title: Why Non-contact Tonometry Tests Cannot Evaluate the Effects of Corneal Collagen Cross-linking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of characterizing and following up the mechanical behavior of the corneal tissue after corneal cross-linking (CXL) by using a combined mechanical (in vivo indentation and in vitro uniaxial tensile tests) and morphological (immunohisto-chemistry) experimental protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  CXL (3 mW/cm2; 370 nm) for 20 minutes (total dose 3.6 J/cm2) was performed on 12 New Zealand rabbits. The mechanical behavior of the cornea was characterized in small and large strain regimens using an in vivo indentation test with a laboratory device and an in vitro uniaxial tensile test, respectively. These tests and corneal immunohistochemistry were performed before (PreCXL) and on the 7th (PostCXL-7d) and 56th days (PostCXL-56d) after CXL. The intraocular pressure and corneal thickness were measured before each test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the indentation tests, significant differences were found between PreCXL and PostCXL-7d and between PostCXL-7d and PostCXL-56d, but not between PreCXL and PostCXL-56d. On average, for the small strain regimen, PostCXL-7d corneas showed the most compliant behavior, with progressive recovery of the corneal stiffness over time. For the large strain regimen, significant differences in the maximum tangent modulus between PreCXL and PostCXL-7d and between PreCXL and PostCXL-56d were observed for the uniaxial tensile tests, with no significant differences between PostCXL-7d and PostCXL-56d. Immunohistochemistry showed a lack of cells in the anterior stroma at PostCXL-7d, but at PostCXL-56d the cell density and morphology were comparable to PreCXL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indentation tests cannot characterize the changes in the corneal collagen scaffold caused by the CXL, but the uniaxial test can. However, indentation tests can assess the recovery of keratocyte density after CXL. [J Refract Surg. 2017;33(3):184-192.].
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Ortillés
authors.forename: José F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Matas
authors.forename: Miguel Á
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Ariza-Gracia
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pascual
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Calvo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003094:Collagen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003319:Corneal Stroma / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004548:Elasticity; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D007640:Keratoconus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011817:Rabbits; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000379:methods*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D003094:Collagen; D012256:Riboflavin