title: Coligranulomatosis (Hjärre and Wramby's disease) reconsidered.
abstract: Coligranulomatosis (Hjärre and Wramby's disease) is considered to be a disease of chickens, turkeys and partridges that occurs sporadically in individual, adult birds. Therefore, the condition is not of economic importance, but is of interest due to the similarity of its lesions to those of tuberculosis. In a number of cases the disease could be reproduced by inoculation via artificial routes of granuloma homogenate or Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from the lesions. Oral inoculations always failed. Occasionally, also serious outbreaks of granuloma disease have been reported in chickens, turkeys and quails. E. coli bacteria were either not isolated or isolated, but the disease could not be reproduced with the isolates, which means that the essence of Koch's postulates was not fulfilled. Also other evidence of causality was not presented. Therefore, these disease cases might have been wrongly diagnosed as coligranulomatosis. Instead they may have been caused by Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, a parasite, which has the ability to induce severe granulomatosis in chicken flocks as has been shown recently. It is concluded that whenever severe granuloma disease is observed in poultry flocks at a large scale and is thus economically relevant, T. gallinarum should be included and rank high in the list of differential diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: a GD - Animal Health , Deventer , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: W J M
authors.initials: WJM
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.affiliation: b Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J H H
authors.initials: JHH
authors.lastname: van Eck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000502:physiology*; D046094:Galliformes / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D006099:Granuloma / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D011784:Quail / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D016834:Trichomonadida / Q000502:physiology*; D014422:Turkeys / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology
keywords: Coligranulomatosis; Escherichia coli; Tetratrichomonas gallinarum; layers; poultry