title: Modelling-based identification of factors influencing campylobacters in chicken broiler houses and on carcasses sampled after processing and chilling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify production and processing practices that might reduce Campylobacter numbers contaminating chicken broiler carcasses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The numbers of campylobacters were determined on carcass neck skins after processing or in broiler house litter samples. Supplementary information that described farm layouts, farming conditions for individual flocks, the slaughterhouse layouts and operating conditions inside plants was collected, matched with each Campylobacter test result. Statistical models predicting the numbers of campylobacters on neck skins and in litter were constructed. Carcass microbial contamination was more strongly influenced by on-farm production practices compared with slaughterhouse activities. We observed correlations between the chilling, washing and defeathering stages of processing and the numbers of campylobacters on carcasses. There were factors on farm that also correlated with numbers of campylobacters in litter. These included bird gender, the exclusion of dogs from houses, beetle presence in the house litter and the materials used to construct the house frame.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in farming practices have greater potential for reducing chicken carcass microbial contamination compared with processing interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine commercial practices were identified that were correlated with lowered numbers of campylobacters. Consequently, these practices are likely to be both cost-effective and suitable for adoption into established farms and commercial processing.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.|Hutchison Scientific Ltd, Somerset, UK.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.affiliation: Agri-Food Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tchòrzewska
authors.affiliation: National Farmers' Union, Stoneleigh Park, Warwick, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Agri-Food Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Knowles
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002645:Chickens; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004285:Dogs; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: agriculture; campylobacters; microbial contamination; modelling; processing