title: Sonographic guide for botulinum toxin injections of the upper limb: EUROMUSCULUS/USPRM spasticity approach.
abstract: The pertinent literature lacks overt technical data for optimal upper limb muscle botulinum toxin injections using ultrasound (US) imaging. Therefore, this guide is prepared for the commonly injected muscles of the upper limb and the shoulder girdle mainly in spasticity. It includes clinical information, anatomical description and explanation regarding the US imaging of several muscles. The figures have been organized to orient the readers on the innervation, injection sites, probe positioning and the US images simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey - mkaraftr@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bayram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaymak
authors.affiliation: Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Alper M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ulaşli
authors.affiliation: Gaziler Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tok
authors.affiliation: Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gökhan T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ke-Vin
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Yen
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and Community and Geriatric Research Center, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ege University Medical School, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yağiz On
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Özçakar
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D013035:Spasm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A