title: Multiple functional gastrointestinal disorders linked to gastroesophageal reflux and somatization: A population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unknown why functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) overlap and limited information exists on risk factors for those with overlap. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of combinations of FGIDs including reflux (FGIDs-gastroesophageal reflux [GER]), and evaluate potential risk factors for people with multiple disorders in a representative US community.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based study was conducted by mailing a valid GI symptom questionnaire to an age- and gender-stratified random sample of residents of Olmsted County, MN. Rome III definitions were used to identify people with FGIDs, and GER was defined by weekly or more frequent heartburn or acid regurgitation. The prevalence of people meeting multiple symptom complexes was estimated. Moreover, potential risk factors for people with multiple disorders were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3548 people provided data for each of the necessary symptom questions (mean age: 61±16 years, 54% female). Among these 3548 subjects, 2009 (57%) had no FGIDs-GER, 906 (26%) had a pure FGID-GER, 372 (10%) had 2 FGIDs-GER, and 261 (7%) had 3 or more FGIDs-GER. Somatization as assessed by a higher Somatic Symptom Checklist score (OR=3.3, 95% CI [2.7,4.1]) was associated with an increased odds for those with 3 or more FGIDs-GER compared to subjects with a pure FGID-GER adjusting for age and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptom complex overlap is common rather than rare in the community. GER is an integral symptom complex associated with both upper and lower FGIDs. Somatization is a strong risk factor for multiple FGIDs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Choung
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Richard Locke
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Schleck
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Zinsmeister
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Talley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: functional GI disorders; gastroesophageal reflux; overlap; population-based study; somatic symptoms