title: Gender and Regional Differences in Sleep Quality and Insomnia: A General Population-based Study in Hunan Province of China.
abstract: Insomnia and the inability to sleep affect people's health and well-being. However, its systematic estimates of prevalence and distribution in the general population in China are still lacking. A population-based cluster sampling survey was conducted in the rural and urban areas of Hunan, China. Subjects (n = 26,851) were sampled from the general population, with a follow-up using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for interview to assess quality of sleep and Insomnia (PSQI score >5). While the overall prevalence of insomnia was 26.6%, and little difference was found between males (26.3%) and females (27.0%); the mean PSQI score was 4.26 (±2.67), and significant higher in females (4.32 ± 2.70) than males (4.21 ± 2.64, p = 0.003). Individuals in the rural areas tended to report a higher PSQI score (4.45 ± 2.81) than urban residents did (4.18 ± 2.60) (p < 0.001) and the estimates of prevalence of insomnia was 29.4% in the rural areas, significant higher than 25.5% in the urban areas (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that female gender, older age, higher level of education, being unmarried, living in the rural area, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking were associated with insomnia. Our study may provide important information for general and mental health research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry &Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders &National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders. Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P. R. China.|Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry &Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders &National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders. Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P. R. China.|Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Yanhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology &Center for Research on Young People's Health (CRYPH), Purdue University, 700 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Changsha Social Work College, 22 Xiangzhang Rd, Yuhua, Changsha, Hunan, 410116, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Liqin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, 3/F, Building E12, Macau SAR, Taipa, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yu-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry &Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders &National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders. Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology Department, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry &Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders &National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders. Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry &Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders &National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders. Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Tieqiao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry &Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders &National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders. Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Fengyu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry &Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders &National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders. Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaogang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult