title: Vibrio choleraeO1 with Reduced Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin and Azithromycin Isolated from a Rural Coastal Area of Bangladesh.
abstract: Cholera outbreaks occur each year in the remote coastal areas of Bangladesh and epidemiological surveillance and routine monitoring of cholera in these areas is challenging. In this study, a total of 97Vibrio choleraeO1 isolates from Mathbaria, Bangladesh, collected during 2010 and 2014 were analyzed for phenotypic and genotypic traits, including antimicrobial susceptibility. Of the 97 isolates, 95 possessed CTX-phage mediated genes,ctxA, ace, andzot, and two lacked the cholera toxin gene,ctxA. Also both CTX+and CTX-V. choleraeO1 isolated in this study carriedrtxC, tcpAET, andhlyA. The classical cholera toxin gene,ctxB1, was detected in 87 isolates, while eight hadctxB7. Of 95 CTX+V. choleraeO1, 90 containedrstRETand 5 hadrstRCL. All isolates, except two, contained SXT related integraseintSXT. Resistance to penicillin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, erythromycin, and tetracycline varied between the years of study period. Most importantly, 93% of theV. choleraeO1 were multidrug resistant. Six different resistance profiles were observed, with resistance to streptomycin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim predominant every year. Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin MIC were 0.003-0.75 and 0.19-2.00 μg/ml, respectively, indicating reduced susceptibility to these antibiotics. Sixteen of theV. choleraeO1 isolates showed higher MIC for azithromycin (≥0.5 μg/ml) and were further examined for 10 macrolide resistance genes,erm(A),erm(B),erm(C),ere(A),ere(B),mph(A),mph(B),mph(D),mef(A), andmsr(A) with none testing positive for the macrolide resistance genes.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Shah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rashed
authors.affiliation: CosmosID, Inc.Rockville, MD, USA; Center of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland Institute of Advanced Computer Studies, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Nur A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Munirul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Abdus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadique
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sultana
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Mozammel
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hoq
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: R Bradley
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.affiliation: Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA; CosmosID, Inc.Rockville, MD, USA; Center of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland Institute of Advanced Computer Studies, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Rita R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Colwell
authors.affiliation: Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA; Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huq
keywords: El Tor; Vibrio cholerae; antibiotic resistance; azithromycin; ciprofloxacin; reduced susceptibility