title: Histological evaluations of apatite-fiber scaffold cultured with mesenchymal stem cells by implantation at rat subcutaneous tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a strong impetus for the development of alternative treatments for bone disease that avoid the complications associated with autografts and allografts. To address this, we previously developed porous apatite-fiber scaffolds (AFSs) which have three-dimensional interconnected pores, and constructed tissue-engineered bone by culturing rat bone marrow cells (RBMCs) using AFSs in a radial-flow bioreactor (RFB).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To generate additional baseline data for the development of tissue-engineered bone constructed for clinical application using a RFB, we cultured RBMCs using AFSs under static conditions (hereafter, RBMC AFS culture), and monitored RBMC growth and differentiation characteristics in vitro, and two weeks after subcutaneous inoculation into recipient rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  RBMCs were seeded to AFSs and growth, differentiation and calcification were monitored in vitro and in vivo by histological evaluation using hematoxylin eosin, alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red S stains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RBMCs in/on AFSs proliferated and differentiated normally in vitro and in vivo, and calcification was evident two weeks after subcutaneous AFS culture implantation. Histological assays revealed that AFSs and RBMC AFS cultures were biocompatible, and did not induce inflammation or immunological rejection in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that AFSs are a conducive microenvironment for bone regeneration and are well tolerated in vivo. The results provide valuable baseline data for the design of implant studies using tissue-engineered bone constructed by RFB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
authors.forename: Kitaru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aizawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D010012:Osteogenesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D001672:Biocompatible Materials
keywords: Hydroxyapatite; apatite-fiber scaffold; histological evaluation; rat bone marrow cells; tissue-engineered bone