title: The Immunoregulatory Potential of Particle Radiation in Cancer Therapy.
abstract: Cancer treatment, today, consists of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and most recently immunotherapy. Combination immunotherapy-radiotherapy (CIR) has experienced a surge in public attention due to numerous clinical publications outlining the reduction or elimination of metastatic disease, following treatment with specifically ipilimumab and radiotherapy. The mechanism behind CIR, however, remains unclear, though it is hypothesized that radiation transforms the tumor into anin situvaccine which immunotherapy modulates into a larger immune response. To date, the majority of attention has focused on rotating out immunotherapeutics with conventional radiation; however, the unique biological and physical benefits of particle irradiation may prove superior in generation of systemic effect. Here, we review recent advances in CIR, with a particular focus on the usage of charged particles to induce or enhance response to cancerous disease.
authors.affiliation: Hospital of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan; Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ebner
authors.affiliation: Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications-National Institute for Nuclear Physics (TIFPA-INFN), University of Trento , Trentino , Italy.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tinganelli
authors.affiliation: Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications-National Institute for Nuclear Physics (TIFPA-INFN), University of Trento , Trentino , Italy.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrative Biology CIBIO, University of Trento , Povo, Trentino , Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bisio
authors.affiliation: Hospital of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Hospital of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamada
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimokawa
authors.affiliation: Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications-National Institute for Nuclear Physics (TIFPA-INFN), University of Trento, Trentino, Italy; Department of Physics, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durante
keywords: abscopal; carbon; immunotherapy; particle therapy; proton