title: Initial psychometric testing and validation of the patient participation in pressure injury prevention scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop the Patient Participation in Pressure injury Prevention (PPPIP) scale and undertake initial testing of some of its psychometric properties.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical practice guidelines recommend patient involvement in pressure injury prevention. There is some evidence that patients are willing to participate in this activity, but there are currently no instruments to measure this participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This methodological study used data collected as part of a cluster randomized trial to develop and test the PPPIP scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 688 of patients with complete PPPIP scale data was used. A stratified random subsample, (Subsample A) was created and the remainder became Subsample B. Item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha reliability were undertaken in Subsample A. Confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha reliability were undertaken in Subsample B. Data collection occurred between June 2014 - May 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Subsample A (n = 320), inter-item correlations, item total correlations met the acceptance criteria and an exploratory factor analysis identified a one factor solution. In Subsample B (n = 368), the confirmatory factor analysis supported this one factor. In both subsamples, the Cronbach's alpha was 0·86.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides preliminary evidence of acceptable reliability and validity of the PPPIP scale in two subsamples of hospitalized patients who had limited mobility. It may be used in research and quality improvement activities. As a better conceptual understanding of patient participation emerges, the PPPIP scale may require refinement.
authors.affiliation: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9528-7814
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chaboyer
authors.affiliation: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Harbeck
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bucknall
authors.affiliation: Nursing Research Institute, Australian Catholic University, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McInnes
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Lukman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thalib
authors.affiliation: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whitty
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallis
authors.affiliation: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Brigid
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3186-5691
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gillespie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: instrument development; nurses; nursing sensitive patient indicators; patient outcomes; patient participation; patient perspectives; pressure injury prevention; pressure ulcer prevention; pressure ulcers; psychometric testing