title: Synergistic effects of citrulline supplementation and exercise on performance in male rats: evidence for implication of protein and energy metabolisms.
abstract: Background:Exercise and citrulline (CIT) are both regulators of muscle protein metabolism. However, the combination of both has been under-studied yet may have synergistic effects on muscle metabolism and performance.Methods:Three-month-old healthy male rats were randomly assigned to be fedad libitumfor 4 weeks with either a citrulline-enriched diet (1 g·kg-1·day-1) (CIT) or an isonitrogenous standard diet (by addition of nonessential amino acid) (Ctrl) and trained (running on treadmill 5 days·week-1) (ex) or not. Maximal endurance activity and body composition were assessed, and muscle protein metabolism (protein synthesis, proteomic approach) and energy metabolism [energy expenditure, mitochondrial metabolism] were explored.Results:Body composition was affected by exercise but not by CIT supplementation. Endurance training was associated with a higher maximal endurance capacity than sedentary groups (P<0.001), and running time was 14% higher in theCITexgroup than theCtrlexgroup (139±4 min versus 122±6 min,P<0.05). Both endurance training and CIT supplementation alone increased muscle protein synthesis (by +27% and +33%, respectively, versusCtrl,P<0.05) with an additive effect (+48% versusCtrl,P<0.05). Mitochondrial metabolism was modulated by exercise but not directly by CIT supplementation. However, the proteomic approach demonstrated that CIT supplementation was able to affect energy metabolism, probably due to activation of pathways generating acetyl-CoA.Conclusion:CIT supplementation and endurance training in healthy male rats modulates both muscle protein and energy metabolisms, with synergic effects on an array of parameters, including performance and protein synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée, Université Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goron
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée, Université Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lamarche
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée, Université Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France.|CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Plateforme de Proteéomique PROMETHEE, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cunin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée, Université Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dubouchaud
authors.affiliation: Physiology and Exercise Laboratory, EA4338, Technolac Scientific Campus, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hourdé
authors.affiliation: IRMES-Institute for Research in bioMedicine and Epidemiology of Sport, EA 7329, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSEP-National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Noirez
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée, Université Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France.|Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Biology Institute, Grenoble Alpes Hospital, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corne
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée, Université Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Couturier
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée, Université Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France.|CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Plateforme de Proteéomique PROMETHEE, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sève
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée, Université Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fontaine
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée, Université Grenoble-Alpes, INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France Christophe.moinard@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moinard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition; D002956:Citrulline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D002956:Citrulline
keywords: bioenergetics; citrulline; exercise; protein synthesis; proteomics