title: Ca:Mg:Zn:CO3and Ca:Mg:CO3-tri- and bi-elemental carbonate microparticles for novel injectable self-gelling hydrogel-microparticle composites for tissue regeneration.
abstract: Injectable composites for tissue regeneration can be developed by dispersion of inorganic microparticles and cells in a hydrogel phase. In this study, multifunctional carbonate microparticles containing different amounts of calcium, magnesium and zinc were mixed with solutions of gellan gum (GG), an anionic polysaccharide, to form injectable hydrogel-microparticle composites, containing Zn, Ca and Mg. Zn and Ca were incorporated into microparticle preparations to a greater extent than Mg. Microparticle groups were heterogeneous and contained microparticles of differing shape and elemental composition. Zn-rich microparticles were 'star shaped' and appeared to consist of small crystallites, while Zn-poor, Ca- and Mg-rich microparticles were irregular in shape and appeared to contain lager crystallites. Zn-free microparticle groups exhibited the best cytocompatibility and, unexpectedly, Zn-free composites showed the highest antibacterial activity towards methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Composites containing Zn-free microparticles were cytocompatible and therefore appear most suitable for applications as an injectable biomaterial. This study proves the principle of creating bi- and tri-elemental microparticles to induce the gelation of GG to create injectable hydrogel-microparticle composites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biotechology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. Engineering Department, Lancaster University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Timothy E L
authors.initials: TEL
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sobczyk
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Łapa
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Włodarczyk
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brackman
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vidiasheva
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reczyńska
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pietryga
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schaubroeck
authors.forename: Vitaliy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bliznuk
authors.forename: Pascal Van Der
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Voort
authors.forename: Heidi A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Declercq
authors.forename: Jan Van den
authors.initials: JVD
authors.lastname: Bulcke
authors.forename: Sangram Keshari
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Samal
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khalenkow
authors.forename: Bogdan V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Parakhonskiy
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Acker
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coenye
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewandowska-Szumieł
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pamuła
authors.forename: Andre G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Skirtach
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry; D002254:Carbonates / Q000737:chemistry*; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry; D007267:Injections; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D010316:Particle Size; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry; D012038:Regeneration; D012212:Rheology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002254:Carbonates; D020100:Hydrogels; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D017967:Zinc Compounds; C005479:magnesium carbonate; C048288:gellan gum; C036650:zinc carbonate; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D008274:Magnesium