve the evaluation of periprosthetic bone after hip replacement surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 1PZ, UK. tw401@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Whitmarsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 1PZ, UK.
authors.forename: Graham M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Treece
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 1PZ, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK.
authors.forename: Kenneth E S
authors.initials: KES
authors.lastname: Poole
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D016477:Artifacts; D001863:Bone Screws; D000071538:Cortical Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Computed tomography; Cortical thickness; Hip implants; Metal artefact removal