title: Biological Variation of Chloride and Sodium in Sweat Obtained by Pilocarpine Iontophoresis in Adults: How Sure are You About Sweat Test Results?
abstract: The measurement of chloride and sodium concentrations in sweat is an important test for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of this study was to assess the analytical variation (CVA) and within-subject (CVI) and between-subject (CVG) biological variation of chloride and sodium concentrations in sweat, collected by pilocarpine iontophoresis and to determine their effect on the clinical interpretation of sweat test results.
  
  
  
  Twelve Caucasian adults (six male and six female) without symptoms suggestive for CF and with a mean age of 41 years (range 28-59) were included in the study. At least eight samples of sweat were collected from each individual by pilocarpine iontophoresis. Chloride and sodium concentrations were measured in duplicate for each sample using ion selective electrodes. After the removal of outliers, the CVA, CVI, and CVGof chloride and sodium were determined, and their impact on measurement uncertainty and reference change value were calculated.
  
  
  
  The CVA, CVI, and CVGof chloride in sweat samples were 6.5, 17.7, and 47.2%, respectively. The CVA, CVI, and CVGof sodium sweat samples were 6.0, 17.5, and 42.6%, respectively.
  
  
  
  Our study indicates that sweat chloride and sodium concentration results must be interpreted with great care. Different components of variation, particularly the biological variations, have a considerable impact on the interpretation of these results. If no pre-analytical, analytical, or post-analytical errors are suspected, repeated sweat testing to confirm first-measurement results might not be desirable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, GZA Hospitals, Wilrijk, Belgium. willemsphilippe@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4035-2196
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, GZA Hospitals, Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weekx
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, GZA Hospitals, Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anissa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meskal
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, GZA Hospitals, Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sofie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schouwers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000073537:Biological Variation, Population; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis*; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D010862:Pilocarpine; D012964:Sodium
keywords: Biological variation; Chloride; Pilocarpine iontophoresis; Sodium; Sweat; Sweat test