title: Analysis of the clinical indications for opiate use in inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Opiate use for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly high-dose (HD) use, is associated with increased mortality. It's assumed that opiate use is directly related to IBD-related complaints, although this hasn't been well defined. Our goal was to determine the indications for opiate use as a first step in developing strategies to prevent or decrease opiate use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort was formed of adults who were diagnosed with IBD and for whom outpatient evaluations from 2009 to 2014 were documented. Opiate use was defined if opiates were prescribed for a minimum of 30 days over a 365-day period. Individual chart notes were then reviewed to determine the clinical indication(s) for low-dose (LD) and HD opiate use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a search of the electronic records of 1,109,277 patients, 3,226 patients with IBD were found. One hundred four patients were identified as opiate users, including 65 patients with Crohn's and 39 with ulcerative colitis; a total of 134 indications were available for these patients. IBD-related complaints accounted for 49.25% of the opiate indications, with abdominal pain (23.13%) being the most common. Overall, opiate use for IBD-related complaints (81.40% vs. 50.82%;P=0.0014) and abdominal pain (44.19% vs. 19.67%;P=0.0071) was more common among HD than among LD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that most IBD patients using opiates, particularly HD users, used opiates for IBD-related complaints. Future research will need to determine the degree to which these complaints are related to disease activity and to formulate non-opiate pain management strategies for patients with both active and inactive IBD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Youran
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Northwell Health Systems, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sundas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Biostatistics Unit, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akerman
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sultan
keywords: Colitis, ulcerative; Crohn disease; Inflammatory bowel disease; Narcotics; Opiates