title: Phytotoxic activity against Bromus tectorum for secondary metabolites of a seed-pathogenic Fusarium strain belonging to the F. tricinctum species complex.
abstract: The winter annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) has become highly invasive in semiarid ecosystems of western North America. In these areas, a natural phenomenon, complete cheatgrass stand failure ('die-off'), is apparently caused by a complex interaction among soilborne fungal pathogens. Several Fusarium strains belonging to the Fusarium tricinctum species complex were isolated from these soils and found to be pathogenic on B. tectorum seeds. One of these strains was produced in cheatgrass seed culture to evaluate its ability to produce phytotoxins. Six metabolites were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods (essentially 1D and 2D NMR and ESIMS) as acuminatopyrone (1), blumenol A (2), chlamydosporol (3), isochlamydosporol (4), ergosterol (5) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (6). Upon testing against B. tectorum in a seedling bioassay, (6) the coleoptile and radicle length of cheatgrass seedlings were significantly reduced. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate activity, while 3-5 were not significantly different from the control.
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo , Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masi
authors.affiliation: b Shrub Sciences Laboratory , US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: c Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy.
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pescitelli
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo , Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cimmino
authors.affiliation: b Shrub Sciences Laboratory , US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Suzette
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.affiliation: d Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0852-4215
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo , Napoli , Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evidente
mesh_terms: D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D031724:Bromus / Q000187:drug effects*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005670:Fusarium / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D057685:Plant Weeds / Q000187:drug effects; D011753:Pyrones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects; D012639:Seeds / Q000382:microbiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D001547:Benzaldehydes; D006540:Herbicides; D011753:Pyrones; C100320:acuminatopyrone; C065449:chlamydosporal; C090737:isochlamydosporol; C011483:4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
keywords: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; Bromus tectorum; Fusarium tricinctum species complex; acuminatopyrone; blumenol A; phytotoxins