title: Adaptation of MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory in rural Pakistan - useful tool for early childhood studies.
abstract: Given the significance of early language for later academic achievement, language development can be an important outcome measure in evaluation of early childhood intervention programmes. Language development may be challenging to assess in settings where trained personnel are hard to find; therefore, maternal report can be a reliable alternative measure.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to adapt a maternal report measure, the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory II-Short Form, in the Sindhi language and to examine its psychometric properties as a measure of language outcome in 2-year-old children in rural Pakistan.
  
  
  
  A three-phase process was followed to produce a Sindhi adaptation of the tool comprising 100 words. The first phase was a review of the original 258 words through a focus group discussion with a team familiar with the context; the second phase was testing 258 words to compile a 100-word list of easy, moderate and difficult words. The third phase was a pilot of the 100-word list followed by administration in a larger intervention study population.
  
  
  
  On administration with 1381 children, concurrent validity with the Bayley Scale of Infant Development III using the Pearson's correlation test showed a moderate association for comprehension (r = 0.45, p = 0.01, n = 1381) and good association for expression (r = 0.51, p = 0.01, n = 1381). Internal consistency was high with alphas of 0.98 for comprehension items and 0.96 for expression items.
  
  
  
  The authors conclude that the Sindhi adaptation of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory followed a feasible and rigorous methodology to create a reliable and sensitive tool to assess young children's language development for use in a child assessment battery for early childhood health, nutrition and development studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stadium Road, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: M A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9064-0102
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rasheed
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stadium Road, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tabussum
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stadium Road, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Z H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Yousafzai
mesh_terms: D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032882:Comprehension; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012424:Rural Population
keywords: MacArthur Communication Development Inventory; Sindhi; children; communication; early language development