title: Ion Release and Galvanic Corrosion of Different Orthodontic Brackets and Wires in Artificial Saliva.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the galvanic corrosion of brackets manufactured by four different companies coupled with stainless steel (SS) or nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires in an artificial saliva solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 24 mandibular central incisor Roth brackets of four different manufacturers (American Orthodontics, Dentaurum, Shinye, ORJ) were used in this experimental study. These brackets were immersed in artificial saliva along with SS or NiTi orthodontic wires (0.016'', round) for 28 days. The electric potential difference of each bracket/ wire coupled with a saturated calomel reference electrode was measured via a voltmeter and recorded constantly. Corrosion rate (CR) was calculated, and release of ions was measured with an atomic absorption spectrometer. Stereomicroscope was used to evaluate all samples. Then, samples with corrosion were further assessed by scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Two-way analysis of variance was used to analyze data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among ions evaluated, release of nickel ions from Shinye brackets was significantly higher than that of other brackets. The mean potential difference was significantly lower in specimens containing a couple of Shinye brackets and SS wire compared with other specimens. No significant difference was observed in the mean CR of various groups (p > 0.05). Microscopic evaluation showed corrosion in two samples only: Shinye bracket coupled with SS wire and American Orthodontics bracket coupled with NiTi wire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shinye brackets coupled with SS wire showed more susceptibility to galvanic corrosion. There were no significant differences among specimens in terms of the CR or released ions except the release of Ni ions, which was higher in Shinye brackets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Soodeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tahmasbi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.|General Dentist, Private Practice, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Tahereh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, e-mail: yasi.10482@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yasamin B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Hemmati
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000009:adverse effects; D003343:Corrosion; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009969:Orthodontic Wires / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D007477:Ions; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D013193:Stainless Steel; C013616:nitinol
keywords: Artificial; Nickel; Orthodontic bracket Saliva corrosion.