title: Does Tibial Slope Affect Perception of Coronal Alignment on a Standing Anteroposterior Radiograph?
abstract: A standing anteroposterior (AP) radiograph is commonly used to evaluate coronal alignment following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The impact of coronal alignment on TKA outcomes is controversial, perhaps due to variability in imaging and/or measurement technique. We sought to quantify the effect of image rotation and tibial slope on coronal alignment.
  
  
  
  Using a standard extramedullary tibial alignment guide, 3 cadaver legs were cut to accept a tibial tray at 0°, 3°, and 7° of slope. A computed tomography scan of the entire tibia was obtained for each specimen to confirm neutral coronal alignment. Images were then obtained at progressive 10° intervals of internal and external rotation up to 40° maximum in each direction. Images were then randomized and 5 blinded TKA surgeons were asked to determine coronal alignment. Continuous data values were transformed to categorical data (neutral [0], valgus [L], and varus [R]).
  
  
  
  Each 10° interval of external rotation of a 7° sloped tibial cut (or relative internal rotation of a tibial component viewed in the AP plane) resulted in perception of an additional 0.75° of varus.
  
  
  
  The slope of the proximal tibia bone cut should be taken into account when measuring coronal alignment on a standing AP radiograph.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Bheeshma
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kransdorf
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Henry D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D010465:Perception; D011859:Radiography; D012399:Rotation; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: alignment; imaging; rotation; slope; tibia; total knee arthroplasty