title: Inoculating chlamydospores of Trichoderma asperellum SM-12F1 changes arsenic availability and enzyme activity in soils and improves water spinach growth.
abstract: Arsenic (As)-contaminated agricultural soils threaten crop yields and pose a human health risk. Augmentation of exogenous microorganisms exhibiting plant-growth promoting and As speciation changing shows potential to improve crop growth and change soil As availability. Trichoderma asperellum SM-12F1 exhibiting both traits was developed into chlamydospores to improve its persistence in contaminated soils. After inoculation, As availability and enzyme activity in two types of soils and the growth as well as As uptake of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic Forsk.) were investigated. The results indicated that inoculation significantly improved water spinach growth in both soils. Inoculating chlamydospores at 5% significantly increased As concentration (139%), bioconcentration factor (150%), and translocation factor (150%) in water spinach grown in Chenzhou (CZ) soils, while no significant change for these in Shimen (SM) soils. Inoculating chlamydospores at 5% caused a significant increase (16%) of available As content in CZ soils, while a significant decrease (13%) in SM soils. Inoculation significantly caused As methylation in both soils, while significant As reduction merely observed in CZ soils. The differential changes in available As contents in both soils were attributed to the soil pH, As fractionations and speciation characteristics. Furthermore, Inoculating chlamydospores at 5% significantly improved the activities of β-glucosidase (155%), chitinase (211%), and phosphatase (108%) in SM soils, while significant decreases in β-glucosidase (81%), phosphatase (54%), aminopeptidase (60%), and catalase (67%) in CZ soils. Bioaugmentation and As availability change were responsible for this result. These observations will be helpful for the application of fungal chlamydospores in the future bioremediation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China. Electronic address: sushiming@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Shiming
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China. Electronic address: zengxibai@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Xibai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Lingyu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5HN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Yanan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Cuixia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006801:Humans; D027741:Ipomoea / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D008745:Methylation; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000254:growth & development; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic; Fungi; Soil enzyme; Speciation; Water spinach; XANES