title: Clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and outcome in dogs diagnosed withpresumptive spinal-only meningoen-cephalomyelitis of unknown origin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarise clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and long-term outcome for dogs clinically diagnosed with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin affecting the spinal cord alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records were reviewed for dogs diagnosed with presumptive spinal-only meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin between 2006 and 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  21 dogs were included; the majority presented with an acute (43%) or chronic (52%) onset of neurological signs. Ambulatory paresis was the most common neurological presentation (67%). Neurological examination most commonly revealed a T3-L3 myelopathy, and spinal hyperaesthesia was a common finding (71%). A spinal cord lesion was visible in 90% of cases on magnetic resonance imaging. Eighteen lesions (86%) showed parenchymal contrast enhancement and 17 lesions (81%) showed contrast enhancement of overlying meninges. All dogs were treated with immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticosteroids, sometimes combined with cytosine arabinoside. At time of data capture, 10/21 dogs (48%) had died or been euthanased because of the condition. Overall median survival time was 669 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs presenting with a progressive myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging features can possibly help to distinguish presumptive meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin from other more common spinal diseases. Overall, long-term survival is guarded, approximately 50% of dogs will die or be euthanased despite appropriate therapy.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, UK.|Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cornelis
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, UK.
authors.forename: H A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7312-638X
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Ham
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Decker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004285:Dogs; D004679:Encephalomyelitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008590:Meningoencephalitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000662:veterinary*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003561:Cytarabine