title: Improving the analyte ion signal in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry via electrospray deposition by enhancing incorporation of the analyte in the matrix.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is widely used as the ionization method in high-resolution chemical imaging studies that seek to visualize the distribution of analytes within sectioned biological tissues. This work extends the use of electrospray deposition (ESD) to apply matrix with an additional solvent spray to incorporate and homogenize analyte within the matrix overlayer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analytes and matrix are sequentially and independently applied by ESD to create a sample from which spectra are collected, mimicking a MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) experiment. Subsequently, an incorporation spray consisting of methanol is applied by ESD to the sample and another set of spectra are collected. The spectra prior to and after the incorporation spray are compared to evaluate the improvement in the analyte signal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to the incorporation spray, samples prepared using α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as the matrix showed low signal while the sample using sinapinic acid (SA) initially exhibited good signal. Following the incorporation spray, the sample using SA did not show an increase in signal; the sample using DHB showed moderate gain factors of 2-5 (full ablation spectra) and 12-336 (raster spectra), while CHCA samples saw large increases in signal, with gain factors of 14-172 (full ablation spectra) and 148-1139 (raster spectra).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of an incorporation spray to apply solvent by ESD to a matrix layer already deposited by ESD provides an increase in signal by both promoting incorporation of the analyte within and homogenizing the distribution of the incorporated analyte throughout the matrix layer. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5819-1896
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Malys
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Owens