title: The acute toxic effects of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different alkyl-chain lengths and anions on zebrafish (Danio rerio).
abstract: With the increasing applications of ionic liquids (ILs), the toxicity of ILs has drawn increasing attention in recent years, especially the influences of different anions and alkyl-chain lengths on the acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. We performed a study on the acute toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([Cnmim]NO3(n=2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12)), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium ILs ([C6mim]R (R=Cl-, Br-, BF4-, PF6-)) to zebrafish (Danio rerio). We also evaluated the sensibility of the investigated animals and the stability of ILs in water via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Agilent 1260, Agilent Technologies Inc., USA) to prove the reliability of the present study. The results illustrated that the test zebrafish (Danio rerio) were sensitive to the reference toxicant and that the investigated ILs in water were stable. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) was used to represent the acute toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio). The present study showed that the highest toxic IL is [C12mim]NO3and the lowest toxic IL is [C2mim]NO3on Danio rerio. The LC50s for ILs with different anions had similar values. Accordingly, we believe that ILs with different alkyl-chain lengths cause greater effects than other anions on acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. Furthermore, the present study can also provide scientific methods for future studies to select and assess ILs.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: zxjzhangcheng@163.com.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: lushzhu@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: wjh@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: jwang@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: TTZhou425@163.com.
authors.forename: Tongtong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: xuyaqi612@163.com.
authors.forename: Yaqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: ChenChao95@126.com.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions; D001881:Borates / Q000633:toxicity*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: C528767:1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium; C543689:1-methyl imidazolium nitrate; D000838:Anions; D001881:Borates; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Determination of concentration; Green solvents; HPLC; LC(50); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); Sensitivity test