title: Underlying mechanisms of HIV-1 latency.
abstract: Similarly to other retroviruses, HIV-1 integrates its genome into the cellular chromosome. Expression of viral genes from the integrated viral DNA could then be regulated by the host genome. If the infected cell suppresses viral gene expression, the virus will undergo latency. The latently infected cells cannot be detected or cleared by the immune system since they do not express viral antigens. These cells remain undetected for several years, even under antiretroviral treatments. The silenced HIV-1 DNA could be reactivated under certain conditions. Despite the efficient use of antiretroviral drugs, HIV-1 latently infected cells remain the major obstacles to a permanent cure. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which HIV-1 establishes latency.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), 61357-15794, Ahvaz, Iran.|Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Bizhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Romani
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), 61357-15794, Ahvaz, Iran. abakhshi_e@ajums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7185-989X
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Allahbakhshi
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D014775:Virus Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D016662:Virus Integration / Q000502:physiology; D017735:Virus Latency / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D035683:MicroRNAs; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: HIV-1; Latency; Latent reservoir; Reactivation