title: Identification of Ultrasonic Echolucent Carotid Plaques Using Discrete Fréchet Distance Between Bimodal Gamma Distributions.
abstract: Echolucent carotid plaques are associated with acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (ACCEs) in atherosclerotic patients. The aim of this study was to develop a computer-aided method for identifying echolucent plaques.
  
  
  
  A total of 315 ultrasound images of carotid plaques (105 echo-rich, 105 intermediate, and 105 echolucent) collected from 153 patients were included in this study. A bimodal gamma distribution was proposed to model the pixel statistics in the gray scale images of plaques. The discrete Fréchet distance features (DFDFs) of each plaque were extracted based on the statistical model. The most discriminative features (MDFs) were obtained from DFDFs by the linear discriminant analysis, and a k-nearest-neighbor classifier was implemented for classification of different types of plaques.
  
  
  
  The classification accuracy of the three types of plaques using MDFs can reach 77.46%. When a receiver operating characteristics curve was produced to identify echolucent plaques, the area under the curve was 0.831.
  
  
  
  Our results indicate potential feasibility of the method for identifying echolucent plaques based on DFDFs.
  
  
  
  Our method may potentially improve the ability of noninvasive ultrasonic examination in risk prediction of ACCEs for patients with plaques.
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Kelvin Kian Loong
authors.initials: KKL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Rongqin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Hairong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Rongqin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Hairong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Kelvin Kian Loong
authors.initials: KKL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016008:Statistical Distributions; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*