title: Alternative therapies for metastatic breast cancer: multimodal approach targeting tumor cell heterogeneity.
abstract: One of the primary challenges in developing effective therapies for malignant tumors is the specific targeting of a heterogeneous cancer cell population within the tumor. The cancerous tumor is made up of a variety of distinct cells with specialized receptors and proteins that could potentially be viable targets for drugs. In addition, the diverse signals from the local microenvironment may also contribute to the induction of tumor growth and metastasis. Collectively, these factors must be strategically studied and targeted in order to develop an effective treatment protocol. Targeted multimodal approaches need to be strategically studied in order to develop a treatment protocol that is successful in controlling tumor growth and preventing metastatic burden. Breast cancer, in particular, presents a unique problem because of the variety of subtypes of cancer that can arise and the multiple drug targets that could be exploited. For example, the tumor stage and subtypes often dictate the appropriate treatment regimen. Alternate multimodal therapies should consider the importance of time-dependent drug administration, as well as targeting the local and systemic tumor environment. Many reviews and papers have briefly touched on the clinical implications of this cellular heterogeneity; however, there has been very little discussion on the development of study models that reflect this diversity and on multimodal therapies that could target these subpopulations. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the origins of intratumoral heterogeneity in breast cancer subtypes, and its implications for tumor progression, metastatic potential, and treatment regimens. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing specific breast cancer models for research, including in vitro monolayer systems and three-dimensional mammospheres, as well as in vivo murine models that may have the capacity to encompass this heterogeneity. Lastly, we summarize some of the current advancements in the development of multitarget therapeutics that have shown promising results in clinical and preclinical studies when used alone or in combination with traditional regimens of surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Medical Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Manpreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sambi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Medical Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Sabah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Medical Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Medical Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Bessi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qorri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Medical Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haxho
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Medical Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; ENCYT Technologies, Inc., Membertou, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: Kelli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: ENCYT Technologies, Inc., Membertou, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harless
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Medical Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Myron R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Szewczuk
keywords: alternative therapy; breast cancer; cancer stem cells; drug resistance