title: Patient-derived xenografts as in vivo models for research in urological malignancies.
abstract: Lack of appropriate models that recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of urological tumours precludes most of the preclinical reagents that target urological tumours from receiving regulatory approval. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are characterized by direct engraftment of patient-derived tumour fragments into immunocompromised mice. PDXs can maintain the original histology, as well as the molecular and genetic characteristics of the source tumour. Thus, PDX models have various advantages over conventional cell-line-derived xenograft (CDX) and other models, which has resulted in an increase in the use of urological tumour PDXs in the analysis of tumour biology and, importantly, for drug development and treatment decisions in personalized medicine. PDX models of urological malignancies have great potential to be used for both basic and clinical research, but limitations exist and need to be overcome. In particular, several agents targeting the immune system have shown promising results in kidney and bladder cancer; however, establishing PDX models in mice with an intact immune system so that an immune response against the tumour is triggered is important to investigate these new therapeutics. Moreover, international collaboration to share PDX models is essential for research concerning fatal urological tumours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents