title: Occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in animal feed and maize samples from Egypt using LC-MS/MS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of multiple toxic fungal and bacterial metabolites in 156 animal feed (n = 77) and maize (n = 79) samples collected from three regions in Upper Egypt. The target analytes were quantified using the 'dilute and shoot' approach, followed by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 115 fungal and bacterial metabolites were detected in both matrices, including the regulated mycotoxins in the European Union, in addition to the modified forms such as deoxynivalenol-3-glucosid. Furthermore, some Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillum metabolites beside other fungal and bacterial metabolites were detected for the first time in Egypt. All of the samples were contaminated with at least four toxins. On average, 26 different metabolites were detected per sample with a trend of more metabolites in feed than in maize. The maximum number of analytes observed per samples was 54 analytes at maximum concentrations ranging from 0.04 µg kg-1for tentoxin to 25 040 µg kg-1for kojic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the international standards, the contamination rates in the investigated regions were not alarming, except for AFB1 in maize. The necessity of further and continuous monitoring is highly recommended to establish a database for mycotoxin occurrence. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.|Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.|Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mohamed F
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3903-6452
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Abdallah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gözde
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Girgin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Terken
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baydar
authors.affiliation: Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krska
authors.affiliation: Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sulyok
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004534:Egypt; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins
keywords: Egypt; LC-MS/MS; animal feed; maize; mycotoxins