title: Pre-Pregnancy Fast Food Consumption Is Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Tehranian Women.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between fast food consumption and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among Tehranian women. This study was conducted over a 17-month period, on a random sample of pregnant women (n= 1026), aged 18-45 years, attending prenatal clinics in five hospitals affiliated with universities of medical sciences, located in different districts of Tehran, Iran. Dietary data were collected during gestational age ≤6 weeks, using a 168-item valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Consumption of total fast foods including hamburgers, sausages, bologna (beef), pizza and French fries was calculated. Between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation, all pregnant women underwent a scheduled 100 g 3 h oral glucose tolerance test. GDM was defined according to the American Diabetes Association definition. The mean age and pre-pregnancy body mass index BMI of participants were 26.7 ± 4.3 years and 25.4 ± 4.5 Kg/m², respectively. A total of 71 women developed GDM. After adjustment for confounders, the OR (95% CI) for GDM for total fast food consumption was 2.12 (1.12-5.43) and for French fries it was 2.18 (1.05-4.70). No significant association was found between hamburgers, sausages, bologna (beef), pizza and GDM. Fast food consumption in women of reproductive age was found to have undesirable effects in the prevalence of GDM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery & Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, 1411713114 Tehran, Iran. lamyianm@modares.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Minoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamyian
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717413 Tehran, Iran. s.hossainpour@endocrine.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Somayeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosseinpour-Niazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1981619573 Tehran, Iran. mirmiran@endocrine.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirmiran
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery & Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, 1411713114 Tehran, Iran. moghaddamb@modares.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Lida
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moghaddam Banaem
authors.affiliation: Health Metrics Research Center, Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, 1981619573 Tehran, Iran. agoshtasebi@ihsr.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Azita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goshtasebi
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717413 Tehran, Iran. azizi@endocrine.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Fereidoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D066273:Diet, Western / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: French fries; fast food consumption; gestational diabetes mellitus