title: Efficacy of Celecoxib for Early Postoperative Pain Management in Hip Arthroscopy: A Prospective Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether 400 mg of celecoxib administered 1 hour before hip arthroscopy surgery would reduce pain, provide reduction in overall narcotic consumption, and lead to more rapid discharge from recovery rooms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight patients were randomized to either the celecoxib group (n = 50) or the placebo group (n = 48). An a priori power analysis was done set to detect a difference of 0.50 on the visual analog scale (VAS), based on the senior author's preference. The number of patients planned for recruitment was rounded up to 100 to allow for flexibility in the study. Inclusion criteria were any patient at least 18 years old who underwent hip arthroscopy surgery performed by the senior author. All patients had less than Tönnis grade 2 arthritis. Exclusion criteria were allergy to sulfa-based drugs, prior adverse reaction to celecoxib, or patients who were on chronic narcotics for whom alternative pain management regimens were arranged before surgery. Randomization was performed on a 1:1 basis in blocks of 10 using sealed envelopes stating celecoxib or placebo. One hour before surgery, all patients received either 400 mg celecoxib or placebo. Patients were evaluated using a VAS preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at 1 and 2 hours postoperatively. Time from the operating room to "ready for discharge" and number of morphine equivalents of narcotic medication required in the postanesthesia care unit were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age and preoperative VAS were similar between the celecoxib and placebo control group, with average ages of 34.2 ± 11.9 and 35.8 ± 11.6 (P = .27) and preoperative VAS of 2.1 ± 2.06 and 2.3 ± 1.98 (P = .29), respectively. The celecoxib group had 26 females and 24 males, whereas the placebo group had 29 females and 19 males (P = .42). The most common surgical procedures were labral repair (31 patients in the celecoxib group and 29 patients in the placebo group), and labral repair with acetabular osteoplasty (13 patients in the celecoxib group and 11 patients in the placebo group). There were no significant differences in procedures performed between the 2 groups (P > .05). At 1 hour postoperatively, patients who received celecoxib had a lower pain score that was statistically significant compared with the placebo group (4.6 vs 5.4, P = .03). There was a significant difference in discharge time between patients who received celecoxib and the control group (152.9 minutes vs 172.9 minutes, P = .04). There was no significant difference found in morphine equivalents consumed in the postanesthesia care unit between the 2 groups (15.3 vs 15.4, P = .48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A preoperative dose of 400 mg of celecoxib led to statistically significantly reduced patient-reported pain on the VAS in the acute postoperative period after hip arthroscopy surgery, though the difference is not likely clinically significant. There was a significantly shorter time to discharge in patients who received celecoxib versus placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level I, randomized controlled trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.. Electronic address: cynthia.kahlenberg@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kahlenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Ronak M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knesek
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Vehniah K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Tjong
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sonn
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Terry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods; D000068579:Celecoxib / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D000068579:Celecoxib