title: Effect of Cold Water Immersion Performed on Successive Days on Physical Performance, Muscle Damage, and Inflammatory, Hormonal, and Oxidative Stress Markers in Volleyball Players.
abstract: de Freitas, VH, Ramos, SP, Bara-Filho, MG, Freitas, DGS, Coimbra, DR, Cecchini, R, Guarnier, FA, and Nakamura, FY. Effect of cold water immersion performed on successive days on physical performance, muscle damage, and inflammatory, hormonal, and oxidative stress markers in volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 502-513, 2019-The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of daily cold water immersion (CWI) on physical performance, muscle damage, and inflammatory, hormonal, and oxidative stress markers in volleyball. Six players were submitted to CWI and six players to a placebo, during 5 training days. Thigh circumference, squat jump, and agility were measured on the first, third, and sixth days. On the first and sixth days, blood and saliva were collected for analysis of oxidative stress, muscle damage, and inflammatory and hormonal levels. Muscle soreness and countermovement jump were quantified daily. The physical performance comparisons did not present differences and the only between group comparison with a large effect size (ES = -1.39) was in Δ% between day 1 and day 2 for countermovement jump. Delayed onset muscle soreness and creatine kinase increased in both groups and the ESs of between group comparisons of Δ% between moments were not more than moderate. Thigh circumference increased only in the placebo group (p = 0.04) and the ES of the between group comparisons of Δ% between moments was large (1.53). No differences were found in oxidative stress, or inflammatory markers. Cortisol decreased only in the CWI-group (p ≤ 0.05) and the ESs of the between group comparisons of Δ% between moments of the testosterone to cortisol ratio (-1.94) and insulin-like growth-1 (-1.34) were large. Despite the positive effects of daily CWI on muscle edema and hormonal status, the limited effects of CWI on performance, muscle damage, inflammation markers, and reactive oxygen species mediators signal the unimportance of the daily practice of this recovery method in volleyball players.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.|Department of Physical Education, Integrado College, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Victor H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Solange P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Federal University of de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maurício G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bara-Filho
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Federal University of de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel G S
authors.initials: DGS
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Federal University of de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danilo R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Coimbra
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cecchini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Guarnier
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D063806:Myalgia / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D013256:Steroids / Q000378:metabolism; D054798:Volleyball / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D013256:Steroids; D014867:Water; D003402:Creatine Kinase