title: Flame time of a cigarette lighter to achieve temperature capable of inflicting a burn.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette lighters are frequent vectors in intentional contact burns. Time and temperature needed to cause thermal injury are considered to differentiate accidental from inflicted burns. This study examines the minimum time needed to heat a cigarette lighter's top to temperatures capable of inflicting any clinically visible skin burn. This information could be useful in child abuse and other forensic cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed to establish the time and temperature at which partial/full thickness skin burns are acquired, regardless of vector. Using a thermocouple, the temperature of the top of two common lighters was measured at ten second intervals while sustaining maximal flame held both upright and sideways and during cooling once the flame was extinguished.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the literature, the lowest temperatures documented to cause burns in one second were 69°C-70°C for transepidermal or partial thickness burns. From an ambient temperature prior to flame ignition, it took over 50s for the lighter tops to reach 60°C when held upright. After 180s, the lighters were shut off. It then took less than 60s for the lighters to cool to less than 60°C. The BIC lighter held to the side heated to 60°C in about 15s and needed over 100s to cool to under 60°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette lighter burns are often blamed on non-intentional occurrences. At least 50s of sustained flame is needed to heat typical cigarette lighter tops to temperatures capable of inflicting clinically visible skin burns. This time is longer than the time required to light a cigarette. Therefore, for a cigarette lighter to inflict a contact burn injury, there needs to be intent and preparation, making accidental cigarette lighter burns unlikely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, 160 E. Erie Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19134 USA. Electronic address: Svetlana.Harel@DrexelMed.edu.
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harel
authors.affiliation: Section of Plastic Surgery, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, 160 E. Erie Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19134 USA; Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA. Electronic address: brooke.burkey@tenethealth.com.
authors.forename: Brooke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burkey
authors.affiliation: Trauma Program, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, 160 E. Erie Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19134 USA. Electronic address: Autumn.Nanassy@tenethealth.com.
authors.forename: Autumn D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Nanassy
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Department, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Electronic address: marcolms@drexel.edu.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcolongo
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Department, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Electronic address: erp64@drexel.edu.
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Trauma Program, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, 160 E. Erie Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19134 USA. Electronic address: chrisjrn@verizon.net.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, 160 E. Erie Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19134 USA; Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA. Electronic address: Maria.Mccolganmd@tenethealth.com.
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McColgan
mesh_terms: D002056:Burns; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006794:Household Articles; D006801:Humans; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Burns; Child abuse; Cigarette lighter; Non-accidental injury