title: All-Terrain Vehicle Injury in Children and Youth: Examining Current Knowledge and Future Needs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  All-terrain vehicle (ATV)-related injuries remain a large public health problem in the United States and disproportionately affect American youth. Although children account for only 14-18% of ATV riders, they comprise 37-57% of those injured in ATV-related accidents. Since the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission began collecting data in 1982, 23% of ATV-related deaths have occurred in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  With this review, we outline the major risk factors for injuries among young ATV riders in the United States and suggest research-based interventions to successfully modify such risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We reviewed data from 16 published reviews regarding epidemiology and risk factors among ATV-related injuries in American children. All data pointed to young driver age and lack of appropriate safety equipment as major risk factors for such injuries. Although these risk factors are modifiable, legislation and programs designed to mitigate such risks have been unsuccessful. Among adults, the brief intervention model has become widely used among trauma patients exhibiting risky behaviors. Additionally, peer-to-peer interventions have demonstrated success with respect to drug and alcohol use in school-aged children. Both the brief and peer-to-peer interventions are promising avenues for decreasing risky ATV-related behavior in youths but have not been studied in this field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ATV-related injuries disproportionately affect American youths. Although risk factors for such injuries are modifiable, current methods for intervention (mainly legislation) have not been successfully implemented. The brief intervention and peer-to-peer interventions have shown promise in other fields and should be studied with respect to pediatric ATV use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Childress Institute for Pediatric Trauma, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Andrea N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Doud
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling, Barry University, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.affiliation: Center for Adolescent Research and Education, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.
authors.forename: Stephen Gray
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Center, Froedtert Hospital, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Childress Institute for Pediatric Trauma, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Childress Institute for Pediatric Trauma, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Veach
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Childress Institute for Pediatric Trauma, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Center for Adolescent Research and Education, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pranikoff
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D000073599:Health Risk Behaviors; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: all-terrain vehicle injury; brief intervention; injuries in youth; injury prevention