title: The mouse mammary gland as a sentinel organ: distinguishing 'control' populations with diverse environmental histories.
abstract: There are numerous examples of laboratory animals that were inadvertently exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during the process of conducting experiments. Controlling contaminations in the laboratory is challenging, especially when their source is unknown. Unfortunately, EDC contaminations can interfere with the interpretation of data during toxicological evaluations. We propose that the male CD-1 mouse mammary gland is a sensitive bioassay to evaluate the inadvertent contamination of animal colonies.
  
  
  
  We evaluated mammary glands collected from two CD-1 mouse populations with distinct environmental histories. Population 1 was born and raised in a commercial laboratory with unknown EDC exposures; Population 2 was the second generation raised in an animal facility with limited exposures to xenoestrogens from caging, feed, etc. Mammary glands were collected from all animals and evaluated using morphometric techniques to quantify morphological characteristics of the mammary gland.
  
  
  
  Population 1 (with suspected history of environmental chemical exposure) and Population 2 (with known limited history of xenoestrogen exposure) were morphologically distinguishable in adult males, prepubertal females, and pubertal females. Mammary glands from males raised in the commercial animal facility were significantly more developed, with larger ductal trees and more branching points. The appearance of these mammary glands was consistent with prior reports of male mice exposed to low doses of bisphenol A (BPA) during early development. In females, the two populations were morphologically distinct at both prepuberty and puberty, with the most striking differences observed in the number, size, and density of terminal end buds, e.g. highly proliferative structures found in the developing mammary gland.
  
  
  
  Collectively, these results suggest that the mouse mammary gland has the potential to be used as a sentinel organ to evaluate and distinguish animal colonies raised in different environmental conditions including potential EDC exposures. Our findings could help researchers that wish to perform a posteriori evaluations to determine whether inadvertent contamination with xenoestrogens (and potentially other EDCs) has occurred in their animal colonies, especially after new materials (feed, caging, water bottles) have been introduced. Finally, our results challenge the relatively common practice of using historical controls in toxicological experiments.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA.
authors.forename: SriDurgaDevi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kolla
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA.
authors.forename: Aastha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pokharel
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 171A Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA. lvandenberg@schoolph.umass.edu.
authors.forename: Laura N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Vandenberg
mesh_terms: D032761:Animal Experimentation; D000818:Animals; D035061:Control Groups; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D007753:Laboratories; D008297:Male; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D051379:Mice; D012741:Sexual Maturation
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: Commercial supplier; Contamination; Endocrine disruptor; Estradiol; Guideline endpoint; Sensitivity; Volumetric morphometric historical control