title: Impact of a National Guideline on Antibiotic Selection for Hospitalized Pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the impact of the 2011 Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America pneumonia guideline and hospital-level implementation efforts on antibiotic prescribing for children hospitalized with pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed inpatient antibiotic prescribing for pneumonia at 28 children's hospitals between August 2009 and March 2015. Each hospital was also surveyed regarding local implementation efforts targeting antibiotic prescribing and organizational readiness to adopt guideline recommendations. To estimate guideline impact, we used segmented linear regression to compare the proportion of children receiving penicillins in March 2015 with the expected proportion at this same time point had the guideline not been published based on a projection of a preguideline trend. A similar approach was used to estimate the short-term (6-month) impact of local implementation efforts. The correlations between organizational readiness and the impact of the guideline were estimated by using Pearson's correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before guideline publication, penicillin prescribing was rare (<10%). After publication, an absolute increase in penicillin use was observed (27.6% [95% confidence interval: 23.7%-31.5%]) by March 2015. Among hospitals with local implementation efforts (n= 20, 71%), the median increase was 29.5% (interquartile range: 19.6%-39.1%) compared with 20.1% (interquartile rage: 9.5%-44.5%) among hospitals without such activities (P= .51). The independent, short-term impact of local implementation efforts was similar in magnitude to that of the national guideline. Organizational readiness was not correlated with prescribing changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The publication of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline was associated with sustained increases in the use of penicillins for children hospitalized with pneumonia. Local implementation efforts may have enhanced guideline adoption and appeared more relevant than hospitals' organizational readiness to change.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hospital Medicine, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, derek.williams@vanderbilt.edu.|Departments of Pediatrics, and.
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, Kansas.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.|Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.|Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Neuman
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hersh
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.|Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Thomas V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Brogan
authors.affiliation: Division of Hospital Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.|Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahant
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Anne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Blaschke
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Infectious Diseases, and.|Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; and.|Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Samir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Carlos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Grijalva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents