title: The impacts of emission trends of POPs on human concentration dynamics: Lessons learned from a longitudinal study in Norway (1979-2007).
abstract: In this short communication, our focus is on the relationship between human concentrations of select persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and environmental emissions. It is based on a longitudinal study (1979-2007) conducted in Norway.
  
  
  
  Our aim was to extract general insights from observed and predicted temporal trends in human concentrations of 49 POPs to assist in the design and interpretation of future monitoring studies.
  
  
  
  Despite considerable decline for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) since 1986, the sum of the targeted POPs increased from 1979 until 2001, with per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) dominating recent blood burden measurements. Specifically, the time trends in serum concentrations of POPs, exemplified by PCB-153, 1,1'-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene) (DDT) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), resembled the trends in available data on their emissions, production or use. These observations suggest that interpretations of human biomonitoring data on persistent compounds must consider historic emissions, which likely vary spatially across the globe. Based on the different temporal trends observed across POP groups, it is evident that generalizations regarding temporal aspects have limitations.
  
  
  
  The discussion herein underscores the importance of understanding temporal variations in environmental emissions when designing and interpreting human biomonitoring studies.
authors.affiliation: NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, The FRAM Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway. Electronic address: therese.h.nost@uit.no.
authors.forename: Therese Haugdahl
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nøst
authors.affiliation: NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, The FRAM Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Torkjel Manning
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Sandanger
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University,1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Evert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nieboer
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Jon Øyvind
authors.initials: JØ
authors.lastname: Odland
authors.affiliation: NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Breivik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000097:blood; D002210:Caprylates / Q000097:blood; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
keywords: Blood serum; Organochlorine pesticides; Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; Persistent organic pollutants; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Repeated measurements