title: Ubiquitin-like Protein Conjugation: Structures, Chemistry, and Mechanism.
abstract: Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubl's) are conjugated to target proteins or lipids to regulate their activity, stability, subcellular localization, or macromolecular interactions. Similar to ubiquitin, conjugation is achieved through a cascade of activities that are catalyzed by E1 activating enzymes, E2 conjugating enzymes, and E3 ligases. In this review, we will summarize structural and mechanistic details of enzymes and protein cofactors that participate in Ubl conjugation cascades. Precisely, we will focus on conjugation machinery in the SUMO, NEDD8, ATG8, ATG12, URM1, UFM1, FAT10, and ISG15 pathways while referring to the ubiquitin pathway to highlight common or contrasting themes. We will also review various strategies used to trap intermediates during Ubl activation and conjugation.
authors.affiliation: Structural Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cappadocia
authors.affiliation: Structural Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Sloan Kettering Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9163-6092
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D020134:Catalytic Domain; D006801:Humans; D000075687:NEDD8 Protein / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D025841:Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000075687:NEDD8 Protein; D025841:Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases