title: Dual-mechanism gastroretentive drug delivery system loaded with an amorphous solid dispersion prepared by hot-melt extrusion.
abstract: In the present study, we aimed to prepare a gastroretentive drug delivery system that would be both highly resistant to gastric emptying via multiple mechanisms and would also potentially induce in situ supersaturation. The bioadhesive floating pellets, loaded with an amorphous solid dispersion, were prepared in a single step of hot-melt extrusion technology. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel™ MF) and hypromellose (Benecel™ K15M) were used as matrix-forming polymers, and felodipine was used as the model drug. The foam pellets were fabricated based on the expansion of CO2, which was generated from sodium bicarbonate during the melt-extrusion process. A 2nfull factorial experimental design was utilized to investigate the effects of formulation compositions to the pellet properties. The melt-extrusion process transformed the crystalline felodipine into an amorphous state that was dispersed and "frozen" in the polymer matrix. All formulations showed high porosity and were able to float immediately, without lag time, on top of gastric fluid, and maintained their buoyancy over 12h. The pellet-specific floating force, which could be as high as 4800μN/g, increased significantly during the first hour, and was relatively stable until 9h. The sodium bicarbonate percentage was found to be most significantly effect to the floating force. The ex vivo bioadhesion force of the pellets to porcine stomach mucosa was approximately 5mN/pellet, which was more than five times higher than the gravitation force of the pellet saturated with water. Drug release was well controlled up to 12h in the sink condition of 0.5% sodium lauryl sulphate in 0.1N HCl. The dissolution at 1, 3, 5, and 8h were 5-12%, 25-45%, 55-80%, and ≥75% respectively for all 11 formulations. In biorelevant dissolution medium, a supersaturated solution was formed, and the concentration was maintained at around 2μg/mL, approximately 10-folds higher than that of the pure felodipine. All input factors significantly affected dissolution in the first 3h, but afterwards, only drug load and hypromellose (HPMC) content had significant effects. The prepared drug delivery system has great potential in overcoming low and fluctuating bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
  Felodipine (PubChem CID: 3333); hypromellose (PubChem CID: 57503849), hydroxypropyl cellulose (PubChem CID: 71306830), sodium bicarbonate (PubChem CID: 516892); sodium carbonate (PubChem CID: 10340).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Anh Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Vo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Manjeet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pimparade
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Xinyou
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Dong Wuk
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Material Chacterization, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tewksbury, MA 01876, USA.
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA. Electronic address: marepka@olemiss.edu.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Repka
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000818:Animals; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015736:Felodipine / Q000737:chemistry; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D013552:Swine; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical
chemical_list: D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D002482:Cellulose; C008079:hydroxypropylcellulose; D015736:Felodipine
keywords: Amorphous solid dispersion; Bioadhesion; Floating; Gastroretentive drug delivery system; Melt extrusion; Supersaturation