title: Polymorphism 4G/5G of the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene as a risk factor for the development of allergic rhinitis symptoms in patients with asthma.
abstract: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a glycoprotein which has a role in tissue remodelling after inflammatory processes. The objective is to investigate the frequency of PAI-1 gene polymorphism (4G/5G) in patients with a lung ventilation dysfunction in asthma and allergic rhinitis. Genomic DNA was isolated and genotypes of polymorphism of PAI-1 4G/5G and ABO were determined using the methods of RT-PCR and PCR-SSP. Study group includes 145 adult patients diagnosed with chronic asthma, with all clinically relevant parameters and the laboratory markers of pO2, IgE and eosinophils in sputum and nasal swab. In the processing of data, appropriate statistical tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, median, interquartile ranges, χ2and Mann-Whitney U tests) were used. Patients with symptoms of allergic rhinitis were significantly younger and had an almost four time higher levels of IgE (P = 0.001), higher pO2(P = 0.002) and PEF (P = 0.036), compared to those who do not have these symptoms. Genotype PAI 4G/4G is significantly more common in patients with allergic rhinitis (28.1% vs. 16.1%; P = 0.017) compared to the genotype 5G/5G. Carriers of the genotype 4G/5G also have a borderline statistical significance. There were no statistically significant difference in the incidence of allergic rhinitis in the carriers of any ABO genotypes. The frequency of PAI genotype 4G/4G is significantly more common in patients with allergic rhinitis. The results suggest that the carriers of at least one 4G allele are at a higher risk for developing symptoms of allergic rhinitis in asthma.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Department for Lung Diseases Jordanovac, The University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Jordanovac Street 104, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia. marina.lampalo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8529-9472
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lampalo
authors.affiliation: Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.|Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jukic
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bingulac-Popovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ivona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marunica
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petlevski
authors.affiliation: Clinical Department for Lung Diseases Jordanovac, The University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Jordanovac Street 104, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.|University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Šalata 3, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pavlisa
authors.affiliation: Clinical Department for Lung Diseases Jordanovac, The University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Jordanovac Street 104, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.|University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Šalata 3, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Popovic-Grle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004804:Eosinophils; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000032:analysis; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: ABO genotypes; PAI-1 genotypes; Remodelling of air ways; Serpin 1 gene; Triggers for inflammatory markers