title: Botulinum Toxin Injection-Site Selection for a Smooth Shoulder Line: An Anatomical Study.
abstract: Introduction.This study aimed to improve the accuracy of manual needle placement into the trapezius (TM) for smooth shoulder line.Methods.For macroscopic study 12 TMs and for microscopic study 4 cadavers were detached and then sampled, 1⁎1 cm at the four points from the origin to insertion site (0% at the most lateral point of external occipital protuberance and 100% at the most lateral point of acromion).Results.Most of the nerve endings observed during macroscopic investigations were concentrated in the 60-80% region, and the second most distributed region was the 40-60% region. The microscopic results revealed that the 60-80% region on the reference line had the most dense neuromuscular junction area, while the 40-60% and 80-100% areas were similar in their neuromuscular junction densities.Discussion.These anatomical results will be useful in clinical settings especially for cosmetic surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Laboratory, College of Sports Science, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Je Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Key Youn
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woo Hyeon
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Heun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gil Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Gumi Medical Center, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seongoh
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8135-0605
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Ho
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3030-5353
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016616:Cryoultramicrotomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects; D012782:Shoulder / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A