title: Toward a new insight of calcium oxalate stones in Drosophila by micro-computerized tomography.
abstract: We previously developed an animal model of calcium oxalate (CaOx) deposition on the Malphigian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster as a model of urolithiasis. Here, we introduce a new tool for the study of anatomical structure for Drosophila. As a consequence of technical development, the invention of micro-computerized tomography (CT) has been introduced to the small animal, such as rat and mice. We used Drosophila as a model organism and fed the flies 0.5% lithogenic agent ethylene glycol for 3 weeks. Samples were simply prepared for further scanned by micro-CT to scan samples at 800 nm resolution. CT scanning was performed at 40 kVp of voltage, 250 μA of current, and 1750 ms of exposure time and without filter. Reconstruction of sections was carried out with the GPU-based scanner software. Specific region of interests was further analyzed by DataViewer software. Area with high radiologic density level was defined as CaOx deposition for further 3D analysis. Image of whole lithogenic Drosophila was compared with control. High radiologic density level was detected in the region of Malphigian tubules which can be identified as CaOx stones. There was no stone image in the control group. The image was the same as human non-contrast CT for the diagnosis of stone disease. Micro-CT clearly demonstrated the calcium oxalate calcifications in the Malphigian tubules of fruit fly. The image system provides that a new vision on study animal will facilitate further study of stone disease. With the development of new technology on micro-CT, more delicate and advanced image will be presented in the future.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.|Departments of Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.|Departments of Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Huey-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Po-Chi
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shih-Jing
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.|Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ming-Yen
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China. yhchen@mail.cmu.edu.tw.|Departments of Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China. yhchen@mail.cmu.edu.tw.|Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China. yhchen@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yung-Hsiang
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8756-5113
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China. linwy@mail.cmu.edu.tw.|Departments of Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China. linwy@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Wei-Yong
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008317:Malpighian Tubules / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D012984:Software; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D019855:Ethylene Glycol
keywords: Calcium oxalate; Drosophila melanogaster; Ethylene glycol; Micro-computerized tomography; Nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis