title: Endoscopic and Photodynamic Therapy of Cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) have unresectable disease. Endoscopic bile duct drainage is one of the major objectives of palliation of obstructive jaundice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stent implantation using endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is considered to be the standard technique. Unilateral versus bilateral stenting is associated with different advantages and disadvantages; however, a standard approach is still not defined. As there are various kinds of stents, there is an ongoing discussion on which stent to use in which situation. Palliation of obstructive jaundice can be augmented through the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Studies have shown a prolonged survival for the combinations of PDT and different stent applications as well as combinations of PDT and additional systemic chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More well-designed studies are needed to better evaluate and standardize endoscopic treatment of unresectable CCA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caca
keywords: Cholangiocarcinoma; Endoscopic therapy; Photodynamic therapy