title: Mitochondrial DNA analysis of eneolithic trypillians from Ukraine reveals neolithic farming genetic roots.
abstract: The agricultural revolution in Eastern Europe began in the Eneolithic with the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture complex. In Ukraine, the Trypillian culture (TC) existed for over two millennia (ca. 5,400-2,700 BCE) and left a wealth of artifacts. Yet, their burial rituals remain a mystery and to date almost nothing is known about the genetic composition of the TC population. One of the very few TC sites where human remains can be found is a cave called Verteba in western Ukraine. This report presents four partial and four complete mitochondrial genomes from nine TC individuals uncovered in the cave. The results of this analysis, combined with the data from previous reports, indicate that the Trypillian population at Verteba carried, for the most part, a typical Neolithic farmer package of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages traced to Anatolian farmers and Neolithic farming groups of central Europe. At the same time, the find of two specimens belonging to haplogroup U8b1 at Verteba can be viewed as a connection of TC with the Upper Paleolithic European populations. At the level of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies, the TC population from Verteba demonstrates a close genetic relationship with population groups of the Funnel Beaker/ Trichterbecker cultural complex from central and northern Europe (ca. 3,950-2,500 BCE).
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alexey G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3897-4607
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nikitin
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioarchaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Potekhina
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nadin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rohland
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Swapan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mallick
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences (Geography), University of Hull, Hull, England.
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lillie
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014455:Ukraine; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial