title: Multimodal discrimination of immune cells using a combination of Raman spectroscopy and digital holographic microscopy.
abstract: The ability to identify and characterise individual cells of the immune system under label-free conditions would be a significant advantage in biomedical and clinical studies where untouched and unmodified cells are required. We present a multi-modal system capable of simultaneously acquiring both single point Raman spectra and digital holographic images of single cells. We use this combined approach to identify and discriminate between immune cell populations CD4+ T cells, B cells and monocytes. We investigate several approaches to interpret the phase images including signal intensity histograms and texture analysis. Both modalities are independently able to discriminate between cell subsets and dual-modality may therefore be used a means for validation. We demonstrate here sensitivities achieved in the range of 86.8% to 100%, and specificities in the range of 85.4% to 100%. Additionally each modality provides information not available from the other providing both a molecular and a morphological signature of each cell.
authors.affiliation: SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McReynolds
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fiona G M
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.affiliation: SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mingzhou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Powis
authors.affiliation: SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kishan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dholakia
mesh_terms: D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006696:Holography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology*; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers