title: The assessment and appraisal of regenerative medicines and cell therapy products: an exploration of methods for review, economic evaluation and appraisal.
abstract: The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) commissioned a 'mock technology appraisal' to assess whether changes to its methods and processes are needed. This report presents the findings of independent research commissioned to inform this appraisal and the deliberations of a panel convened by NICE to evaluate the mock appraisal.
  
  
  
  Our research included reviews to identify issues, analysis methods and conceptual differences and the relevance of alternative decision frameworks, alongside the development of an exemplar case study of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for treating acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
  
  
  
  An assessment of previous evaluations of regenerative medicines found that, although there were a number of evidential challenges, none was unique to regenerative medicines or was beyond the scope of existing methods used to conceptualise decision uncertainty. Regarding the clinical evidence for regenerative medicines, the issues were those associated with a limited evidence base but were not unique to regenerative medicines: small non-randomised studies, high variation in response and the intervention subject to continuing development. The relative treatment effects generated from single-arm trials are likely to be optimistic unless it is certain that the historical data have accurately estimated the efficacy of the control agent. Pivotal trials may use surrogate end points, which, on average, overestimate treatment effects. To reduce overall uncertainty, multivariate meta-analysis of all available data should be considered. Incorporating indirectly relevant but more reliable (more mature) data into the analysis can also be considered; such data may become available as a result of the evolving regulatory pathways being developed by the European Medicines Agency. For the exemplar case of CAR T-cell therapy, target product profiles (TPPs) were developed, which considered the 'curative' and 'bridging to stem-cell transplantation' treatment approaches separately. Within each TPP, three 'hypothetical' evidence sets (minimum, intermediate and mature) were generated to simulate the impact of alternative levels of precision and maturity in the clinical evidence. Subsequent assessments of cost-effectiveness were undertaken, employing the existing NICE reference case alongside additional analyses suggested within alternative frameworks. The additional exploratory analyses were undertaken to demonstrate how assessments of cost-effectiveness and uncertainty could be impacted by alternative managed entry agreements (MEAs), including price discounts, performance-related schemes and technology leasing. The panel deliberated on the range of TPPs, evidence sets and MEAs, commenting on the likely recommendations for each scenario. The panel discussed the challenges associated with the exemplar and regenerative medicines more broadly, focusing on the need for a robust quantification of the level of uncertainty in the cost-effective estimates and the potential value of MEAs in limiting the exposure of the NHS to high upfront costs and loss associated with a wrong decision.
  
  
  
  It is to be expected that there will be a significant level of uncertainty in determining the clinical effectiveness of regenerative medicines and their long-term costs and benefits, but the existing methods available to estimate the implications of this uncertainty are sufficient. The use of risk sharing and MEAs between the NHS and manufacturers of regenerative medicines should be investigated further.
  
  
  
  The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hettle
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corbett
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hinde
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones-Diette
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Nerys
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Woolacott
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D015448:Leukemia, B-Cell / Q000628:therapy; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D013222:State Medicine; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000379:methods*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: C000605956:CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell