title: Utility scores for different health states related to depression: individual participant data analysis.
abstract: Depression is associated with considerable impairments in health-related quality-of-life. However, the relationship between different health states related to depression severity and utility scores is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether utility scores are different for various health states related to depression severity.
  
  
  
  We gathered individual participant data from ten randomized controlled trials evaluating depression treatments. The UK EQ-5D and SF-6D tariffs were used to generate utility scores. We defined five health states that were proposed from American Psychiatric Association and National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines: remission, minor depression, mild depression, moderate depression, and severe depression. We performed multilevel linear regression analysis.
  
  
  
  We included 1629 participants in the analyses. The average EQ-5D utility scores for the five health states were 0.70 (95% CI 0.67-0.73) for remission, 0.62 (95% CI 0.58-0.65) for minor depression, 0.57 (95% CI 0.54-0.61) for mild depression, 0.52 (95%CI 0.49-0.56) for moderate depression, and 0.39 (95% CI 0.35-0.43) for severe depression. In comparison with the EQ-5D, the utility scores based on the SF-6D were similar for remission (EQ-5D = 0.70 vs. SF-6D = 0.69), but higher for severe depression (EQ-5D = 0.39 vs. SF-6D = 0.55).
  
  
  
  We observed statistically significant differences in utility scores between depression health states. Individuals with less severe depressive symptoms had on average statistically significant higher utility scores than individuals suffering from more severe depressive symptomatology. In the present study, EQ-5D had a larger range of values as compared to SF-6D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.kolovos@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Spyros
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3201-1743
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kolovos
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bosmans
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van Dongen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Birre
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Esveld
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dorcas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Magai
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Straten
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Psychiatry Tranzo, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.|Clinical Centre of Excellence for Body, Mind and Health, GGz Breburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van der Feltz-Cornelis
authors.affiliation: Dr. Leo Kannerhuis, Doorwerth, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kirsten M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: van Steenbergen-Weijenburg
authors.affiliation: GGNet, Mental Health - RGC Winterswijk, Winterswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Klaas M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Huijbregts
authors.affiliation: Centre for Primary Care, Institute for Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.|Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harm
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Marwijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Heleen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riper
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maurits W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: van Tulder
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Depression; EQ-5D; Multilevel analysis; Quality-of-life; SF-6D; Utility scores