title: The Influence of the Microbiome on Early-Life Severe Viral Lower Respiratory Infections and Asthma-Food for Thought?
abstract: Severe viral lower respiratory infections are a major cause of infant morbidity. In developing countries, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-bronchiolitis induces significant mortality, whereas in developed nations the disease represents a major risk factor for subsequent asthma. Susceptibility to severe RSV-bronchiolitis is governed by gene-environmental interactions that affect the host response to RSV infection. Emerging evidence suggests that the excessive inflammatory response and ensuing immunopathology, typically as a consequence of insufficient immunoregulation, leads to long-term changes in immune cells and structural cells that render the host susceptible to subsequent environmental incursions. Thus, the initial host response to RSV may represent a tipping point in the balance between long-term respiratory health or chronic disease (e.g., asthma). The composition and diversity of the microbiota, which in humans stabilizes in the first year of life, critically affects the development and function of the immune system. Hence, perturbations to the maternal and/or infant microbiota are likely to have a profound impact on the host response to RSV and susceptibility to childhood asthma. Here, we review recent insights describing the effects of the microbiota on immune system homeostasis and respiratory disease and discuss the environmental factors that promote microbial dysbiosis in infancy. Ultimately, this knowledge will be harnessed for the prevention and treatment of severe viral bronchiolitis as a strategy to prevent the onset and development of asthma.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD , Australia.
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD , Australia.
authors.forename: Md Al Amin
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sikder
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD , Australia.
authors.forename: Bodie F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Curren
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD , Australia.
authors.forename: Rhiannon B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Werder
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD , Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD , Australia.
authors.forename: Páraic Ó
authors.initials: PÓ
authors.lastname: Cuív
authors.affiliation: The School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD , Australia.
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Everard
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phipps
keywords: PVM; RSV; asthma; microbiome; microbiota; microbiota and immunity; viral lower respiratory tract infection