title: Acute toxicity, biochemical toxicity and genotoxicity caused by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate in zebrafish (Danio rerio) livers.
abstract: The present study examined the potential toxicity of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) and 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4) in the liver cells of zebrafish (Danio rerio) with different doses (20-160mg/L) on 7 and 14days. The effects of [Bmim]Cl and [Bmim]BF4on acute toxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymes, glutathione S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA), and DNA damage degree in livers of zebrafish were determined. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values after a 96-h exposure to [Bmim]Cl and [Bmim]BF4were 632.8±67.4 and 604.6±56.2mg/L, respectively, which indicated that the substances were practically harmless. The minor discrepancy may be caused by the different anions. The ROS levels were dose-dependent, which may cause the inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and the stimulation of detoxifying enzyme activity. The present study can also provide scientific support for the future selection and evaluation of ionic liquids (ILs).
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China. Electronic address: zxjzhangcheng@163.com.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China. Electronic address: shaoyuting099@163.com.
authors.forename: Yuting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China. Electronic address: lushzhu@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China. Electronic address: wjh@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China. Electronic address: jwang@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China. Electronic address: gyywfs@163.com.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: C419324:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C502841:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
keywords: 96h LC(50); Antioxidant enzyme; DNA damage; Lipid peroxidation; ROS