title: Effect on cardiovascular disease risk factors of interventions to alter consultations between practitioners and patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of trials in primary care.
abstract: To examine the effect on cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors of interventions to alter consultations between practitioners and patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  
  Electronic and manual citation searching to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  
  
  
  RCTs that compared usual care to interventions to alter consultations between practitioners and patients. The population was adults aged over 18 years with type 2 diabetes. Trials were set in primary care.
  
  
  
  We recorded if explicit theory-based interventions were used, how consultations were measured to determine whether interventions had an effect on these and calculated weighted mean differences for CVD risk factors including glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C).
  
  
  
  We included seven RCTs with a total of 2277 patients with type 2 diabetes. A range of measures of the consultation was reported, and underlying theory to explain intervention processes was generally undeveloped and poorly applied. There were no overall effects on CVD risk factors; however, trials were heterogeneous. Subgroup analysis suggested some benefit among studies in which interventions demonstrated impact on consultations; statistically significant reductions in HbA1clevels (weighted mean difference, -0.53%; 95% CI: [-0.77, -0.28]; P<.0001; I2=46%).
  
  
  
  Evidence of effect on CVD risk factors from interventions to alter consultations between practitioners and patients with type 2 diabetes was heterogeneous and inconclusive. This could be explained by variable impact of interventions on consultations. More research is required that includes robust measures of the consultations and better development of theory to elucidate mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Hajira
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0175-443X
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dambha-Miller
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J M
authors.initials: AJM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Ann Louise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kinmonth
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D011320:Primary Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
keywords: cardiovascular disease; consultation; doctor-patient relationship; patient-practitioner interactions; type 2 diabetes