title: Ultrasonic Removal of Mucilage for Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Omega-3 Rich Oil from Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.).
abstract: Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds contain an important amount of edible oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Fast and alternative extraction techniques based on polar solvents, such as ethanol or water, have become relevant for oil extraction in recent years. However, chia seeds also contain a large amount of soluble fiber or mucilage, which makes difficult an oil extraction process with polar solvents. For that reason, the aim of this study was to develop a gentle extraction method for mucilage in order to extract chia oil with polar solvents using pressurized liquids and compare with organic solvent extraction. The proposed mucilage extraction method, using an ultrasonic probe and only water, was optimized at mild conditions (50 °C and sonication 3 min) to guarantee the omega-3 oil quality. Chia oil extraction was performed using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with different solvents and their mixtures at five different extraction temperatures (60, 90, 120, 150, and 200 °C). Optimal PLE conditions were achieved with ethyl acetate or hexane at 90 °C in only 10 min of static extraction time (chia oil yield up to 30.93%). In addition, chia oils extracted with nonpolar and polar solvents by PLE were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to evaluate fatty acid composition at different extraction conditions. Chia oil contained ∼65% of α-linolenic acid regardless of mucilage extraction method, solvent, or temperature used. Furthermore, tocopherols and tocotrienols were also analyzed by HPLC in the extracted chia oils. The mucilage removal allowed the subsequent extraction of the chia oil with polar or nonpolar solvents by PLE producing chia oil with the same fatty acid and tocopherol composition as traditional extraction.
authors.affiliation: Healthy-Lipids Group, Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-5604
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Castejón
authors.affiliation: Healthy-Lipids Group, Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.affiliation: Healthy-Lipids Group, Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0775-6957
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Señoráns
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D062087:Plant Mucilage / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D062087:Plant Mucilage; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: Salvia hispanica; accelerated solvent extraction; n-3 PUFA; soluble fiber; ultrasound assisted extraction; α-linolenic acid