title: Genome sequencing of an Indian peste des petits ruminants virus isolate, Izatnagar/94, and its implications for virus diversity, divergence and phylogeography.
abstract: Peste des petits ruminants is an important transboundary disease infecting small ruminants. Genome or gene sequence analysis enriches our knowledge about the evolution and transboundary nature of the causative agent of this disease, peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Although analysis using whole genome sequences of pathogens leads to more precise phylogenetic relationships, when compared to individual genes or partial sequences, there is still a need to identify specific genes/genomic regions that can provide evolutionary assessments consistent with those predicted with full-length genome sequences. Here the virulent Izatnagar/94 PPRV isolate was assembled and compared to all available complete genome sequences (currently in the NCBI database) to estimate nucleotide diversity and to deduce evolutionary relationships between genes/genomic regions and the full length genomes. Our aim was to identify the preferred candidate gene for use as a phylogenetic marker, as well as to predict divergence time and explore PPRV phylogeography. Among all the PPRV genes, the H gene was identified to be the most diverse with the highest evolutionary relationship with the full genome sequences. Hence it is considered as the most preferred candidate gene for phylogenetic study with 93% identity set as a nucleotide cutoff. A whole genome nucleotide sequence cutoff value of 94% permitted specific differentiation of PPRV lineages. All the isolates examined in the study were found to have a most recent common ancestor in the late 19th or in the early 20th century with high posterior probability values. The Bayesian skyline plot revealed a decrease in genetic diversity among lineage IV isolates since the start of the vaccination program and the network analysis localized the ancestry of PPRV to Africa.
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Amit Ranjan
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sahu
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sajad Ahmad
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wani
authors.affiliation: Division of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saminathan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Product, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Kaushal Kishor
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Rajak
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Aditya Prasad
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sahoo
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Shikha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sonam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanchan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Product, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Bina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Mukteswar Campus, Nainital, 263138, Uttarakhand, India.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muthuchelvan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Product, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: ARIS cell, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Yaspal
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular and Conservation Genetics, Department of Zoology, Government Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati, 444604, Maharashtra, India. mumtazbaig@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mumtaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Bishnu Prasad
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Raj Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India. gandham71@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ravi Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gandham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016679:Genome, Viral; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D006041:Goats; D007194:India; D029021:Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants / Q000821:virology*; D018107:Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000821:virology*