title: Risk stratification of survival in injured patients with cardiopulmonary resuscitation within the first hour of arrival to trauma centre: retrospective analysis from the national trauma data bank.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate overall survival and associated survival factors for patients with trauma who had cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) within 1 hour after arrival to a hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective patient data was retrieved from the 2007-2010 edition of the US National Trauma Data Bank. Inhospital survival was the primary outcome; only patients with a known outcome were included in the analysis. Summary statistics and univariate analyses were first reported. Eighty per cent of the patients were then randomly selected and used for multivariate logistic regression analysis. The identified risk factors were further assessed for discrimination and calibration with the remaining patients with trauma using area under the curve (AUC) analysis and a Hosmer-Lemeshow test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 19 310 total cases that were reviewed, only 2640 patients required CPR within 1 hour of hospital arrival and met the additional inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 2309 (87.5%) died and 331 (12.5%) survived to discharge. There were statistical differences for race (p=0.003), initial systolic BP (p<0.001), initial pulse (p<0.001), cause of injury (p<0.001), presence of head injury (p=0.02), Injury Severity Score (ISS) (p<0.001), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) total score (p<0.001) and GCS motor score (p<0.001); though not all were clinically significant. The multiple logistic regression model (AUC=0.72) identified lower ISS, higher GCS motor score, Caucasian race, American College of Surgeons (ACS) level 2 trauma designation and higher initial SBP as the most predictive of survival to hospital discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 13% of patients who had CPR within an hour of arrival to a trauma centre survived their injury. Therefore, implementation of an aggressive first hour in-hospital resuscitation strategy may result in better survival outcomes for this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA Nasim.Ahmed@hackensackmeridian.org.
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA.
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA.
authors.forename: John Mihran
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000401:mortality*
keywords: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; survival factors; trauma