title: Apoptosis, autophagy & endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetes mellitus.
abstract: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing secondary to increased consumption of food and decreased physical activity worldwide. Hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and hypertrophy of pancreatic beta cells occur in the early phase of diabetes. However, with the progression of diabetes, dysfunction and loss of beta cells occur in both types 1 and 2 DM. Programmed cell death also named apoptosis is found to be associated with diabetes, and apoptosis of beta cells might be the main mechanism of relative insulin deficiency in DM. Autophagic cell death and apoptosis are not entirely distinct programmed cell death mechanisms and share many of the regulator proteins. These processes can occur in both physiologic and pathologic conditions including DM. Besides these two important pathways, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) also acts as a cell sensor to monitor and maintain cellular homeostasis. ER stress has been found to be associated with autophagy and apoptosis. This review was aimed to describe the interactions between apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress pathways in DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Demirtas
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Kırsehir Training and Research Hospital, Kırsehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aydin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guclu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih Mehmet
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Erdur
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emin Murat
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Akbas
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Adalet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozcicek
authors.affiliation: Department of Reanimation & Anesthesiology, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Didem
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Onk
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kultigin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Turkmen
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000235:genetics*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin