title: Intrinsic, adaptive and acquired antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.
abstract: Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for a large proportion of antimicrobial-resistant infections in humans and animals. Among this class of bacteria are also some of the most successful environmental organisms. Part of this success is their adaptability to a variety of different niches, their intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial drugs and their ability to rapidly acquire resistance mechanisms. These mechanisms of resistance are not exclusive and the interplay of several mechanisms causes high levels of resistance. In this review, we explore the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance in Gram-negative organisms and how these different mechanisms enable them to survive many different stress conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arzanlou
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
authors.forename: Wern Chern
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia rietie.venter@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Henrietta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Venter
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000187:drug effects; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents
keywords: Gram-negative; acquired resistance; adaptive resistance; antimicrobial resistance; intrinsic resistance; mechanisms of resistance