title: Simulated effects of home fortification of complementary foods with micronutrient powders on risk of inadequate and excessive intakes in West Gojjam, Ethiopia.
abstract: Home fortification of complementary foods (CFs) with multiple micronutrient powders (MNPs) is being scaled up in various countries, but little is known about the prevailing complementary feeding practices and the type and nutrient gaps to be filled with MNPs. The present study evaluated the complementary feeding practices of young children and simulated the risk of inadequate and excessive intakes associated with home fortification with MNPs. We have assessed the sociodemographic status, anthropometry, and complementary feeding practices of young children (N = 122) in Mecha district, rural Ethiopia. Using a 2-day, quantitative 24-hr recall, usual intakes of energy, protein, iron, zinc, and calcium were estimated. The risks of inadequate and excessive iron and zinc intakes with or without home fortification scenarios were assessed. The simulations considered intakes from CFs assuming average breast milk contributions and additional nutrients provided by the MNPs. Stunting was highly prevalent (50%) and was associated with a lower dietary diversity (P = .009) and nutrient intakes from the CFs. Median energy, zinc, and calcium intakes were below the estimated needs from CFs; protein needs were met. Median dietary iron intake appeared adequate, but 76%, 95% CI [68%, 84%], of children had inadequate intake (assuming low bioavailability), whereas another 8%, 95% CI: [3%, 13%], had excessive intakes. Simulation of daily and alternative day's fortification with MNP decreased the prevalence of inadequate iron and zinc intake but significantly increased the risk of excessive intakes that remained unacceptably high for iron (>2.5%). Untargeted MNP interventions may lead to excessive intakes, even in settings where poor complementary feeding practices are prevalent.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Zeweter
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Abebe
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Botswana College of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Gulelat Desse
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Haki
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Kaleab
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7298-1096
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baye
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005002:Ethiopia; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009753:Nutritive Value; D011208:Powders; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients; D011208:Powders; D015032:Zinc
keywords: complementary foods; home fortification; iron calcium and zinc; micronutrient powders; nutrient intakes