title: RhoA inhibits the hypoxia-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in chondrocytes via positively regulating the CREB phosphorylation.
abstract: Chondrocytes that are embedded within the growth plate or the intervertebral disc are sensitive to environmental stresses, such as inflammation and hypoxia. However, little is known about the molecular signalling pathways underlining the hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in chondrocytes. In the present study, we firstly examined the hypoxia-induced apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and the activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) signalling in human chondrocyte cell line, C28/I2 and then investigated the regulatory role of RhoA, a well-recognized apoptosis suppressor, in such process, with gain-of-function strategy. Our results indicated that hypoxia induced apoptosis and inhibited CREB phosphprylation in chondrocytes, meanwhile, the dysfunctional mitochondria with up-regulated mitochondrial superoxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, whereas with a reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and Complex IV activity were observed in the hypoxia-treated C28/I2 cells. However, the overexpressed RhoA blocked the hypoxia-mediated reduction in CREB phosphprylation and inhibited the apoptosis induction, along with an ameliorated mitochondrial function in the hypoxia-treated C28/I2 cells. In conclusion, the present study confirmed the reduced CREB phosphorylation, along with the apoptosis induction and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hypoxia-treated chondrocyte cells. And the overexpression of RhoA ameliorated the hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis via blocking the hypoxia-mediated reduction in CREB phosphorylation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China dianm_jiang@126.com.
authors.forename: Dianming
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C115163:CREB1 protein, human; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
keywords: Apoptosis; CREB phosphorylation; Chondrocytes; Hypoxia; Mitochondrial dysfunction; RhoA