title: Nicotine Enhances Interspecies Relationship betweenStreptococcus mutansandCandida albicans.
abstract: Streptococcus mutansandCandida albicansare common microorganisms in the human oral cavity. The synergistic relationship between these two species has been deeply explored in many studies. In the present study, the effect of alkaloid nicotine on the interspecies betweenS. mutansandC. albicansis explored. We developed a dual-species biofilm model and studied biofilm biomass, biofilm structure, synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), and expression of glucosyltransferases (Gtfs). Biofilm formation and bacterial and fungal cell numbers in dual-species biofilms increased in the presence of nicotine. MoreC. albicanscells were present in the dual-species biofilms in the nicotine-treated groups as determined by scanning electron microscopy. The synthesis of EPS was increased by 1 mg/ml of nicotine as detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The result of qRT-PCR showedgtfsexpression was upregulated when 1 mg/ml of nicotine was used. We speculate that nicotine promoted the growth ofS. mutans, and moreS. mutanscells attracted moreC. albicanscells due to the interaction between two species. SinceS. mutansandC. albicansare putative pathogens for dental caries, the enhancement of the synergistic relationship by nicotine may contribute to caries development in smokers.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Shiyu
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8922-331X
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Keke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Xuedong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Jinzhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2762-4740
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Mingyun
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7725-9772
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013045:Species Specificity; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D009538:Nicotine