title: Seasonal, gender and regional variations in total phenolic, flavonoid, and condensed tannins contents and in antioxidant properties from Pistacia atlantica ssp. leaves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The widespread use of Pistacia atlantica Desf. ssp. (Anacardiaceae) in traditional medicine can be partly attributed to the content of its secondary metabolites, in particular, the phenolic compounds.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The effects of harvest period, growing region and gender on the phenolic compounds, flavonoids and condensed tannins contents were studied, as well as on the antioxidant activities of P. atlantica leaves in order to provide a scientific basis for optimal collection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Leaves were collected monthly from April to October 2010 in two Algerian sites. The powdered leaves were used for preparing the ethyl acetate extract. Contents of total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (FC) and condensed tannins (CTC) were determined spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through radical scavenging activity (RSA) of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (250 μM) and the reducing power capacity (RPC) determination by K3Fe(CN)6(1%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TPC was found to vary from 79 ± 13 to 259 ± 8 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight (DW) during the study period. The RSA and RPC varied between 262 ± 18 and 675 ± 21 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent (AAE)/g DW, and from 259 ± 16 to 983 ± 20 mg AAE/g DW, respectively. A seasonal pattern was observed consisting of a decrease in TPC content and RPC from spring to autumn. The FC, CTC and RSA did not show a seasonal pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings showed that secondary metabolite content and antioxidant activities of P. atlantica leaves were more influenced by harvest time and growing region than by gender.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Fundamental Science , University Amar Telidji , Laghouat , Algeria.|b Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: Ziyad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ben Ahmed
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Fundamental Science , University Amar Telidji , Laghouat , Algeria.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yousfi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viaene
authors.affiliation: b Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Brussels , Belgium.|c Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry , Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Bruxelles , Belgium.
authors.forename: Bieke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dejaegher
authors.affiliation: d Department of Toxicology, Dermato-Cosmetology and Pharmacognosy , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: Kristiaan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Demeyer
authors.affiliation: b Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: Debby
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mangelings
authors.affiliation: b Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vander Heyden
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D027927:Pistacia; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D013634:Tannins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013634:Tannins
keywords: DPPH assay; Pistacia atlantica leaves; RPC assay; Total phenolic content; condensed tannins content; flavonoids content