title: Countering Craving with Disgust Images: Examining Nicotine Withdrawn Smokers' Motivated Message Processing of Anti-Tobacco Public Service Announcements.
abstract: There is a lack of research examining whether smoking cues in anti-tobacco advertisements elicit cravings, or whether this effect is moderated by countervailing message attributes, such as disgusting images. Furthermore, no research has examined how these types of messages influence nicotine withdrawn smokers' cognitive processing and associated behavioral intentions. At a laboratory session, participants (N = 50 nicotine-deprived adults) were tested for cognitive processing and recognition memory of 12 anti-tobacco advertisements varying in depictions of smoking cues and disgust content. Self-report smoking urges and intentions to quit smoking were measured after each message. The results from this experiment indicated that smoking cue messages activated appetitive/approach motivation resulting in enhanced attention and memory, but increased craving and reduced quit intentions. Disgust messages also enhanced attention and memory, but activated aversive/avoid motivation resulting in reduced craving and increased quit intentions. The combination of smoking cues and disgust content resulted in moderate amounts of craving and quit intentions, but also led to heart rate acceleration (indicating defensive processing) and poorer recognition of message content. These data suggest that in order to counter nicotine-deprived smokers' craving and prolong abstinence, anti-tobacco messages should omit smoking cues but include disgust. Theoretical implications are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: a School of Communication , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA.
authors.forename: Russell B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.affiliation: b Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma , USA.
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leshner
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Tomko
authors.affiliation: d Psychological Sciences , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri , USA.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Trull
authors.affiliation: d Psychological Sciences , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri , USA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Piasecki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D066249:Craving; D003463:Cues; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D066308:Public Service Announcements as Topic; D000074285:Smokers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult