title: Comparable effects of breakfast meals varying in protein source on appetite and subsequent energy intake in healthy males.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The satiating effect of animal vs plant proteins remains unknown. The present study examined the effects of breakfasts containing animal proteins [milk (AP)], a blend of plant proteins [oat, pea and potato (VP)] or 50:50 mixture of the two (MP) compared with a carbohydrate-rich meal (CHO) on appetite, energy intake (EI) and metabolic measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 28 males [mean age 27.4 (±SD 4.2) years, BMI 23.4 (±2.1) kg/m2] consumed three isoenergetic (1674 kJ) rice puddings matched for energy density and macronutrient content as breakfast (25% E from protein) in a single-blind, randomised, cross over design. Appetite ratings and blood samples were collected and assessed at baseline and every 30 and 60 min, respectively, until an ad libitum test meal was served 3.5 h later. Free-living appetite was recorded hourly and EI in weighed food records for the remainder of the day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in subjective appetite ratings were observed after consumption of the AP, VP and MP. Furthermore, there were no differences between the AP, VP, MP and CHO breakfasts in ad libitum EI and self-reported EI during the remainder of the day. Although insulin metabolism was not affected, CHO induced a higher glucose response (P = 0.001) and total amino acids concentration was in the order of AP = MP > VP > CHO breakfast (P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manipulating the protein source of foods consumed as breakfast, elicited comparable effects on appetite and EI at both laboratory and free-living environment in healthy men.
authors.affiliation: Food for Health Science Center, Lund University, Lund, 221 00, Sweden. anestis.dougkas@institutpaulbocuse.com.|Institut Paul Bocuse Research Centre, 6913, Ecully, France. anestis.dougkas@institutpaulbocuse.com.
authors.forename: Anestis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-1531
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dougkas
authors.affiliation: Food for Health Science Center, Lund University, Lund, 221 00, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Östman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D018554:Avena / Q000737:chemistry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D062408:Breakfast; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D000070601:Diet, Carbohydrate Loading / Q000009:adverse effects; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D002149:Energy Intake; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000737:chemistry; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012528:Satiety Response; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry; D013548:Sweden; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008894:Milk Proteins; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary
keywords: Amino acids; Appetite; Energy intake; Insulin; Milk proteins; Pea protein