title: A Survey of auditory display in image-guided interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article investigates the current state of the art of the use of auditory display in image-guided medical interventions. Auditory display is a means of conveying information using sound, and we review the use of this approach to support navigated interventions. We discuss the benefits and drawbacks of published systems and outline directions for future investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a review of scientific articles on the topic of auditory rendering in image-guided intervention. This includes methods for avoidance of risk structures and instrument placement and manipulation. The review did not include auditory display for status monitoring, for instance in anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 15 publications in the course of the search. Most of the literature (60%) investigates the use of auditory display to convey distance of a tracked instrument to an object using proximity or safety margins. The remainder discuss continuous guidance for navigated instrument placement. Four of the articles present clinical evaluations, 11 present laboratory evaluations, and 3 present informal evaluation (2 present both laboratory and clinical evaluations).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Auditory display is a growing field that has been largely neglected in research in image-guided intervention. Despite benefits of auditory displays reported in both the reviewed literature and non-medical fields, adoption in medicine has been slow. Future challenges include increasing interdisciplinary cooperation with auditory display investigators to develop more meaningful auditory display designs and comprehensive evaluations which target the benefits and drawbacks of auditory display in image guidance.
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Computing, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. david.black@mevis.fraunhofer.de.|Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany. david.black@mevis.fraunhofer.de.|Fraunhofer Institute for Medical Image Computing MEVIS, Bremen, Germany. david.black@mevis.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: David
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1917-5615
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: International Neuroscience Institute, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Arya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nabavi
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Computing, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.|Fraunhofer Institute for Medical Image Computing MEVIS, Bremen, Germany.|Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikinis
authors.affiliation: Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany.|Fraunhofer Institute for Medical Image Computing MEVIS, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D016288:Computer Terminals; D006801:Humans; D013016:Sound; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Auditory display; Human–computer interaction; Image-guided interventions