title: On biometric systems: electrocardiogram Gaussianity and data synthesis.
abstract: Electrocardiogram is a slow signal to acquire, and it is prone to noise. It can be inconvenient to collect large number of ECG heartbeats in order to train a reliable biometric system; hence, this issue might result in a small sample size phenomenon which occurs when the number of samples is much smaller than the number of observations to model. In this paper, we study ECG heartbeat Gaussianity and we generate synthesized data to increase the number of observations. Data synthesis, in this paper, is based on our hypothesis, which we support, that ECG heartbeats exhibit a multivariate normal distribution; therefore, one can generate ECG heartbeats from such distribution. This distribution is deviated from Gaussianity due to internal and external factors that change ECG morphology such as noise, diet, physical and psychological changes, and other factors, but we attempt to capture the underlying Gaussianity of the heartbeats. When this method was implemented for a biometric system and was examined on the University of Toronto database of 1012 subjects, an equal error rate (EER) of 6.71% was achieved in comparison to 9.35% to the same system but without data synthesis. Dimensionality reduction is widely examined in the problem of small sample size; however, our results suggest that using the proposed data synthesis outperformed several dimensionality reduction techniques by at least 3.21% in EER. With small sample size, classifier instability becomes a bigger issue and we used a parallel classifier scheme to reduce it. Each classifier in the parallel classifier is trained with the same genuine dataset but different imposter datasets. The parallel classifier has reduced predictors' true acceptance rate instability from 6.52% standard deviation to 1.94% standard deviation.
authors.affiliation: The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Wael
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5930-0767
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Shahad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdulnour
authors.affiliation: The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Sahar Javaher
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Haghighi
authors.affiliation: The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hatzinakos
keywords: Data synthesis; Electrocardiogram; Outlier removal; Pattern recognition