title: Chemical composition and pharmacological significance of Anethum Sowa L. Root.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medicinal herbs are used for the treatment of different ailments since antiquity. Different parts of Anethum sowa L. is used in folk medicine as a carminative for the treatment of flatulence, colic and hiccups of infants and children, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antispasmodic agent. The aim of our present study is to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil, proximate and elemental composition, amino acid, fatty acid profile and thermal behaviour of its root part as well as different pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity of the root essential oil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The air-dried roots of Anethum sowa L. were subjected to hydro-distillation to yield the essential oil. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was studied by DPPH radical scavenging activity. The antimicrobial activity was tested against four Gram-positive, six Gram-negative bacteria and four fungi species. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) for each examined microorganism were determined using the micro-dilution method. The LC50value of the oil was also evaluated by brine shrimp lethality assay. The subsequent proximate analysis was also done by AOAC methods. The elemental analysis of the root powder was analysed by ICP-MS, AAS and FP system. The fatty acid was extracted by hot and cold extraction method and the analyses were carried out by GC. The amino acid profile was done by the amino acid analyzer. The DTA, DTG and TG of the root powder were taken by the thermogravimetric analyzer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 constituents was identified and quantified in the essential oil and its water extract portion by GC and GC-MS. Apiol (81.99 and 74.779%) was found the highest phenylpropanoid constituent followed by m-diaminobenzene (10.446 and 8.778%) in the essential oil and aqueous extract portion. On the other hand, β-butyrolactone (5.13%) and isobutyl acetone (3.73%) were found in the major constituents in the water extract part. The IC50value of the essential oil was found to be 3.07 mg/mL by DPPH radical assay methods. The LC50value of the brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay of the essential oil was observed at 0.81 μg/mL. The essential oil showed better activity on Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. The proximate composition showed that root contained 5.29% ash, 2.01% protein, 54.09% crude fibre, 0.15% essential oil and 1.14% fatty oil for hot extract and 0.23% for cold extract on the dried basis. The palmitic (33.81 & 31.58%) and linoleic acid (30.03 & 23.79%) were the major saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the cold and hot extracted root powder respectively. Ca (23,600 mg/kg), Mg (7620.33 mg/kg) and K (1286.15 mg/kg) were the most predominant elements followed by Ni (1187.30 mg/kg), Se (913.79 mg/kg), Li (317.84 mg/kg), Na (288.72 mg/kg) and Fe (206.88 mg/kg). The toxic elements were found to be within the permissible limit. Glutamic acid (19.37%), glycine (14.53%) and lysine (17.08%) were found as the major amino acids. The decomposition rates were obtained by TG, DTG and DTA curve of the powder sample at various temperature ranges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that the root part of Anethum sowa L. is a rich source of mineral elements, essential amino acid and fatty acids. The essential oil is the highly potential as bioactive oil for pharmaceuticals and medical applications, possessing antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The thermal analysis suggested as a simple, effective and rapid method to characterize the Anethum sowa L. species as well as to assess for herbal formulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, 1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh. saleheen.sosthe@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Md Moshfekus
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Saleh-E-In
authors.affiliation: Institute of National Analytical Research and Services, BCSIR Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sultana
authors.affiliation: Food Toxicology Research Section, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Matiur
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahim
authors.affiliation: Institute of National Analytical Research and Services, BCSIR Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Aminul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ahsan
authors.affiliation: Food Toxicology Research Section, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Nurul Huda
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Bhuiyan
authors.affiliation: Industrial Microbiology Research Division, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Nur
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Plant Protein Research Division, IFST, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Mahbubar
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: IFRD, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Sudhangshu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar Roy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, 1342, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Rabiul
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Islam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D019661:Apiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: Amino acid; Anethum sowa L; Apiol; Biological activity; Fatty acid; ICP/MS; Thermal analysis