title: Use of the Rat Grimace Scale to Evaluate Neuropathic Pain in a Model of Cervical Radiculopathy.
abstract: Although neck and low-back pain are common sources of neuropathic pain with high societal costs, the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain is not well-defined. Traditionally, most rodent pain studies rely on evoked reflex-based testing to measure pain. However, these testing methods do not reveal spontaneous pain, particularly early after injury. The rat grimace scale (RGS) for quantifying spontaneous pain has been validated after visceral, incisional, orthopedic, and inflammatory insults but not neuropathic pain. The current study used a rat model of radiculopathy to investigate the time course of RGS, the effect of the NSAID meloxicam on RGS, and the reliability and consistency of RGS across testers. RGS values at baseline and at 3, 6, 24, and 48 h after cervical nerve root compression (NRC) that induced robust evoked pain responses were compared with those obtained after sham surgery. The RGS was also evaluated at 6 h after NRC in another set of rats that had received meloxicam treatment prior to surgery. At 6 h, NRC induced higher RGS scores (1.27 ± 0.18) than did sham surgery (0.93 ± 0.20), and scores remained above baseline for as long as 48 h. Treatment with meloxicam before NRC reduced RGS at 6 h to sham levels, which were lower than those of injury without treatment. The RGS was associated with very good interobserver reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.91) and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach α, 0.87). These findings suggest that RGS is a useful approach to identifying and monitoring acute neuropathic pain in rats.
authors.affiliation: University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Blythe H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Philips
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Weisshaar
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;, Email: winkelst@seas.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Winkelstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005149:Facial Expression; D008297:Male; D000077239:Meloxicam; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013843:Thiazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D000077239:Meloxicam