title: Glutamate Impairs Mitochondria Aerobic Respiration Capacity and Enhances Glycolysis in Cultured Rat Astrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of glutamate on metabolism, shifts in glycolysis and lactate release in rat astrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  After 10 days, secondary cultured astrocytes were treated with 1 mmol/L glutamate for 1 h, and the oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extra cellular acidification rate (ECAR) was analyzed using a Seahorse XF 24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Cell viability was then evaluated by MTT assay. Moreover, changes in extracellular lactate concentration induced by glutamate were tested with a lactate detection kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control group, treatment with 1 mmol/L glutamate decreased the astrocytes' maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity but increased their glycolytic capacity and glycolytic reserve. Further analysis found that 1-h treatment with different concentrations of glutamate (0.1-1 mmol/L) increased lactate release from astrocytes, however the cell viability was not affected by the glutamate treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study provided direct evidence that exogenous glutamate treatment impaired the mitochondrial respiration capacity of astrocytes and enhanced aerobic glycolysis, which could be involved in glutamate injury or protection mechanisms in response to neurological disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Zhong Fang
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Li Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Jia Xin
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Xiao Xuan
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Li Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699, USA.
authors.forename: Shao Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid
keywords: Astrocytes; Glutamate; Glycolysis; Lactate; Mitochondrial metabolism