title: Flavonoids from sea buckthorn inhibit the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages through the MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
abstract: Sea buckthorn has long been used as a functional food to regulate cholesterol, relieve angina, and diminish inflammation. Flavonoids are one of the main active components in sea buckthorn. We investigated the effects of sea buckthorn flavonoid (SF) treatment on two pathways that mediate inflammation, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of SFs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The LPS-induced over-production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was inhibited by SFs through a mechanism related to the modulatory effects of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes. Additionally, SFs downregulated the production and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β. Moreover, SFs inhibited the phosphorylation of the p38 and stress-activated protein kinase/jun amino-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) MAPK pathways, and they reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB to prevent its activation by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of NF-κB α (IκB-α). Based on these findings, SFs may exert their inhibitory effects on inflammation by regulating the release of inflammatory mediators through the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. SFs highlight the potential benefits of using functional foods with anti-inflammatory actions to combat inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China. hanjianchun@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3805-6793
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China. hanjianchun@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Haining
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China. hanjianchun@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Danyi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China. hanjianchun@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China. hanjianchun@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mingcheng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China. hanjianchun@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jianchun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031281:Hippophae / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases