title: The in vitro anthelmintic properties of browse plant species against Haemonchus contortus is determined by the polyphenol content and composition.
abstract: The aims of the present study were to (a) evaluate the anthelmintic activity of 10 East African browse plant extracts, (b) examine their role in inhibition of Haemonchus contortus larval exsheathment, (c) establish relationship between inhibition of larval exsheathment and browse plant extract polyphenol composition. Acetone/water (70/30%) extracts of air dried leaves of Acacia etbaica, Cadaba farinosa, Capparis tomentosa, Dichrostachys cinerea, Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea racemosa, Maerua angolensis, Maytenus senegalensis, Rhus natalensis and Senna singueana were used. The larval exsheathment inhibition assay (LEIA) was applied using H. contortus third stage larvae (L3) and browse plant extract concentrations of 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200μg/ml in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Data were analysed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) was used to evaluate whether polyphenols were involved in L3exsheathment inhibition. All browse plant extracts significantly (P≤0.001) inhibited larval exsheathment in a dose dependent manner. The dose required to inhibit 50% of the larvae (EC50) was highest in C. farinosa and lowest in E. racemosa and M. senegalensis. Significant differences (P<0.001) between the control and PVPP treated A. etbaica, C. tomentosa, M. angolensis, R. natalensis and D. cinerea indicates that larval inhibition was largely due to non-phenol compounds. For E. racemosa, M. senegalensis, D. angustifolia and S. singueana, PVPP treatment reversed inhibition activity and in these extracts, inhibition was mostly attributable to tannin and other polyphenols (kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin based glycosides). Overall, the browse plant extracts have anthelmintic property against H. contortus and larval inhibition resulting from the presence of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Wageningen University & Research, Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia. Electronic address: genet.mengistu@wur.nl.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mengistu
authors.affiliation: UMR 1225 IHAP INRA/ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, F-31076 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP-ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, F-31076 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoste
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karonen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.affiliation: Wageningen University & Research, Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80163, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.affiliation: Wageningen University & Research, Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Pellikaan
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006188:Haemonchiasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013634:Tannins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D013634:Tannins; D000096:Acetone
keywords: Exsheathment; Haemonchus contortus; Larvae; Proanthocyanidins