title: The Parkinson's Disease-Cognitive Rating Scale (PD-CRS): normative values from 268 healthy Italian individuals.
abstract: The Parkinson's Disease-Cognitive Rating Scale (PD-CRS) is a cognitive screening battery that includes subtests to assess cortical and subcortical functions. It is a valid screening tool for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is recommended for diagnosing PD-MCI-Level I. Until now, no study has provided population-based norms for the Italian population. The aim of the present study was to collect normative values in a sample of Italian healthy subjects. Two hundred and sixty-eight (125 men) participants of different ages (age range 30-79 years) and educational levels (from primary school to university) underwent the PD-CRS. Regression-based norming was used to explore the influence of demographic variables (age, education level, and gender) on PD-CRS total score, frontal-subcortical and instrumental-cortical sub-scores, and score achieved on each task of the PD-CRS. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age and education significantly predicted the total score, the two sub-scores and the score on each task of the PD-CRS. No significant effect of gender was found. From the derived linear equations, a correction grid for raw scores was developed. Inferential cut-off scores, estimated using a non-parametric technique, were 71.25 for PD-CRS total score and 46.25 and 20.17 for frontal-subcortical and instrumental-cortical sub-score, respectively. Since the use of adjusted scores is more informative when they are standardized, we have converted adjusted scores into equivalent scores. The present study provides normative data for the PD-CRS, being useful and recommended by Movement Disorders Society task force to identify PD-MCI-Level I, at several stages of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy. gabriella.santangelo@unina2.it.|Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura (IDC) "Hermitage Capodimonte", Naples, Italy. gabriella.santangelo@unina2.it.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santangelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lagravinese
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Battini
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiorri
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Mattia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siciliano
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura (IDC) "Hermitage Capodimonte", Naples, Italy.|Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University Parthenope, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Section, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive assessment; Frontal dysfunctions; Mild cognitive impairment; PD-MCI; Parkinson’s Disease-Cognitive Rating Scale