title: Transfer effects of step training on stepping performance in untrained directions in older adults: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: Although step training improves the ability of quick stepping, some home-based step training systems train limited stepping directions and may cause harm by reducing stepping performance in untrained directions. This study examines the possible transfer effects of step training on stepping performance in untrained directions in older people.
  
  
  
  Fifty four older adults were randomized into: forward step training (FT); lateral plus forward step training (FLT); or no training (NT) groups. FT and FLT participants undertook a 15-min training session involving 200 step repetitions. Prior to and post training, choice stepping reaction time and stepping kinematics in untrained, diagonal and lateral directions were assessed.
  
  
  
  Significant interactions of group and time (pre/post-assessment) were evident for the first step after training indicating negative (delayed response time) and positive (faster peak stepping speed) transfer effects in the diagonal direction in the FT group. However, when the second to the fifth steps after training were included in the analysis, there were no significant interactions of group and time for measures in the diagonal stepping direction.
  
  
  
  Step training only in the forward direction improved stepping speed but may acutely slow response times in the untrained diagonal direction. However, this acute effect appears to dissipate after a few repeated step trials. Step training in both forward and lateral directions appears to induce no negative transfer effects in diagonal stepping. These findings suggest home-based step training systems present low risk of harm through negative transfer effects in untrained stepping directions.
  
  
  
  ANZCTR 369066.
authors.affiliation: Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street Randwick, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.affiliation: Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street Randwick, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Menant
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Manasa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Udyavar
authors.affiliation: Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street Randwick, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.affiliation: Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street Randwick, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Benjamin K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street Randwick, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.affiliation: Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street Randwick, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 NSW, Australia. Electronic address: d.sturnieks@neura.edu.au.
authors.forename: Daina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: L Sturnieks
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014163:Transfer, Psychology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Aged; Exercise; Randomized controlled trial; Step training