title: The Association between Ambient Air Pollution and Allergic Rhinitis: Further Epidemiological Evidence from Changchun, Northeastern China.
abstract: With the continuous rapid urbanization process over the last three decades, outdoors air pollution has become a progressively more serious public health hazard in China. To investigate the possible associations, lag effects and seasonal differences of urban air quality on respiratory health (allergic rhinitis) in Changchun, a city in Northeastern China, we carried out a time-series analysis of the incidents of allergic rhinitis (AR) from 2013 to 2015. Environmental monitoring showed that PM2.5and PM10were the major air pollutants in Changchun, followed by SO₂, NO₂ and O₃. The results also demonstrated that the daily concentrations of air pollutants had obvious seasonal differences. PM10had higher daily mean concentrations in spring (May, dust storms), autumn (October, straw burning) and winter (November to April, coal burning). The mean daily number of outpatient AR visits in the warm season was higher than in the cold season. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was significantly associated with PM2.5, PM10, SO₂ and NO₂, and the increased mobility was 10.2% (95% CI, 5.5%-15.1%), 4.9% (95% CI, 0.8%-9.2%), 8.5% (95% CI, -1.8%-19.8%) and 11.1% (95% CI, 5.8%-16.5%) for exposure to each 1-Standard Deviation (1-SD) increase of pollutant, respectively. Weakly or no significant associations were observed for CO and O₃. As for lag effects, the highest Relative Risks (RRs) of AR from SO₂, NO₂, PM10and PM2.5were on the same day, and the highest RR from CO was on day 4 (L4). The results also indicated that the concentration of air pollutants might contribute to the development of AR. To summarize, this study provides further evidence of the significant association between ambient particulate pollutants (PM2.5and PM10, which are usually present in high concentrations) and the prevalence of respiratory effects (allergic rhinitis) in the city of Changchun, located in Northeastern China. Environmental control and public health strategies should be enforced to address this increasingly challenging problem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China. tengbo1975@163.com.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China. zhangxuelei@neigae.ac.cn.|Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. zhangxuelei@neigae.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xuelei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai West, New York City, NY 10019, USA. yich1@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Chunhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China. zhangyan993300@163.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China. yeshufeng16@163.com.
authors.forename: Shufeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China. wangyafangwang@163.com.
authors.forename: Yafang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. tongquansong@neigae.ac.cn.|U.S. NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA. tongquansong@neigae.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Daniel Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China. binfeng@pitt.edu.|Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. binfeng@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Binfeng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011634:Public Health; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D014507:Urbanization; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants
keywords: Changchun; air pollution; allergic rhinitis; lag effects; seasonal effect; significant association