title: Inhibition of Cyclic GMP Export by Multidrug Resistance Protein 4: A New Strategy to Treat Erectile Dysfunction?
abstract: Intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentrations are regulated by degradation enzymes (phosphodiesterases) and by active transport across the plasma membrane by multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) 4 and 5.
  
  
  
  To evaluate the functional effect of MRP-4 inhibition and the role of MRP-4-mediated cGMP export in mouse corpora cavernosa.
  
  
  
  Isometric tension of mouse corpora cavernosa was measured after cumulative addition of MK-571, an inhibitor of MRP-4, or sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor. In addition, the effect of MRP-4 inhibition on cGMP-independent and cGMP-dependent relaxations was studied. In vivo intracavernosal pressure and mean arterial pressure measurements were performed after intracavernosal injection of MK-571. The effect of MRP-4 inhibition on cGMP content was determined using an enzyme immunoassay kit.
  
  
  
  Measurement of the effect of MK-571 on cGMP content, relaxant responses of mouse corpora cavernosa to cGMP-independent and cGMP-dependent vasodilating substances, and determination of the ratio of intracavernosal pressure to mean arterial pressure after intracavernosal injection of MK-571.
  
  
  
  MK-571 and sildenafil relaxed the corpora cavernosa concentration dependently, with sildenafil being the more potent relaxing compound. Furthermore, MK-571 enhanced relaxing responses to cGMP-dependent substances, such as sodium nitroprusside, sildenafil, acetylcholine, and electrical field stimulation, with the latter even under in vitro diabetic conditions. In contrast, cGMP-independent relaxations were not altered by MRP-4 inhibition. Intracavernosal administration of MK-571 significantly increased intracavernosal pressure, with minimal effect on mean arterial pressure. The cGMP analysis showed that MRP-4 inhibition was accompanied by increased cGMP levels.
  
  
  
  MRP-4, at least when targeted locally in the penis or when combined with a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, might be a valuable alternative strategy for the treatment of (diabetic) erectile dysfunction.
  
  
  
  This study is the first to demonstrate an in vitro direct relaxant and an in vivo pro-erectile effect of the MRP-4 inhibitor, MK-571, on mouse corpora cavernosa. However, the functional effect of MRP-5-mediated export in mouse corpora cavernosa was not explored, which has been suggested to play the predominant role in cGMP export.
  
  
  
  Inhibition of MRP-4 increases basal and stimulated levels of cGMP, leading to corpora cavernosa relaxation and penile erection. Therefore, in addition to degradation of cGMP, export of cGMP by MRP-4 could contribute substantially to regulating cGMP levels in mouse corpora cavernosa. Boydens C, Pauwels B, Vanden Daele L, Van de Voorde J. Inhibition of Cyclic GMP Export by Multidrug Resistance Protein 4: A New Strategy to Treat Erectile Dysfunction? J Sex Med 2017;14:502-509.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boydens
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pauwels
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanden Daele
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: johan.vandevoorde@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van de Voorde
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D000818:Animals; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000187:drug effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000187:drug effects; D010413:Penis / Q000187:drug effects; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009599:Nitroprusside; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; C489540:Abcc4 protein, mouse
keywords: Corpora Cavernosa; Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate; Erectile Dysfunction; Multidrug Resistance Protein; Relaxation