title: Effectiveness of suicide prevention programs for emergency and protective services employees: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This brief report summarizes the international literature on the effectiveness of suicide prevention programs for protective and emergency services employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of 11 electronic databases was undertaken until June 30, 2015. Quantitative meta-analysis was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of these programs on suicide rates at post-intervention. Qualitative analyses were also used to identify program components that may be associated with reductions in suicide rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13 studies were included. Only six reported sufficient information on suicide rates to enable inclusion in quantitative analyses, however. On average, these programs were associated with an approximate halving in suicide rates over an average follow-up period of 5.25 years (SD = 4.2; range: 1-11) (Incidence Rate Ratio 0.45, 95%CI 0.31-0.65; five studies; I214.8%). Few programs integrated activities at the primary prevention level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A greater focus on the relatively neglected area of workplace primary prevention could further improve suicide prevention effectiveness. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:394-407, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.|Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.|Faculty of Business and Law, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allisey
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.|Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5811-5906
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: LaMontagne
mesh_terms: D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D060731:Emergency Responders / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D009786:Occupational Health Services / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology; D000092864:Suicide Prevention
keywords: emergency services; first responders; police; suicide prevention