title: Prediction of the level and duration of shear stress exposure that induces subhemolytic damage to erythrocytes.
abstract: Current generation mechanical circulatory assist devices are designed to minimize high shears to blood for prolonged durations to avoid hemolysis. However, red blood cells (RBC) demonstrate impaired capacity to deform when exposed to shear stress (SS) well below the "hemolytic threshold".
  
  
  
  We endeavored to identify how changes in the magnitude and duration of SS exposure alter RBC deformability and subsequently develop a model to predict erythrocyte subhemolytic damage.
  
  
  
  RBC suspensions were exposed to discrete magnitudes of SS (1-64 Pa) for specific durations (1-64 s), immediately prior to RBC deformability being measured. Analyses included exploring the maximal RBC deformation (EImax) and SS required for half EImax (SS1/2). A surface-mesh was interpolated onto the raw data to predict impaired RBC deformability.
  
  
  
  When SS was applied at <16Pa, limited changes were observed. When RBC were exposed to 32 Pa, mild impairments in EImax and SS1/2 occurred, although 64 Pa caused a dramatic impairment of RBC deformability. A clear relation between SS duration and magnitude was determined, which could predict impaired RBC deformability.
  
  
  
  The present results provide a model that may be used to predict whether RBC deformability is decreased following exposure to a given level and duration of SS, and may guide design of future generations of mechanical circulatory assist devices.
authors.affiliation: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Simmonds
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Herbert J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Meiselman
mesh_terms: D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018056:Hemorheology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: Blood damage; haemocompatibility; haemorheology; mechanical damage; sublethal