title: Confocal laser scanning, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy investigation of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm degradation using passive and active sodium hypochlorite irrigation within a simulated root canal model.
abstract: Root canal irrigation is an important adjunct to control microbial infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 2.5% (wt/vol) sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) agitation on the removal, killing, and degradation of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. A total of 45 root canal models were manufactured using 3D printing with each model comprising an 18 mm length simulated root canal of apical size 30 and taper 0.06. E. faecalis biofilms were grown on the apical 3 mm of the models for 10 days. A total of 60 s of 9 ml of 2.5% NaOCl irrigation using syringe and needle was performed, the irrigant was either left stagnant in the canal or agitated using manual (Gutta-percha), sonic, and ultrasonic methods for 30 s. Following irrigation, the residual biofilms were observed using confocal laser scanning, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett post hoc tests at a level of significance p ≤ .05. Consequence of root canal irrigation indicate that the reduction in the amount of biofilm achieved with the active irrigation groups (manual, sonic, and ultrasonic) was significantly greater when compared with the passive and untreated groups (p < .05). Collectively, finding indicate that passive irrigation exhibited more residual biofilm on the model surface than irrigant agitated by manual or automated (sonic, ultrasonic) methods. Total biofilm degradation and nonviable cells were associated with the ultrasonic group.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK.|Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
authors.forename: Saifalarab A
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8351-8515
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mohmmed
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Lifesciences, Department of Learning and Scholarship, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Morgana E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Vianna
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Penny
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mordan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Knowles
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: Biodegradation; biofilm resistance; cell wall