title: Lymph node evaluation for colon cancer in routine clinical practice: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guidelines recommend that 12 or more lymph nodes (lns) be evaluated during surgical resection of colon cancer. Here, we report ln yield and its association with survival in routine practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic records of treatment were linked to the population-based Ontario Cancer Registry to identify all patients with colon cancer treated during 2002-2008. The study population (n= 5508) included a 25% random sample of patients with stage ii or iii disease. Modified Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with ln yield; Cox models were used to explore the association between ln yield and overall (os) and cancer-specific survival (css).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 2002-2008, median ln yield increased to 17 from 11 nodes (p< 0.001), and the proportion of patients with 12 or more nodes evaluated increased to 86% from 45% (p< 0.001). Lymph node positivity did not change over time (to 53% from 54%,p= 0.357). Greater ln yield was associated with younger age (p< 0.001), less comorbidity (p= 0.004), higher socioeconomic status (p= 0.001), right-sided tumours (p< 0.001), and higher hospital volume (p< 0.001). In adjusted analyses, a ln yield of less than 12 nodes was associated with inferior os and css for stages ii and iii disease [stage ii os hazard ratio (hr): 1.36; 95% confidence interval (ci): 1.19 to 1.56; stage ii css hr: 1.52; 95% ci: 1.26 to 1.83; and stage iii os hr: 1.45; 95% ci: 1.30 to 1.61; stage iii css hr: 1.54; 95% ci: 1.36 to 1.75].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a temporal increase in ln yield, the proportion of cases with ln positivity has not changed. Lymph node yield is associated with survival in patients with stages ii and iii colon cancer. The association between ln yield and survival is unlikely to be a result of stage migration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Del Paggio
authors.affiliation: Departments of Oncology; Surgery.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanji
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Surgery.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute; Departments of Oncology; Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Booth
keywords: Colon cancer; lymph node yield; population studies; survival factors