title: Translation and validation of "Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire" for Iranian adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Resilience is the process by which adolescents are able to maintain or regain positive outcomes despite stress and negative emotional experiences. Assessing resilience is important to identify adolescentś strengths and vulnerabilities. There are currently no resilience instruments available for Iranian adolescents. This paper describes the translation and validation of Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire (ARQ) for use with Iranian adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ARQ was translated into Persian and back-translated. Proportional stratified sampling was used to recruit a representative sample of 523 adolescents aged 11-19 years from 38 public and private high schools in Tehran. Total scale and subscale reliability were examined using Cronbach alpha. Test-retest reliability was conducted with 38 adolescents who completed the ARQ twice with a two week interval in between and assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cronbach alpha coefficients were equal to or greater than 0.70 for all scales, after the removal of one item in the Community scale. Test-retest reliability for the overall ARQ score was excellent (ICC=0.83, 95%CI, 0.76-0.93) and very good for individual subscales (ICC=0.70-0.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides evidence of good validity, reliability and test-retest reliability of the Persian ARQ for Iranian adolescents. Further testing, including construct validity, and testing across different contexts will strengthen the evidence. The instrument will have applications in resilience research, educational and clinic settings and could facilitate the development and evaluation of intervention programs to build resilience in Iranian adolescents.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: mcheraghi@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cheraghi
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Sciences Research Center (BSRC), Nursing Faculty of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: ebadi1347@bmsu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebadi
authors.affiliation: Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: deirdre.gartland@mcri.edu.au.
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gartland
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Philosophy, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: yahyaghaedy@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Yahya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ghaedi
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: f-khoshnava@razi.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Fatemeh Khoshnavay
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Fomani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D041923:Adolescent Development; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent; Resilience; Translation; Validation