title: Application of a computer-assisted flexible endoscope system for transoral surgery of the hypopharynx and upper esophagus.
abstract: Zenker's diverticulum is a common pathology in the transition zone of the posterior hypopharynx and esophagus. Surgical treatment is routinely performed by ENT and general surgeons. Besides the traditional open transcervical diverticulectomy, the introduction of transoral rigid treatment led to a paradigm change and is now the preferred treatment option for patients who are fit for general anesthesia. The implementation of interventional flexible endoscopy has opened another new micro-invasive approach for patients with high morbidity. Here, we present the potential utilization of a flexible, single port, robot-assisted, and physician-controlled endoscope system to facilitate transoral surgical access to the hypopharynx and upper esophagus. Transoral surgery of the hypopharynx and upper esophagus was performed in human cadavers (n = 5) using the Flex System (Medrobotics, Raynham, USA). Anatomical landmarks were identified, and posterior cricothyroid myotomy was performed with compatible flexible instruments in all cases. The approach to the hypopharynx and upper esophagus using the Flex system is feasible in a cadaveric model. Myotomy with a flexible tool and needle knife (from the perspective of treatment of Zenker´s diverticulum) was successful in all cases. Visualization of the surgical site with the system's HD camera is suitable and the flexible instruments meet the special needs of a micro-invasive transoral approach. Zenker´s diverticulum can be potentially treated with a transoral minimally invasive approach using a computer-assisted flexible endoscope system. This setup could be of advantage in patients with reduced mobility of the cervical spine to prevent open transcervical surgery. In our study, the Flex system enabled advanced visualization of the surgical site and extended intervention options, compared to standard flexible endoscopic treatment. However, general anesthesia is mandatory for the presented approach. Application in live patients with actual pathologies of the hypopharynx and upper esophagus will have to prove suitability for the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum. Further development of the system could include improved instrumentation and an adoption by other disciplines with challenging anatomy such as colorectal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany. daniel.friedrich@uniklinik-ulm.de.
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Scheithauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greve
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rotter
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doescher
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schuler
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D004947:Esophagus / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000601:surgery; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013523:Surgical Equipment; D016672:Zenker Diverticulum / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Diverticulotomy; Esophagus; Flexible endoscope; Hypopharynx; Myotomy; RAS; TORS; Transoral robotic surgery; Zenker´s diverticulum