title: Shear-sensitive nanocapsule drug release for site-specific inhibition of occlusive thrombus formation.
abstract: Essentials Vessel stenosis due to large thrombus formation increases local shear 1-2 orders of magnitude. High shear at stenotic sites was exploited to trigger eptifibatide release from nanocapsules. Local delivery of eptifibatide prevented vessel occlusion without increased tail bleeding times. Local nanocapsule delivery of eptifibatide may be safer than systemic antiplatelet therapies.
  
  
  
  Background Myocardial infarction and stroke remain the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. The major limitation of current antiplatelet therapy is that the effective concentrations are limited because of bleeding complications. Targeted delivery of antiplatelet drug to sites of thrombosis would overcome these limitations. Objectives Here, we have exploited a key biomechanical feature specific to thrombosis, i.e. significantly increased blood shear stress resulting from a reduction in the lumen of the vessel, to achieve site-directed delivery of the clinically used antiplatelet agent eptifibatide by using shear-sensitive phosphatidylcholine (PC)-based nanocapsules. Methods PC-based nanocapsules (2.8 × 1012) with high-dose encapsulated eptifibatide were introduced into microfluidic blood perfusion assays and into in vivo models of thrombosis and tail bleeding. Results Shear-triggered nanocapsule delivery of eptifibatide inhibited in vitro thrombus formation selectively under stenotic and high shear flow conditions above a shear rate of 1000 s-1while leaving thrombus formation under physiologic shear rates unaffected. Thrombosis was effectively prevented in in vivo models of vessel wall damage. Importantly, mice infused with shear-sensitive antiplatelet nanocapsules did not show prolonged bleeding times. Conclusions Targeted delivery of eptifibatide by shear-sensitive nanocapsules offers site-specific antiplatelet potential, and may form a basis for developing more potent and safer antiplatelet drugs.
authors.affiliation: Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Molloy
authors.affiliation: Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kammoun
authors.affiliation: Nano Biotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bonnard
authors.affiliation: Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoefer
authors.affiliation: Nano Biotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alt
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tovar-Lopez
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosengarten
authors.affiliation: School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.|Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Surgery at Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ramsland
authors.affiliation: MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.affiliation: MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.affiliation: Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Nano Biotechnology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hagemeyer
authors.affiliation: Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.affiliation: Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Westein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004339:Drug Compounding; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D000077542:Eptifibatide; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053769:Nanocapsules; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D053769:Nanocapsules; D010455:Peptides; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077542:Eptifibatide
keywords: antiplatelet drugs; drug delivery systems; microfluidics; nanocapsules; platelets