title: New promising antifouling agent based on polymeric biocide polyhexamethylene guanidine molybdate.
abstract: A new polymeric biocide polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) molybdate has been synthesized. The obtained cationic polymer has limited water solubility of 0.015 g/100 mL and is insoluble in paint solvents. The results of acute toxicity studies indicate moderate toxicity of PHMG molybdate, which has a median lethal dose at 48 h of 0.7 mg/L for Daphnia magna and at 96 h of 17 mg/L for Danio rerio (zebrafish) freshwater model organisms. Commercial ship paint was then modified by the addition of a low concentration of polymeric biocide 5% (w/w). The painted steel panels were kept in Dnipro River water for the evaluation of the dynamics of fouling biomass. After 129-d exposure, Bryozoa dominated in biofouling of tested substrates, forming 86% (649 g/m2) of the total biomass on control panel surfaces. However, considerably lower Bryozoa fouling biomass (15 g/m2) was detected for coatings containing PHMG molybdate. Dreissenidae mollusks were found to form 88% (2182 g/m2) of the fouling biomass on the control substrates after 228 d of exposure, whereas coatings containing PHMG molybdate showed a much lower biomass value of 23.6 g/m2. The leaching rate of PHMG molybdate in water was found to be similar to rates for conventional booster biocides ranging from 5.7 μg/cm2/d at the initial stage to 2.2 μg/cm2/d at steady state. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2543-2551. © 2017 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Protasov
authors.affiliation: Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, Université du Maine, Le Mans, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bardeau
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Morozovskaya
authors.affiliation: D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Mariia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boretska
authors.affiliation: Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Tetiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cherniavska
authors.affiliation: Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Lyudmyla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petrus
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Oksana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tarasyuk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Larisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Metelytsia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Iryna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kopernyk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Larisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kalashnikova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dzhuzha
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Sergiy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rogalsky
mesh_terms: D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D057219:Biofouling; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000633:toxicity; D006146:Guanidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000633:toxicity; D010150:Paint; D011073:Polyamines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000633:toxicity; D012767:Ships; D012995:Solubility; D013232:Steel
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D006146:Guanidines; D011073:Polyamines; C402176:poly(hexamethylene-co-guanidine); D013232:Steel
keywords: Antifouling; Antimicrobial; Coating; Environmental chemistry; Freshwater toxicology