title: Design of a synthetic yeast genome.
abstract: We describe complete design of a synthetic eukaryotic genome, Sc2.0, a highly modifiedSaccharomyces cerevisiaegenome reduced in size by nearly 8%, with 1.1 megabases of the synthetic genome deleted, inserted, or altered. Sc2.0 chromosome design was implemented with BioStudio, an open-source framework developed for eukaryotic genome design, which coordinates design modifications from nucleotide to genome scales and enforces version control to systematically track edits. To achieve complete Sc2.0 genome synthesis, individual synthetic chromosomes built by Sc2.0 Consortium teams around the world will be consolidated into a single strain by "endoreduplication intercross." Chemically synthesized genomes like Sc2.0 are fully customizable and allow experimentalists to ask otherwise intractable questions about chromosome structure, function, and evolution with a bottom-up design strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.|High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9820-9421
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.|Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7869-9817
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.|High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.|School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9819-3645
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stracquadanio
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.|High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1060-8082
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica S
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2066-0861
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dymond
authors.affiliation: High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: James E
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4728-3186
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: DiCarlo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Dongwon
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1568-2249
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Cheng Lai Victor
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2163-6596
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Science, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandrasegaran
authors.affiliation: High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.|University of Edinburgh, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
authors.forename: Yizhi
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1663-2865
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jef.boeke@nyumc.org joel.bader@jhu.edu.|Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Jef D
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5322-4946
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Boeke
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jef.boeke@nyumc.org joel.bader@jhu.edu.|High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6020-4625
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bader
mesh_terms: D018244:Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D018388:Codon, Terminator / Q000235:genetics; D019020:Directed Molecular Evolution; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics*; D058615:Synthetic Biology / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018388:Codon, Terminator