title: Gingival spheroids possess multilineage differentiation potential.
abstract: Recently studies have demonstrated HGMSCs as ideal candidates for regenerative study. Interestingly we found that HGMSCs derived spheroids are more potent and maintain the properties of stemness convincingly compared to conventional culture methods. During the culture, GMSCs instinctively accumulated into spheroids and display multipotent STRO-1 and Vimentin-positive cells. Reduced phenotypic expression of CD73, CD105, and elevated expression STRO-1 and CD-34. Pluripotent nature of S-GMSCs putatively shown the expression of OCT4A, NANOG, SOX-2, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-181. Also, levels of protein are much higher in spheroid than dissociated culture. On endothelial induction, spheroid differentiated and developed a vascular structure with positive expression of CD31 and on neuronal induction showed positivity for TUJ1 and E-Cadherin. Importantly, undifferentiated state of S-GMSCs exhibited significant upregulation of aforementioned pluripotent genes and lack of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and amplified ARF signal confirming that the spheroids are not teratoma formation. However, higher of CAP1, CP, TGFβ, OPN, PPARɣ, TUJ1, and NESTIN expression observed in spheroids, and minimal expression of the same markers were observed in adherent GMSCs respectively. Ahead of dissociated gingival culture, spheroid provides enhanced viable, pluripotent, and multilineage ability. This study suggested that S-GMSCs increased the chances of therapeutic efficacy in the regenerative applications.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Rajasekaran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Subbarayan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Indian Systems of Medicine Quality Assurance and Standardization, Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1277-7787
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murugan Girija
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dental Sciences and Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9247-6695
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ranga Rao
mesh_terms: D015720:5'-Nucleotidase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D000071063:Endoglin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000166:cytology*; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D000954:Antigens, Surface; C064206:ENG protein, human; D000071063:Endoglin; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; C525591:STRO-1 antigen, human; D014746:Vimentin; D015720:5'-Nucleotidase; C548241:NT5E protein, human
keywords: endothelial lineage; gingival spheroids; multipotency; neuronal lineage