title: Simultaneous Measurement of Multiple Mechanical Properties of Single Cells Using AFM by Indentation and Vibration.
abstract: The mechanical properties of cells, which are the main characteristics determining their physical performance and physiological functions, have been actively studied in the fields of cytobiology and biomedical engineering and for the development of medicines. In this study, an indentation-vibration-based method is proposed to simultaneously measure the mechanical properties of cells in situ, including cellular mass (m), elasticity (k), and viscosity (c).
  
  
  
  The proposed measurement method is implemented based on the principle of forced vibration stimulated by simple harmonic force using an atomic force microscope (AFM) system integrated with a piezoelectric transducer as the substrate vibrator. The corresponding theoretical model containing the three mechanical properties is derived and used to perform simulations and calculations. Living and fixed human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells were subjected to indentation and vibration to measure and compare their mechanical parameters and verify the proposed approach.
  
  
  
  The results that the fixed sample cells are more viscous and elastic than the living sample cells and the measured mechanical properties of cell are consistent within, but not outside of the central region of the cell, are in accordance with the previous studies.
  
  
  
  This work provides an approach to simultaneous measurement of the multiple mechanical properties of single cells using an integrated AFM system based on the principle force vibration and thickness-corrected Hertz model.
  
  
  
  This study should contribute to progress in biomedical engineering, cytobiology, medicine, early diagnosis, specific therapy and cell-powered robots.
authors.forename: Chuang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jialin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Wenxue
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Yuechao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lianqing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002468:Cell Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods*; D059010:Single-Cell Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D014732:Vibration; D014783:Viscosity