title: Plasmid-mediated resistance to cephalosporins and quinolones in Escherichia coli from American crows in the USA.
abstract: American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) faeces were tested for Escherichia coli with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamases. A total of 590 faecal samples were collected at four roosting sites in the USA and cultivated on selective media. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) were performed to assess clonality. Transferability of resistance genes was studied using conjugation and transformation bioassays. In total, 78 (13%, n = 590) cefotaxime-resistant isolates were obtained, of which 66 and 12 displayed AmpC and ESBL phenotypes, respectively. Fifty-four AmpC-producing isolates carried blaCMY-2. Isolates producing ESBLs contained genes blaCTX-M-27(5 isolates), blaCTX-M-15(4), blaCTX-M-14(2) and blaCTX-M-1(1). Ninety isolates (15%, n = 590) with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were obtained, among which 14 harboured PMQR genes aac(6')-Ib-cr (4 isolates), qnrB19 (3), qnrS1 (2), qnrA1 (2), qnrB2 (1), qnrB6 (1) and qnrD3 (1). High genetic diversity was revealed by PFGE and MLST. Epidemiologically important E. coli clones (e.g., ST131, ST405) were identified. Plasmids carrying blaCMY-2were assigned predominantly to IncA/C (8 plasmids), IncI1/ST23 (5) and IncI1/ST12 (3). The study demonstrates a widespread occurrence of E. coli with ESBL, AmpC and PMQR genes associated with clinically important multidrug-resistant clones and epidemic plasmids, in American crows.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.|CEITEC, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jamborova
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.|CEITEC, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dolejska
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Ludek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zurek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine North Grafton, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.|CEITEC, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papousek
authors.affiliation: CEITEC, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.|Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alois
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cizek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.|CEITEC, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Literak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046368:Crows / Q000382:microbiology*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D014481:United States; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C485384:Qnr protein, E coli; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; C048795:AmpC beta-lactamases; D001618:beta-Lactamases; D002439:Cefotaxime