title: A novel approach for evaluating the effects of odor stimulation on dynamic cardiorespiratory functions.
abstract: We aimed to develop a novel method to quantitatively evaluate the effects of odor stimulation on cardiorespiratory functions over time, and to examine the potential usefulness of clinical aromatherapy. Eighteen subjects participated. Nine people were assigned to each of the two resting protocols. Protocol 1: After resting for 2 min in a sitting position breathing room air, the subject inhaled either air or air containing sweet marjoram essential oil from the Douglas bag for 6 min, Protocol 2: After resting for 5 min in a supine position, the subject inhaled the essential oil for 10 min, and then recovered for 10 min breathing room air. All subjects inhaled the essential oil through a face mask attached to one-way valve, and beat-to-beat heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (BP) as well as breath-by-breath respiratory variables were continuously recorded. In both protocols, during fragrance inhalation of the essential oil, time-dependent decrease in mean BP and HR were observed (P<0.05). During post-inhalation recovery, the significant fragrance-induced bradycardic effect lasted at least 5 min (- 3.1 ± 3.9% vs. pre-inhalation baseline value, p<0.05). The mean BP response at the start of odor stimulation was approximated by a first-order exponential model. However, such fragrance-induced changes were not observed in the respiratory variables. We established a novel approach to quantitatively and accurately evaluate the effects of quantitative odor stimulation on dynamic cardiorespiratory functions, and the duration of the effect. This methodological approach may be useful for scientific evaluation of aromatherapy as an approach to integrated medicine, and the mechanisms of action of physiological effects in fragrance compounds.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidehiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin-Ya
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Manabe
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D019341:Aromatherapy / Q000379:methods*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D000072599:Cardiorespiratory Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010476:Perfume / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010476:Perfume