title: Relationships between lifestyle patterns and cardio-renal-metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While individuals tend to show accumulation of certain lifestyle patterns, the effect of such patterns in real daily life on cardio-renal-metabolic parameters remains largely unknown. This study aimed to assess clustering of lifestyle patterns and investigate the relationships between such patterns and cardio-renal-metabolic parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study participants were 726 Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) outpatients free of history of cardiovascular diseases. The relationship between lifestyle patterns and cardio-renal-metabolic parameters was investigated by linear and logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analysis identified three lifestyle patterns. Subjects characterized by evening type, poor sleep quality and depressive status (type 1 pattern) had high levels of HbA1c, alanine aminotransferase and albuminuria. Subjects characterized by high consumption of food, alcohol and cigarettes (type 2 pattern) had high levels of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Subjects characterized by high physical activity (type 3 pattern) had low uric acid and mild elevation of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. In multivariate regression analysis adjusted by age, gender and BMI, type 1 pattern was associated with higher HbA1c levels, systolic BP and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Type 2 pattern was associated with higher HDL-cholesterol levels, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, ɤ- glutamyl transpeptidase levels, and diastolic BP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study identified three lifestyle patterns that were associated with distinct cardio-metabolic-renal parameters in T2DM patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  UMIN000010932.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Tokyo, Japan.|Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4401-2965
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Osonoi
authors.affiliation: Naka Memorial Clinic, Naka City, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osonoi
authors.affiliation: Naka Memorial Clinic, Naka City, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Miyoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Naka Memorial Clinic, Naka City, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Someya
authors.affiliation: Naka Memorial Clinic, Naka City, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Trial and Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gosho
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Tokyo, Japan.|Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Tokyo, Japan.|Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Tokyo, Japan.|Center for Molecular Diabetology, Tokyo, Japan.|Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers