title: A Limited Survey of Aflatoxins and Zearalenone in Feed and Feed Ingredients from Pakistan.
abstract: This work presents current information on the presence of aflatoxins (AFs) and zearalenone (ZEN) in feed and feed ingredients from Punjab, Pakistan. The 105 samples tested were concentrated feed, i.e., cotton seed meal (18 samples) and soybean meal (14), and feed ingredients, i.e., crushed corn (17), crushed wheat (15), barley (17). and poultry feed (24). Samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector. Analysis revealed that 69 of 105 samples were contaminated with AFs, and the highest mean concentrations of AFB1(6.20 μg/kg) and total AFs (9.30 μg/kg) were found in poultry feed samples. The mean total AF concentrations ranged from the limit of quantification to 165.5 μg/kg. However, 75 of the 105 samples were positive for ZEN. The highest mean concentration (19.45 μg/kg) was found in poultry feed samples. The mean ZEN concentrations were 0.15 to 145.30 μg/kg. The prevalence of AFs and ZEN was high in feed and feed ingredients and needs urgent attention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shahzad Zafar
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Food Toxicology Laboratory, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, P.O. Box 128, Faisalabad 38950, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Rafique
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Asi
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nisar
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Khalid Mahmood
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Zia
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.|Department of Food Safety, Institute of Food Security, University of Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Selamat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jinap
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ulm D-89070, Germany.
authors.forename: Noeen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Malik
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005506:Food Contamination; D010154:Pakistan; D015025:Zearalenone
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D015025:Zearalenone
keywords: Aflatoxins; Feed; Feed ingredients; High performance liquid chromatography; Zearalenone