title: Cytokine Inhibition in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin-1 (IL-1), an important proinflammatory cytokine, is suspected to play a role in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of subcutaneous anakinra versus placebo on fatigue severity in female patients with CFS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, placebo-controlled trial from July 2014 to May 2016. Patients, providers, and researchers were blinded to treatment assignment. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02108210).
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  50 women aged 18 to 59 years with CFS and severe fatigue leading to functional impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to daily subcutaneous anakinra, 100 mg (n = 25), or placebo (n = 25) for 4 weeks and were followed for an additional 20 weeks after treatment (n = 50).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was fatigue severity, measured by the Checklist Individual Strength subscale (CIS-fatigue) at 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes were level of impairment, physical and social functioning, psychological distress, and pain severity at 4 and 24 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 4 weeks, 8% (2 of 25) of anakinra recipients and 20% (5 of 25) of placebo recipients reached a fatigue level within the range reported by healthy persons. There were no clinically important or statistically significant differences between groups in CIS-fatigue score at 4 weeks (mean difference, 1.5 points [95% CI, -4.1 to 7.2 points]) or the end of follow-up. No statistically significant between-group differences were seen for any secondary outcome at 4 weeks or the end of follow-up. One patient in the anakinra group discontinued treatment because of an adverse event. Patients in the anakinra group had more injection site reactions (68% [17 of 25] vs. 4% [1 of 25]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small sample size and wide variability in symptom duration; inclusion was not limited to patients with postinfectious symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peripheral IL-1 inhibition using anakinra for 4 weeks does not result in a clinically significant reduction in fatigue severity in women with CFS and severe fatigue.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Interleukin Foundation and an independent donor who wishes to remain anonymous.
authors.affiliation: From Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Roerink
authors.affiliation: From Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Sebastian J H
authors.initials: SJH
authors.lastname: Bredie
authors.affiliation: From Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heijnen
authors.affiliation: From Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dinarello
authors.affiliation: From Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knoop
authors.affiliation: From Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Jos W M
authors.initials: JWM
authors.lastname: Van der Meer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein