title: Cadaver study of anatomic landmark identification for placing ankle arthroscopy portals.
abstract: Arthroscopy-assisted surgery is now widely used at the ankle for osteochondral lesions of the talus, anterior and posterior impingement syndromes, talocrural or subtalar fusion, foreign body removal, and ankle instability. Injuries to the vessels and nerves may occur during these procedures.
  
  
  
  To determine whether ultrasound topographic identification of vulnerable structures decreased the risk of iatrogenic injuries to vessels, nerves, and tendons and influenced the distance separating vulnerable structures from the arthroscope introduced through four different portals.
  
  
  
  Ultrasonography to identify vulnerable structures before or during arthroscopic surgery on the ankle may be useful.
  
  
  
  Twenty fresh cadaver ankles from body donations to the anatomy institute in Strasbourg, France, were divided into two equal groups. Preoperative ultrasonography to mark the trajectories of vessels, nerves, and tendons was performed in one group but not in the other. The portals were created using a 4-mm trocar. Each portal was then dissected. The primary evaluation criterion was the presence or absence of injuries to vessels, nerves, and tendons. The secondary evaluation criterion was the distance between these structures and the arthroscope.
  
  
  
  No tendon injuries occurred with ultrasonography. Without ultrasonography, there were two full-thickness tendon lesions, one to the extensor hallucis longus and the other to the Achilles tendon. Furthermore, with the anterolateral, anteromedial, and posteromedial portals, the distance separating the vessels and nerves from the arthroscope was greater with than without ultrasonography (P=0.041, P=0.005, and P=0.002), respectively; no significant difference was found with the anterior portal.
  
  
  
  Preoperative ultrasound topographic identification decreases the risk of iatrogenic injury to the vessels, nerves, and tendons during ankle arthroscopy and places these structures at a safer distance from the arthroscope. Our hypothesis was confirmed.
  
  
  
  IV, cadaver study.
authors.affiliation: Institut d'anatomie normale, FMTS, faculté de médecine, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67085 Strasbourg cedex, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scheibling
authors.affiliation: Institut d'anatomie normale, FMTS, faculté de médecine, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67085 Strasbourg cedex, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Institut d'anatomie normale, FMTS, faculté de médecine, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67085 Strasbourg cedex, France. Electronic address: Philippe.clavert@chru-strasbourg.fr.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clavert
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000293:injuries; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries; D000842:Ankle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000293:injuries; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Ankle arthroscopy; Complications; Superficial fibular nerve; Ultrasonography