title: Current Views and Perspectives on E-Mental Health: An Exploratory Survey Study for Understanding Public Attitudes Toward Internet-Based Psychotherapy in Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the advanced development of evidence-based psychological treatment services, help-seeking persons with mental health problems often fail to receive appropriate professional help. Internet-delivered psychotherapy has thus been suggested as an efficient strategy to overcome barriers to access mental health care on a large scale. However, previous research indicated poor public acceptability as an issue for the dissemination of Internet-delivered therapies. Currently, little is known about the expectations and attitudes toward Internet-delivered therapies in the general population. This is especially the case for countries such as Germany where electronic mental health (e-mental health) treatment services are planned to be implemented in routine care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This pilot study aimed to determine the expectations and attitudes toward Internet-based psychotherapy in the general population in Germany. Furthermore, it aimed to explore the associations between attitudes toward Internet-based therapies and perceived stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess public attitudes toward Internet-based psychotherapy, we conducted both Web-based and paper-and-pencil surveys using a self-developed 14-item questionnaire (Cronbach alpha=.89). Psychological distress was measured by employing a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the 20-item German version of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). In addition, we conducted explorative factor analysis (principal axis factor analysis with promax rotation). Spearman's rank correlations were used to determine the associations between attitudes toward Internet-based therapies and perceived stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Descriptive analyses revealed that most respondents (N=1558; female: 78.95%, 1230/1558) indicated being not aware of the existence of Internet-delivered therapies (83.46%, 1141/1367). The average age was 32 years (standard deviation, SD 10.9; range 16-76). Through exploratory factor analysis, we identified 3 dimensions of public attitudes toward Internet-based therapies, which we labeled "usefulness or helpfulness," "relative advantage or comparability," and "accessibility or access to health care." Analyses revealed negative views about Internet-based therapies on most domains, such as perceived helpfulness. The study findings further indicated ambivalent attitudes: Although most respondents agreed to statements on expected improvements in health care (eg, expanded access), we observed low intentions to future use of Internet-delivered therapies in case of mental health problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study showed deficient "e-awareness" and rather negative or ambivalent attitudes toward Internet-delivered therapies in the German-speaking general population. However, research targeting determinants of the large-scale adoption of Internet-based psychotherapy is still in its infancy. Thus, further research is required to explore the "black box" of public attitudes toward Internet-delivered therapies with representative samples, validated measures, and longitudinal survey designs.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Psychology, Department of Health Psychology, University of Hagen, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hagen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5755-9225
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Apolinário-Hagen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Psychology, Department of Health Psychology, University of Hagen, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hagen, Germany.
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3654-7855
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vehreschild
authors.affiliation: Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Department, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ramez M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-9985
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Alkoudmani
keywords: acceptability of health care; attitude to computers; cognitive therapy; diffusion of innovation; mental health; online self-help; patient acceptance of health care; stress, psychological; telemedicine