title: Antidepressive and antinociceptive effects of ethanolic extract and fruticuline A from Salvia lachnostachys Benth leaves on rodents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the antidepressant and antinociceptive effects of ethanolic extract (SLEE) and pure fruticuline A obtained from Salvia lachnostachys leaves on rats and mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, SLEE (100 mg/kg, p.o. route) was evaluated for its effects on spared nerve injury (SNI) in rats. The animals were submitted to mechanical sensitivity, forced swim (FST) and cold sensitivity tests 10 and 15 days after surgery. SLEE (100 mg/kg, p.o.) and fruticuline A (3 mg/kg, p.o.) were also evaluated with respect to nociceptive behavior induced by formalin. In addition, clonidine-induced depressive-like behavior was also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The oral administration of SLEE for up to 15 days and the subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg of ketamine (positive control) significantly inhibited SNI-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and decreased immobility in the FST. On the 15th day of oral treatment, SLEE prevented the SNI-induced increase in cold sensitivity. In the formalin test, SLEE and fruticuline A significantly reduced the frequency of paw licking during the first and second phases and decreased the formation of edema. In locomotor analysis (open field test without clonidine treatment), SLEE and fruticuline A did not alter the response. SLEE and fruticuline A significantly attenuated clonidine-induced suppression of spontaneous locomotor activity (squares invaded and licking) and emotionality (grooming and freezing) compared with controls, similar to the naive group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SLEE exhibits antihyperalgesic, antidepressant, and antinociceptive effects, and fruticuline A appears to be at least partly responsible for the effects of SLEE. Together, these results demonstrate the antidepressive effects of SLEE and fruticuline A and indicate that both derivatives obtained from S. lachnostachys act against spontaneous neuropathic pain.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Grande Dourados, College Exact Sciences and Technology, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joyce Alencar
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6969-0087
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Grande Dourados, College of Health Science, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Claudia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Piccinelli
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Grande Dourados, College of Health Science, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maira Dante
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Formagio
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Paraná, Department of Chemistry, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristhian Santos
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Paraná, Department of Botany, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elide Pereira Dos
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Paraná, Department of Chemistry, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Élida
authors.initials: MÉ
authors.lastname: Alves Stefanello
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Grande Dourados, College of Health Science, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ubirajara
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lanza Junior
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, College of Health Science, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Juliano
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Mato Grosso, College of Health Science, Sinop, MT, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mário Mateus
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sugizaki
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Grande Dourados, College of Health Science, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cândida Aparecida Leite
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kassuya
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D004224:Diterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; C539554:fruticuline A