title: Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Intercalated Graphite Bisulfate.
abstract: Different chemical formulations for the synthesis of highly intercalated graphite bisulfate have been tested. In particular, nitric acid, potassium nitrate, potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, sodium periodate, sodium chlorate, and hydrogen peroxide have been used in this synthesis scheme as the auxiliary reagent (oxidizing agent). In order to evaluate the presence of delamination, and pre-expansion phenomena, and the achieved intercalation degree in the prepared samples, the obtained graphite intercalation compounds have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-RS), and thermal analysis (TGA). Delamination and pre-expansion phenomena were observed only for nitric acid, sodium chlorate, and hydrogen peroxide, while the presence of strong oxidizers (KMnO4, K2Cr2O7) led to stable graphite intercalation compounds. The largest content of intercalated bisulfate is achieved in the intercalated compounds obtained from NaIO4and NaClO3.
authors.affiliation: CNR-IPCB, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, P.le E. Fermi, 1, Portici, 80055, Italy.|Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio, 80, Naples, 80125, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvatore
authors.affiliation: CNR-IPCB, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, P.le E. Fermi, 1, Portici, 80055, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carotenuto
authors.affiliation: CNR-SPIN, Institute for Superconductors, Innovative Materials and Devices, S.S. Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, Naples, 80126, Italy. sergio.denicola@spin.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Nicola
authors.affiliation: CNR-SPIN, Institute for Superconductors, Innovative Materials and Devices, S.S. Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, Naples, 80126, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Camerlingo
authors.affiliation: CNR-IPCB, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, P.le E. Fermi, 1, Portici, 80055, Italy.|Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio, 80, Naples, 80125, Italy.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ambrogi
authors.affiliation: CNR-IPCB, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, P.le E. Fermi, 1, Portici, 80055, Italy.|Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio, 80, Naples, 80125, Italy.
authors.forename: Cosimo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carfagna
keywords: Fourier transform IR spectroscopy; Graphite bisulfate; Graphite intercalation compounds; Micro-Raman spectroscopy; Nano graphite