title: One-year calorie restriction impacts gut microbial composition but not its metabolic performance in obese adolescents.
abstract: Recent evidence has disclosed a connection between gut microbial glycosidase activity and adiposity in obese. Here, we measured microbial α-glucosidase and β-galactosidase activities and sorted fluorescently labeled β-galactosidase containing (βGAL) microorganisms in faecal samples of eight lean and thirteen obese adolescents that followed a controlled calorie restriction program during one year. β-galactosidase is a highly distributed functional trait, mainly expressed by members of Blautia, Bacteroides, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter and Propionibacterium. Only long-term calorie restriction induced clear changes in the microbiota of obese adolescents. Long-term calorie restriction induced significant shifts in total and βGAL gut microbiota, reducing the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and enhancing the growth of beneficial microorganisms such as Bacteroides, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium and Clostridium XIVa. Moreover, the structure and composition of βGAL community in obese after long-term calorie restriction was highly similar to that of lean adolescents. However, despite this high compositional similarity, microbial metabolic performance was different, split in two metabolic states at a body mass index value of 25. Our study shows that calorie restriction is a strong environmental force reshaping gut microbiota though its metabolic performance is linked to host's adiposity, suggesting that functional redundancy and metabolic plasticity are fundamental properties of gut microbial ecosystem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Departmet of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.|EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cerdó
authors.affiliation: Tennent Drive, AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ruy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jáuregui
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Dietmar H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ascensión
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clemente
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS), Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: IPLA-CSIC, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute, Villaviciosa, Spain.
authors.forename: Abelardo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Margolles
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.affiliation: Departmet of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.|EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suárez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001439:Bacteroides; D041963:Bacteroidetes; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D003013:Clostridium; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000382:microbiology*