title: Liver intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) magnetic resonance imaging: a comprehensive review of published data on normal values and applications for fibrosis and tumor evaluation.
abstract: A comprehensive literature review was performed on liver intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique and its applications. Heterogeneous data have been reported. IVIM parameters are magnetic field strength dependent to a mild extent. A lower Dslow (D) value at 3 T than at 1.5 T and higher perfusion fraction (PF) value at 3 T than at 1.5 T were noted. An increased number of b values are associated with increased IVIM parameter measurement accuracy. With the current status of art, IVIM technique is not yet capable of detecting early stage liver fibrosis and diagnosing liver fibrosis grades, nor can it differentiate liver tumors. Though IVIM parameters show promise for tumor treatment monitoring, till now how PF and Dfast (D*) add diagnostic value to Dslow or apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) remains unclear. This paper shows the state-of-art IVIM MR technique is still not able to offer reliable measurement for liver. More works on the measurement robustness are warranted as they are essential to justify follow-up clinical studies on patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yáo T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, François-Mitterrand Teaching Hospital, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cercueil
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics and Research Department, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Weitian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, François-Mitterrand Teaching Hospital, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Romaric
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loffroy
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yì Xiáng J
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Wáng
keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); diffusion; fibrosis; intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM); liver; perfusion; tumour