title: Evaluating compression or expansion of morbidity in Canada: trends in life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy from 1994 to 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to investigate whether morbidity in Canada, at the national and provincial levels, is compressing or expanding by tracking trends in life expectancy (LE) and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) from 1994 to 2010. "Compression" refers to a decrease in the proportion of life spent in an unhealthy state over time. It happens when HALE increases faster than LE. "Expansion" refers to an increase in the proportion of life spent in an unhealthy state that happens when HALE is stable or increases more slowly than LE.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated LE using mortality and population data from Statistics Canada. We took health-related quality of life (i.e. morbidity) data used to calculate HALE from the National Population Health Survey (1994-1999) and the Canadian Community Health Survey (2000-2010). We built abridged life tables for seven time intervals, covering the period 1994 to 2010 and corresponding to the year of each available survey cycle, for females and males, and for each of the 10 Canadian provinces. National and provincial trends were assessed at birth, and at ages 20 years and 65 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed an overall average annual increase in HALE that was statistically significant in both Canadian females and males at each of the three ages assessed, with the exception of females at birth. At birth, HALE increased an average of 0.2% (p = .08) and 0.3% (p < .001) annually for females and males respectively over the 1994 to 2010 period. At the national level for all three age groups, we observed a statistically non-significant average annual increase in the proportion of life spent in an unhealthy state, with the exception of men at age 65, who experienced a non-significant decrease. At the provincial level at birth, we observed a significant increase in proportion of life spent in an unhealthy state for Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) and Prince Edward Island (PEI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study did not detect a clear overall trend in compression or expansion of morbidity from 1994 to 2010 at the national level in Canada. However, our results suggested an expansion of morbidity in NL and PEI. Our study indicates the importance of continued tracking of the secular trends of life expectancy and HALE in Canada in order to verify the presence of compression or expansion of morbidity. Further study should be undertaken to understand what is driving the observed expansion of morbidity in NL and in PEI.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Agency of Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steensma
authors.affiliation: Public Health Agency of Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Loukine
authors.affiliation: Public Health Agency of Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
authors.forename: Bernard C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000639:trends*; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends*; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: compression; expansion; health expectancy; health-related quality of life; life expectancy; morbidity; mortality; trend