title: Full-Thickness Entire Nasal Alar Reconstruction Using a Forehead Flap in Asians: No Cartilaginous Infrastructural Lining Is Necessary.
abstract: Full-thickness defects of the entire nasal ala, including the rim, can be challenging to reconstruct. A forehead flap may provide a more imperceptible and natural-appearing reconstructed nasal ala. Previously, many authors have insisted adding cartilaginous infrastructural support for an entire, full-thickness defect to keep the postoperative alar structure symmetrical. They finally use a forehead flap after thinning of the distal covering portion subcutaneously, possibly for a Caucasian-type nasal ala. However, Asian skin has a thicker and more compact dermis than that of Caucasian skin, and the Asian ala is rounder and thicker. There may be another approach for an Asian-type nasal ala. The authors propose the possibility of nasal alar reconstruction for an entire, full-thickness defect in Asians using a forehead flap without structural support. Six patients with entire full-thickness nasal alar defects treated with full-thickness forehead flaps above the periosteum without structural support were reviewed. Five patients demonstrated esthetically good to excellent outcomes in color, texture, and symmetry. Their nasal linings were reconstructed using mucoperiosteal flaps or mucosal grafts. One patient treated with a nasal lining using a local flap showed a fair result esthetically. Asians forehead above the periosteum has adequate thickness and supportability to reconstruct the entire full-thickness nasal ala in Asians. No cartilage support is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Funayama
authors.forename: Yuhei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murao
authors.forename: Ryuji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shichinohe
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamao
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oyama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D004954:Esthetics; D005546:Forehead; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000637:transplantation; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009667:Nose Deformities, Acquired / Q000208:ethnology / Q000601:surgery; D010521:Periosteum / Q000637:transplantation; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome