title: Attenuation of liver cancer development by oral glycerol supplementation in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycerol usage is increasing in food industry for human and animal nutrition. This study analyzed the impact of glycerol metabolism when orally supplemented during the early stage of rat liver carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were subjected to a 2-phase model of hepatocarcinogenesis (initiated-promoted, IP group). IP animals also received glycerol by gavage (200 mg/kg body weight, IPGly group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glycerol treatment reduced the volume of preneoplastic lesions by decreasing the proliferative status of liver foci, increasing the expression of p53 and p21 proteins and reducing the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1. Besides, apoptosis was enhanced in IPGly animals, given by an increment of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Bad and PUMA mitochondrial expression, a concomitant increase in cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, hepatic levels of glycerol phosphate and markers of oxidative stress were increased in IPGly rats. Oxidative stress intermediates act as intracellular messengers, inducing p53 activation and changes in JNK and Erk signaling pathways, with JNK activation and Erk inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present work provides novel data concerning the preventive actions of glycerol during the development of liver cancer and represents an economically feasible intervention to treat high-risk individuals.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina.
authors.forename: Alejo M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Capiglioni
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina.
authors.forename: Florencia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lorenzetti
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina.|Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina.
authors.forename: Ariel D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Quiroga
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina.
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Parody
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina.
authors.forename: María T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ronco
authors.affiliation: Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina.
authors.forename: Gerardo B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina.|Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina.
authors.forename: María C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina.
authors.forename: María P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ceballos
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina. alvarez@ifise-conicet.gov.ar.|Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina. alvarez@ifise-conicet.gov.ar.
authors.forename: María de Luján
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005990:Glycerol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D005990:Glycerol
keywords: Apoptosis; Glycerol; Liver preneoplasia; Oxidative stress; Proliferation