title: A biocompatible macromolecular two-photon initiator based on hyaluronan.
abstract: The possibility of the direct encapsulation of living cellsviatwo-photon induced photopolymerization enables the microfabrication of hydrogel scaffolds with high initial cell loadings and intimate matrix-cell contact. While highly efficient water-soluble two-photon initiators based on benzylidene ketone dyes have been developed, they exhibit considerable cyto- and phototoxicity. To address the problem of photoinitiator migration from the extracellular matrix into the cytosol, a two-photon initiator bound to a polymeric hyaluronan backbone (HAPI) was synthesized in this work.HAPIexhibited a distinct improvement of cytocompatibility compared to a reference two-photon initiator. Basic photophysical investigations were performed to characterize the absorption and fluorescence behavior ofHAPI. Laser scanning microscopy was used to visualize and confirm the hindered transmembrane migration behavior ofHAPI. The performance ofHAPIwas tested in two-photon polymerization at exceedingly high printing speeds of 100 mm s-1producing gelatin-based complex 3D hydrogel scaffolds with a water content of 85%. The photodamage of the structuring process was low and viable MC3T3 cells embedded in the gel were monitored for several days after structuring.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , TU Wien (Technische Universitaet Wien) , Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC , 1060 Vienna , Austria ; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Austria.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tromayer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Science and Technology , TU Wien (Technische Universitaet Wien) , Getreidemarkt 9/308 , 1060 Vienna , Austria ; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Austria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Science and Technology , TU Wien (Technische Universitaet Wien) , Getreidemarkt 9/308 , 1060 Vienna , Austria ; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Austria.
authors.forename: Marica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markovic
authors.affiliation: Physical Chemistry Department , Sciences II , University of Geneva , 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Arnulf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosspeintner
authors.affiliation: Physical Chemistry Department , Sciences II , University of Geneva , 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9580-9683
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vauthey
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute - Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Donaueschingenstraße 13 , 1200 Vienna , Austria ; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Austria.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Redl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Science and Technology , TU Wien (Technische Universitaet Wien) , Getreidemarkt 9/308 , 1060 Vienna , Austria ; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Austria.
authors.forename: Aleksandr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ovsianikov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry , TU Wien (Technische Universitaet Wien) , Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC , 1060 Vienna , Austria ; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Austria.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liska