title: Apathy is related to reduced activation in cognitive control regions during set-shifting.
abstract: Apathy is a prominent and influential symptom in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, but it also occurs in the healthy population. It has considerable impact on daily life functioning, in clinical as well as healthy samples. Even though cognitive control is thought to be disrupted in people with apathy, the exact neural underpinnings of apathy remain unclear. Because flexible shifting between behaviors (set-shifting) is crucial for goal-directed behavior, disruptions in set-shifting may underlie apathy. In this study, the neural correlates of apathy during set-shifting were studied in 34 healthy participants with varying levels of apathy, measured by the Apathy Evaluation Scale. During functional MRI scanning participants performed a set-shifting task, distinguishing between behavioral switches (a change in response to different stimuli), cognitive switches (a change in response rule), and salience decoupling (detecting a change in relevant stimuli). Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between apathy and brain activation. Results showed that higher apathy scores were related to reduced activation in the medial superior frontal gyrus and cerebellum (Crus I/II) during cognitive set-shifting, but not behavioral shifting and salience decoupling. No relationship between apathy and accuracy or response time was found. These results support the idea that alterations in the neural basis of cognitive control, especially cognitive set-shifting, may contribute to apathy. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2722-2733, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicky G
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9378-9116
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Klaasen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kos
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aleman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Esther M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Opmeer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D057565:Apathy / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: cerebellum; executive function; superior frontal gyrus; volition