title: Formation of the 2015 Shenzhen landslide as observed by SAR shape-from-shading.
abstract: The time-series topography change of a landfill site before its failure has rarely been surveyed in detail. However, this information is important for both landfill management and early warning of landslides. Here, we take the 2015 Shenzhen landslide as an example, and we use the radar shape-from-shading (SFS) technique to retrieve time-series digital elevation models of the landfill. The results suggest that the total filling volume reached 4,074,300 m3in the one and a half years before the landslide, while 2,817,400 m3slid down in the accident. Meanwhile, the landfill rate in most areas exceeded 2 m/month, which is the empirical upper threshold in landfill engineering. Using topography captured on December 12, 2015, the slope safety analysis gives a factor of safety of 0.932, suggesting that this slope was already hazardous before the landslide. We conclude that the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) SFS technique has the potential to contribute to landfill failure monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services and the Key Laboratory for Geo-Environment Monitoring of Coastal Zone of the National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and GeoInformation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Chisheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services and the Key Laboratory for Geo-Environment Monitoring of Coastal Zone of the National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and GeoInformation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Qingquan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services and the Key Laboratory for Geo-Environment Monitoring of Coastal Zone of the National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and GeoInformation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jiasong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Integrated Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xinjian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Integrated Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: The Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding