title: Evaluation of changes to foot shape in females 5 years after mastectomy: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in foot shape of women 5 years after undergoing breast amputation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of foot shape was performed using a non-invasive device for computer analysis of the plantar surface of the foot. Obtained results were compared between feet on the healthy breast side (F1) and on the amputated breast side (F2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  128 women aged 63.60 ± 8.83, 5-6 years after breast amputation were enrolled in this case-control study. Weight bearing on the lower extremity on the amputated breast side (F1) compared with the healthy breast side (F2) showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01). Patients put more weight onto the healthy breast side. No statistically significant difference was found with regard to F1 and F2 foot length (p = 0.4239), as well as BETA (p = 0.4470) and GAMMA (p = 0.4566) angles. Highly statistically significant differences were noted with respect to foot width, ALPHA angle, and Sztriter-Godunov index-higher values were observed on the healthy breast side (p < 0.001). Highly statistically significant differences were also noted while comparing Clark's angles, higher values being observed on the operated breast side (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in foot shape on the healthy breast side and amputated breast side constitute a long-term negative consequence of mastectomy, and can be caused by unbalanced weight put on feet on the healthy breast side compared to the amputated breast side.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Collegium Medicum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 9 Street, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland. iwona.glowacka@cm.umk.pl.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8572-2835
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Głowacka-Mrotek
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center in Bydgoszcz, Collegium Medicum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland.|Department of Laser Therapy and Physiotherapy, Collegium Medicum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sowa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Collegium Medicum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Zygmunt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Siedlecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center in Bydgoszcz, Collegium Medicum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nowikiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Collegium Medicum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 9 Street, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center in Bydgoszcz, Collegium Medicum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zegarski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: Feet; Mastectomy; Negative consequences; Photogrammetry