title: Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test - accuracy for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's and neurodegenerative diseases: A large-scale biomarker-characterized monocenter cohort study (ClinAD).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The International Working Group recommended the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) as a sensitive detector of the amnesic syndrome of the hippocampal type in typical Alzheimer's disease (AD). But does it differentiate AD from other neurodegenerative diseases?
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the FCSRT and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers in 992 cases. Experts, blinded to biomarker data, attributed in 650 cases a diagnosis of typical AD, frontotemporal dementia, posterior cortical atrophy, Lewy body disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, primary progressive aphasias, "subjective cognitive decline," or depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FCSRT distinguished typical AD from all other conditions with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 75%. Non-AD neurodegenerative diseases with positive AD CSF biomarkers ("atypical AD") did not have lower FCSRT scores than those with negative biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FCSRT is a reliable tool for diagnosing typical AD among various neurodegenerative diseases. At an individual level, however, its specificity is not absolute. Our findings also widen the spectrum of atypical AD to multiple neurodegenerative conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institut de la mémoire et de la maladie d'Alzheimer, Centre de Référence 'Démences Rares', Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), ICM-INSERM 1127, FrontLab, Paris, France. Electronic address: marc.teichmann@psl.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teichmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institut de la mémoire et de la maladie d'Alzheimer, Centre de Référence 'Démences Rares', Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), ICM-INSERM 1127, Team Alzheimer's and Prions Diseases, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Epelbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institut de la mémoire et de la maladie d'Alzheimer, Centre de Référence 'Démences Rares', Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Dalila
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Samri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institut de la mémoire et de la maladie d'Alzheimer, Centre de Référence 'Démences Rares', Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Ecole Polytechnique, LIX, Paris-Saclay University, Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levy Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institut de la mémoire et de la maladie d'Alzheimer, Centre de Référence 'Démences Rares', Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michon
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institut de la mémoire et de la maladie d'Alzheimer, Centre de Référence 'Démences Rares', Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; AXA Research Fund and UPMC, Sorbonne Universities, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Foudil
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lamari
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institut de la mémoire et de la maladie d'Alzheimer, Centre de Référence 'Démences Rares', Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), ICM-INSERM 1127, FrontLab, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dubois
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003463:Cues; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D000073216:Mental Status and Dementia Tests; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Assessment of memory disorders; Dementia; Neurodegenerative diseases