title: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very and extremely low birth weight infants - analysis of selected risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to analyze the role of specific risk factors affecting the development and clinical course of BPD in infants born before 32 weeks of gestation with a birth weight ≤ 1500g.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 222 infants born and hospitalized at the Department of Neonatology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute. At their 28-th day of life, the patients were divided into two groups: with and without BPD. The grade of BPD severity was determined at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BPD was diagnosed in 117 (52.7%) of infants, 65 (55,6%) of them developed its mild, 29 (24,8%) moderate and 23 (19,7%) severe form. Infants with BPD had significantly lower gestational age than those without BPD: 27.0 weeks (IQR 26.0-28.3 weeks) vs. 30.0 weeks (IQR 29.3-31.0 weeks), and lower birth weight: 900g (IQR 740.0-1050.0g) vs. 1290g (IQR 1100.0-1370.0g). A significantly lower gestational age R=-0.70, p < 0.0001 and birth weight R=-0.66, p<0.0001 were observed in correspondence with the increase of BPD severity. In BPD group there were 72 (61.5%) male infants, whereas in that without BPD 54 (51.4%) of them, p=0.1290. In the group with mild form of BPD, there were 29 (44.6%) males, with moderate 23 (79.3%) and severe 20 (87.0%), p=0.0002. A statistically significant difference was found for: respiratory distress syndrome 116 (99.2%) vs. 83 (79.1%), p<0.0001, congenital infection 70 (59.8%) vs. 40 (38.1%), p=0.0012, patent ductus arteriosus 61 (52.1) vs. 28 (26.7), p=0.0001, complete prenatal steroid therapy 77 (65.8%) vs. 85 (81.0%), p=0.0112 and Apgar score of 1 min., p<0.0001 and 5 min., p<0.0001. In the group with BPD significantly more frequent were: intraventricular hemorrhage 87 (74.4%) vs. 37 (35.2%), p<0.0001, periventricular leukomalacia 11 (9.4%) vs. 0 (0.0%) p=0.0009 and retinopathy of prematurity 47 (40.2%) vs. 6 (5.7%), p<0.0001. No statistical significance was found for: premature rupture of membranes, the route of delivery, Ureaplasma spp. infection and necrotizing enterocolitis. Independent factors affecting the risk of BPD are: gestational age (OR 0.3213, p<0.0001), birth weight (OR 0.9968, p=0.0036), and respiratory distress syndrome (OR 3.9388; p=0.0142).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower gestational age, low birth weight, respiratory distress syndrome, Apgar score, congenital infection, lack of prenatal steroid therapy, patent ductus arteriosus and male gender are the risk factors for the development of BPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kiciński
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kęsiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowiczewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gulczyńska
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008297:Male; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids
keywords: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; premature infant; risk factors