title: Characterizing Salmonella Contamination in Two Rendering Processing Plants.
abstract: A microbiological investigation on Salmonella contamination was conducted in two U.S. rendering plants to investigate the potential cross-contamination of Salmonella in the rendering processing environment. Sampling locations were predetermined at the areas where Salmonella contamination may potentially occur, including raw materials receiving, crax (rendered materials before grinding process) grinding, and finished meal loading-out areas. Salmonella was either enumerated directly on xylose lysine Tergitol 4 agar plates or enriched in Rappaport-Vassiliadis and tetrathionate broths. The presumptive Salmonella isolates were confirmed using CHROMagar plating and latex agglutination testing and then characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, serotyping, and biofilm-forming determination. Among 108 samples analyzed, 79 (73%) samples were Salmonella positive after enrichment. Selected Salmonella isolates (n = 65) were assigned to 31 unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, with 16 Salmonella serotypes, including Typhimurium and Mbandaka, identified as predominant serotypes and 10 Salmonella strains determined as strong biofilm formers. Our results indicated that the raw materials receiving area was the primary source of Salmonella and that the surfaces surrounding crax grinding and finished meal loading-out areas harbor Salmonella in biofilms that may recontaminate the finished meals. The same Salmonella serotypes found in both raw materials receiving and the finished meal loading-out areas suggested a potential of cross-contamination between different areas in the rendering processing environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Xiuping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005506:Food Contamination; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012703:Serotyping
chemical_list: D000362:Agar
keywords: Biofilm; Cross-contamination; Rendering processing environment; Salmonella