title: Autophagy and inflammasomes.
abstract: Autophagy is a ubiquitous cellular mechanism for the targeted lysosomal degradation of various cytosolic constituents, from proteins to organelles. As an essential homeostatic mechanism, autophagy is upregulated in response to numerous environmental and pharmacological stimuli, including starvation, where it facilitates the recycling of essential amino acids. In addition, autophagy plays specific roles within the immune system; it serves as a source of peptides for antigen presentation, a mechanism for the engulfment and degradation of intracellular pathogens and as a key regulator of inflammatory cytokines. In particular, autophagy has been shown to play a number of roles in regulating inflammasome activation, from the removal of inflammasome-activating endogenous signals, to the sequestration and degradation of inflammasome components. Autophagy also plays a role in determining the fate of IL-1β, which is concentrated in autophagosomes. This review discusses a growing body of literature that suggests autophagy is a critical regulator of inflammasome activation and the subsequent release of IL-1 family cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: jim.harris@monash.edu.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jacinta P W
authors.initials: JPW
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Maria B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sukkar
authors.affiliation: B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Neel R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Nabar
authors.affiliation: B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kehrl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000276:immunology*; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000070576:NLR Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C410167:AIM2 protein, human; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D058847:Inflammasomes; D007375:Interleukin-1; D020382:Interleukin-18; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D000070576:NLR Proteins; C402202:PYCARD protein, human; C513338:ROMO1 protein, human; D020170:Caspase 1
keywords: AIM2; ASC; Autophagosomes; Caspase-1; Cytokines; IL-1; MIF; NLRP3