title: Frequency and Causes of Hypotonia in Neonatal Period with the Gestational Age of More Than 36 Weeks in NICU of Mofid Children Hospital, Tehran, Iran During 2012-2014.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypotonia is a serious neurologic problem in neonatal period. Although hypotonia is a nonspecific clinical finding but it is the most common motor disorder in the newborn. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of neonatal hypotonia then to ascertain of the most common causes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross -sectional prospective study was carried out on the 3281 term infants hospitalized in conventional and NICU of Mofid Children Hospital, Tehran, Iran during 2012-2014. Diagnosis was made by history, physical & neurological examination and accessible diagnostic tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty nine hypotonic neonates were identified, forty seven (79.66%) had central hypotonia (Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (n= 2), other causes of encephalopathy (n=2), intracranial hemorrhage (n=4), CNS abnormalities (n= 7), chromosomal disorders (n=4), syndromic-nonsyndromic (n=8), and metabolic diseases (n=8). Peripheral hypotonic recognized in 6 infants (10.17%); spinal muscular atrophy (n= 1), and myopathy (n= 5). Six cases (10.17%) remained unclassified. Twelve infants had transient hypotonia. In final study, 18 of 59 infants (30%) died, nearly 90% before one year of age. Twenty-eight (47%) infants found developmental disorders and only 13 (22%) infants achieved normal development in their follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonatal hypotonia is a common event in neonatal period. A majority of diagnosis is obtained by history and physical examination. Neuroimaging, genetic and metabolic tests were also important in diagnosis. Genetic, syndromic-nonsyndromic, and metabolic disorders were the most causes of neonatal hypotonia.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Health Research Center (NHRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nosratollah Seyed
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Shahabi
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Health Research Center (NHRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossain
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fakhraee
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Health Research Center (NHRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kazemian
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Health Research Center (NHRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afjeh
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Health Research Center (NHRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Minoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fallahi
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Health Research Center (NHRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shariati
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Health Research Center (NHRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gorji
keywords: Central; Genetic; Neonatal hypotonia; Peripheral