title: Origin and nature of pelvic ureter innervation.
abstract: Innervation of the pelvic ureter traditionally comes from the pelvic plexus. This innervation is independent: adrenergic and cholinergic. The purpose of this study was to describe more precisely the origin and nature of its innervation (adrenergic, cholinergic, nitrergic, and somatic).
  
  
  
  Six specimens of normal human fetal pelvis (four male and two female) from 20 to 30 weeks gestation were studied. The sections of these fetuses, carried out every 5 µm without interval, were treated with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE), with Masson's trichrome (TriM), immunolabeling of smooth muscle cells with smooth anti-actin, of nerves with anti-S100 protein, anti-tyrosine hydroxylase, anti-VAChT, anti-nNOS, and with anti- peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP 22). The slides were scanned and two-dimensional images reconstructed in 3D, and analyzed.
  
  
  
  The terminal pelvic ureter travels above and inside the inferior hypogastric plexus (IHP). The nerve fibers that innervate the ureterovesical junction come mainly from the superior hypogastric plexus (SHP) which gives off the hypogastric nerves and pelvic branches of the sacral plexus that form the IHP. Most nerve fibers meet below the ureter, behind the bladder to form an ascending bundle, which innervates the pelvic ureter. Immunohistochemical analysis shows that the nerves of the pelvic ureter consist of adrenergic, cholinergic, and nitrergic fibers.
  
  
  
  The innervation of the distal ureter depends mainly on the SHP. This innervation is adrenergic, cholinergic, and nitrergic. It innervates the pelvic ureter in an ascending manner. This anatomical information can change rectal resection and ureteral reimplantation techniques and drug treatments for pelvic ureter stones. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:271-279, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: U1195, University Paris-Sud, INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.|Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria.|Urology Department, G.H. Paris Sud, APHP, Paris Sud University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Mazen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaitouna
authors.affiliation: U1195, University Paris-Sud, INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.|Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria.
authors.forename: Bayan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alsaid
authors.affiliation: U1195, University Paris-Sud, INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lebacle
authors.affiliation: U1195, University Paris-Sud, INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Krystel Nyangoh
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Timoh
authors.affiliation: U1195, University Paris-Sud, INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benoît
authors.affiliation: U1195, University Paris-Sud, INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.|Urology Department, G.H. Paris Sud, APHP, Paris Sud University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bessede
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D010388:Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014513:Ureter / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation*
keywords: anatomy; computer-assisted anatomic dissection; pelvic ureteral stones; postoperative voiding dysfunction; ureteral reimplantation; ureterovesical junction