title: Graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for controlled release and targeted delivery of an anticancer active agent, chlorogenic acid.
abstract: We have synthesized graphene oxide using improved Hummer's method in order to explore the potential use of the resulting graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for an active anticancer agent, chlorogenic acid (CA). The synthesized graphene oxide and chlorogenic acid-graphene oxide nanocomposite (CAGO) were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry analysis, Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV-vis spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques. The successful conjugation of chlorogenic acid onto graphene oxide through hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, FTIR analysis and X-ray diffraction patterns. The loading of CA in the nanohybrid was estimated to be around 13.1% by UV-vis spectroscopy. The release profiles showed favourable, sustained and pH-dependent release of CA from CAGO nanocomposite and conformed well to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Furthermore, the designed anticancer nanohybrid was thermally more stable than its counterpart. The in vitro cytotoxicity results revealed insignificant toxicity effect towards normal cell line, with a viability of >80% even at higher concentration of 50μg/mL. Contrarily, CAGO nanocomposite revealed enhanced toxic effect towards evaluated cancer cell lines (HepG2 human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line, and HeLa human cervical cancer cell line) compared to its free form.
authors.affiliation: Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
authors.forename: Farahnaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barahuie
authors.affiliation: Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Bullo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saifullah
authors.affiliation: Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Chemistry Department, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK.
authors.forename: Dena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dorniani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sharida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fakurazi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Govindarajan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karthivashan
authors.affiliation: Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: mzobir@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Mohd Zobir
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering, The College of Engineering & Architecture, Initial Campus, Birkat Al Mouz Nizwa, Oman.
authors.forename: Fawzi M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Elfghi
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D065546:Drug Liberation; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D010087:Oxides; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Anticancer property; Drug delivery; Graphene oxide; Nanocomposite; Sustained release