title: Association of Pseudoexfoliation With Systemic Vascular Diseases in a South Indian Population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ocular pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome may be associated with systemic vascular diseases, which might suggest a broader health significance of PEX, although previous reports are conflicting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether prespecified vascular risk factors and cardiac abnormalities are more common among patients with PEX than among control individuals without PEX.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional analysis of patients recruited into the Aravind Pseudoexfoliation study included South Indian patients older than 40 years with or without PEX who required cataract surgery. Surgical procedures were performed at 4 tertiary Aravind eye hospitals in Tamil Nadu, India, from December 2, 2010, through March 26, 2012. Nine hundred thirty patients with PEX and 476 non-PEX controls underwent detailed ocular examinations, including specific ocular features reflecting PEX. Patients also underwent evaluation for multiple systemic potential cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. The data collection for this analysis on systemic vascular diseases started on December 2, 2010, and ended on April 30, 2014. This study analysis was specified in the study protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five cardiovascular outcomes compared between patients with and without PEX included blood glucose, cholesterol, and homocysteine levels; blood pressure; and cardiac morbidity (defined by electrocardiographic [ECG] abnormalities).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study analysis included 930 patients in the PEX group and 476 in the non-PEX group. The mean (SD) ages of patients in the PEX and non-PEX groups were 64.8 (6.8) and 59.9 (7.3) years (P < .001), respectively. More patients in the PEX group were men (470 [50.5%] vs 460 women [49.5%]) than in the non-PEX group (201 [42.2%] vs 275 women [57.8%]; P < .001). In multivariable analyses adjusting for age and sex, higher systolic blood pressure values were noted for the PEX group (difference [Δ], 4.0 mm Hg; 95% CI, 1.7-6.2 mm Hg; P = .001). Also, patients in the PEX group were more likely to demonstrate an ECG abnormality than in the non-PEX group (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.04-2.60; P = .03). Pseudoexfoliation was not observed to be associated with a higher level of blood glucose (Δ, 6.2 mg/dL; 95% CI, -2.0 to 14.3 mg/dL; P = .14), serum cholesterol (Δ, -0.6 mg/dL; 95% CI, -5.1 to 4.0 mg/dL; P = .81), or serum homocysteine level (Δ, 0.004 mg/L; 95% CI, -0.12 to 0.14; P = .96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of the 5 cardiovascular outcomes examined in South Indian patients requiring cataract surgery, PEX was associated with higher systolic blood pressure and more frequent ECG abnormalities but not with higher blood glucose, serum cholesterol, or serum homocysteine levels. Patients with PEX are more likely to require attention to blood pressure and cardiac morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Aravind Eye Care System, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vardhan S
authors.affiliation: Aravind Eye Care System, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Aravind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haripriya
authors.affiliation: Aravind Eye Care System, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Banushree
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ratukondla
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute and Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramulu
authors.affiliation: Aravind Eye Care System, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Chandrasekaran
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shivakumar
authors.affiliation: Aravind Eye Care System, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Manas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.affiliation: Aravind Eye Care System, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Prabhu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vijayaraghavan
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute and Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland3Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland, Baltimore4Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Robin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D017889:Exfoliation Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006710:Homocysteine; D002784:Cholesterol