title: 3D measurements in conventional X-ray imaging with RGB-D sensors.
abstract: A method for deriving 3D internal information in conventional X-ray settings is presented. It is based on the combination of a pair of radiographs from a patient and it avoids the use of X-ray-opaque fiducials and external reference structures. To achieve this goal, we augment an ordinary X-ray device with a consumer RGB-D camera. The patient' s rotation around the craniocaudal axis is tracked relative to this camera thanks to the depth information provided and the application of a modern surface-mapping algorithm. The measured spatial information is then translated to the reference frame of the X-ray imaging system. By using the intrinsic parameters of the diagnostic equipment, epipolar geometry, and X-ray images of the patient at different angles, 3D internal positions can be obtained. Both the RGB-D and X-ray instruments are first geometrically calibrated to find their joint spatial transformation. The proposed method is applied to three rotating phantoms. The first two consist of an anthropomorphic head and a torso, which are filled with spherical lead bearings at precise locations. The third one is made of simple foam and has metal needles of several known lengths embedded in it. The results show that it is possible to resolve anatomical positions and lengths with a millimetric level of precision. With the proposed approach, internal 3D reconstructed coordinates and distances can be provided to the physician. It also contributes to reducing the invasiveness of ordinary X-ray environments and can replace other types of clinical explorations that are mainly aimed at measuring or geometrically relating elements that are present inside the patient's body.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física Corpuscular, Universitat de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Albiol
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física Corpuscular, Universitat de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain. Electronic address: alberto.corbi@ific.uv.es.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corbi
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Telecomunicaciones y Aplicaciones Multimedia (iTeam), Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albiol
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: 3D reconstruction; Dense surface mapping; Depth cameras; Epipolar geometry; Movement tracking; X-ray