title: Total and methyl mercury in the water, sediment, and fishes of Vembanad, a tropical backwater system in India.
abstract: Mercury contamination in the water bodies of developing countries is a serious concern due to its toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Vembanad, a tropical backwater lake situated at the southwest coast of India, is the largest Ramsar site in southern India. The lake supports thousands of people directly and indirectly through its resources and ecosystem services. It is highly polluted with toxic pollutants such as heavy metals, as it receives effluent discharges from Kerala's major industrial zone. In the present study, water, pore water, sediment, and fish samples collected from Vembanad Lake were analysed for total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MHg) contents. The maximum concentrations of THg and MHg in surface water samples were31.8 and 0.21 ng/L, respectively, and those in bottom water samples were 206 and 1.22 ng/L, respectively. Maximum concentration of THg in surface sediment was observed during monsoon season (2850 ng/g) followed by that in the pre-monsoon season (2730 ng/g) and the post-monsoon season (2140 ng/g). The highest sediment concentration of MHg (202.02 ng/g) was obtained during monsoon season. The spatial variation in the mercury contamination clearly indicates that the industrial discharge into the Periyar River is a major reason for pollution in the lake. The mercury pollution was found to be much higher in Vembanad Lake than in other wetlands in India. The bioaccumulation was high in carnivorous fishes, followed by benthic carnivores. The THg limit in fish for human consumption (0.5 mg/kg dry wt.) was exceeded for all fish species, except for Glossogobius guiris and Synaptura orientalis. The concentration of THg was five times higher in Megalops cyprinoides and four times higher in Gazza minuta. Significant variation was observed among species with different habits and habitats. Overall, risk assessment factors showed that the mercury levels in the edible fishes of Vembanad Lake can pose serious health impacts to the human population.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Ramasamy
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Jayasooryan
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: M S Shylesh
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. mahises@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1003-5357
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Heavy metal; Sediment pollution