title: Morphological analysis of vessel elements for systematic study of three Zingiberaceae tribes.
abstract: Zingiberaceae containing over 1,000 species that are divided into four subfamilies and six tribes. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the number of studies about vessel elements in families of monocotyledon. However, there are still few studies of Zingiberaceae tribes. This study aims to establish systematic significance of studying vessel elements in two subfamilies and three tribes of Zingiberaceae. The vegetative organs of 33 species processed were analysed by light and scanning electron microscopy and Principal Component Analysis was used to elucidate genera boundaries. Characteristics of vessel elements, such as the type of perforation plate, the number of bars and type of parietal thickening, are proved to be important for establishing the relationship among taxa. Scalariform perforation plate and the scalariform parietal thickening are frequent in Zingiberaceae and may be a plesiomorphic condition for this taxon. In the Principal Component Analysis, the most significant characters of the vessel elements were: simple perforation plates and partially pitted parietal thickening, found only in Alpinieae tribe, and 40 or more bars composing the plate in Elettariopsis curtisii, Renealmia chrysotricha, Zingiber spectabile, Z. officinale, Curcuma and Globba species. Vessel elements characters of 18 species of Alpinieae, Zingibereae and Globbeae were first described in this work.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil.|Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Caixa Postal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kathlyn Vasconcelos
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Gevú
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Caixa Postal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helena Regina Pinto
authors.initials: HRP
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, MRC-166, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kress
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil. maurauenf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Da Cunha
mesh_terms: D030024:Curcuma; D006801:Humans; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000166:cytology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010802:Phylogeny; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D058526:Plant Vascular Bundle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000166:cytology*; D044382:Population Groups / Q000145:classification*; D027343:Rhizome / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013045:Species Specificity; D052584:Xylem; D030521:Zingiberaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; C012596:turmeric extract
keywords: Alpinoideae; Globbeae; Monocotyledon; Root; Xylem; Zingiberoideae