title: Prevalence of Apical Periodontitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Retrospective Clinical Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) and the oral health status in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) treated with immunomodulators, with particular attention to biologic medications (BMs).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ten patients, 49 men and 61 women (average age, 46 ± 13.8 years), from the Gastroenterology Unit of the University Hospital with IBDs who were treated with BMs or corticosteroids were included in the study. One hundred ten patients who registered for a dental check-up at the Dental Clinic were matched for age, sex, and physical characteristics with the study group without systemic diseases and not taking medications who were the control. Patients underwent a complete oral, dental, and radiographic examination. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth and periapical index score indexes were recorded. Student t test, χ2, and Mann-Whitney U test were used as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of AP was 64% in IBD patients and 59% in the control; according to the gender-stratified analysis, the difference was not significant among the male groups, whereas the number of teeth with AP was significantly higher in female patients with IBDs than in the controls (P ≤ .05). The prevalence of AP in patients treated with BMs was 65%; women showed 69% higher risk for AP and presented a significantly higher number of teeth with AP (P ≤ .05). Decayed, missing, and filled teeth index was similar in both groups, whereas patients with IBDs had a higher periapical index score than the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with IBDs and taking immunomodulators had a higher prevalence of AP. All patients with IBDs had larger lesions than healthy subjects. These data emphasize the influence of the status of the immune system in the onset of AP and the need for further studies to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Piras
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Usai
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mezzena
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Susnik
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ideo
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontology, Kings College Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Elia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schirru
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. Electronic address: cottiend@tin.it.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cotti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004245:DMF Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009909:Oral Health; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Apical periodontitis; biologic medications; inflammatory bowel diseases