title: Classification and ordination of understory vegetation using multivariate techniques in the Pinus wallichiana forests of Swat Valley, northern Pakistan.
abstract: An understory vegetation survey of the Pinus wallichiana-dominated temperate forests of Swat District was carried out to inspect the structure, composition and ecological associations of the forest vegetation. A quadrat method of sampling was used to record the floristic and phytosociological data necessary for the analysis using 300 quadrats of 10 × 10 m each. Some vegetation parameters viz. frequency and density for trees (overstory vegetation) as well as for the understory vegetation were recorded. The results revealed that in total, 92 species belonging to 77 different genera and 45 families existed in the area. The largest families were Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Lamiaceae with 12, ten and nine species, respectively. Ward's agglomerative cluster analysis for tree species resulted in three floristically and ecologically distinct community types along different topographic and soil variables. Importance value indices (IVI) were also calculated for understory vegetation and were subjected to ordination techniques, i.e. canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). DCA bi-plots for stands show that most of the stands were scattered around the centre of the DCA bi-plot, identified by two slightly scattered clusters. DCA for species bi-plot clearly identified three clusters of species revealing three types of understory communities in the study area. Results of the CCA were somewhat different from the DCA showing the impact of environmental variables on the understory species. CCA results reveal that three environmental variables, i.e. altitude, slope and P (mg/kg), have a strong influence on distribution of stands and species. Impact of tree species on the understory vegetation was also tested by CCA which showed that four tree species, i.e. P. wallichiana A.B. Jackson, Juglans regia Linn., Quercus dilatata Lindl. ex Royle and Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) G. Don, have strong influences on associated understory vegetation. It is therefore concluded that Swat District has various microclimatic zones with suitable environmental variables to support distinct flora.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, LowerDir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. irbotanist@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Inayat Ur
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, LowerDir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nasrullah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, LowerDir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kishwar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D044822:Biodiversity; D001901:Botany / Q000379:methods*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D065928:Forests; D008834:Microclimate; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010154:Pakistan; D010944:Plants / Q000145:classification*
keywords: CCA; DCA; Ecological structure; Floristic composition; Pinus wallichiana; Understory vegetation