title: Resistance to antimicrobial drugs in different surface waters and wastewaters of Guadeloupe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The first aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacteriaceae in different water environments of Guadeloupe and especially those impacted by waste water treatment plants (WWTP) effluents. The second objective was to characterize the genetic basis for antibiotic resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates (ESBLE and AmpCE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We have collected 70 surface waters (river and sea samples) impacted or not by WWTP and 18 waste waters from 2 WWTPs in 2012 and 2013. We i) determined the total and resistant bacterial counts and ii) tested isolated Enterobacteriaceae for their antimicrobial susceptibility. We also studied the genetic basis for antibiotic resistance of ESBLE and AmpCE, and the genetic background of Escherichia coli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In rivers, contamination with Escherichia coli and antibiotic resistant coliforms (ARC) increased from the source to the mouth. Highest levels of river contamination with E. coli (9.26 x 105 MPN/100mL) and ARC (2.26 x 108 CFU/mL) were observed in surface water sampled near the discharge. A total of 246 Enterobacteriaceae strains resistant to antibiotics were isolated, mostly from waste waters and from river water collected near the discharge. Among these strains, 33 were Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBLE) and 8 E. coli were AmpC beta-lactamase producers. All the ESBLE were isolated from waste waters or from river water collected near the discharge. The blaCTX-M gene was present in 29 of the 33 ESBLE strains, with 24 belonging to group 1. Numerous strains (68.7%) showed more than one acquired antibiotic resistance mechanism. E. coli strains belonged to different phylogenetic groups; among the B2 group, most strains belonged to the ST131 clone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrated that many human activities can supply antibiotic-resistant bacteria in surface water. Nevertheless, WWTPs were the most important supplier of ESBLE in water environment of Guadeloupe.
authors.affiliation: Unité Environnement Santé, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guyomard-Rabenirina
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ Antilles, Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Evolution Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS-IBPS), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dartron
authors.affiliation: Unité Environnement Santé, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe.
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falord
authors.affiliation: Unité Environnement Santé, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe.
authors.forename: Syndia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadikalay
authors.affiliation: Unité Environnement Santé, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe.
authors.forename: Célia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ducat
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle Calédonie BP61-98845 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.affiliation: Unité Environnement Santé, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe.|Université des Antilles, Pointe à Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe.|Laboratoire de Microbiologie Clinique et Environnementale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Breurec
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ Antilles, Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Evolution Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS-IBPS), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gros
authors.affiliation: Unité Environnement Santé, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Talarmin
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D019430:Guadeloupe; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010802:Phylogeny; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical