title: Physicians' responses to financial and social incentives: A medically framed real effort experiment.
abstract: Because compensation policies have critical implications for the provision of health care, and evidence of their effects is limited and difficult to study in the real world, laboratory experiments may be a valuable methodology to study the behavioural responses of health care providers. With this experiment undertaken in 2013, we add to this new literature by designing a new medically framed real effort task to test the effects of different remuneration schemes in a multi-tasking context. We assess the impact of different incentives on the quantity (productivity) and quality of outputs of 132 participants. We also test whether the existence of benefits to patients influences effort. The results show that salary yields the lowest quantity of output, and fee-for-service the highest. By contrast, we find that the highest quality is achieved when participants are paid by salary, followed by capitation. We also find a lot of heterogeneity in behaviour, with intrinsically motivated individuals hardly sensitive to financial incentives. Finally, we find that when work quality benefits patients directly, subjects improve the quality of their output, while maintaining the same levels of productivity. This paper adds to a nascent literature by providing a new approach to studying remuneration schemes and modelling the medical decision making environment in the lab.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics, UK. Electronic address: M.Lagarde@lse.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mylène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lagarde
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Policy, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
authors.forename: Duane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blaauw
mesh_terms: D004526:Efficiency; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017059:Models, Econometric; D009042:Motivation; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012935:Social Justice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Altruism; Capitation; Fee-for-service; Real effort experiment; Salary; South Africa