title: BaalChIP: Bayesian analysis of allele-specific transcription factor binding in cancer genomes.
abstract: Allele-specific measurements of transcription factor binding from ChIP-seq data are key to dissecting the allelic effects of non-coding variants and their contribution to phenotypic diversity. However, most methods of detecting an allelic imbalance assume diploid genomes. This assumption severely limits their applicability to cancer samples with frequent DNA copy-number changes. Here we present a Bayesian statistical approach called BaalChIP to correct for the effect of background allele frequency on the observed ChIP-seq read counts. BaalChIP allows the joint analysis of multiple ChIP-seq samples across a single variant and outperforms competing approaches in simulations. Using 548 ENCODE ChIP-seq and six targeted FAIRE-seq samples, we show that BaalChIP effectively corrects allele-specific analysis for copy-number variation and increases the power to detect putative cis-acting regulatory variants in cancer genomes.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.|Present Address: Seven Bridges Genomics LTD, UK. 101 Euston Road NW1 2RA, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Santiago
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.|Present Address: Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.|Present Address: School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Chandra Sekhar Reddy
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chilamakuri
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Bruce A J
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ponder
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK. Kerstin.Meyer@cruk.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kerstin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK. florian.markowetz@cruk.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2784-5308
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Markowetz
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D022981:Allelic Imbalance; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001665:Binding Sites; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations; D005784:Gene Amplification; D005838:Genotype; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D057188:Workflow
chemical_list: D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: Allele frequency; Allele-specific binding; Bayesian statistics; Cancer; ChIP-sequencing; Copy-number change; FAIRE-sequencing