title: Toxicity and Metabolism of Zeta-Cypermethrin in Field-Collected and Laboratory Strains of the Neotropical Predator Chrysoperla externa Hagen (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).
abstract: Resistance to pesticides has been studied in several insect pests, but information on the natural enemies of pests-including the Neotropical predator Chrysoperla externa Hagen (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), a major biological control agent in South America-is lacking. We report here a comparative study between a field-collected strain of C. externa subjected to monthly sprayings of pyrethroids and neonicotinoids and a laboratory strain without exposure to pesticides. The tolerance of both strains against zeta-cypermethrin was similar, and addition of the synergist piperonyl butoxide increased the toxicity by 30% in both strains. Gas-chromatography analyses and mixed-function-oxidase measurements indicated similar values in both strains and also confirmed the key role of oxidative metabolism in this species. Because C. externa has maintained a tolerance to zeta-cypermethrin without previous pesticide exposure, this species could potentially be mass-reared and released in fields in the presence of pesticide pressure.
authors.affiliation: Lab. de Patógenos de Insectos Terrestres, Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE) CONICET UNLP, Bvd 120 e/61 y 64 S/N, PC 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. marinaharamboure@gmail.com.|Lab Agrozoology, Dept Crop Protection, Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium. marinaharamboure@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-1359
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haramboure
authors.affiliation: Lab Agrozoology, Dept Crop Protection, Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smagghe
authors.affiliation: Lab Agrozoology, Dept Crop Protection, Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium.|Key Lab of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering of Chongqing, College of Plant Protection, Southwest Univ, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Lab Agrozoology, Dept Crop Protection, Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Christiaens
authors.affiliation: Lab of Pesticide Chemistry, Dept Crop Protection, Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spanoghe
authors.affiliation: UNIDEF, CITEDEF, CONICET, CIPEIN, Villa Martelli, Argentina.|Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, UNSAM, San Martín, Argentina.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Alzogaray
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007313:Insecta; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013020:South America
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin
keywords: Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); integrated pest management; pyrethroids; tolerance