title: Upper Urinary Tract Tumors: Which Diagnostic Methods Are Needed?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the data of patients with upper urinary tract (UUT) tumors to evaluate the effectiveness of diagnostic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study evaluated tumor characteristics, imaging procedures, epidemiological and follow-up data of 113 patients. We analyzed the importance of non-invasive and endoscopic diagnosis in addition to imaging as well as the influence of stage and grade on recurrence rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most tumors were urothelial carcinomas (92.9%). The cardinal symptoms were hematuria (40.7%), flank pain (2.7%), and urinary obstruction (14.2%). Forty-seven patients received intravenous urograms (IVUs), 57 retrograde ureteropyelography (RUP), 89 CTs, 6 an MRI. The correct positive tumor identification was reached by IVU in 27/47 patients, by RUP in 50/57, by CT in 74/89, and by MRI in 3/6 patients representing sensitivities of 57.4% (IVU), 87.7% (RUP), 83.1% (CT), and 50% (MRI). Sixty-four patients had urine cytology, which was correctly positive in 60.9% and 56 had a diagnostic ureterorenoscopy, which was correctly positive in 83.9%. During follow-up more than 20% of patients developed a recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with hematuria and flank pain, UUT must be considered a differential diagnosis. UUT to the extent of 76.6% showed more invasive growth (>Ta). Thus, rapid and efficient diagnosis based primarily on imaging is required. Contrast CT scan seems to be the imaging modality with the best performance. However, often only a combination of diagnostic procedures gives a certain diagnosis. Due to the high recurrence rate, close follow-up is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, HELIOS Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maruschke
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kram
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimpfer
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kundt
authors.forename: Oliver W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Hakenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014567:Urography; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media