title: Lipid nanoparticles of zaleplon for improved oral delivery by Box-Behnken design: optimization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Zaleplon (ZL) is a hypnotic drug prescribed for the management of insomnia and convulsions. The oral bioavailability of ZL was low (∼30%) owing to poor water solubility and hepatic first-pass metabolism. The cornerstone of this investigation is to develop and optimize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of ZL with the aid of Box-Behnken design (BBD) to improve the oral bioavailability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A design space with three formulation variables at three levels were evaluated in BBD. Amount of lipid (A1), amount of surfactant (A2) and concentration of co-surfactant (%) (A3) were selected as independent variables, whereas, particle size (B1), entrapment efficiency (B2) and zeta potential (ZP, B3) as responses. ZL-SLNs were prepared by hot homogenization with ultrasonication method and evaluated for responses to obtain optimized formulation. Morphology of nanoparticles was observed under SEM. DSC and XRD studies were examined to understand the native crystalline behavior of drug in SLN formulations. Further, in vivo studies were performed in Wistar rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimized formulation with 132.89 mg of lipid, 106.7 mg of surfactant and 0.2% w/v of co-surfactant ensued in the nanoparticles with 219.9 ± 3.7 nm of size, -25.66 ± 2.83 mV surface charge and 86.83 ± 2.65% of entrapment efficiency. SEM studies confirmed the spherical shape of SLN formulations. The DSC and XRD studies revealed the transformation of crystalline drug to amorphous form in SLN formulation. In conclusion, in vivo studies in male Wistar rats demonstrated an improvement in the oral bioavailability of ZL from SLN over control ZL suspension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The enhancement in the oral bioavailability of ZL from SLNs, developed with the aid of BBD, explicated the potential of lipid-based nanoparticles as a potential carrier in improving the oral delivery of this poorly soluble drug.
authors.affiliation: a Nanotechnology Laboratory, Vaagdevi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Warangal , India.
authors.forename: Narendar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dudhipala
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi , MS , USA.
authors.forename: Karthik Yadav
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Janga
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004355:Drug Stability; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012995:Solubility; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013535:Suspensions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D008055:Lipids; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D013535:Suspensions; C085665:zaleplon
keywords: Box–Behnken design; DSC; XRD; Zaleplon; bioavailability; entrapment efficiency; independent variables; size