title: Changes in the racial disparity in breast cancer mortality in the ten US cities with the largest African American populations from 1999 to 2013: The reduction in breast cancer mortality disparity in Chicago.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assess progress made to reduce racial disparity in breast cancer mortality in Chicago compared to nine other cities with largest African American populations and the US.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Non-Hispanic White (NHW) female breast cancer mortality rates and rate ratios (RR) (disparity) were compared between 1999 and 2005 and 2006 and 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between the two periods, the NHB breast cancer mortality rate in Chicago decreased by 13.9% (95% CI [-13.81, -13.92] compared to 7.7% (95% CI [-7.52, -7.83]) for NHW. A drop of 20% in the disparity was observed, from 51% (RR: 1.51, 95% CI [-7.52, -7.83]) to 41% (RR: 1.41, 95% CI [1.30, 1.52]). Whereas from 1999 to 2005 Chicago's disparity was above that of the U.S., from 2006 to 2013, it is now slightly lower. For the remaining nine cities and the US, the mortality disparity either grew or remained the same.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chicago's improvement in NHB breast cancer mortality and disparity reduction occurred in the context of city-wide comprehensive public health initiatives and shows promise as a model for other cities with high health outcome disparities.
authors.affiliation: Metropolitan Chicago Breast Cancer Task Force, 300 S. Ashland, Suite 202, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.|Department of Health Systems Management, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sighoko
authors.affiliation: Metropolitan Chicago Breast Cancer Task Force, 300 S. Ashland, Suite 202, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA. Annemarie_Murphy@rush.edu.
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9968-6158
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Metropolitan Chicago Breast Cancer Task Force, 300 S. Ashland, Suite 202, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
authors.forename: Bethliz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Irizarry
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Garth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rauscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 S. Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferrans
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Community Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina, Suite 364, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ansell
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D002947:Cities; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality; D011634:Public Health; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016387:Women's Health
keywords: Breast cancer; Chicago; Disparities; Mortality; Trends