title: Modelling the effects of environmental conditions on the acoustic occurrence and behaviour of Antarctic blue whales.
abstract: Harvested to perilously low numbers by commercial whaling during the past century, the large scale response of Antarctic blue whales Balaenoptera musculus intermedia to environmental variability is poorly understood. This study uses acoustic data collected from 586 sonobuoys deployed in the austral summers of 1997 through 2009, south of 38°S, coupled with visual observations of blue whales during the IWC SOWER line-transect surveys. The characteristic Z-call and D-call of Antarctic blue whales were detected using an automated detection template and visual verification method. Using a random forest model, we showed the environmental preferences pattern, spatial occurrence and acoustic behaviour of Antarctic blue whales. Distance to the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (SBACC), latitude and distance from the nearest Antarctic shores were the main geographic predictors of blue whale call occurrence. Satellite-derived sea surface height, sea surface temperature, and productivity (chlorophyll-a) were the most important environmental predictors of blue whale call occurrence. Call rates of D-calls were strongly predicted by the location of the SBACC, latitude and visually detected number of whales in an area while call rates of Z-call were predicted by the SBACC, latitude and longitude. Satellite-derived sea surface height, wind stress, wind direction, water depth, sea surface temperatures, chlorophyll-a and wind speed were important environmental predictors of blue whale call rates in the Southern Ocean. Blue whale call occurrence and call rates varied significantly in response to inter-annual and long term variability of those environmental predictors. Our results identify the response of Antarctic blue whales to inter-annual variability in environmental conditions and highlighted potential suitable habitats for this population. Such emerging knowledge about the acoustic behaviour, environmental and habitat preferences of Antarctic blue whales is important in improving the management and conservation of this highly depleted species.
authors.affiliation: Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Foreshore, Cape Town, South Africa.|Mammal Research Institute Whale Unit, University of Pretoria, Wynberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Fannie W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Shabangu
authors.affiliation: Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Foreshore, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Dawit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yemane
authors.affiliation: Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.affiliation: Australian Marine Mammal Centre, Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ensor
authors.affiliation: Mammal Research Institute Whale Unit, University of Pretoria, Wynberg, South Africa.|Centre for Sustainable Oceans Economy, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ken P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Findlay
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D019540:Area Under Curve; D050616:Balaenoptera / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D056727:Endangered Species; D004777:Environment; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater; D013696:Temperature; D014828:Vocalization, Animal; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll; D000077194:Chlorophyll A