title: Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Patients with Substance Use Disorders: A Study from Southern India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Externalizing disorders of childhood characterized by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are well known to predispose an individual to experiment with substances at an early age and the later lead to the development of substance use disorders (SUD). ADHD, a developmental disorder, persists into adulthood in about two-thirds of the cases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we aimed to explore the prevalence of ADHD and its subtypes in treatment-seeking patients with SUD in an outpatient setting. Secondarily, we also aimed to compare the ADHD scores in the early onset and late onset subtypes of SUD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult ADHD self-report scale symptom checklist was administered in 240 patients with SUD. The prevalence of ADHD and the difference in scores in early onset and late onset dependent groups of SUD patients were calculated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Independent samplet-test was used to calculate the mean differences, and Chi-square test was used to calculate the difference in the proportion of cases screening positive across subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 240 patients with SUD, 135 (56.25%) screened positive for "likely ADHD" and 52 (21.7%) for "highly likely ADHD." The scores on the inattention domain and the prevalence of "likely ADHD" were significantly higher among the early onset group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are in agreement with similar studies of larger samples performed worldwide. Routine screening for ADHD in the treatment-seeking patients with SUD will enable the early detection and management of this highly comorbid condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Suhas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kandasamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Ubahara S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Sahayaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Benegal
keywords: Addiction; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; substance use disorder; vulnerability