title: UV-vis spectroscopy and colorimetric models for detecting anthocyanin-metal complexes in plants: An overview of in vitro and in vivo techniques.
abstract: Although anthocyanin (ACN) biosynthesis is one of the best studied pathways of secondary metabolism in plants, the possible physiological and ecological role(s) of these pigments continue to intrigue scientists. Like other dihydroxy B-ring substituted flavonoids, ACNs have an ability to bind metal and metalloid ions, a property that has been exploited for a variety of purposes. For example, the metal binding ability may be used to stabilize ACNs from plant food sources, or to modify their colors for using them as food colorants. The complexation of metals with cyanidin derivatives can also be used as a simple, sensitive, cheap, and rapid method for determination concentrations of several metals in biological and environmental samples using UV-vis spectroscopy. Far less information is available on the ecological significance of ACN-metal complexes in plant-environment interactions. Metalloanthocyanins (protocyanin, nemophilin, commelinin, protodelphin, cyanosalvianin) are involved in the copigmentation phenomenon that leads to blue-pigmented petals, which may facilitate specific plant-pollinator interactions. ACN-metal formation and compartmentation into the vacuole has also been proposed to be part of an orchestrated detoxification mechanism in plants which experience metal/metalloid excess. However, investigations into ACN-metal interactions in plant biology may be limited because of the complexity of the analytical techniques required. To address this concern, here we describe simple methods for the detection of ACN-metal both in vitro and in vivo using UV-vis spectroscopy and colorimetric models. In particular, the use of UV-vis spectra, difference absorption spectra, and colorimetry techniques will be described for in vitro determination of ACN-metal features, whereas reflectance spectroscopy and colorimetric parameters related to CIE L*a*b*and CIE XYZ systems will be detailed for in vivo analyses. In this way, we hope to make this high-informative tool more accessible to plant physiologists and ecologists.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Research Institute of Biology, Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University,72 Gagarin Avenue, Dnipro 49010, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Volodymyr S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Fedenko
authors.affiliation: Scientific Research Institute of Biology, Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University,72 Gagarin Avenue, Dnipro 49010, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Sergiy A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shemet
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 I-56124, Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: marco.landi@for.unipi.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Landi
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods*; D056831:Coordination Complexes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry; D006027:Glycosides; D058955:Metalloids / Q000378:metabolism; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D056831:Coordination Complexes; D005419:Flavonoids; D005960:Glucosides; D006027:Glycosides; D058955:Metalloids; D008670:Metals; D010860:Pigments, Biological; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C539280:cyanosalvianin; C504639:protocyanin; C017154:cyanidin
keywords: Anthocyanin-metal complexes; Color measurement; Copigmentation; Derivative spectroscopy; Difference reflectance spectroscopy; UV–vis spectroscopy