title: Interfacial Polyelectrolyte Complex Spinning of Cellulose Nanofibrils for Advanced Bicomponent Fibers.
abstract: Fiber spinning of anionic TEMPO-oxidized cellulose (TOCN) nanofibrils with polycations by interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation is demonstrated. The formed fibers were mostly composed of cellulose nanofibrils and the polycations were a minor constituent, leading to yield and ultimate strengths of ca. 100 MPa and ca. 200 MPa, and Young's modulus of ca. 15 GPa. Stretching of the as-formed wet filaments of TOCN/polycation by 20% increased the Young's modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength by approximately 45, 36, and 26%, respectively. Importantly, feasibility of compartmentalized wound bicomponent fibers by simultaneous spinning of two fibers of different compositions and entwining them together was shown. This possibility was further exploited to demonstrate reversible shape change of a bicomponent fiber directly by humidity change, and indirectly by temperature changes based on thermally dependent humidity absorption. The demonstrated route for TOCN-based fiber preparation is expected to open up new avenues in the application of nanocelluloses in advanced fibrous materials, crimping, and responsive smart textiles.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University (previously Helsinki University of Technology), P.O. Box 15100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Toivonen
authors.affiliation: Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University (previously Helsinki University of Technology), P.O. Box 15100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Sauli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurki-Suonio
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , D-14424 Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wagermaier
authors.affiliation: Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University (previously Helsinki University of Technology), P.O. Box 15100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hynninen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1448-1813
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hietala
authors.affiliation: Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University (previously Helsinki University of Technology), P.O. Box 15100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0470-1889
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ikkala
mesh_terms: D002483:Cellulose, Oxidized / Q000737:chemistry*; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012212:Rheology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D002483:Cellulose, Oxidized; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D011095:Polyethylenes; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C041004:poly-N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride; C003959:TEMPO