title: Glutamine dipeptide and cortisol change the liver glucose metabolism and reduce the severity of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in untreated T1DM Swiss mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutamine is conditionally essential in type 1 diabetes mellitus, and might be useful to counteract hypoglycaemia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the systemic and hepatic effects of counter-regulatory hormones and glutamine dipeptide (GDP) during hypoglycemic episodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetic Swiss mice made hypoglycaemic by insulin injection (1 U/kg) were given counter-regulatory hormones and/or GDP. Sixty minutes later, liver histology, liver glucose metabolism and plasma were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combined, cortisol and GDP improved the hypoglycemic profile. During liver perfusion, gluconeogenesis was possibly the major pathway leading to glucose release. Perfusion with gluconeogenic precursors after glycogen depletion by adrenaline increased liver glucose and urea release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The less severe hypoglycaemia could result from cortisol stimulating periportal gluconeogenesis and GDP inhibiting pericentral glycogenolysis, both favouring liver glucose release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least some benefits of GDP and cortisol during hypoglycaemia came from their hepatic actions, and their use in diabetic patients should be explored.
authors.affiliation: a Program of Graduate Studies in Biological Sciences, State University of Maringá , Maringá , Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bataglini
authors.affiliation: b Undergraduation in Physical Education, State University of Maringá , Maringá , Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego G L
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Rezende
authors.affiliation: b Undergraduation in Physical Education, State University of Maringá , Maringá , Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Primo
authors.affiliation: c Department of Morphological Sciences , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Brazil , and.
authors.forename: Célia R G
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: d Department of Physiological Sciences , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria M D
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pedrosa
authors.affiliation: d Department of Physiological Sciences , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Brazil.
authors.forename: Vilma A F
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Godoi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D007328:Insulin / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004151:Dipeptides; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D005973:Glutamine; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; counter-regulation; gluconeogenesis; glucose homeostasis; liver perfusion