title: CRISPR-Cas Technologies and Applications in Food Bacteria.
abstract: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins form adaptive immune systems that occur in many bacteria and most archaea. In addition to protecting bacteria from phages and other invasive mobile genetic elements, CRISPR-Cas molecular machines can be repurposed as tool kits for applications relevant to the food industry. A primary concern of the food industry has long been the proper management of food-related bacteria, with a focus on both enhancing the outcomes of beneficial microorganisms such as starter cultures and probiotics and limiting the presence of detrimental organisms such as pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. This review introduces CRISPR-Cas as a novel set of technologies to manage food bacteria and offers insights into CRISPR-Cas biology. It primarily focuses on the applications of CRISPR-Cas systems and tools in starter cultures and probiotics, encompassing strain-typing, phage resistance, plasmid vaccination, genome editing, and antimicrobial activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; email: rbarran@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; email: rbarran@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klaenhammer
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; email: rbarran@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barrangou
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics; D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems; D019649:Food Industry; D005516:Food Microbiology; D000072669:Gene Editing; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; D019936:Probiotics
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines
keywords: antimicrobial; cultures; genome editing; phage resistance; plasmid vaccination; probiotics; strain-typing