title: EFFECTS OF LIVE-TRAPPING AND ISOFLURANE ANESTHESIA ON FREE-RANGING AMERICAN MARTENS (MARTES AMERICANA).
abstract: Seventy-two free-ranging American martens ( Martes americana ) in Michigan, US were immobilized using isoflurane from 2011 to 2015. In total, 129 anesthetic procedures were performed with no mortalities. Hypothermia and hyperthermia were the most common anesthetic complications, and the mean rectal temperatures were significantly higher during summer than in winter. Dental abnormalities were common; the majority of abnormal findings were broken or discolored teeth attributed to previous dental trauma and were not trap-induced. Blood (n=72) was analyzed from 53 martens for venous blood gas, lactate, hematocrit, and/or selected serum biochemistry analytes. Lactate concentration was measured by two different devices (VetScan i-STAT 1 and Lactate Plus) and compared for clinical agreement for 26 samples. Both methods for lactate measurement provided statistically similar results. Using domestic feline reference ranges, the acid-base status and relative arterial oxygen saturation of anesthetized martens in this study were normal as determined by blood pH and pulse oximetry, respectively. Serum biochemistry parameters, multiple environmental parameters, and marten-specific attributes were evaluated for their influence on lactate in American martens using linear regression and an information-theoretic approach with model averaging. Blood urea nitrogen was in all of the top models and was positively related to lactate (β=0.02, 95% confidence interval: 0.00-0.04). Initial body temperature, ambient temperature, and time from trap discovery until immobilization of martens were informative predictors for lactate level. Recommendations for the live-trapping and isoflurane anesthesia of free-ranging martens include using caution during warmer summer months, minimizing disturbance prior to induction, monitoring lactate in addition to vital rates, and being prepared to prevent or treat both hypothermia and hyperthermia during any time of year.
authors.affiliation: 1   Mesker Park Zoo & Botanic Garden, 1545 Mesker Park Drive, Evansville, Indiana 47720, USA.|2   Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, 274 Ellington Plant Sciences Building, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Spriggs
authors.affiliation: 2   Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, 274 Ellington Plant Sciences Building, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: 3   Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, Michigan 49401, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keenlance
authors.affiliation: 4   Department of Natural Resources, Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, 310 Ninth Street, Manistee, Michigan 49660, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: 5   Department of Biology, University of Michigan-Flint, 265 Murchie Science Building, 303 E Kearsley Street, Flint, Michigan 48502, USA.
authors.forename: Jill C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.affiliation: 2   Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, 274 Ellington Plant Sciences Building, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.|6   Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D007103:Immobilization / Q000662:veterinary; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008824:Michigan; D045969:Mustelidae; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane
keywords: American marten; anesthesia; blood gas; capture; handling; isoflurane; lactate