title: Prevalence of Trachoma in Kano State, Nigeria: Results of 44 Local Government Area-Level Surveys.
abstract: We sought to determine the prevalence of trachoma in 44 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Kano State, Nigeria.
  
  
  
  A population-based prevalence survey was conducted in each Kano LGA. We used a two-stage systematic and quasi-random sampling strategy to select 25 households from each of 25 clusters in each LGA. All consenting household residents aged 1 year and above were examined for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF), trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) and trichiasis.
  
  
  
  State-wide crude prevalence of TF in persons aged 1-9 years was 3.4% (95% CI 3.3-3.5%), and of trichiasis in those aged ≥15 years was 2.3% (95% CI 2.1-2.4%). LGA-level age- and sex-adjusted trichiasis prevalence in those aged ≥15 years ranged from 0.1% to 2.9%. All but 4 (9%) of 44 LGAs had trichiasis prevalences in adults above the elimination threshold of 0.2%. State-wide prevalence of trichiasis in adult women was significantly higher than in adult men (2.6% vs 1.8%; OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.7; p = 0.001). Four of 44 LGAs had TF prevalences in 1-9-year-olds between 10 and 15%, while another six LGAs had TF prevalences between 5 and 9.9%. In 37 LGAs, >80% of households had access to water within 30 minutes round-trip, but household latrine access was >80% in only 19 LGAs.
  
  
  
  Trichiasis is a public health problem in most LGAs in Kano. Surgeons need to be trained and deployed to provide community-based trichiasis surgery, with emphasis on delivery of such services to women. Antibiotics, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement are needed in 10 LGAs.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Jos , Jos , Nigeria.|b Sightsavers , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Caleb
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mpyet
authors.affiliation: c Department of Ophthalmology , Usman Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital , Sokoto , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Nasiru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.affiliation: c Department of Ophthalmology , Usman Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital , Sokoto , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Mohammed Dantani
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Adamu
authors.affiliation: d Ministry of Health , Kaduna State , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Habila
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Muazu
authors.affiliation: e National Eye Center , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Murtala Muhammad
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Umar
authors.affiliation: f Netherlands Leprosy Relief , Jos , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Musa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goyol
authors.affiliation: g Department of Ophthalmology , Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital , Kano , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Hadi Bala
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Yahaya
authors.affiliation: h National Trachoma Control Program, Department of Public Health , Federal Ministry of Health , Abuja , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Uwazoeke
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Onyebuchi
authors.affiliation: i Vision2020 Support Programme , Jos , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ogoshi
authors.affiliation: j Kano State Ministry of Health , Kano , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Tijjani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hussaini
authors.affiliation: b Sightsavers , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Sunday
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isiyaku
authors.affiliation: b Sightsavers , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adamani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: William
authors.affiliation: k Task Force for Global Health , Decatur , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Flueckiger
authors.affiliation: k Task Force for Global Health , Decatur , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: k Task Force for Global Health , Decatur , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.affiliation: k Task Force for Global Health , Decatur , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Alexandre L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pavluck
authors.affiliation: h National Trachoma Control Program, Department of Public Health , Federal Ministry of Health , Abuja , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Olobio
authors.affiliation: l Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phelan
authors.affiliation: m Clinical Research Department , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macleod
authors.affiliation: l Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland.|m Clinical Research Department , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK.|n London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research , London , UK.
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009111:Local Government; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014141:Trachoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D058457:Trichiasis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Global Trachoma Mapping Project; Kano State; Nigeria; prevalence; trachoma; trichiasis