title: Eveningness associates with smoking and sleep problems among pregnant women.
abstract: Sleep problems during pregnancy impair maternal health and increase the risk for adverse pregnancy outcome. The circadian preference toward eveningness has been associated with sleep problems in previous studies. Here, we studied whether evening-type women had more sleep problems during their pregnancy, as compared with other chronotypes, in a sample consisting of 1653 pregnant women from the Finnish CHILD-SLEEP Birth Cohort. Chronotype was assessed with a shortened version of the morningness-eveningness questionnaire. Pregnant evening-type women reported more sleep problems, including troubles of falling asleep (OR = 3.4, p < 0.0001), poor sleep quality (OR = 2.9, p < 0.01) and daily tiredness (OR = 3.2, p < 0.0001) than the morning-type women, even after controlling for sleep duration and sleep deprivation. They had higher scores on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (p < 0.05), Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire (p < 0.0001) and Global Seasonality Score (p < 0.01) and were also more often smokers, also during pregnancy (p < 0.001) and reported poorer general health (p < 0.001) than the morning-type women. They also reported having had more sleep problems during their childhood (OR = 1.5, p < 0.05) and adolescence (OR = 2.0, p < 0.001) than the morning-type women. Our results indicate that eveningness is associated with more sleep problems and unhealthy life habits during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Public Health Solutions , National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) , Helsinki , Finland.|b Department of Psychology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Merikanto
authors.affiliation: a Department of Public Health Solutions , National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) , Helsinki , Finland.|c Child Psychiatry , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: E Juulia
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Paavonen
authors.affiliation: d Department of Pediatrics , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Saarenpää-Heikkilä
authors.affiliation: e Department of Psychiatry , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paunio
authors.affiliation: a Department of Public Health Solutions , National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Partonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders; D012907:Smoking
keywords: Diurnal; insomnia; maternal; population