title: Portable near-infrared rapid detection of intracranial hemorrhage in Chinese population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Secondary brain injury is the main cause of mortality from traumatic brain injury (TBI). One hallmark of TBI is intracranial hemorrhage, which occurs in 40-50% of severe TBI cases. Early identification of intracranial hematomas in TBI patients allows early surgical evacuation, and can reduce the case-fatality rate of TBI. Since pre-hospital care is the weakest part of Chinese emergency care, there is an urgent need for a capability to detect brain hematomas early. The purpose of this observational study was to evaluate the performance of a near infrared (NIR) based, device to screen for traumatic intracranial hematomas in Chinese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was collected using the NIR device at the time of a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed to evaluate a suspected TBI. 85 patients were included in the per protocol population. Of the 85 patients, 45 were determined by CT scan to have intracranial hemorrhage. The CT and MRI scans were read by an independent neuroradiologist who was blinded to the NIR measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NIR device demonstrated sensitivity of 95.6% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 83.6-99.2%) and specificity of 92.5% (CI 78.5-98%) in detecting intracranial hematomas larger than 3.5ml in volume, and that were less than 2.5cm from the surface of the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm in Chinese population the results of previous studies that demonstrated a NIR based device can reliably screen for intracranial hematomas that are likely to be of clinical importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Xiaogang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Yanong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Te
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Baiyun
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Yuanli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Jingsheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing 100050, China. Electronic address: zhaojz205@163.com.
authors.forename: Jizong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Intracranial hemorrhage; NIR; Near infrared; TBI; Traumatic brain injury