title: Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for Prevention and Management of Avalanche and Nonavalanche Snow Burial Accidents.
abstract: To provide guidance to clinicians and avalanche professionals about best practices, the Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop evidence-based guidelines for the prevention, rescue, and medical management of avalanche and nonavalanche snow burial victims. Recommendations are graded on the basis of quality of supporting evidence according to the classification scheme of the American College of Chest Physicians.
authors.affiliation: Occupational, Travel, and Emergency Medicine Departments, Providence Hood River Memorial Hospital, Hood River, OR (Dr Van Tilburg); Mountain Rescue Association, San Diego, CA (Drs Van Tilburg, Zafren, Smith, and Wheeler). Electronic address: vantilburg@gorge.net.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Tilburg
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (Dr Grissom).
authors.forename: Colin K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Grissom
authors.affiliation: Mountain Rescue Association, San Diego, CA (Drs Van Tilburg, Zafren, Smith, and Wheeler); Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (Dr Zafren); International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (Drs Brugger, Paal, and Zafren).
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zafren
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (Drs McIntosh and Wheeler).
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.affiliation: Iasis Healthcare Physician Group of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (Dr Radwin).
authors.forename: Martin I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Radwin
authors.affiliation: International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (Drs Brugger, Paal, and Zafren); Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Dr Paal); Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Paal).
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paal
authors.affiliation: School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (Dr Haegeli).
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haegeli
authors.affiliation: Mountain Rescue Association, San Diego, CA (Drs Van Tilburg, Zafren, Smith, and Wheeler); Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Johns Medical Center, Jackson, WY (Drs Smith and Wheeler); Clinical WWAMI Faculty, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA (Dr Smith).
authors.forename: William Will R
authors.initials: WWR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Mountain Rescue Association, San Diego, CA (Drs Van Tilburg, Zafren, Smith, and Wheeler); Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (Drs McIntosh and Wheeler); Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Johns Medical Center, Jackson, WY (Drs Smith and Wheeler).
authors.forename: Albert R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.affiliation: Denali National Park & Preserve, Talkeetna, AK (Mr Weber); Intermountain Life Flight, Salt Lake City, UT (Mr Weber).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Utah Avalanche Center, Salt Lake City, UT (Mr Tremper).
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tremper
authors.affiliation: International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (Drs Brugger, Paal, and Zafren); EURAC Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Bolzano, Italy (Dr Brugger).
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brugger
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000379:methods; D000059:Accidents / Q000401:mortality; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055875:Avalanches; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D012914:Snow; D012955:Societies, Medical; D055813:Wilderness Medicine / Q000592:standards
keywords: air pocket; airbags; avalanche; hypothermia; rescue; resuscitation; snow burial; wilderness medicine