title: The effect of core and lanthanide ion dopants in sodium fluoride-based nanocrystals on phagocytic activity of human blood leukocytes.
abstract: Sodium fluoride-based β-NaLnF4 nanoparticles (NPs) doped with lanthanide ions are promising materials for application as luminescent markers in bio-imaging. In this work, the effect of NPs doped with yttrium (Y), gadolinium (Gd), europium (Eu), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb) and terbium (Tb) ions on phagocytic activity of monocytes and granulocytes and the respiratory burst was examined. The surface functionalization of <10-nm NPs was performed according to our variation of patent pending ligand exchange method that resulted in meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) molecules on their surface. Y-core-based NCs were doped with Eu ions, which enabled them to be excited with UV light wavelengths. Cultures of human peripheral blood (n= 8) were in vitro treated with five different concentrations of eight NPs for 24 h. In summary, neither type of nanoparticles is found toxic with respect to conducted test; however, some cause toxic effects (they have statistically significant deviations compared to reference) in some selected doses tested. Both core types of NPs (Y-core and Gd-core) impaired the phagocytic activity of monocytes the strongest, having minimal or none whatsoever influence on granulocytes and respiratory burst of phagocytic cells. The lowest toxicity was observed in Gd-core, Yb, Tm dopants and near-infrared nanoparticles. Clear dose-dependent effect of NPs on phagocytic activity of leukocytes and respiratory burst of cells was observed for limited number of samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Bartlomiej
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sojka
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Aurelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liskova
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuricova
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Mateusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banski
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Misiewicz
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dusinska
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horvathova
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ilavska
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szabova
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rollerova
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Podhorodecki
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tulinska
keywords: Health effects; Hydrophilic; Lanthanide ions; Nanocrystals; Nanomedicine; Phagocytes; Toxicity; β-NaLnF4