title: A Smartphone-Based Colorimetric Reader for Human C-Reactive Protein Immunoassay.
abstract: A smartphone-based colorimetric reader (SBCR), comprising a Samsung Galaxy SIII mini, a gadget (iPAD mini, iPAD4, or iPhone 5s) and a custom-made dark hood and base holder assembly, is used for human C-reactive protein (CRP) immunoassay. A 96-well microtiter plate (MTP) is positioned on the gadget's screensaver to provide white light-based bottom illumination only in the specific regions corresponding to the well's bottom. The images captured by the smartphone's back camera are analyzed by a novel image processing algorithm. Based on one-step kinetics-based human C-reactive protein immunoassay (IA), SBCR is evaluated and compared with a commercial MTP reader (MTPR). For analysis of CRP spiked in diluted human whole blood and plasma as well as CRP in clinical plasma samples, SBCR exhibits the same precision, dynamic range, detection limit, and sensitivity as MTPR for the developed IA (DIA). Considering its compactness, low cost, advanced features and a remarkable computing power, SBCR is an ideal point-of-care (POC) colorimetric detection device for the next-generation of cost-effective POC testing (POCT).
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.affiliation: Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Oordt
authors.affiliation: Sektion Experimentelle Anaesthesiologie, University Hospital Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: E Marion
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.|Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zengerle
authors.affiliation: Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.|Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: von Stetten
authors.affiliation: Innovative Chromatography Group, Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), Department of Chemistry and Analytical, Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: John H T
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.affiliation: Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany. sandeep.vashist@idsplc.com.|Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany. sandeep.vashist@idsplc.com.|Immunodiagnostics Systems, Rue Ernst Solvay 101, Liege, 4000, Belgium. sandeep.vashist@idsplc.com.
authors.forename: Sandeep Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Vashist
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D000068997:Smartphone; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Graphene; Human C-reactive protein; Monitoring inflammation; One-step kinetics; Sandwich immunoassay; Smartphone-based colorimetric reader