title: Biostimulation and rainfall infiltration: influence on retention of biodiesel in residual clayey soil.
abstract: This study investigates the retention of biodiesel in residual clayey soil during biostimulation by nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) under conditions of rainfall infiltration. Several column tests were conducted in a laboratory under different void ratios (1.14, 1.24, and 1.34), varying moisture contents (15, 25, and 35%), and in both the presence and absence of biostimulation. The volume of biodiesel (which was equivalent to the volume of voids in the soil) was placed atop the soil and allowed to percolate for a period of 15 days. The soil was subjected to different rainfall infiltration conditions (0.30 or 60 mm). The greatest reductions in residual contaminants occurred after 60 mm of rain simulation, at values of up to 74% less than in samples with the same conditions but no precipitation. However, the residual contamination decay rate was greater with 0-30 mm (0.29 g/mm) of precipitation than with 30-60 mm (0.075 g/mm). Statistical assessment revealed that increased moisture and the presence of nutrients were the factors with the most powerful effect on contaminant retention in the soil. The residual contaminant level was 21 g/kg at a moisture content of 15% and no precipitation, decreasing to 12 g/kg at 35% moisture and no precipitation. Accordingly, it is possible to conclude that biostimulation and rainfall infiltration conditions can decrease the retention of contaminants in soil and allow a greater leaching or spreading of the contamination. All of these phenomena are worthy of careful examination for the in situ bioremediation of organic contamination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • The higher moisture in the soil, due to a high initial moisture content and/or infiltration of rainfall, can reduce contaminant retention, • The use of biostimulation through the addition of nutrients to accelerate the biodegradation of toxic organic contaminants may induce inadvertent undesirable interactions between the soil and the contaminant. • When adopting biostimulation for bioremediation, the effects of rainfall should be addressed; ideally, it should be prevented from entering the affected site, in order to avoid increased contaminant leaching and potential spreading.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285, km 292, Campus I, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil. thome@upf.br.
authors.forename: Antônio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomé
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering Graduate Course, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 Campus Central, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-190, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iziquiel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cecchin
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Undergraduate Course, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285, km 292, Campus I, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cleomar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reginatto
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285, km 292, Campus I, Passo Fundo, RS, 99001-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciane M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Colla
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
authors.forename: Krishna R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D056804:Biofuels; D011891:Rain; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Bioremediation; Column tests; Contamination; Migration; Moisture content; Sorption; Void ratio