title: Endurance exercise per se reduces the cardiovascular risk marker t-PA antigen in healthy, younger, overweight men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cardiovascular risk marker tissue plasminogen activator antigen (t-PA:Ag) can be reduced by long-term exercise interventions, but it is unknown, whether this is due to the weight loss induced by physical activity or due to the physical activity per se.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was tested in 60 healthy, younger (20-40years), overweight (BMI: 25-30kg/m2) men randomly assigned to 12weeks of intervention in one of four groups: training (T); energy-reduced diet (D); training and increased diet (T-iD); sedentary lifestyle and unchanged diet (controls, C). Fasting blood samples were obtained before and after 12weeks of intervention and analyzed for plasma t-PA:Ag.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body weight was reduced in groups T and D. We observed a decrease in t-PA:Ag from baseline to 12weeks in all three exercise and diet intervention groups, and no change in the control group. A between-group difference in t-PA:Ag was observed at 12weeks (p=0.001), and this was due to lower values in T (p=0.0005), D (p=0.005) and T-iD (p=0.009) compared with the control group. Total body fat mass was reduced in all three exercise groups, and we observed a positive correlation between changes in t-PA:Ag and changes in intra-abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that t-PA:Ag was reduced in all three intervention groups. This suggests that 12weeks of endurance training per se, irrespective of concomitant weight loss, beneficially affects cardiovascular risk in healthy, younger, overweight men.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark. Electronic address: ebladbjerg@health.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Else-Marie
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bladbjerg
authors.affiliation: Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skov
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Pernille
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordby
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stallknecht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D010807:Physical Endurance; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood*; D015431:Weight Loss; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator
keywords: Diet; Endothelium; Fibrinolysis; Physical training; Randomized