title: Tissue-Engineered Solutions in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Principles and Practice.
abstract: Recent advances in microsurgery, imaging, and transplantation have led to significant refinements in autologous reconstructive options; however, the morbidity of donor sites remains. This would be eliminated by successful clinical translation of tissue-engineered solutions into surgical practice. Plastic surgeons are uniquely placed to be intrinsically involved in the research and development of laboratory engineered tissues and their subsequent use. In this article, we present an overview of the field of tissue engineering, with the practicing plastic surgeon in mind. The Medical Research Council states that regenerative medicine and tissue engineering "holds the promise of revolutionizing patient care in the twenty-first century." The UK government highlighted regenerative medicine as one of the key eight great technologies in their industrial strategy worthy of significant investment. The long-term aim of successful biomanufacture to repair composite defects depends on interdisciplinary collaboration between cell biologists, material scientists, engineers, and associated medical specialties; however currently, there is a current lack of coordination in the field as a whole. Barriers to translation are deep rooted at the basic science level, manifested by a lack of consensus on the ideal cell source, scaffold, molecular cues, and environment and manufacturing strategy. There is also insufficient understanding of the long-term safety and durability of tissue-engineered constructs. This review aims to highlight that individualized approaches to the field are not adequate, and research collaboratives will be essential to bring together differing areas of expertise to expedite future clinical translation. The use of tissue engineering in reconstructive surgery would result in a paradigm shift but it is important to maintain realistic expectations. It is generally accepted that it takes 20-30 years from the start of basic science research to clinical utility, demonstrated by contemporary treatments such as bone marrow transplantation. Although great advances have been made in the tissue engineering field, we highlight the barriers that need to be overcome before we see the routine use of tissue-engineered solutions.
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Himdani
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Zita M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Jessop
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School , Swansea , UK.
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Sabah
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Emman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Combellack
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK; Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Amel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Shareen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Doak
authors.affiliation: Canniesburn Plastic Surgery Unit, Centre for Cell Engineering, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; Cartilage Biology Research Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; Human Immunology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.affiliation: Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group (ReconRegen), Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Iain S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Whitaker
keywords: barriers to translation; bioengineering; plastic and reconstructive surgery; regenerative medicine; stem cells; tissue engineering; translation; translational research