title: Carbon Nanotubes Activate Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Coagulation by Interface Adsorption.
abstract: Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay is worldwide requested in the assessment of endotoxin contamination for biomaterials. As carbon nanotubes are one major nanomaterial with multiple potentials in biomedical application, here we investigate whether oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (O-MWCNT) interferes the assessment by LAL assays. We showed that the endotoxin free O-MWCNT dispersing in aqueous solutions could activate both the gel-clotting and the end-point chromogenic LAL assay by converting coagulogen into coagulin through interfacial interactions between O-MWCNT and enzymes in the assays. In conclusion, the O-MWCNT could induce false positive results by activating the enzyme cascade of LAL.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Man
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-9048
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
keywords: carbon nanotubes; endotoxin contamination; enzyme activation; interface interaction; limulus amebocyte lysate; protein adsorption