title: Prevalence of kidney stones in China: an ultrasonography based cross-sectional study.
abstract: To investigate the prevalence and associated factors of kidney stones among adults in China.
  
  
  
  A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted among individuals aged ≥18 years across China, from May 2013 to July 2014. Participants underwent urinary tract ultrasonographic examinations, completed pre-designed and standardised questionnaires, and provided blood and urine samples for analysis. Kidney stones were defined as particles of ≥4 mm. Prevalence was defined as the proportion of participants with kidney stones and binary logistic regression was used to estimate the associated factors.
  
  
  
  A total of 12 570 individuals (45.2% men) with a mean (sd, range) age of 48.8 (15.3, 18-96) years were selected and invited to participate in the study. In all, 9310 (40.7% men) participants completed the investigation, with a response rate of 74.1%. The prevalence of kidney stones was 6.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.9, 6.9], and the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence was 5.8% (95% CI 5.3, 6.3; 6.5% in men and 5.1% in women). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that male gender, rural residency, age, family history of urinary stones, concurrent diabetes mellitus and hyperuricaemia, increased consumption of meat, and excessive sweating were all statistically significantly associated with a greater risk of kidney stones. By contrast, consumption of more tea, legumes, and fermented vinegar was statistically significantly associated with a lesser risk of kidney stone formation.
  
  
  
  Kidney stones are common among Chinese adults, with about one in 17 adults affected currently. Some Chinese dietary habits may lower the risk of kidney stone formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3790-6434
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zanlin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shanghai First People Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shujie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
authors.forename: Zhiping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Keqin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Changzhi, Changzhi, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Yongfu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jinxiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Show P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Wenqi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yongda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zelin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zhijian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zhenzhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.|Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shanghai First People Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
authors.forename: Zhongjin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Shujing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Changzhi, Changzhi, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Jiandong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Zhangqun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cross-sectional study; kidney stones; prevalence; ultrasonography