title: Diagnosing and Managing Carcinoid Heart Disease in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors: An Expert Statement.
abstract: Carcinoid heart disease is a frequent occurrence in patients with carcinoid syndrome and is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of carcinoid heart disease is poorly understood; however, chronic exposure to excessive circulating serotonin is considered one of the most important contributing factors. Despite recognition, international consensus guidelines specifically addressing the diagnosis and management of carcinoid heart disease are lacking. Furthermore, there is considerable variation in multiple aspects of screening and management of the disease. The aim of these guidelines was to provide succinct, practical advice on the diagnosis and management of carcinoid heart disease as well as its surveillance. Recommendations and proposed algorithms for the investigation, screening, and management have been developed based on an evidence-based review of the published data and on the expert opinion of a multidisciplinary consensus panel consisting of neuroendocrine tumor experts, including oncologists, gastroenterologists, and endocrinologists, in conjunction with cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Carcinoid Heart Disease Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davar
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.affiliation: Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martyn E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Caplin
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine with Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavel
authors.affiliation: Center for Carcinoid and Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zacks
authors.affiliation: Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, and UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cuthbertson
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.affiliation: Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grozinsky-Glasberg
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Steeds
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Center of Monaco, Monaco, France.
authors.forename: Giles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dreyfus
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pellikka
authors.affiliation: Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: c.toumpanakis@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toumpanakis
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002275:Carcinoid Heart Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy
keywords: carcinoid syndrome; diagnosis; management; multidisciplinary; surveillance