title: The Use of Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, and Hypnotics in People with Type 2 Diabetes and Patterns Associated with Use: The Hoorn Diabetes Care System Cohort.
abstract: Objective. With depression being present in approximately 20% of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we expect equally frequent prescription of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and hypnotics. Nevertheless, prescription data in people with T2DM is missing and the effect of depression on glycaemic control is contradictory. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and/or hypnotics use in a large, managed, primary care system cohort of people with T2DM and to determine the sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, T2DM medication, and metabolic control associated with its use.Method. The prevalence of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and/or hypnotics use in the years 2007-2012 was assessed in the Hoorn Diabetes Care System Cohort from the Netherlands.Results. From the 7016 people with T2DM, 500 people (7.1%) used antidepressants only, 456 people (6.5%) used anxiolytics and/or hypnotics only, and 254 people (3.6%) used a combination.Conclusion. We conclude that in our managed, primary care system 17% of all people with T2DM used antidepressants, anxiolytics, and/or hypnotics. Users of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and/or hypnotics were more often female, non-Caucasian, lower educated, and more often treated with insulin.
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4244-6425
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mast
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Rauh
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groeneveld
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Koopman
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: J W J
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Beulens
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: A P D
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bremmer
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: A A W A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Elders
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hugtenburg
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rutters
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003710:Demography; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives