title: Standardization proposal of soft tissue artefact description for data sharing in human motion measurements.
abstract: Soft tissue artefact (STA) represents one of the main obstacles for obtaining accurate and reliable skeletal kinematics from motion capture. Many studies have addressed this issue, yet there is no consensus on the best available bone pose estimator and the expected errors associated with relevant results. Furthermore, results obtained by different authors are difficult to compare due to the high variability and specificity of the phenomenon and the different metrics used to represent these data. Therefore, the aim of this study was twofold: firstly, to propose standards for description of STA; and secondly, to provide illustrative STA data samples for body segments in the upper and lower extremities and for a range of motor tasks specifically, level walking, stair ascent, sit-to-stand, hip- and knee-joint functional movements, cutting motion, running, hopping, arm elevation and functional upper-limb movements. The STA dataset includes motion of the skin markers measured in vivo and ex vivo using stereophotogrammetry as well as motion of the underlying bones measured using invasive or bio-imaging techniques (i.e., X-ray fluoroscopy or MRI). The data are accompanied by a detailed description of the methods used for their acquisition, with information given about their quality as well as characterization of the STA using the proposed standards. The availability of open-access and standard-format STA data will be useful for the evaluation and development of bone pose estimators thus contributing to the advancement of three-dimensional human movement analysis and its translation into the clinical practice and other applications.
authors.affiliation: POLCOMING Department, Information Engineering Unit, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy; Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy. Electronic address: acereatti@uniss.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cereatti
authors.affiliation: Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy; Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tecla
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bonci
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Massoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akbarshahi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kamiar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aminian
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barré
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Simulation and Movement Modeling, Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Mickael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Begon
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.affiliation: Artanim Foundation, Medical Research Department, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Caecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charbonnier
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Simulation and Movement Modeling, Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dal Maso
authors.affiliation: Department of Electric, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fantozzi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Electronic Engineering, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Cheng-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Tung-Wu
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Marcus G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pandy
authors.affiliation: Department of Electric, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stagni
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Antonie J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van den Bogert
authors.affiliation: Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Camomilla
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D066264:Datasets as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009038:Motion; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010780:Photogrammetry; D012867:Skin; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Human movement analysis; Kinematics; Open data; Soft tissue artefact; Stereophotogrammetry