title: Use of Pig as a Model for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies for Bone Regeneration.
abstract: Bone is a plastic tissue with a large healing capability. However, extensive bone loss due to disease or trauma requires extreme therapy such as bone grafting or tissue-engineering applications. Presently, bone grafting is the gold standard for bone repair, but presents serious limitations including donor site morbidity, rejection, and limited tissue regeneration. The use of stem cells appears to be a means to overcome such limitations. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) have been the choice thus far for stem cell therapy for bone regeneration. However, adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) have similar immunophenotype, morphology, multilineage potential, and transcriptome compared to BMSC, and both types have demonstrated extensive osteogenic capacity both in vitro and in vivo in several species. The use of scaffolds in combination with stem cells and growth factors provides a valuable tool for guided bone regeneration, especially for complex anatomic defects. Before translation to human medicine, regenerative strategies must be developed in animal models to improve effectiveness and efficiency. The pig presents as a useful model due to similar macro- and microanatomy and favorable logistics of use. This review examines data that provides strong support for the clinical translation of the pig model for bone regeneration.
authors.affiliation: a University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubessa
authors.affiliation: a University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polkoff
authors.affiliation: b Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon , USA.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bionaz
authors.affiliation: b Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon , USA.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Monaco
authors.affiliation: a University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.affiliation: c University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan.
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Holllister
authors.affiliation: a University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA.|d New Hanover Regional Medical Center , Wilmington , North Carolina , USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Goldwasser
authors.affiliation: a University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D013552:Swine; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
keywords: ASC, adipose-derived stem cells; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; BMSC, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; Bone; DEG, differentially expressed genes; FDR, false-discovery rate; HA, hydroxyapatite; HA/TCP, hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; ONFH, osteonecrosis of the femoral head; PCL, Poly (ϵ-caprolactone); PEG, polyethylene glycol; PLGA, polylactic-coglycolic acid; TCP, beta tri-calcium phosphate; USSC, unrestricted somatic stem cell; scaffolds; stem cells; swine; tissue engineering