title: Cigarette smoking is associated with high HIV viral load among adults presenting for antiretroviral therapy in Vietnam.
abstract: High HIV viral load (VL >100,000 cp/ml) is associated with increased HIV transmission risk, faster progression to AIDS, and reduced response to some antiretroviral regimens. To better understand factors associated with high VL, we examined characteristics of patients presenting for treatment in Hanoi, Vietnam. We examined baseline data from the Viral Load Monitoring in Vietnam Study, a randomized controlled trial of routine VL monitoring in a population starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) at a clinic in Hanoi. Patients with prior treatment failure or ART resistance were excluded. Characteristics examined included demographics, clinical and laboratory data, and substance use. Logistic regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Out of 636 patients, 62.7% were male, 72.9% were ≥30 years old, and 28.3% had a history of drug injection. Median CD4 was 132 cells/mm3, and 34.9% were clinical stage IV. Active cigarette smoking was reported by 36.3% with 14.0% smoking >10 cigarettes per day. Alcohol consumption was reported by 20.1% with 6.1% having ≥5 drinks per event. Overall 53.0% had a VL >100,000 cp/ml. Male gender, low body weight, low CD4 count, prior TB, and cigarette smoking were associated with high VL. Those who smoked 1-10 cigarettes per day were more likely to have high VL (aOR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.15-3.45), while the smaller number of patients who smoked >10 cigarettes per day had a non-significant trend toward higher VL (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.75-2.66). Alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with high VL. Tobacco use is increasingly recognized as a contributor to premature morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected patients. In our study, cigarette smoking in the last 30 days was associated with a 1.5 to 2-fold higher odds of having an HIV VL >100,000 cp/ml among patients presenting for ART. These findings provide further evidence of the negative effects of tobacco use among HIV-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: The Partnership for Health Advancement in Vietnam (HAIVN), Hanoi, Vietnam.|Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Todd M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.affiliation: The Partnership for Health Advancement in Vietnam (HAIVN), Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Hao T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.affiliation: The Partnership for Health Advancement in Vietnam (HAIVN), Hanoi, Vietnam.|Department of Infectious Diseases, Bach Mai hospital (BMH), Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thuy T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Bach Mai hospital (BMH), Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Cuong D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Do
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Research on Men and Community Health (CARMAH), HCMC, Vietnam.|SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Donn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Colby
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult