title: Racial disparity in survival from estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer: implications for reducing breast cancer mortality disparities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-Latina black breast cancer patients experience a shorter survival from breast cancer than their non-Latina white counterparts. We compared breast cancer-specific survival for the subset of black and white patients with estrogen and/or progesterone receptor-positive tumors that are generally targeted with endocrine therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data collected from a population-based cohort of breast cancer patients from Chicago, IL, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and hazard functions were generated and proportional hazards models were estimated to determine the black/white disparity in time to death from breast cancer while adjusting for age at diagnosis, patient characteristics, treatment-related variables, and tumor grade and stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In regression models, hazard of breast cancer death among ER/PR-positive patients was at least 4 times higher for black than for white patients in all models tested. Notably, even after adjusting for stage at diagnosis, tumor grade, and treatment variables (including initiation of systemic adjuvant therapies), the hazard ratio for death from ER/PR-positive breast cancer between black and white women was 4.39 (95% CI 1.76, 10.9, p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a racial disparity in breast cancer survival for patients diagnosed with ER/PR-positive tumors that did not appear to be due to differences in tumor stage, grade, or therapy initiation in black patients, suggesting that there may be racial differences in the molecular characteristics of hormone receptor-positive tumors, such that ER/PR-positive tumors in black patients may be less responsive to standard treatments.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC 923, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. garthr@uic.edu.|Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. garthr@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Garth H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0374-944X
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Rauscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA.|Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pauls
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Jonna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frasor
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Marcelo G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bonini
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoskins
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality*; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone
keywords: Breast cancer; Disparities; Race/ethnicity; Survival