title: Chronic low-grade peripheral inflammation is associated with severe nicotine dependence in schizophrenia: results from the national multicentric FACE-SZ cohort.
abstract: Chronic peripheral inflammation (CPI) has been associated with cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (SZ). However, its sources remain unclear, more specifically it is not known whether tobacco smoking is a source of inflammation or not in SZ subjects. Moreover, nicotine (NIC), the major psychoactive compound of tobacco, shows strong anti-inflammatory properties in vitro, as well as inducing a severe biological dependence when administered repeatedly. The objective of the present study was to determine if CPI was associated with tobacco smoking and/or NIC dependence in schizophrenia. Three hundred and forty five stabilized community-dwelling SZ subjects aged 16 years or older (mean age = 32 years, 73% male) were consecutively included in the network of the FondaMental Expert Centers for Schizophrenia and assessed with validated scales. CPI was defined by a highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) ≥3 mg/L. Current tobacco status was self-declared. Severe NIC dependence was defined by a Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence score ≥7. Overall, 159 (46.1%) were non-smokers, 117 (33.9%) and 69 (20%) were current tobacco smokers with, respectively, low and severe nicotine dependence. In a multivariate model, CPI remained associated with severe NIC dependence (29 vs 15%, OR = 2.8, p = 0.003) and body mass index (OR = 1.1, p < 0.0001), independently of socio-demographic characteristics and antidepressant intake. No association of CPI with low to moderate tobacco smoking dependence, number of daily smoked cigarettes, cannabis use, alcohol use or illness characteristics was found (all p > 0.05). CPI was associated with severe NIC dependence but not with tobacco smoking with low to moderate NIC dependence in SZ, independently of socio-demographic variables, body mass index, alcohol consumption and antidepressant intake. This result highlights the potential CPI consequences of the high prevalence of heavy tobacco smoking in SZ, indicating the importance of new therapeutic strategies for tobacco cessation in SZ.
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France. guillaume.fond@gmail.com.|Clinique Jeanne d'Arc-Hôpital Privé Parisien, Saint-Mandé, France. guillaume.fond@gmail.com.|CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France. guillaume.fond@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fond
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berna
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|INSERM U955, équipe de psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil, France.|Université Paris-Est Créteil, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrianarisoa
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|UPMC University Paris 06, UMRS 943, 75013, Paris, France.|INSERM, UMRS 943, 75013, Paris, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Godin
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|INSERM U955, équipe de psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil, France.|Université Paris-Est Créteil, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leboyer
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|INSERM U955, équipe de psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil, France.|Université Paris-Est Créteil, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brunel
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Université de Bordeaux, 33076, Bordeaux, France.|Bordeaux Sleep Clinique, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux University, USR CNRS 3413 SANPSY, Research Unit, 33000, Bordeaux, France.|Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aouizerate
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital la Colombière, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Inserm, 1061, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Capdevielle
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne, BP 69 63003, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chereau
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Equipe PSYR2, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pole Est, 95 bd Pinel, BP 30039, 69678, Bron Cedex, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: D'Amato
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne, BP 69 63003, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Denizot
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, Inserm U894, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Colombes, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dubertret
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, CH Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dubreucq
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faget
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, CH Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gabayet
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne, BP 69 63003, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Llorca
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, Inserm U894, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Colombes, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mallet
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Université de Bordeaux, 33076, Bordeaux, France.|CNRS UMR 5287-INCIA, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Misdrahi
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Service de psychiatrie d'adulte, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Passerieux
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richieri
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Equipe PSYR2, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pole Est, 95 bd Pinel, BP 30039, 69678, Bron Cedex, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital la Colombière, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Inserm, 1061, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schandrin
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Service de psychiatrie d'adulte, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urbach
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vidailhet
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Pôle psychiatrie universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 13274, Marseille cedex 09, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|INSERM U955, équipe de psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil, France.|Université Paris-Est Créteil, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schürhoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Antidepressant; Inflammation; Nicotine dependence; Schizophrenia; Tobacco smoking