title: Assessing the Likelihood of Hand-to-Hand Cross-Transmission of Bacteria: An Experimental Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND Although the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs) are implicated in most episodes of healthcare-associated infections, the correlation between hand contamination and the likelihood of cross-transmission remains unknown. METHODS We conducted a laboratory-based study involving pairs of HCWs. The hands of a HCW (transmitter) were contaminated with Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 before holding hands with another HCW (host) for 1 minute. Meanwhile, the unheld hand of the transmitter was sampled. Afterward, the host's held hand was also sampled. Each experiment consisted of 4 trials with increasing concentrations of E. coli (103-106 colony-forming units [cfu]/mL). The primary outcome was the likelihood of transmission of at least 1 cfu from transmitter to host. We used a mixed logistic regression model with a random effect on the subject to assess the association between transmission and bacterial count on the transmitter's hands. RESULTS In total, 6 HCWs performed 30 experiments and 120 trials. The bacterial counts recovered from host hands were directly associated with the bacterial counts on transmitter hands (P1 and ≤3 log10 cfu compared to ≤1 log10. When transmitter contamination was <1 log10 cfu, no cross-transmission was detected. CONCLUSION There is a direct relationship between the bacterial burden on HCWs hands and the likelihood of cross-transmission. Under the described conditions, at least 1 log10 cfu must be present on HCW hands to be potentially transmitted. Further studies are needed at the low contamination range. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:553-558.
authors.affiliation: 1Infection Control Programme and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety - Infection Control & Improving Practices,University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bellissimo-Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: 1Infection Control Programme and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety - Infection Control & Improving Practices,University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: 1Infection Control Programme and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety - Infection Control & Improving Practices,University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soule
authors.affiliation: 1Infection Control Programme and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety - Infection Control & Improving Practices,University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland.
authors.forename: Angèle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gayet-Ageron
authors.affiliation: 1Infection Control Programme and WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety - Infection Control & Improving Practices,University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pittet
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology*; D006282:Health Personnel; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology