title: Association between adherence to dietary recommendations and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Diet, as a modifiable risk factor, may in turn impact systemic inflammation. We therefore assessed whether adherence to the dietary recommendations is associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations in type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data from 677 FinnDiane study participants (48% men, mean±standard deviation age 46±13years) were included. Dietary intake was assessed with a self-administered questionnaire. A diet score, with higher values denoting better adherence to the recommendations, was calculated. Serum hs-CRP concentration was measured, and individuals with hs-CRP <1.0mg/l, and hs-CRP >3.0 but ≤10.0mg/l were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men and women with high hs-CRP had higher BMI, waist circumference, and triglyceride concentration, but lower HDL-cholesterol concentration. Adjusted for BMI, mean diet score was higher in the low hs-CRP group, both in men (10.8±3.6 vs. 9.9±3.8, p=0.023) and women (12.7±3.4 vs. 11.6±3.5, p=0.021). After further adjustments with potential confounding factors, the difference remained significant only in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A diet that more closely adheres to the dietary recommendations is associated with lower hs-CRP in men. A prudent diet may help reduce systemic inflammation in type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Aila J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ahola
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saraheimo
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freese
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forsblom
authors.affiliation: Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mäkimattila
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Finland; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: per-henrik.groop@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Per-Henrik
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Groop
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Adherence to dietary recommendations; Low-grade inflammation; Type 1 diabetes; hs-CRP