title: Responses of Middle-Frequency Modulations in Vocal Fundamental Frequency to Different Vocal Intensities and Auditory Feedback.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Auditory feedback can make reflexive responses on sustained vocalizations. Among them, the middle-frequency power of F0 (MFP) may provide a sensitive index to access the subtle changes in different auditory feedback conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phonatory airflow temperature was obtained from 20 healthy adults at two vocal intensity ranges under four auditory feedback conditions: (1) natural auditory feedback (NO); (2) binaural speech noise masking (SN); (3) bone-conducted feedback of self-generated voice (BAF); and (4) SN and BAF simultaneously. The modulations of F0 in low-frequency (0.2 Hz-3 Hz), middle-frequency (3 Hz-8 Hz), and high-frequency (8 Hz-25 Hz) bands were acquired using power spectral analysis of F0. Acoustic and aerodynamic analyses were used to acquire vocal intensity, maximum phonation time (MPT), phonatory airflow, and MFP-based vocal efficiency (MBVE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SN and high vocal intensity decreased MFP and raised MBVE and MPT significantly. BAF showed no effect on MFP but significantly lowered MBVE. Moreover, BAF significantly increased the perception of voice feedback and the sensation of vocal effort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altered auditory feedback significantly changed the middle-frequency modulations of F0. MFP and MBVE could well detect these subtle responses of audio-vocal feedback.
authors.affiliation: Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shao-Hsuan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tuan-Jen
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Mechatronics, College of Engineering, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jen-Fang
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: guosheli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guo-She
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D001844:Bone Conduction; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D010699:Phonation; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014732:Vibration; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000502:physiology*; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Auditory feedback; Middle-frequency modulation; Power spectral analysis; Vocal efficiency; Vocal fundamental frequency