title: Beneficial effect of adipokinetic hormone on neuromuscular paralysis in insect body elicited by braconid wasp venom.
abstract: The effect of Habrobracon hebetor venom and the role of the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) in poisoned adult females of the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus were studied 24 and 48h after treatments. Venom application elicited total neuromuscular paralysis in firebugs, but the co-application of venom and Pyrap-AKH significantly reduced paralysis (up to 3.2 times) compared to the application of venom only. Although the mechanisms of their action are unknown, both agents might affect neuromuscular junctions. Venom application significantly increased the expression of both P. apterus Akh genes (Pyrap-Akh 5.4 times and Peram-Cah-II 3.6 times), as well as the level of AKHs in the central nervous system (2.5 times) and haemolymph (3.0 times). In the haemolymph, increased AKH levels might have led to the mobilization of stored lipids, which increased 1.9 times, while the level of free carbohydrates remained unchanged. Total metabolism, monitored by carbon dioxide production, significantly declined in paralysed P. apterus individuals (1.4 times and 1.9 times, 24 and 48h after the treatment, respectively), probably because of a malfunction of the muscular system. The results suggest an active role of AKH in the defence mechanism against the stress elicited by neuromuscular paralysis, and the possible involvement of this hormone in neuronal/neuromuscular signalling.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Haq Abdul
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Shaik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Electronic address: kodrik@entu.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Dalibor
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kodrík
mesh_terms: D052636:Allostasis; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018153:Czech Republic; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020062:Heteroptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007267:Injections; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D007700:Kinetics; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000819:agonists / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010243:Paralysis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid / Q000819:agonists / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D013909:Thorax; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014862:Wasp Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007301:Insect Hormones; D009479:Neuropeptides; D009842:Oligopeptides; C451509:Pea-CAH-II neuropeptide; D014862:Wasp Venoms; C044833:adipokinetic hormone; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
keywords: AKH; Akh gene expression; Habrobracon hebetor; Metabolism; Paralysis; Q-PCR; Stress; Venom