title: IL-33/ST2 immune responses to respiratory bacteria in pediatric asthma.
abstract: Here we investigated the relationship between local bacterial colonization and anti-bacterial immune responses in pre-school asthmatic and control children within the EU-wide study PreDicta. In this cohort of pre-school asthmatic children, nasopharyngeal colonization with Gram-negative bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis was found to be associated with the highest interferon beta (IFNβ) and IL-33 levels in the nasal pharyngeal fluids (NPF). IL33R-ST2 was found induced in the blood of asthmatic children with additional Gram + bacteria in the nasopharynx (Gr+/-). Furthermore, asthmatic children had more episodes of infection that required antibiotic therapy than the control group. Treatment with antibiotics associated with reduced ST2 in blood cells of both asthmatic and control children and reduced IL-33 levels in the airways of asthmatic children. In the absence of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus in NPF, antibiotic therapy associated with decreased IL-33 levels in the NPF and lower ST2 values in the blood of control children but not of asthmatic children. These data suggest that, in asthmatic children, Gram- bacteria, which persist after antibiotic therapy, contributes to IL-33 locally and associated with Gr + bacteria colonization in the airways, inhibited IFN-β and in the absence of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, induced ST2 bearing cells in their blood.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Molekulare Pneumologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Isabell
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hentschke
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Molekulare Pneumologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graser
authors.affiliation: Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Pädiatrische Pneumologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Volker O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Melichar
authors.affiliation: Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Pädiatrische Pneumologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.affiliation: Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Pädiatrische Pneumologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Theodor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Molekulare Pneumologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kroß
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Molekulare Pneumologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haag
authors.affiliation: Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Paraskevi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xepapadaki
authors.affiliation: Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.|Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Nikolaos G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.affiliation: Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogdan
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Molekulare Pneumologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Susetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finotto
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D000068298:Fluticasone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D000067596:Interleukin-33 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D045828:Moraxellaceae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; C506536:IL33 protein, human; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D016899:Interferon-beta; D000068298:Fluticasone