title: Disparities in kidney transplantation across the United States: Does residential segregation play a role?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although residential segregation has been implicated in various negative health outcomes, its association with kidney transplantation has not been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age- and sex-standardized kidney transplantation rates were calculated from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, 2000-2013. Population characteristics including segregation indices were derived from the 2010 U.S. Census data and the U.S. Renal Data System. Separate multivariable Poisson regression models were constructed to identify factors independently associated with kidney transplantation among Blacks and Whites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age- and sex-standardized kidney transplantation rates were 114 per 100,000 for Blacks and 38 per 100,000 for Whites. 16.1% of the U.S. population lived in counties with high segregation. There was no difference in the kidney transplantation rates across the levels of segregation among Blacks and Whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors other than residential segregation may play roles in kidney transplantation disparities. Continued efforts to identify these factors may be beneficial in reducing transplantation disparities across the U.S.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and U.S. census data, we aimed to determine whether residential segregation was associated with kidney transplantation rates. We found that there was no association between residential segregation and kidney transplantation rates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma, Burn and Surgical Critical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Olubode A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Olufajo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Joel T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Zeliadt
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Roland A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplant Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Stefan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Tullius
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Backhus
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma, Burn and Surgical Critical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: asalim1@partners.org.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salim
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019352:Censuses; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012042:Registries; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Disparities; Index of dissimilarity; Kidney; Race; Segregation; Transplantation