title: Preparation and Practical Applications of 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein in Redox Assays.
abstract: Oxidative stress, a state in which intra- or extracellular oxidant production outweighs the antioxidative capacity, lies at the basis of many diseases. DCFH2-DA (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) is the most widely used fluorogenic probe for the detection of general oxidative stress. However, the use of DCFH2-DA, as many other fluorogenic redox probes, is mainly confined to the detection of intracellular oxidative stress in vitro. To expand the applicability of the probe, an alkaline hydrolysis and solvent extraction procedure was developed to generate high-purity DCFH2(2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein) from DCFH2-DA using basic laboratory equipment. Next, the utility of DCFH2was exemplified in a variety of cell-free and in vitro redox assay systems, including oxidant production by transition metals, photodynamic therapy, activated macrophages, and platelets, as well as the antioxidative capacity of different antioxidants. In cells, the concomitant use of DCFH2-DA and DCFH2enabled the measurement and compartmentalized analysis of intra- and extracellularly produced oxidants, respectively, using a single read-out parameter. Furthermore, hepatocyte-targeted liposomes were developed to deliver the carboxylated derivative, 5(6)-carboxy-DCFH2, to hepatocytes in vivo. Liposome-delivered 5(6)-carboxy-DCFH2enabled real-time visualization and measurement of hepatocellular oxidant production during liver ischemia-reperfusion. The liposomal 5(6)-carboxy-DCFH2can be targeted to other tissues where oxidative stress is important, including cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Megan J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7905-2676
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reiniers
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rowan F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: van Golen
authors.affiliation: Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sylvestre
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5810-3657
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mans
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broekgaarden
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: van Gulik
authors.affiliation: Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Egmond
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heger
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; C065013:2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein