title: Re-aerosolization of Bacillus thuringiensis spores from concrete and turf.
abstract: Spores of Bacillus anthracis deposited on surfaces can become airborne again as a result of air currents and mechanical forces. As such, they are a potential source of infection by inhalation. Spores of Bacillus thuringiensis were used to quantify this phenomenon in a simulation of outdoor conditions. Concrete and turf surfaces were inoculated by aerosol to produce high spore densities (greater than 1 × 109CFU per m2) which were then subjected to the passage of air at 10 ms-1with and without simulated walking. Re-aerosolized spores were sampled by wetted wall cyclone air samplers. The mean total re-aerosolization rate from concrete (m-2min-1) was 1·16 × 10-3for wind alone and 3·2 × 10-3for wind and simulated walking while for turf the respective values were 2·7 × 10-4and 6·7 × 10-4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following the malicious and/or accidental release of an aerosol of Bacillus anthracis spores, the immediate risk of human inhalation would decrease as the spores were deposited on surfaces or diluted by wind flow. There is, however, a concern that the deposited spores could become re-aerosolized and so present an ongoing hazard. Using an accurate simulant for B. anthracis spores a method is reported here that allowed the enumeration of re-aerosolized spores from concrete and turf by wind flow and footfall. Under the conditions used, the rates of re-aerosolization were low. These findings will need to be verified under real outdoor conditions before the true significance in terms of secondary exposure to pathogenic spores can be assessed.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK.|Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: Silsoe Spray Applications Unit, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Silsoe Spray Applications Unit, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: Silsoe Spray Applications Unit, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Butler Ellis
authors.affiliation: Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sellors
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: 
  Bacillus anthracis
  ; 
  Bacillus thuringiensis
  ; concrete; re-aerosolization; spores; turf; wind tunnel