title: Exosome-based immunomodulation during aging: A nano-perspective on inflamm-aging.
abstract: Exosomes are nanovesicles formed by inward budding of endosomal membranes. They exert complex immunomodulatory effects on target cells, acting both as antigen-presenting vesicles and as shuttles for packets of information such as proteins, coding and non-coding RNA, and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA fragments. Albeit different, all such functions seem to be encompassed in the adaptive mechanism mediating the complex interactions of the organism with a variety of stressors, providing both for defense and for the evolution of symbiotic relationships with others organisms (gut microbiota, bacteria, and viruses). Intriguingly, the newly deciphered human virome and exosome biogenesis seem to share some physical-chemical characteristics and molecular mechanisms. Exosomes are involved in immune system recognition of self from non-self throughout life: they are therefore ideal candidate to modulate inflamm-aging, the chronic, systemic, age-related pro-inflammatory status, which influence the development/progression of the most common age-related diseases (ARDs). Not surprisingly, recent evidence has documented exosomal alteration during aging and in association with ARDs, even though data in this field are still limited. Here, we review current knowledge on exosome-based trafficking between immune cells and self/non-self cells (i.e. the virome), sketching a nano-perspective on inflamm-aging and on the mechanisms involved in health maintenance throughout life.
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS) and Centre of Biomedical Investigation on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders Network (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prattichizzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Micolucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cricca
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Carolis
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mensà
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS) and Centre of Biomedical Investigation on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders Network (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, National Institute INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio Domenico
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Procopio
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonafè
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS) and Centre of Biomedical Investigation on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders Network (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, National Institute INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy. Electronic address: f.olivieri@univpm.it.
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Olivieri
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D055354:Exosomes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D000068884:Immunosenescence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014780:Viruses / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D035683:MicroRNAs