title: Anchoring effects on early autobiographical memories.
abstract: Studies of childhood memory typically show that our earliest memories come from between three and four years of age. This finding is not universal, however. The age estimate varies across cultures and is affected by social influences. Research from the judgments and decision-making literature suggests that these estimates might also involve a judgment under uncertainty. Therefore, they might be susceptible to less social influences such as heuristics and biases. To investigate this possibility, we conducted two experiments that used anchoring paradigms to influence participants' estimates of their age during early autobiographical memories. In Experiment 1, participants answered either a high-anchor or a low-anchor question, and were warned that the anchor was uninformative; they went on to estimate their age during their earliest autobiographical memory. In Experiment 2, we replicated Experiment 1 and extended the design to examine additional early autobiographical memories. In both experiments, participants in the low-anchor condition gave earlier age estimates than those in the high-anchor condition. These results provide new insights into the methods used to investigate autobiographical memory. Moreover, they show that reports of early autobiographical memories can be influenced by a relatively light touch - a change to a single digit in a single question.
authors.affiliation: a College of Charleston , Charleston , SC , USA.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: a College of Charleston , Charleston , SC , USA.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bishara
authors.affiliation: a College of Charleston , Charleston , SC , USA.
authors.forename: Marino A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mugayar-Baldocchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Autobiographical memory; anchoring effect; childhood amnesia; episodic memory