title: Inhibition of autophagy enhances Hydroquinone-induced TK6 cell death.
abstract: Hydroquinone (HQ), one of the metabolic products of benzene, is a carcinogen. It can induce apoptosis in lymphoma cells. However, whether HQ can induce autophagy and what roles autophagy plays in TK6 cells exposured to HQ remains unclear. In this study, we found that HQ could induce autophagy through techniques of qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescent assay of LC3 and transmission electron microscope. Furthermore, inhibiting autophagy using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or chloroquine (CQ) significantly enhanced HQ-induced cell apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy may be a survival mechanism. Our study also showed that HQ activated PARP-1. Moreover, knockdown of PARP-1 strongly exhibited decreased autophagy related genes expression. In contrast, the absence of SIRT1 increased that. Altogether, our data provided evidence that HQ induced autophagy in TK6 cells and autophagy protected TK6 from HQ attack-induced injury in vitro, and the autophagy was partially mediated via activation of the PARP-1-SIRT1 signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Longmei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jiaxian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yuting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Shaoyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Kairu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Hairong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, PR-523808 Dongguan, Guangdong, China. Electronic address: thw@gdmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Huanwen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5 / Q000235:genetics; D000071186:Beclin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000633:toxicity*; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D056564:Sirtuin 1 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C502778:ATG5 protein, human; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; D006873:Hydroquinones; C477012:MAP1LC3A protein, human; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; C025946:3-methyladenine; D002738:Chloroquine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C499320:PARP1 protein, human; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; C447939:SIRT1 protein, human; D056564:Sirtuin 1; D000225:Adenine; D020123:Sirolimus; C031927:hydroquinone
keywords: 3-MA; Apoptosis; Autophagy; CQ; Hydroquinone; PARP-1