title: The Effect of Three-Dimensional Preoperative Simulation on Liver Surgery.
abstract: In the past decade, three-dimensional (3D) simulation has been commonly used for liver surgery. However, few studies have analyzed the usefulness of this 3D simulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3D simulation on the outcome of liver surgery.
  
  
  
  We retrospectively analyzed 240 consecutive patients who underwent liver resection. The patients were divided into two groups: those who received 3D preoperative simulation ("3D group", n = 120) and those who did not undergo 3D preoperative simulation ("without 3D group", n = 120). The perioperative outcomes, including operation time, blood loss, maximum aspartate transaminase level, length of postoperative stay, postoperative complications and postoperative mortality, were compared between the two groups. The predicted resected liver volume was compared with the actual resected volume.
  
  
  
  The median operation time for the 3D group was 36 min shorter than that for the without 3D group (P = 0.048). There were no significant differences in other outcomes between the two groups. A subgroup analysis revealed that the operation time of repeated hepatectomy and segmentectomy for the 3D group was shorter than that for the without 3D group (P = 0.03). There was a strong correlation between the predicted liver volume and the actual resected liver weight (r = 0.80, P < 0.001).
  
  
  
  These findings demonstrate that 3D preoperative simulation may reduce the operation time, particularly for repeated hepatectomy and segmentectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. oshiro@md.tsukuba.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukunaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohkohchi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061646:Operative Time; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult