title: Wfs1 is expressed in dopaminoceptive regions of the amniote brain and modulates levels of D1-like receptors.
abstract: During amniote evolution, the construction of the forebrain has diverged across different lineages, and accompanying the structural changes, functional diversification of the homologous brain regions has occurred. This can be assessed by studying the expression patterns of marker genes that are relevant in particular functional circuits. In all vertebrates, the dopaminergic system is responsible for the behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. Here we show that the brain regions that receive dopaminergic input through dopamine receptor D1 are relatively conserved, but with some important variations between three evolutionarily distant vertebrate lines-house mouse (Mus musculus), domestic chick (Gallus gallus domesticus) / common quail (Coturnix coturnix) and red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta). Moreover, we find that in almost all instances, those brain regions expressing D1-like dopamine receptor genes also express Wfs1. Wfs1 has been studied primarily in the pancreas, where it regulates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and insulin production and secretion. Using radioligand binding assays in wild type and Wfs1-/- mouse brains, we show that the number of binding sites of D1-like dopamine receptors is increased in the hippocampus of the mutant mice. We propose that the functional link between Wfs1 and D1-like dopamine receptors is evolutionarily conserved and plays an important role in adjusting behavioral reactions to environmental stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Triin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tekko
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Triin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lakspere
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Anni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allikalt
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Jaanus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: End
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Karl Rene
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kõlvart
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Toomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jagomäe
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terasmaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Mari-Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Philips
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Tanel
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Visnapuu
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Väärtnõu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Ago
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rinken
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vasar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Kersti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lilleväli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D015870:Gene Expression; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050641:Receptors, Dopamine D5 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C583261:Drd1 protein, mouse; C493606:Drd5 protein, mouse; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; C114987:wolframin protein; D050641:Receptors, Dopamine D5