title: Relationships Among Conventional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Habits With Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While conventional cardiovascular risk factors and certain lifestyle habits are associated with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it is still unknown whether they are actually associated with arterial stiffness even after adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle habits. The aim of this study was to identify variables that are associated with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study participants comprised 724 Japanese T2DM outpatients free of history of cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle habits were analyzed using self-reported questionnaires. The associations among conventional cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle habits with baPWV were investigated by multivariable linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the study subjects was 57.8 ± 8.6 years, and 62.8% of those were males. The mean HbA1c was 7.0±1.0%, and the estimated duration of T2DM was 9.9 ± 7.2 years. Multiple linear regression analysis that included age and gender demonstrated that age and male sex were positively associated with baPWV. In a model adjusted for numerous conventional cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle habits, age, duration of T2DM, systolic blood pressure, serum uric acid, urinary albumin excretion and poor sleep quality were positively associated with baPWV, while body mass index was negatively associated with baPWV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Japanese T2DM, in addition to several conventional cardiovascular risk factors, poor sleep quality was associated with baPWV even after adjustment for numerous conventional cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle habits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Misako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Center for Molecular Diabetology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Osonoi
authors.affiliation: Naka Memorial Clinic, 745-5, Nakadai, Naka City, Ibaraki 311-0113, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osonoi
authors.affiliation: Naka Memorial Clinic, 745-5, Nakadai, Naka City, Ibaraki 311-0113, Japan.
authors.forename: Miyoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Naka Memorial Clinic, 745-5, Nakadai, Naka City, Ibaraki 311-0113, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Someya
authors.affiliation: Naka Memorial Clinic, 745-5, Nakadai, Naka City, Ibaraki 311-0113, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Trial and Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gosho
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Center for Molecular Diabetology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watada
keywords: Arterial stiffness; Sleep quality; Traditional cardiovascular risk factors; Type 2 diabetes mellitus