title: Beverage Consumption Patterns at Age 13 to 17 Years Are Associated with Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index at Age 17 Years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have been associated with obesity in children and adults; however, associations between beverage patterns and obesity are not understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to describe beverage patterns during adolescence and associations between adolescent beverage patterns and anthropometric measures at age 17 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional analyses of longitudinally collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from participants in the longitudinal Iowa Fluoride Study having at least one beverage questionnaire completed between ages 13.0 and 14.0 years, having a second questionnaire completed between 16.0 and 17.0 years, and attending clinic examination for weight and height measurements at age 17 years (n=369) were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beverages were collapsed into four categories (ie, 100% juice, milk, water and other sugar-free beverages, and SSBs) for the purpose of clustering. Five beverage clusters were identified from standardized age 13 to 17 years mean daily beverage intakes and named by the authors for the dominant beverage: juice, milk, water/sugar-free beverages, neutral, and SSB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weight, height, and body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m2) at age 17 years were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Ward's method for clustering of beverage variables, one-way analysis of variance and χ2tests for bivariable associations, and γ-regression for associations of weight or BMI (outcomes) with beverage clusters and demographic variables. Linear regression was used for associations of height (outcome) with beverage clusters and demographic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with family incomes <$60,000 trended shorter (1.5±0.8 cm; P=0.070) and were heavier (2.0±0.7 BMI units; P=0.002) than participants with family incomes ≥$60,000/year. Adjusted mean weight, height, and BMI estimates differed by beverage cluster membership. For example, on average, male and female members of the neutral cluster were 4.5 cm (P=0.010) and 4.2 cm (P=0.034) shorter, respectively, than members of the milk cluster. For members of the juice cluster, mean BMI was lower than for members of the milk cluster (by 2.4 units), water/sugar-free beverage cluster (3.5 units), neutral cluster (2.2 units), and SSB cluster (3.2 units) (all P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beverage patterns at ages 13 to 17 years were associated with anthropometric measures and BMI at age 17 years in this sample. Beverage patterns might be characteristic of overall food choices and dietary behaviors that influence growth.
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Van Buren
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007484:Iowa; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D009035:Mothers; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose
keywords: Beverage; Body mass index (BMI); Height; Milk; Sugar-sweetened beverages