title: Co-inoculation Effect of Rhizobia and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Common Bean Growth in a Low Phosphorus Soil.
abstract: Nitrogen (N) fixation through legume-Rhizobiumsymbiosis is important for enhancing agricultural productivity and is therefore of great economic interest. Growing evidence indicates that other soil beneficial bacteria can positively affect symbiotic performance of rhizobia. Nodule endophytic plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were isolated from common bean nodules from Nakuru County in Kenya and characterized 16S rDNA partial gene sequencing. The effect of co-inoculation ofrhizobiumand PGPR, on nodulation and growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) was also investigated using a low phosphorous soil under greenhouse conditions. Gram-positive nodule endophytic PGPR belonging to the genus Bacillus were successfully isolated and characterized. Two PGPR strains (Paenibacillus polymyxaandBacillus megaterium), two rhizobia strains (IITA-PAU 987 and IITA-PAU 983) and one reference rhizobia strain (CIAT 899) were used in the co-inoculation study. Two common bean varieties were inoculated withRhizobiumstrains singly or in a combination with PGPR to evaluate the effect on nodulation and growth parameters. Co-inoculation of IITA-PAU 987 +B. megateriumrecorded the highest nodule weight (405.2 mg) compared to IITA-PAU 987 alone (324.8 mg), while CIAT 899 +B. megaterium(401.2 mg) compared to CIAT 899 alone (337.2 mg). CIAT 899 +B. megateriumrecorded a significantly higher shoot dry weight (7.23 g) compared to CIAT 899 alone (5.80 g). However, there was no significant difference between CIAT 899 +P. polymyxaand CIAT 899 alone. Combination of IITA-PAU 987 andB. megateriumled to significantly higher shoot dry weight (6.84 g) compared to IITA-PAU 987 alone (5.32 g) but no significant difference was observed when co-inoculated withP. polymyxa. IITA-PAU 983 in combination withP. polymyxaled to significantly higher shoot dry weight (7.15 g) compared to IITA-PAU 983 alone (5.14 g). Plants inoculated with IITA-PAU 987 andB. megateriumreceived 24.0 % of their nitrogen demand from atmosphere, which showed a 31.1% increase compared to rhizobium alone. Contrast analysis confirmed the difference between the co-inoculation of rhizobia strains and PGPR compared to single rhizobia inoculation on the root dry weight. These results show that co-inoculation of PGPR and Rhizobia has a synergistic effect on bean growth. Use of PGPR may improve effectiveness ofRhizobiumbiofertilizers for common bean production. Testing of PGPR under field conditions will further elucidate their effectiveness on grain yields of common bean.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University Njoro, Kenya.
authors.forename: Hezekiah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Korir
authors.affiliation: Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University Njoro, Kenya.
authors.forename: Nancy W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Mungai
authors.affiliation: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thuita
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute of Basic Science, Technology and Innovation, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Yosef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamba
authors.affiliation: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Cargele
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Masso
keywords: Bacillus megaterium; Paenibacillus polymyxa; Phaseolus vulgaris L.; co-inoculation; rhizobia