title: CTX-M-15 and OXA-10 beta lactamases in multi drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: First report from Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an emerging threat to public health worldwide due to their rapid development of drug resistance including beta-lactamases. The present study was designed to investigate the incidence of β-lactamases and genotypic pattern of CTX and OXA in the clinical isolate of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study a total of 102 MDR P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan were subjected to extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL), metallo beta lactamase (MBL) and plasmid mediated β-lactamase (AmpC) detection using phenotypic and molecular methods. Furthermore, sequencing of CTX and OXA gene was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 102 MDR P. aeruginosa isolates, 71 (69.6%) were beta lactamase producers. The incidence of ESBL, MBL and AmpC in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa was found to be 23.94%, 40.84% and 35.21% respectively. Co-production of ESBL and AmpC were also observed in some isolates. There were 14 (19.71%) CTX-M-15 harboring isolates which were ESBL (64.28%), MBL (21.42%) and AmpC (14.28%) producer. Co-production of ESBL/MBL (14.28%), ESBL/AmpC (14.28%) and MBL/AmpC (14.28%) were also observed in the CTX M-15 harboring isolates while 12.28% isolates were not ESBL, MBL or AmpC producer. OXA-10 was detected in 8 (11.26%) isolates which were ESBL (12.5%), MBL (37.5%) and AmpC (12.5%) producer. OXA 10 isolates also exhibit co-production of ESBL/AmpC (12.5%) and MBL/AmpC (12.5%). All CTX-M-15 carried the class A β-lactamase conserved domain while OXA-10 harbored conserved domain of class D β-lactamase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study for the first time reported and characterized the CTX-M-15 and OXA-10 among MDR P. aeruginosa isolates from Pakistan. Further efforts are needed to understand the molecular mechanism of drug resistance with CTX and OXA harboring P. aeruginosa isolates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Waheed
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qasim
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hazir
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saadullah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zia Ur
authors.initials: ZU
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nawab
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Electronic address: noormwazir@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Noor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muhammad
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010641:Phenotype; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C473109:beta-lactamase CTX-M-15; C425107:beta-lactamase OXA-10; C048795:AmpC beta-lactamases; D001618:beta-Lactamases