title: Progesterone signalling in broiler skeletal muscle is associated with divergent feed efficiency.
abstract: We contrast the pectoralis muscle transcriptomes of broilers selected from within a single genetic line expressing divergent feed efficiency (FE) in an effort to improve our understanding of the mechanistic basis of FE.
  
  
  
  Application of a virtual muscle model to gene expression data pointed to a coordinated reduction in slow twitch muscle isoforms of the contractile apparatus (MYH15, TPM3, MYOZ2, TNNI1, MYL2, MYOM3, CSRP3, TNNT2), consistent with diminishment in associated slow machinery (myoglobin and phospholamban) in the high FE animals. These data are in line with the repeated transition from red slow to white fast muscle fibres observed in agricultural species selected on mass and FE. Surprisingly, we found that the expression of 699 genes encoding the broiler mitoproteome is modestly-but significantly-biased towards the high FE group, suggesting a slightly elevated mitochondrial content. This is contrary to expectation based on the slow muscle isoform data and theoretical physiological capacity arguments. Reassuringly, the extreme 40 most DE genes can successfully cluster the 12 individuals into the appropriate FE treatment group. Functional groups contained in this DE gene list include metabolic proteins (including opposing patterns of CA3 and CA4), mitochondrial proteins (CKMT1A), oxidative status (SEPP1, HIG2A) and cholesterol homeostasis (APOA1, INSIG1). We applied a differential network method (Regulatory Impact Factors) whose aim is to use patterns of differential co-expression to detect regulatory molecules transcriptionally rewired between the groups. This analysis clearly points to alterations in progesterone signalling (via the receptor PGR) as the major driver. We show the progesterone receptor localises to the mitochondria in a quail muscle cell line.
  
  
  
  Progesterone is sometimes used in the cattle industry in exogenous hormone mixes that lead to a ~20% increase in FE. Because the progesterone receptor can localise to avian mitochondria, our data continue to point to muscle mitochondrial metabolism as an important component of the phenotypic expression of variation in broiler FE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bottje
authors.affiliation: Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Byung-Whi
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Agriculture, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reverter
authors.affiliation: Agriculture, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.|Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Ashley J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Waardenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Kentu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lassiter
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia. n.hudson@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Hudson
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D011374:Progesterone
keywords: Feed efficiency; Mitochondria; Progesterone