title: Oral microbe-host interactions: influence of β-glucans on gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and metabolome profile.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-glucan on the expression of inflammatory mediators and metabolomic profile of oral cells [keratinocytes (OBA-9) and fibroblasts (HGF-1) in a dual-chamber model] infected by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The periodontopathogen was applied and allowed to cross the top layer of cells (OBA-9) to reach the bottom layer of cells (HGF-1) and induce the synthesis of immune factors and cytokines in the host cells. β-glucan (10 μg/mL or 20 μg/mL) were added, and the transcriptional factors and metabolites produced were quantified in the remaining cell layers and supernatant.
  
  
  
  The relative expression of interleukin (IL)-1-α and IL-18 genes in HGF-1 decreased with 10 μg/mL or 20 μg/mL of β-glucan, where as the expression of PTGS-2 decreased only with 10 μg/mL. The expression of IL-1-α increased with 20 μg/mL and that of IL-18 increased with 10 μg/mL in OBA-9; the expression of BCL 2, EP 300, and PTGS-2 decreased with the higher dose of β-glucan. The production of the metabolite 4-aminobutyric acid presented lower concentrations under 20 μg/mL, whereas the concentrations of 2-deoxytetronic acid NIST and oxalic acid decreased at both concentrations used. Acetophenone, benzoic acid, and pinitol presented reduced concentrations only when treated with 10 μg/mL of β-glucan.
  
  
  
  Treatment with β-glucans positively modulated the immune response and production of metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene & Biomedical Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.|Department of Veterinary Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology Area, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Viviam de Oliveira
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Physiology Area, Federal University of Lavras,Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciano José
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Medicine, Department Foundational Sciences, East Carolina University, 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, Greeville, NC, 27834-4354, USA. muratar16@ecu.edu.|Brody School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA. muratar16@ecu.edu.
authors.forename: Ramiro Mendonça
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murata
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000378:metabolism; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019817:Benzoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002460:Cell Line; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D050881:E1A-Associated p300 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000378:metabolism; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007294:Inositol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000235:genetics; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000235:genetics; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000378:metabolism; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D009055:Mouth / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D019815:Oxalic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; C000595707:BCL2 protein, human; D016207:Cytokines; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D020382:Interleukin-18; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D047071:beta-Glucans; C041038:3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid; C021730:pinitol; D007294:Inositol; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D019817:Benzoic Acid; D019815:Oxalic Acid; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D050881:E1A-Associated p300 Protein; C494360:EP300 protein, human; C038699:acetophenone
keywords: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Fibroblast; Host response; Immunomodulation; Keratinocyte; Periodontal disease