title: Equations for O2and CO2solubilities in saline and plasma: combining temperature and density dependences.
abstract: Solubilities of respiratory gasses in water, saline, and plasma decrease with rising temperatures and solute concentrations. Henry's Law, C = α·P, states that the equilibrium concentration of a dissolved gas is solubility times partial pressure. Solubilities in the water of a solution depend on temperature and the content of other solutes. Blood temperatures may differ more than 20°C between skin and heart, and an erythrocyte will undergo that range as blood circulates. The concentrations of O2and CO2are the driving forces for diffusion, exchanges, and for reactions. We provide an equation for O2and CO2solubilities, α, that allows for continuous changes in temperature, T, and solution density, ρ, in dynamically changing states:[Formula: see text]This two-exponential expression with a density scalar γ, and a density exponent β, accounts for solubility changes due to density changes of an aqueous solution. It fits experimental data on solubilities in water, saline, and plasma over temperatures from 20 to 40°C, and for plasma densities, ρsolup to 1.020 g/ml with ~0.3% error. The amounts of additional bound O2(to Hb) and CO2(bicarbonate and carbamino) depend on the concentrations in the local water space and the reaction parameters. During exercise, solubility changes are large; both ρsoland T change rapidly with spatial position and with time. In exercise hemoconcentration plasma, ρsolexceeds 1.02, whereas T may range over 20°C. The six parameters for O2and the six for CO2are constants, so solubilities are calculable continuously as T and ρsolchange.NEW & NOTEWORTHYSolubilities for oxygen and carbon dioxide are dependent on the density of the solution, on temperature, and on the partial pressure. We provide a brief equation suitable for hand calculators or mathematical modeling, accounting for these factors over a wide range of temperatures and solution densities for use in rapidly changing conditions, such as extreme exercise or osmotic transients, with better than 0.5% accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Christmas
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington jbb2@uw.edu.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bassingthwaighte
mesh_terms: D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004058:Diffusion; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005334:Fever / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism*; D012119:Respiration; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism*; D012995:Solubility; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: blood; plasma; saline; serum; solubility; solution density; temperature dependent