title: Dry Transfer Inoculation of Low-Moisture Spices Containing Antimicrobial Compounds.
abstract: Inoculation of a food product for use in subsequent validation studies typically makes use of a high concentration cocktail of microorganisms suspended in aqueous media. However, this inoculation method may prove difficult particularly when the food product is a low-moisture food containing antimicrobial compounds, such as some dried spices. In this study, a dry transfer method for inoculation of clove powder, oregano leaves, ginger powder, and ground black pepper with a five-serovar cocktail of Salmonella was developed and compared with a traditional aqueous inoculation procedure. Spices were inoculated at three levels, 10, 8, and 6 log CFU/g, by using both an aqueous suspension of Salmonella and a dry transfer of Salmonella from previously inoculated silica beads. At the highest inoculation level, the dry transfer method resulted in a significantly higher microbial load (P < 0.05) for ground cloves and oregano, but not for ginger and ground black pepper. At the intermediate inoculation level, differences were apparent only for ginger and black pepper. Inoculation levels of 6 log CFU/g resulted in recoveries below detection limits for both methods of inoculation. Additional examination on the survival of Salmonella on silica beads after inoculation and in clove powder after dry transfer from silica beads showed linear rates of decline, with a rate of -0.011 log CFU/g/day for beads and -0.015 log CFU/g/day for clove powder. The results suggest that dry transfer of Salmonella via inoculated silica beads is a viable alternative when traditional aqueous inoculation is not feasible.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501.
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.affiliation: Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA.
authors.forename: Chuxuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Grasso-Kelley
authors.affiliation: Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA.
authors.forename: Peiran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501.
authors.forename: Nathan M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501.
authors.forename: Susanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005516:Food Microbiology; D029222:Piper nigrum; D012475:Salmonella; D017365:Spices
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents
keywords: Dry transfer; Inoculation; Salmonella; Spices