title: Identifying Low-risk Patients for Early Discharge From Emergency Department Without Using Subjective Descriptions of Chest Pain: Insights From Providing Rapid Out of Hospital Acute Cardiovascular Treatment (PROACT) 3 and 4 Trials.
abstract: Several accelerated diagnostic protocols (ADPs) have been developed to allow emergency department (ED) physicians to identify appropriate patients for safe early discharge after presentation with symptom of chest pain. Most ADPs require chest pain to be described and modify the algorithm based on the subjective chest pain characteristics. We investigated the performance of three established major ADPs simplified by eliminating the need for chest pain as a descriptor.
  
  
  
  We pooled patients from PROACT-3 and -4 trials, in which patients presenting to emergency medical services with chest pain or dyspnea were enrolled. The simplified Vancouver Chest Pain Rule (sVCPR), the simplified Emergency Department Assessment of Chest Pain Score (sEDACS) ADP and the Accelerated Diagnostic protocol to Assess Patients with chest pain using contemporary troponins as the only biomarker (ADAPT-ADP) were compared using the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (NPV). The primary outcome of interest was 30-day major adverse cardiac events (MACE); the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) occurring within 30 days after ED presentation was also explored.
  
  
  
  A total of 1,081 patients were included (median age = 67 years, 53% male, median GRACE score = 113) of which 222 ACS diagnoses and 150 cardiac events occurred within 30 days after index ED presentation. The sVCPR, sEDACS ≥ 3, and ADAPT-ADP, respectively, identified 9.7, 13.3, and 4.1% of patients as low risk with a sensitivity and NPV of 100% for the primary outcome of 30-day MACE. The sEDACS-ADP identified 24.2% of patients as low risk with a cut-point score of 4 (sensitivity of 98.0% and NPV of 98.8%). The sVCPR, sEDACS ≥ 3, and ADAPT-ADP, respectively, had NPVs of 98.1, 95.8, and 93.3% in identifying patients at higher risk of ACS diagnosis within 30 days after index ED visit.
  
  
  
  The diagnostic protocols performed well without their chest pain characteristics component. Further studies are suggested to explore the performance of ADPs when these simplified ADPs are combined with high-sensitive troponin assays.
authors.affiliation: Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Nariman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sepehrvand
authors.affiliation: Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Yinggan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.|Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.affiliation: Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.|Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Justin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ezekowitz
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010351:Patient Discharge; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014336:Troponin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014336:Troponin