title: Immunotoxic effects of single and combined pharmaceuticals exposure on a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) B lymphoma cell line.
abstract: The potential risk of pharmaceuticals in the environment to top-predators is still largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the immunotoxic effects of ten pharmaceuticals individually and as mixtures on a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) B lymphoma cell line. A significant reduction in lymphocyte transformation was observed following an exposure to 12,500μg/L 17α-ethinyl estradiol and 25,000μg/L naproxen. Exposure to 12,500μg/L 17α-ethinyl estradiol decreased the percentage of cell in the G0/G1phase of the cell cycle while increasing the percentage of cells in the S phase. Carbamazepine exposure increased the amount of cells in the G2/M phase. Binary mixtures showed synergistic effects in lymphocyte transformation, cell cycle and apoptosis assays. Concentrations inducing toxic effects in the cell line were similar to those affecting fish in previous studies. A reduction of functional activities of the immune system may lead to altered host resistance to pathogens in free-ranging pinnipeds.
authors.affiliation: INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Edifice 18, 531 blvd. des Prairies, Laval (QC) H7V 1B7, Canada. Electronic address: christine.kleinert@iaf.inrs.ca.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kleinert
authors.affiliation: INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Edifice 18, 531 blvd. des Prairies, Laval (QC) H7V 1B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lacaze
authors.affiliation: INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Edifice 18, 531 blvd. des Prairies, Laval (QC) H7V 1B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Méryl
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mounier
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, U-3089, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Guise
authors.affiliation: INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Edifice 18, 531 blvd. des Prairies, Laval (QC) H7V 1B7, Canada. Electronic address: michel.fournier@iaf.inrs.ca.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fournier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000633:toxicity; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004958:Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D009288:Naproxen / Q000633:toxicity; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D046049:Phoca / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D002220:Carbamazepine; D004958:Estradiol; D009288:Naproxen
keywords: Cell line; Harbor seal; Immunotoxicity; In vitro; Mixture; Pharmaceuticals