title: Testing the dual pathway model of ADHD in obesity: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There may be shared neuropsychological dysfunctions in ADHD and obesity. This study tested a neuropsychological model of ADHD (reward/executive dysfunctioning) in individuals with obesity. Furthermore, the association between co-morbid binge eating and reward/executive dysfunction was explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reward/executive dysfunctioning was assessed using both neuropsychological measures and questionnaires in individuals (aged 17-68) with obesity (N = 39; mean BMI = 39.70) and normal weight (N = 25; mean BMI = 22.94).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences emerged between individuals with and without obesity on the outcome measures. However, individuals with obesity and binge eating showed significantly more self-reported delay discounting and inattention than those individuals with obesity but without binge eating. When controlling for inattention, this difference in delay discounting was no longer significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not obesity alone but obesity with binge eating was specifically associated with a mechanism often reported in ADHD, namely delay discounting. However, this effect may be more driven by inattention.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium. saskia.vanderoord@kuleuven.be.|Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. saskia.vanderoord@kuleuven.be.|Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102 bus 3720, room 03.78, 3000, Louvain, Belgium. saskia.vanderoord@kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2771-0187
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van der Oord
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braet
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Psychology, Developmental Brain-Behavior Laboratory, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.|New York University Child Study Center, New York, USA.|Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Samuele
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.|Faculty of Medical Sciences and Mental Health (CAPRI), UAntwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Claes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D002032:Bulimia / Q000523:psychology*; D065786:Delay Discounting / Q000502:physiology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology*; D012201:Reward; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD; Binge eating; Executive functioning; Obesity; Reward