title: Burnout, depression and suicidal ideation in dental and dental hygiene students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between burnout, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in dental and dental hygiene students and to evaluate the influence of gender, programme type and year of study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Third- and fourth-year dental (DS) and first- and second-year hygiene students (DHS) completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and an abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory online as measures of depressive symptoms/suicidality and burnout, respectively. The statistical analyses included summary statistics and tests for intergroup comparisons (chi-square) to evaluate the influence of gender, programme type (DHS or DS) and year of study. Correlations between depression, suicidality and burnout were also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 32 dental hygiene and 119 dental students participated. 40% of the dental and 38% of the hygiene students met criteria for burnout. No differences were found between years or between programmes. Nine per cent of both dental and hygiene students were above the cut-off for moderate depressive symptoms, but there were no statistical differences between the third- and fourth-year dental and the first- and second-year hygiene students. Six per cent of the dental and 9% of the dental hygiene students were above the cut-off for clinically significant suicidal ideation, but there were no statistical differences between dental and hygiene students. There were no differences noted in the dental students based on gender for any of the measures. Depression was significantly associated with all three subscales of burnout. Suicidal ideation was only significantly related to the lack of personal accomplishment subscale of burnout.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest the need for introducing preventive measures for such affective states in dental and dental hygiene training programmes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Deeb
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carrico
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kinser
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laskin
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golob Deeb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003756:Dental Hygienists / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000073222:Patient Health Questionnaire; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D013335:Students, Dental / Q000523:psychology*; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: burnout; dental education; dental hygiene; depression; stress; students