title: The response of Escherichia coli biofilm to salicylic acid.
abstract: In this research, salicylic acid is proposed as an alternative biocide-free agent suitable for a preventive or integrative anti-biofilm approach. Salicylic acid has been proved to: (1) reduce bacterial adhesion up to 68.1 ± 5.6%; (2) affect biofilm structural development, reducing viable biomass by 97.0 ± 0.7% and extracellular proteins and polysaccharides by 83.9 ± 2.5% and 49.5 ± 5.5% respectively; and (3) promote biofilm detachment 3.4 ± 0.6-fold. Moreover, salicylic acid treated biofilm showed an increased amount of intracellular (2.3 ± 0.2-fold) and extracellular (2.1 ± 0.3-fold) reactive oxygen species, and resulted in increased production of the quorum sensing signal indole (7.6 ± 1.4-fold). For the first time, experiments revealed that salicylic acid interacts with proteins that play a role in quorum sensing, reactive oxygen species accumulation, motility, extracellular polymeric matrix components, transport and metabolism.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cattò
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grazioso
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dell'Orto
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gelain
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.affiliation: c Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Catholic University , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marzano
authors.affiliation: d Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition-UOS Roma , CNR , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitali
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cappitelli
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forlani
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D018533:Biomass; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D053038:Quorum Sensing / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D007211:Indoles; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C030374:indole; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: Salicylic acid; anti-biofilm strategies; biofilm; salicylates