title: Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors and Incident Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Community Dwelling Elderly: Findings from the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study.
abstract: Indicators of social isolation or support such as living alone, loneliness, being married, and life satisfaction are possible psychosocial risk and protective factors for dementia.
  
  
  
  We investigate the associations of these overlapping psychosocial factors with incident MCI-dementia (neurocognitive disorder) in a population cohort.
  
  
  
  Using data from 1601 participants of the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study (SLAS) who were free of MCI or dementia at baseline and followed up to 8 years, we estimated hazards ratio (HR) of association of living alone, loneliness, being married, and high life satisfaction with incident MCI-dementia.
  
  
  
  In univariate analyses, individual HRs of association with incident MCI-dementia for living alone was 1.86 [1.18 - 2.95], (p = 0.008), loneliness was 1.26 [0.86 - 1.84], (p = 0.23), being married was 0.54 [0.39 - 0.75] (p < 0.0001), and being very satisfied with life was 0.59 [0.38-0.91]), (p = 0.017). Adjusted mutually for other psychosocial variables, and for age, sex, education, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, central obesity, history of stroke or heart disease, APOE-ɛ4, depression, physical, social, and productive activities, only being married (0.68 [0.47-0.99], p = 0.044), and being very satisfied with life (0.61 [0.39 - 0.96], p = 0.034) remained significant variables associated with lower risks of developing MCI-dementia.
  
  
  
  Individuals who were married and those who were very satisfied with life are protected against the risk of developing MCI and dementia. Controlling for the adverse effects of being without spousal support and low life satisfaction, living alone or a feeling of loneliness were not associated with increased risk of MCI-dementia.
authors.affiliation: Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rawtaer
authors.affiliation: Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ma Shwe Zin
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nyunt
authors.affiliation: Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.|Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mei Sian
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.|Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Wee Shiong
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Neurobehavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tih-Shih
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore.|Geriatric Education and Research Institute, Alexandra Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Keng Bee
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.|Geriatric Education and Research Institute, Alexandra Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tze Pin
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D057187:Independent Living; D008132:Loneliness; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Dementia; epidemiology; living alone; protective factors; risk factors