title: A practical review of gastrointestinal manifestations in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with prominent motor and non-motor symptoms. Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is among the most common and bothersome of non-motor symptoms that physicians will encounter while caring for their patients. Patients are subject to a wide variety of GI symptoms involving organs from the oropharynx to the anorectum. Our awareness and understanding of GI involvement in PD continues to evolve. In this review, we use a gastroenterologist's perspective to provide practical considerations for the diagnosis and symptom-based management of GI dysfunction seen in PD. Our aim is to assist neurologists and specialists as they encounter these symptoms while caring for the many neurologic manifestations of PD.
authors.affiliation: Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United states; Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States. Electronic address: andrewmsu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: The Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, CA, United states. Electronic address: rgandhy@parkinsonsinstitute.org.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gandhy
authors.affiliation: The Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, CA, United states. Electronic address: cbarlow@parkinsonsinstitute.org.
authors.forename: Carrolee
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.affiliation: Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United states; Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United states. Electronic address: vagt@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Triadafilopoulos
mesh_terms: D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*
keywords: Constipation; Gastrointestinal dysfunction; Gastroparesis; Non-motor; Parkinson's disease; Symptoms