title: Antifungal Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract ofChrysobalanus icacoAgainst Oral Clinical Isolates ofCandidaSpecies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chrysobalanus icacois a medicinal plant commonly used to treat fungal infections in Brazilian Amazonian region.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This work aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract ofC. icaco(HECi) against oral clinical isolates ofCandidaspp. and to determine the pharmacognostic parameters of the herbal drug and the phytochemical characteristics of HECi.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pharmacognostic characterization was performed using pharmacopoeial techniques. Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid content, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were used to investigate the chemical composition of the HECi. A broth microdilution method was used to determine the antifungal activity of the extract against 11 oral clinical isolates ofCandidaspp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Herbal drug presented parameters which were within the limits set forth in current Brazilian legislation. A high amount of flavonoid content (132,959.33 ± 12,598.23 μg quercetin equivalent/g of extract) was found in HECi. Flavonoids such as myricetin and rutin were detected in the extract by HPLC analyses. HECi showed antifungal activity against oral isolates ofCandida albicansandCandida parapsilosis(minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC] 3.12 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively), andC. albicansAmerican American Type Culture Collection (MIC <1.56 mg/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HECi was shown to possess antifungal activity againstCandidaspecies with clinical importance in the development of oral candidiasis, and these activities may be related to its chemical composition. The antifungal activity detected forC. icacoagainstCandidaspecies with clinical importance in the development of oral candidiasis can be attributed to the presence of flavonoids in HECi, characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chrysobalanus icacopresents a high amount of flavonoids in its constitutionLC analysis was able to identify the flavonoids myricetin and rutin inC. icacohydroalcoholic extractTheC. icacohydroalcoholic extract inhibits the growth of oral clinical isolates ofCandidaspp. andCandida albicansAmerican Type Culture Collection.Abbreviations Used: HECi: Hydroalcoholic extract ofC. icaco; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; AlCl3: Aluminum chloride; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; CH3NOONa: Sodium acetate; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Eastern Amazon; v/v: Volume per volume; SD: Standard deviation; TFC: Total flavonoid content; w/v: Weight per volume; ELSD: Evaporative light scattering detector; DAD: Diode-arrange detector; UFPA: Federal University of Pará; IEC: Evandro Chagas Institute; INCQS-FIOCRUZ: National Institute of Quality Control in Health - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; SDA: Sabouraud Dextrose Agar; CFU: Colony-forming units; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentrations; MFC: Minimum fungicidal concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Paulo Bastos
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Regina Maués Noronha
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago Portal
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Paixão
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Innovation Graduate Program, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andressa Santa Brígida
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Baetas
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Innovation Graduate Program, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wagner Luiz Ramos
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta Chagas
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcieni Ataíde
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Andrade
keywords: Antifungal activity; Candida spp.; Chrysobalanus icaco; flavonoids; myricetin; rutin