title: Readability Formulas and User Perceptions of Electronic Health Records Difficulty: A Corpus Study.
abstract: Electronic health records (EHRs) are a rich resource for developing applications to engage patients and foster patient activation, thus holding a strong potential to enhance patient-centered care. Studies have shown that providing patients with access to their own EHR notes may improve the understanding of their own clinical conditions and treatments, leading to improved health care outcomes. However, the highly technical language in EHR notes impedes patients' comprehension. Numerous studies have evaluated the difficulty of health-related text using readability formulas such as Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), and Gunning-Fog Index (GFI). They conclude that the materials are often written at a grade level higher than common recommendations.
  
  
  
  The objective of our study was to explore the relationship between the aforementioned readability formulas and the laypeople's perceived difficulty on 2 genres of text: general health information and EHR notes. We also validated the formulas' appropriateness and generalizability on predicting difficulty levels of highly complex technical documents.
  
  
  
  We collected 140 Wikipedia articles on diabetes and 242 EHR notes with diabetes International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code. We recruited 15 Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) users to rate difficulty levels of the documents. Correlations between laypeople's perceived difficulty levels and readability formula scores were measured, and their difference was tested. We also compared word usage and the impact of medical concepts of the 2 genres of text.
  
  
  
  The distributions of both readability formulas' scores (P<.001) and laypeople's perceptions (P=.002) on the 2 genres were different. Correlations of readability predictions and laypeople's perceptions were weak. Furthermore, despite being graded at similar levels, documents of different genres were still perceived with different difficulty (P<.001). Word usage in the 2 related genres still differed significantly (P<.001).
  
  
  
  Our findings suggested that the readability formulas' predictions did not align with perceived difficulty in either text genre. The widely used readability formulas were highly correlated with each other but did not show adequate correlation with readers' perceived difficulty. Therefore, they were not appropriate to assess the readability of EHR notes.
authors.affiliation: College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Jiaping
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7662-810X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Bedford Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Bedford, MA, United States.|Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9263-5035
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D032882:Comprehension; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet
keywords: electronic health records; patients; readability