title: Immune Tolerance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Induction of Skin Allograft Tolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mesenchymal stem cells not only possess reparative properties, but also have immunomodulatory effect. Owing to the properties, they have been proposed to be hopeful candidates for cell therapy in the process of organ transplantation. In the preclinical researches, it shows that MSCs is capable of prolonging graft survival and inducing tolerance in some cases. Various mechanisms of immune tolerance were reported before, such as tolerogenic dendritic cells, induction of apoptosis, regulatory T cells, mixed chimerism, soluble factors and anergy. Furthermore, the induction of immune tolerance may be influenced by the dose, route and optimal timing of MSCs administration. Allograft of skin can provisionally restore the function of skin barrier and offer a good environment to expand micro-skin auto-graft; however, at the same time, it can cause strong immune rejection, which leads to the failure of skin graft.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The review aims at analyzing the mechanisms of immunosuppression mediated by MSCs, and the induction of tolerance of skin graft by MSCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mesenchymal stem cells are hopeful candidates for cell therapy in the process of organ transplantation, and can induce immune tolerance of skin graft to some extent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan,Shandong 250033, China.|Department of Plastic Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Tengxiao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan,Shandong 250033, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China.
authors.forename: Duyin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D064591:Allografts / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D016038:Skin Transplantation; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance
keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells; immune tolerance; immunosuppression; skin allograft