title: Development of polyspermic zygote and possible contribution of polyspermy to polyploid formation in angiosperms.
abstract: Fertilization is a general feature of eukaryotic uni- and multicellular organisms to restore a diploid genome from female and male gamete haploid genomes. In angiosperms, polyploidization is a common phenomenon, and polyploidy would have played a major role in the long-term diversification and evolutionary success of plants. As for the mechanism of formation of autotetraploid plants, the triploid-bridge pathway, crossing between triploid and diploid plants, is considered as a major pathway. For the emergence of triploid plants, fusion of an unreduced gamete with a reduced gamete is generally accepted. In addition, the possibility of polyspermy has been proposed for maize, wheat and some orchids, although it has been regarded as an uncommon mechanism of triploid formation. One of the reasons why polyspermy is regarded as uncommon is because it is difficult to reproduce the polyspermy situation in zygotes and to analyze the developmental profiles of polyspermic triploid zygotes. Recently, polyspermic rice zygotes were successfully produced by electric fusion of an egg cell with two sperm cells, and their developmental profiles were monitored. Two sperm nuclei and an egg nucleus fused into a zygotic nucleus in the polyspermic zygote, and the triploid zygote divided into a two-celled embryo via mitotic division with a typical bipolar microtubule spindle. The two-celled proembryos further developed and regenerated into triploid plants. These suggest that polyspermic plant zygotes have the potential to form triploid embryos, and that polyspermy in angiosperms might be a pathway for the formation of triploid plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan. okamoto-takashi@tmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukinosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.|Plant Breeding Innovation Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002459:Cell Fusion; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D004171:Diploidy; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology*; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008870:Microtubules; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D012275:Oryza / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D011123:Polyploidy; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development*; D057885:Triploidy; D014908:Triticum / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D003313:Zea mays / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D015053:Zygote / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Fertilization; Karyogamy; Polyploid; Polyspermy; Triploid; Zygote