title: Efficient T3P®mediated synthesis, differential cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by indolo-triazolo-thiadiazoles in human breast adenocarcinoma cells.
abstract: The limited efficacy of marketed anticancer agents demands the design of novel target-specific hybrid molecules incorporating multiple bioactive pharmacores to combat cancer. In the present study, a one-pot simple and efficient T3P®mediated procedure for the preparation of twelve new 3-(substituted- [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b] [1,3,4]thiadiazolo)-1H-indoles with short reaction times, easy workup procedure, good yields, and purity of products is described. Cytotoxicity assay (MTT), flow-cytometric univariate cell cycle analysis, Annexin V-FITC staining and DNA fragmentation for cell death mechanism suggested that compound 3d with chloro-substituted phenyl ring induced enhanced cytotoxicity by an apoptotic pathway with high differential toxicity to breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) when compared with normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Additionally, the interaction between the BH3 domain of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL with the pharmacophore 3d was examined by molecular docking simulations to assess its potential to induce apoptosis. The docking solutions were proposed to explain the observed selectivity of 3d to Bcl-xL protein. From the present findings, the lead compound, 3d exhibited better anticancer activity when related to the other synthesized molecules with specific action on MCF-7 cells and hence can be considered as a plausible candidate chemo-therapeutic agent, although this warrants further experimentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, 576 104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Pooja R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kamath
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, 576 104, Karnataka, India. Electronic address: dhanyadss3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dhanya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sunil
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, 576 104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Shubhankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, 576 104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Abdul Ajees
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdul Salam
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, 576 104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: B S Satish
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000812:Anhydrides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D059585:G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008024:Ligands; D061986:MCF-7 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000737:chemistry*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000737:chemistry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013830:Thiadiazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000812:Anhydrides; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C000595707:BCL2 protein, human; C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; D007211:Indoles; D008024:Ligands; D063065:Organophosphonates; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013830:Thiadiazoles; D014230:Triazoles; D051020:bcl-X Protein; C540935:propylphosphonic acid anhydride
keywords: Apoptosis; Cell cycle; Cytotoxicity; Docking; Indolo-triazolo-thiadiazole