title: ECG artifact cancellation in surface EMG signals by fractional order calculus application.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  New aspects for automatic electrocardiography artifact removal from surface electromyography signals by application of fractional order calculus in combination with linear and nonlinear moving window filters are explored. Surface electromyography recordings of skeletal trunk muscles are commonly contaminated with spike shaped artifacts. This artifact originates from electrical heart activity, recorded by electrocardiography, commonly present in the surface electromyography signals recorded in heart proximity. For appropriate assessment of neuromuscular changes by means of surface electromyography, application of a proper filtering technique of electrocardiography artifact is crucial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel method for automatic artifact cancellation in surface electromyography signals by applying fractional order calculus and nonlinear median filter is introduced. The proposed method is compared with the linear moving average filter, with and without prior application of fractional order calculus. 3D graphs for assessment of window lengths of the filters, crest factors, root mean square differences, and fractional calculus orders (called WFC and WRC graphs) have been introduced. For an appropriate quantitative filtering evaluation, the synthetic electrocardiography signal and analogous semi-synthetic dataset have been generated. The examples of noise removal in 10 able-bodied subjects and in one patient with muscle dystrophy are presented for qualitative analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crest factors, correlation coefficients, and root mean square differences of the recorded and semi-synthetic electromyography datasets showed that the most successful method was the median filter in combination with fractional order calculus of the order 0.9. Statistically more significant (p < 0.001) ECG peak reduction was obtained by the median filter application compared to the moving average filter in the cases of low level amplitude of muscle contraction compared to ECG spikes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented results suggest that the novel method combining a median filter and fractional order calculus can be used for automatic filtering of electrocardiography artifacts in the surface electromyography signal envelopes recorded in trunk muscles.
authors.affiliation: University of Belgrade, School of Electrical Engineering, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: nadica.miljkovic@etf.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Nadica
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miljković
authors.affiliation: University of Belgrade, School of Electrical Engineering, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: nenad.pop92@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Popović
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Clinic "Dr Miroslav Zotović", Sokobanjska 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: odordev@EUnet.rs.
authors.forename: Olivera
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Djordjević
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Clinic "Dr Miroslav Zotović", Sokobanjska 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: ljkonstantinovic@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ljubica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Konstantinović
authors.affiliation: University of Belgrade, School of Electrical Engineering, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: tomi@etf.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Tomislav B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Šekara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ECG interference; Fractional order calculus; Median filter; Moving average filter; Surface EMG