title: Cell therapeutic approaches to immunosuppression after clinical kidney transplantation.
abstract: Refinement of immunosuppressive strategies has led to further improvement of kidney graft survival in recent years. Currently, the main limitations to long-term graft survival are life-threatening side effects of immunosuppression and chronic allograft injury, emphasizing the need for innovative immunosuppressive regimens that resolve this therapeutic dilemma. Several cell therapeutic approaches to immunosuppression and donor-specific unresponsiveness have been tested in early phase I and phase II clinical trials in kidney transplantation. The aim of this overview is to summarize current cell therapeutic approaches to immunosuppression in clinical kidney transplantation with a focus on myeloid suppressor cell therapy by mitomycin C-induced cells (MICs). MICs show great promise as a therapeutic agent to achieve the rapid and durable establishment of donor-unresponsiveness in living-donor kidney transplantation. Cell-based therapeutic approaches may eventually revolutionize immunosuppression in kidney transplantation in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 162, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. christian.morath@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morath
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine V, GMP Core Facility, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 162, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kälble
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 162, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeier
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine V, GMP Core Facility, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.|Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Flavius
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sandra-Petrescu
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Opelz
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Terness
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 162, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaier
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.|Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kleist
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000072737:Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells / Q000276:immunology; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D016685:Mitomycin
keywords: Immunosuppression; Mitomycin C-induced cells; Myeloid suppressor cells; Regulatory T cells; Tolerance; Transplantation