title: Transcranial Magnetic and Direct Current Stimulation in Children.
abstract: Promising results in adult neurologic and psychiatric disorders are driving active research into transcranial brain stimulation techniques, particularly transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), in childhood and adolescent syndromes. TMS has realistic utility as an experimental tool tested in a range of pediatric neuropathologies such as perinatal stroke, depression, Tourette syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). tDCS has also been tested as a treatment for a number of pediatric neurologic conditions, including ASD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy. Here, we complement recent reviews with an update of published TMS and tDCS results in children, and discuss developmental neuroscience considerations that should inform pediatric transcranial stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.|F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.|Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Mustafa Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.affiliation: Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.|F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Sameer C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Dhamne
authors.affiliation: Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.|F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gersner
authors.affiliation: Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.|F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Harper L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.affiliation: Neuroplasticity and Autism Spectrum Disorder Program and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, E.P. Bradley Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Oberman
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division for Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.|Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.affiliation: Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. alexander.rotenberg@childrens.harvard.edu.|F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. alexander.rotenberg@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000628:therapy; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000628:therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000628:therapy; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cortical excitability; Cortical inhibition; GABA; TMS; Transcranial stimulation in children; tDCS