title: Development of a framework for resilience measurement: Suggestion of fuzzy Resilience Grade (RG) and fuzzy Resilience Early Warning Grade (REWG).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resilience engineering (RE) can be an alternative technique to the traditional risk assessment and management techniques, to predict and manage safety conditions of modern socio-technical organizations. While traditional risk management approaches are retrospective and highlight error calculation and computation of malfunction possibilities, resilience engineering seeks ways to improve capacity at all levels of organizations in order to build strong yet flexible processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Considering the resilience potential measurement as a concern in complex working systems, the aim of this study was to quantify the resilience by the help of fuzzy sets and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques. In this paper, we adopted the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method to measure resilience in a gas refinery plant.
  
  
  METHODS
  A resilience assessment framework containing six indicators, each with its own sub-indicators, was constructed. Then, the fuzzy weights of the indicators and the sub-indicators were derived from pair-wise comparisons conducted by experts. The fuzzy evaluating vectors of the indicators and the sub-indicators computed according to the initial assessment data. Finally, the Comprehensive Resilience Index (CoRI), Resilience Grade (RG), and Resilience Early Warning Grade (REWG) were established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, an illustrative example in a gas refinery complex (an instance of socio-technical systems) was provided. CoRI of the refinery ranked as "III". In addition, for the six main indicators, RG and REWG ranked as "III" and "NEWZ", respectively, except for C3, in which RG ranked as "II", and REWG ranked as "OEWZ".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results revealed the engineering practicability and usefulness of the proposed method in resilience evaluation of socio-technical systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omidvar
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazloumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Center for Health Research, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mohammad Fam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pollution Control, School of Environmental Engineering, Ghalat Ghaem Branch, Applied Sciences and Technology University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nirumand
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological / Q000145:classification*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014894:Weights and Measures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards
keywords: AHP; Resilience Early Warning Grade; Resilience Grade; Resilience engineering; fuzzy; safety