title: mcr-1 identified in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC).
abstract: Antimicrobial resistance associated with colistin has emerged as a significant concern worldwide threatening the use of one of the most important antimicrobials for treating human disease. Here, we examined a collection (n = 980) of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from poultry with colibacillosis from the US and internationally for the presence of mcr-1 and mcr-2, genes known to encode colistin resistance. Included in the analysis was an additional set of avian fecal E. coli (AFEC) (n = 220) isolates from healthy birds for comparative analysis. The mcr-1 gene was detected in a total of 12 isolates recovered from diseased production birds from China and Egypt. No mcr genes were detected in the healthy fecal isolates. The full mcr-1 gene from positive isolates was sequenced using specifically designed primers and were compared with sequences currently described in NCBI. mcr-1 positive isolates were also assessed for phenotypic colistin resistance and extended spectrum beta lactam phenotypes and genotypes. This study has identified mcr-1 in APEC isolates dating back to at least 2010 and suggests that animal husbandry practices could result in a potential source of resistance to the human food chain in countries where application of colistin in animal health is practiced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1802 University Blvd; VMRI #5 Ames, IA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nicolle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lima Barbieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1802 University Blvd; VMRI #5 Ames, IA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1802 University Blvd; VMRI #5 Ames, IA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wannemuehler
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1802 University Blvd; VMRI #5 Ames, IA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cavender
authors.affiliation: Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.affiliation: School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Changqing District, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shi-Gan
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1802 University Blvd; VMRI #5 Ames, IA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lisa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1802 University Blvd; VMRI #5 Ames, IA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Logue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003091:Colistin / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000662:veterinary; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C000614037:MCR-1 protein, E coli; D001618:beta-Lactamases; D003091:Colistin