title: Multi-mycotoxin determination in barley and derived products from Tunisia and estimation of their dietary intake.
abstract: A study on raw barley and derived products (barley soup and beers) was carried out to determine the natural presence of twenty-four mycotoxins by both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The developed multi-mycotoxin procedure was based on both SLE and QuEChERS extraction steps. 66% of analyzed samples presented mycotoxin contamination and only one sample, which was soup of barley (6 ng/g), exceeded the maximum level (ML) established by EU for OTA (5 ng/g). Raw barley was the most contaminated matrix (62%), which concentrations ranged from 1.70 to 287.13 ng/g) and type of detected mycotoxins (DON, 15AcDON, NEO, NIV, HT2, FB1, OTA, ENA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1). DON was the most detected mycotoxin with an incidence of 56%, 29% and 23% in beer, soup of barley and barley, respectively. However, the highest levels detected were for ENA, in raw barley with 287 ng/g. In beer and soup of barley samples, the mycotoxins with highest level were 15AcDON (15.6 ng/g) and ENB1 (55.1 ng/g), respectively. Furthermore, 80% of positive soup of barley samples showed co-occurrence. No toxicological concern was associated to mycotoxins exposure for consumers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: cristina.juan@uv.es.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Juan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berrada
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mañes
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Matériaux, Molécules et applications, Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, BP 51 La Marsa 2070, Tunisia; Regional Field Crop Research Center of Beja (CRRGC), Route Tunis Km 5, 9000 Béja, Tunisia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oueslati
mesh_terms: D001515:Beer / Q000032:analysis; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D014416:Tunisia
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins
keywords: Barley; Beers; Daily intake; Gas chromatography; Liquid chromatography; Mycotoxins