title: Extended Posterior Interosseous Artery Flap: Anatomical and Clinical Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A reverse-flow pedicled flap from the posterior interosseous artery (PIA) has been used to cover defects on the dorsal and volar aspects of the hand. However, the original description of this flap does not reach further than the metacarpophalangeal joints of the 4 ulnar digits. In the present study, we describe a distal variant (type 2) of the PIA flap, which changes the pivot point of the classic variant (type 1) and which can provide full coverage of single or multiple digits in the entire dorsum and palmar surface of the fingers.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anatomical study was performed on 26 cadaveric specimens to assess the presence of the anastomosis between the PIA and the dorsal intercarpal arch (DIA). In addition, the gain in pedicle length using the DIA anastomosis as a pivot point was compared with the classic pivot point at the anterior interosseous artery. A clinical study in 19 patients with soft tissue defects distal to the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers was also performed to assess the viability and clinical outcomes of the new variant of the PIA flap.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PIA was identified reaching the dorsal carpal arch in all anatomical specimens. The mean pedicle length of the fifth extensor compartment artery was 4.8 cm (range, 4.1-5.3 cm). The mean arterial diameter was 0.8 mm (range, 0.6-1.2 mm). In the clinical study, 17 flap reconstructions were done for posttraumatic lesions and 2 postburn contractures. All extended PIA flap procedures were performed successfully without loss of the flap or significant partial necrosis. We had only 1 superficial infection. There was no need for revision of the flap in any case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By extending the pivot point of the PIA flap through the DIA, instead of the anastomosis with the anterior interosseous artery, the flap distance can be increased by about 8.5 cm, allowing complete coverage of the fingers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Hand Surgery, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Ezequiel Ernesto
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Zaidenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand Surgery, Kleinert Institute, Louisville, KY.
authors.forename: Efrain
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farias-Cisneros
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Sanatorio Guemes, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Martin Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pastrana
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: zaidenbergc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carlos Rodolfo
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Zaidenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006225:Hand / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D017535:Ulnar Artery / Q000601:surgery
keywords: PIA anatomy; fifth ECA; finger defect; microsurgery; posterior interosseous artery pedicled flap