title: Anatomic patellar instability risk factors in primary lateral patellar dislocations do not predict injury patterns: an MRI-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary goal was to describe the injury patterns in a population of primary (first time) lateral patellar dislocators (LPD) to lend clarity to commonly held notions about injury patterns in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study identifying patients presenting with LPD between 2008 and 2012. Inclusion criteria were a history and physical exam consistent with primary LPD, and an MRI consistent with the diagnosis without other significant ligamentous injury. On MRI, location of cartilage, medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) injury, and bone bruising were noted. Severity was categorized as partial or complete for MPFL and cartilage lesions. Anatomic patellar instability risk factors (patella alta, trochlear dysplasia, increased TT-TG, and lateral patella tilt) were recorded and compared to the injury patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study involved 157 patients; 107 patients were skeletally mature. Of the 157 patients, 26 had surgery for this injury due to clinician-perceived need for cartilage debridement. MPFL injury severity was complete rupture (N = 69, 44%), partial (N = 67, 43%), and none (N = 19, 13%). MPFL injury location was isolated femoral (N = 16, 10%), isolated patella (N = 26, 17%), isolated mid-substance (0%), multiple locations (N = 95, 61%), and none (N = 20, 13%). Chondral injury location was patella (N = 67, 43%), lateral femoral condyle (N = 11, 7%), multiple locations (N = 53, 34%), and none (N = 26, 17%). A majority (61%) of patellar chondral lesions were at its inferomedial aspect; all medial patellar retinacular partial injuries involved the inferomedial aspect of the patella, consistent with the insertion of the medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL). Skeletally immature patients had a greater risk of isolated patellar MPFL and chondral injury. No clear relationship was found between/across the location and/or severity of bone bruising, MPFL, or chondral injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Underlying anatomic patellar instability risk factors defined by MRI, do not predict injury patterns. MPFL and chondral injury, as well as bone bruising, are common following LPD. The medial patellotibial ligament is torn in patellar-based medial retinacular injuries, based on MRI injury location. Skeletal immaturity plays a role in the location of the injury pattern with isolated patellar-based MPFL/chondral injury being more common in the skeletally immature patient. Sex does not appear to be a factor in injury patterns after primary LPD. Knowledge of these injury trends will help focus the clinician in injury evaluation when managing primary patellar dislocations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series, Level IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue South Suite R200, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.|TRIA Orthopaedic Center, 8100 Northland Drive, Bloomington, MN, 55431, USA.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tompkins
authors.affiliation: Center for Diagnostic Imaging, 5775 Wayzata Boulevard, Suite 190, St. Louis Park, MN, 55416, USA.
authors.forename: Sara R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rohr
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue South Suite R200, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Agel
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue South Suite R200, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA. arend001@umn.edu.|TRIA Orthopaedic Center, 8100 Northland Drive, Bloomington, MN, 55431, USA. arend001@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Arendt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010329:Patella / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D031222:Patellar Dislocation / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bone bruising; Lateral patellar dislocation; MRI; Patellar instability