title: Effects of short-term energy restriction on liver lipid content and inflammatory status in severely obese adults: Results of a randomized controlled trial using 2 dietary approaches.
abstract: Short-term very-low-energy diets (VLEDs) are used in clinical practice prior to bariatric surgery, but regimens vary and outcomes of a short intervention are unclear. We examined the effect of 2 VLEDs, a food-based diet (FD) and a meal-replacement plan (MRP; LighterLife UK Limited, Harlow, UK), over the course of 2 weeks in a randomized controlled trial. We collected clinical and anthropometric data, fasting blood samples, and dietary evaluation questionnaires. Surgeons took liver biopsies and made a visual assessment of the liver. We enrolled 60 participants of whom 54 completed the study (FD, n = 26; MRP, n = 28). Baseline demographic features, reported energy intake, dietary evaluation and liver histology were similar in the 2 groups. Both diets induced significant weight loss. Perceived difficulty of surgery correlated significantly with the degree of steatosis on histology. There were reductions in the circulating inflammatory mediators C-reactive protein, fetuin-A and interleukin-6 between baseline (pre-diet) and post-diet. The diets achieved similar weight loss and reduction in inflammatory biomarkers. There were no significant differences in perceived operative difficulty or between patients' evaluation of diet satisfaction, ease of use or hunger frequency. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease histology assessments post-diet were also not significantly different between diets. The results of this study show the effectiveness of short-term VLEDs and energy restriction, irrespective of macronutrient composition, although the small sample size precluded detection of subtle differences between interventions.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Emma L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9552-4143
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Baldry
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Guruprasad P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Aithal
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Pathology, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.affiliation: MRC Musculoskeletal Physiology and Ageing, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK.
authors.forename: Iskandar R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Idris
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: East-Midlands Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, Derby Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK.
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Leeder
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Macdonald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D015992:Body Mass Index; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects; D015431:Weight Loss; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: 
  NAFLD
  ; 
  VLED
  ; bariatric; energy restriction; preoperative