title: Development of novel tools to measure food neophobia in children.
abstract: The main tool currently used to measure food neophobia (the Food Neophobia Scale, FNS, developed by Pliner & Hobden, 1992) may not remain optimal forever. It was developed around 25 years ago, and the perception and availability of "novel" and "ethnic" foods may have changed in the meantime. Consequently, there is a need for developing updated tools for measuring food neophobia.
  
  
  
  To develop novel tools to measure food neophobia in children.
  
  
  
  Based on a review of 13 designs to assess food neophobia and willingness to try unfamiliar foods, a Food Neophobia Test Tool (FNTT) was developed. A questionnaire including the FNS, a 19-item FNTT, items about willingness to taste novel foods in different surroundings and a behavioral test was administered to 235 children aged 9-13 years. Reliability and validity of the FNS and FNTT were assessed through calculations of Cronbach's alpha, item-item and item-rest correlations. Comprehension issues related to tools were evaluated based on qualitative observations and finally, behavioral validity was assessed.
  
  
  
  A considerable number of children indicated difficulties understanding certain items in the original FNS. FNTT could be reduced to a 6- and 9-item tool with high validity (item-rest coefficients, r = 0.60-0.80). Internal consistency of the FNTT (Cronbach α ≥ 0.90) was higher relative to the FNS (Cronbach α ≥ 0.72). Scores from the FNTT correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with results from the behavioral test confirming construct validity of the FNTT as a measure of neophobic behavior.
  
  
  
  Results from this study provide evidence for the FNTT as reliable and valid tool for measuring food neophobia in children aged 9-13 years. Moreover, when modified, the FNS continue to produce reliable and valid results.
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Department of Food Science, Design and Consumer Behaviour, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Damsbo-Svendsen
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Department of Food Science, Design and Consumer Behaviour, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Nordic Food Lab, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael Bom
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Frøst
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Department of Food Science, Design and Consumer Behaviour, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: ano@food.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Children; Food neophobia scale; Food neophobia test tool; Neophobia; Novel food; Scale development