title: Inter-seasonal and spatial distribution of ground-level greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) over Nagpur in India and their management roadmap.
abstract: Ground-level concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were monitored over three seasons, i.e., post-monsoon (September-October), winter (January-February), and summer (May-June) for 1 year during 2013-2014 in Nagpur City in India. The selected gases had moderate to high variation both spatially (residential, commercial, traffic intersections, residential cum commercial sites) and temporally (at 7:00, 13:00, 18:00, and 23:00 hours in all three seasons). Concentrations of gases were randomly distributed diurnally over city in all seasons, and there was no specific increasing or decreasing trend with time in a day. Average CO2and N2O concentrations in winter were higher over post-monsoon and summer while CH4had highest average concentration in summer. Observed concentrations of CO2were predominantly above global average of 400 ppmv while N2O and CH4concentrations frequently dropped down below global average of 327 ppbv and 1.8 ppmv, respectively. Two-tailed Student's t test indicated that post-monsoon CO2concentrations were statistically different from summer but not so from winter, while difference between summer and winter concentrations was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CH4concentrations in all seasons were statistically at par to each other. In case of N2O, concentrations in post-monsoon were statistically different from summer but not so from winter, while difference between summer and winter concentrations was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Average ground-level concentrations of the gases calculated for three seasons together were higher in commercial areas. Environmental management priorities vis a vis greenhouse gas emissions in the city are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Kolkata Zonal Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), i-8, Sector C, EKDP, EM Bypass, Kolkata, 700107, India. d_majumdar@neeri.res.in.
authors.forename: Deepanjan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8063-7623
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.affiliation: Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India.
authors.forename: Padma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India.
authors.forename: Nilam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maske
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D007194:India; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005740:Gases; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008697:Methane
keywords: Air pollution; Combustion; Decomposition; Energy; Global warming