title: Association between CHADS2score, depressive symptoms, and quality of life in a general population.
abstract: To investigate the association between CHADS2score, depressive symptoms, and quality of life in a large general population from China.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study of 11,956 permanent residents of Liaoning Province in China ≥ 35 years of age was conducted between January and August 2013 (response rate 85.3%). All participants completed a questionnaire, had a physical examination, and underwent blood examination. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), while the quality of life (QoL) was measured using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Scale (WHOQOL-BREF).
  
  
  
  With increasing CHADS2score, the prevalence of depressive symptoms increased from 4.9 to 27.8% (P < 0.001), and all scores of WHOQOL-BREF decreased significantly (all Ps < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding risk factors, subjects with CHADS2score ≥ 3 had higher risk of depressive symptoms than those with CHADS2score = 0 (all Ps < 0.05). Also, CHADS2score was negatively associated with all scores of WHOQOL-BREF (all Ps < 0.001). Furthermore, subjects with any item in CHADS2had higher prevalence of depressive symptoms (all Ps < 0.001). Heart failure and stroke remained independently associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for confounding risk factors and other items (Ps < 0.001), while heart failure, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, and stroke were all independently negatively associated with the total score of WHOQOL-BREF (all Ps < 0.05).
  
  
  
  The CHADS2score is significantly associated with depressive symptoms and impaired quality of life in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Zhe
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Nai-Jin
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Street, Heping, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China. yxsun@cmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ying-Xian
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: CHADS2 score; Depressive symptoms; Patient Health Questionnaire-9; Quality of life; World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Scale