title: Pharmacokinetic analysis of thymol, carvacrol and diallyl disulfide after intramammary and topical applications in healthy organic dairy cattle.
abstract: Mastitis is among the most costly concerns for dairy producers whether cattle are managed conventionally or organically. Unfortunately, there are no USFDA-approved mastitis treatments that allow dairy cows in the United States to maintain organic dairy status. We investigated the plasma pharmacokinetics of three organic mastitis products currently used by organic producers and organic dairy veterinarians. Those products include intramammary, topical and intravaginal preparations, each dosed at two levels. Additionally, tissue data were collected for kidney, liver and fat in order to estimate a withholding time for each of the products. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) and lower limit of detection (LOD) were 0.001 and 0.0005 µg ml-1, respectively, in plasma and all tissues except fat for both thymol and carvacrol. Fat had an LOQ of 0.01 µg ml-1and an LOD of 0.005 µg ml-1for thymol and carvacrol. Diallyl disulfide had an LOQ of 0.005 µg ml-1and LOD of 0.001 µg ml-1in all tissues. For diallyl disulfide (garlic), no levels above 0.001 µg ml-1were measurable in plasma or tissues. For topical and intramammary products, levels were measurable in the plasma, liver, kidney and fat up to 72 h after the last dose. The plasma half-lives were short for thymol (approximately 1.6 h) and carvacrol (approximately 1.5 h), whereas the estimated half-lives for these substances in tissues ranged from 13.9 to 31.5 h for thymol and from 16.9 to 25 h for carvacrol. The predicted amount of time that the molecules would be found in the body based on the slowest depletion time of liver tissue was 13 days for thymol and 10 days for carvacrol. The apparent half-life of topically applied carvacrol was approximately 4.5 h in plasma, with an estimated withhold time of 10 days. These times were calculated using the USFDA's tolerance limit method for meat withdrawal times.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biological Sciences , Campbell University , Buies Creek , NC , USA.|c Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: b Department of Animal Science , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Keena A E
authors.initials: KAE
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.affiliation: c Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: b Department of Animal Science , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Washburn
authors.affiliation: c Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Yeatts
authors.affiliation: c Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Baynes
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D000081007:Cymenes; D003612:Dairying; D004220:Disulfides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006262:Health; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013943:Thymol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D000081007:Cymenes; D004220:Disulfides; D039821:Monoterpenes; D013943:Thymol; C028009:diallyl disulfide; C073316:carvacrol
keywords: Mastitis; bovine; generally recognised as safe (GRAS); organic; residue