title: Identification and quantification of 12 pharmaceuticals in water collected from milking parlors: Food safety implications.
abstract: The introduction of drug residues into the food chain and their presence in drinking water has been recently investigated. The aim of this work was to monitor the presence of 19 active drugs in water samples collected from milking parlors of dairy farms located in Galicia (northwest Spain), one of the main Spanish milking areas. Overall, 65% of the samples tested positive for at least one of the compounds analyzed. A total of 12 drugs were measured, with concentrations ranging between 17 and 3,941 ng/L. Considering that a mixture of compounds may contribute to the overall effect of each compound and might increase or reduce its toxicity, it should be noted that 29% of the samples tested contained more than one pharmaceutical. To date, the effects of the continuous consumption of these mixtures of drugs in water or milk are unknown; however, antimicrobials may affect the human gut microbiota or have toxic effects in sensitive individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Pavillón 4, Planta Baixa, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veiga-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Pavillón 4, Planta Baixa, 27002 Lugo, Spain. Electronic address: carolina.nebot@usc.es.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nebot
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Pavillón 4, Planta Baixa, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos Manuel
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Pavillón 4, Planta Baixa, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Pavillón 4, Planta Baixa, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Pavillón 4, Planta Baixa, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cepeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003612:Dairying; D004350:Drug Residues; D059022:Food Safety; D006801:Humans; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D013030:Spain; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: antimicrobial; dairy farms; drinking water; residue