title: Improved tissue cryopreservation using inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles.
abstract: Vitrification, a kinetic process of liquid solidification into glass, poses many potential benefits for tissue cryopreservation including indefinite storage, banking, and facilitation of tissue matching for transplantation. To date, however, successful rewarming of tissues vitrified in VS55, a cryoprotectant solution, can only be achieved by convective warming of small volumes on the order of 1 ml. Successful rewarming requires both uniform and fast rates to reduce thermal mechanical stress and cracks, and to prevent rewarming phase crystallization. We present a scalable nanowarming technology for 1- to 80-ml samples using radiofrequency-excited mesoporous silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in VS55. Advanced imaging including sweep imaging with Fourier transform and microcomputed tomography was used to verify loading and unloading of VS55 and nanoparticles and successful vitrification of porcine arteries. Nanowarming was then used to demonstrate uniform and rapid rewarming at >130°C/min in both physical (1 to 80 ml) and biological systems including human dermal fibroblast cells, porcine arteries and porcine aortic heart valve leaflet tissues (1 to 50 ml). Nanowarming yielded viability that matched control and/or exceeded gold standard convective warming in 1- to 50-ml systems, and improved viability compared to slow-warmed (crystallized) samples. Last, biomechanical testing displayed no significant biomechanical property changes in blood vessel length or elastic modulus after nanowarming compared to untreated fresh control porcine arteries. In aggregate, these results demonstrate new physical and biological evidence that nanowarming can improve the outcome of vitrified cryogenic storage of tissues in larger sample volumes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Navid
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1005-1218
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Manuchehrabadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.|Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5417-4984
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Jinjin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.|Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Hattie L
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5779-2561
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2107-4290
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fok
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Yoed
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rabin
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.|Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC 29406, USA.
authors.forename: Kelvin G M
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Brockbank
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.|Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Christy L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5420-5867
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. bischof@umn.edu.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6726-7111
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bischof
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry; D018481:Convection; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D012015:Reference Standards; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013696:Temperature; D014022:Tissue Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D058989:Vitrification
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; C000499:ferric oxide