title: Size-dependent inhibition of herpesvirus cellular entry by polyvalent nanoarchitectures.
abstract: Carbon-based architectures, especially graphene and its derivatives, have recently attracted much attention in the field of biomedicine and biotechnology for their use as pathogen inhibitors or biosensors. One of the major problems in the development of novel virus inhibitor systems is the adaption of the inhibitor to the size of virus particles. We here report the synthesis and biological testing of carbon-based inhibitors differing in size for evaluating the potential size effect on the inhibition of virus entry and replication. In this context, different sized nanomaterials were functionalized with polygylcerol through a "grafting from" polymerization to form new polyvalent nanoarchitectures which can operate as viral inhibitor systems after post-modification. For this purpose a polysulfation was carried out to mimic the heparan sulfates present on cell surfaces that we reasoned would compete with the binding sites of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), which both cause major global health issues. Our results clearly demonstrate that the inhibitory efficiency is regulated by the size of the polymeric nanomaterials and the degree of sulfation. The best inhibiting graphene sheets were ∼300 nm in size and had a degree of sulfation of ∼10%. Furthermore, it turned out that the derivatives inhibited virus infection at an early stage during entry but did not affect cell-to-cell spread. Overall, tunable polyvalent nanomaterials are promising and efficient virus entry inhibitors, which can likely be used for a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany. haag@chemie.fu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ziem
authors.affiliation: Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany. no.34@fu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2880-7255
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Azab
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gholami
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rabe
authors.affiliation: Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany. no.34@fu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Osterrieder
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany. haag@chemie.fu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3840-162X
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haag
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D006108:Graphite; D004861:Herpesvirus 1, Equid / Q000502:physiology*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses; D049329:Nanostructures; D011108:Polymers; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology; D014709:Vero Cells; D053586:Virus Internalization
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D006108:Graphite