title: Type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus in South Asian women in the United States.
abstract: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The incidence of both GDM and type 2 diabetes is exceedingly high in South Asian populations. However, the risk of type 2 diabetes after GDM in South Asian women in the United States is unknown.
  
  
  
  South Asians aged 40 to 84 years without known cardiovascular disease were enrolled in a community-based cohort called Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America study. A history of GDM was elicited through self-report, and type 2 diabetes was ascertained by an oral glucose tolerance test. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis to examine the odds of type 2 diabetes after GDM history in this cross-sectional analysis.
  
  
  
  About 9.7% of women in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America study self-reported a history of GDM, and were significantly younger, with higher mean diastolic blood pressure and self-reported weight at age 20 and 40 years than women without a history of GDM. In a model adjusted for age, weight at age 40, family history of diabetes, education, income, physical activity, caloric intake, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking, women with a history of GDM had increased odds of having type 2 diabetes compared with women without GDM (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.3, 7.5).
  
  
  
  A history of GDM further increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in US South Asian women. Our findings underscore the importance of early postpartum screening in a population at high risk for type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Meghana D
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8638-0048
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gadgil
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Reena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oza-Frank
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Namratha R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Kandula
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alka M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kanaya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Asian diabetes; GDM; prevention; type 2 diabetes