title: Do Calcium Supplements Predispose to Urolithiasis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of calcium supplements, with or without vitamin D, in urinary stone formation in healthy population and in osteoporotic patients as well. Moreover, this review aims to clarify whether or not, and above which dose, they are associated with the risk of lithiasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A research in Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases up to September 2015 was conducted using the following keywords: calcium, supplements, vitamin D, complications, lithiasis, and urinary stone. All types of studies were taken into account (cohort studies, reviews, meta-analyses), and in case they fulfilled the inclusion criteria, they were included in our review. The analysis of the data showed that calcium supplements, probably in association with anti osteoporotic treatment, do not create a predisposition towards lithiasis formation among women suffering from osteoporosis, neither among non-osteoporotic older men. In healthy postmenopausal as well as younger women, the supplements might increase susceptibility to urinary stone formation in long-term basis. The consumption of calcium supplements with the meals could play a protective role in women and younger males. There is certain evidence that supplements containing citrate may be more beneficial over the rest of calcium supplements, particularly when consumed during the meal. Osteoporotic women and healthy men are not at risk of stone formation. On the contrary, healthy women should be aware of the potential risk of developing urinary lithiasis in long-term basis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, General Hospital of Volos "Achillopoulio", 134 Polymeri Str., 38222, Volos, Magnesia, Greece. dkozirakis@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Diomidis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kozyrakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece.
authors.forename: Dionysios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paridis
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karatzas
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, General Hospital of Volos "Achillopoulio", 134 Polymeri Str., 38222, Volos, Magnesia, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soukias
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece.
authors.forename: Zoi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dailiana
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Calcium supplements; Lithiasis; Osteoporosis; Urinary stones; Vitamin D