title: Glutathione and thioredoxin systems contribute to recombinant monoclonal antibody interchain disulfide bond reduction during bioprocessing.
abstract: Antibody interchain disulfide bond reduction during biopharmaceutical manufacturing has received increased attention since it was first reported in 2010. Antibody reduction leads to loss of product and reduced product stability. It is therefore critical to understand the underlying mechanisms of reduction. To date, the thioredoxin system has been reported as the sole contributor to antibody reduction during bioprocessing. In this work, we show that the glutathione system, in addition to the thioredoxin system, is involved in reducing antibody molecules and the contributions of the two systems can vary depending upon the cell culture process. The roles of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems were evaluated for three molecules with different IgG subclass where reduction was observed during manufacturing: mAb A, mAb B, and mAb C representing an IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4,respectively. The expression of enzymes for both the thioredoxin and glutathione systems were confirmed in all three cell lines. Inhibitors were evaluated using purified mammalian reductases to evaluate their specificity. The optimized experimental conditions enabled both the determination of reductase activity contributed from as well as the amount of antibody reduced by each enzymatic system. Our results demonstrate that the underlying enzymatic mechanisms are different depending upon the cell culture process; one of the two systems may be the dominant mechanism, or both enzymatic systems may be involved. Specifically, the glutathione system was found to be the major contributor to mAb A reduction while the thioredoxin system was the major contributor to mAb C reduction. Intriguingly, mAb B experienced significant reduction from both enzymatic systems. In summary, we have demonstrated that in addition to the thioredoxin pathway, the glutathione system is a second major pathway contributing to antibody reduction and this knowledge can be leveraged to develop more specific antibody reduction mitigation strategies targeted at the dominant reduction mechanism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1469-1477. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Handlogten
authors.affiliation: Protein Science, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fremont, California.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, MedImmune, LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2869-6885
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahuja
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016466:CHO Cells; D003412:Cricetulus; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004220:Disulfides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013879:Thioredoxins; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: antibody reduction; disulfide bond reduction; glutathione; glutathione reductase; thioredoxin; thioredoxin reductase