title: Residential distance to major roadways and cardiac structure in African Americans: cross-sectional results from the Jackson Heart Study.
abstract: Heart failure (HF) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality among African Americans. Ambient air pollution, including from traffic, is associated with HF, but the mechanisms remain unknown. The objectives of this study were to estimate the cross-sectional associations between residential distance to major roadways with markers of cardiac structure: left ventricular (LV) mass index, LV end-diastolic diameter, LV end-systolic diameter, and LV hypertrophy among African Americans.
  
  
  
  We studied baseline participants of the Jackson Heart Study (recruited 2000-2004), a prospective cohort of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among African Americans living in Jackson, Mississippi, USA. All cardiac measures were assessed from echocardiograms. We assessed the associations between residential distance to roads and cardiac structure indicators using multivariable linear regression or multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  
  Among 4826 participants, residential distance to road was <150 m for 103 participants, 150-299 m for 158, 300-999 for 1156, and ≥1000 m for 3409. Those who lived <150 m from a major road had mean 1.2 mm (95% CI 0.2, 2.1) greater LV diameter at end-systole compared to those who lived ≥1000 m. We did not observe statistically significant associations between distance to roads and LV mass index, LV end-diastolic diameter, or LV hypertrophy. Results did not materially change after additional adjustment for hypertension and diabetes or exclusion of those with CVD at baseline; results strengthened when modeling distance to A1 roads (such as interstate highways) as the exposure of interest.
  
  
  
  We found that residential distance to roads may be associated with LV end-systolic diameter, a marker of systolic dysfunction, in this cohort of African Americans, suggesting a potential mechanism by which exposure to traffic pollution increases the risk of HF.
authors.affiliation: Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, 1050 Wishard Blvd., RG 6082, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. weaveran@iu.edu.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: The School of Public Health at Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wellenius
authors.affiliation: The School of Public Health at Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Wen-Chih
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Jackson State University School of Public Health Initiative, 350 West Woodrow Wilson Drive, Jackson Medical Mall, Suite 320, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA.
authors.forename: DeMarc A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hickson
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, 1481 W 10th St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Masoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamalesh
authors.affiliation: Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, 1050 Wishard Blvd., RG 6082, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008922:Mississippi / Q000453:epidemiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013599:Systole; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: African Americans; Air pollution; Cardiac structure; Cardiovascular disease; Heart failure