title: Risk factors for shoulder and elbow pain in youth baseball players.
abstract: This study sought to quantify the 1-year cumulative incidence of shoulder and elbow pain among youth baseball players and identify risk factors associated with the occurrence of shoulder and elbow pain.
  
  
  
  In total, 900 youth baseball players (aged 7-11 years) were enrolled in a 1-year prospective follow-up study. One year later, the players were asked whether they had experienced episodes of shoulder or elbow pain and the following risk factors for such pain were investigated: age, position, length of baseball experience, training hours per week, and history of shoulder or elbow pain. Data for the groups with and without shoulder or elbow pain were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models.
  
  
  
  Episodes of shoulder pain were reported by 18.3% of players and episodes of elbow pain were reported by 35.2% of players. Multivariate analysis showed that shoulder pain was associated with pitcher position, catcher position, longer training hours per week, and history of shoulder and elbow pain, and that elbow pain was associated with age, pitcher position, catcher position, longer training hours per week, and history of elbow pain. Length of baseball experience was not associated with shoulder or elbow pain.
  
  
  
  History of elbow pain, pitcher position, catcher position, and longer training hours per week were associated with both types of pain. History of shoulder pain was associated with shoulder pain but not elbow pain. Age was associated with elbow pain but not shoulder pain.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopedics , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopedics , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwame
authors.affiliation: b Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Tokushima Red Cross Hospital , Tokushima , Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzue
authors.affiliation: c Department of Preventive Medicine , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan.
authors.forename: Kokichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arisawa
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopedics , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sairyo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D004550:Elbow / Q000473:pathology*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000473:pathology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D009068:Movement; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012782:Shoulder / Q000473:pathology*; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Youth sports; athletic injuries; baseball; joint pain; risk assessment