title: Metabolite Profiling of Eastern Teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) Lipophilic Leaf Extracts with Hyaluronidase and Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Activity.
abstract: The phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory activity of Gaultheria procumbens dry lipophilic leaf extracts were evaluated. Forty compounds were identified by GC-MS, representing 86.36% and 81.97% of the petroleum ether (PE) and chloroform (CHE) extracts, respectively, with ursolic acid (28.82%), oleanolic acid (10.11%), methyl benzoate (10.03%), and methyl salicylate (6.88%) dominating in CHE, and methyl benzoate (21.59%), docosane (18.86%), and octacosane (11.72%) prevailing in PE. Three components of CHE were fully identified after flash chromatography isolation and spectroscopic studies as (6S,9R)-vomifoliol (4.35%), 8-demethyl-latifolin (1.13%), and 8-demethylsideroxylin (2.25%). Hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity was tested for CHE (IC50 = 282.15 ± 10.38 μg/mL and 899.97 ± 31.17 μg/mL, respectively), PE (IC50 = 401.82 ± 16.12 μg/mL and 738.49 ± 15.92 μg/mL), and nine of the main constituents versus heparin (IC50 = 366.24 ± 14.72 μg/mL) and indomethacin (IC50 = 92.60 ± 3.71 μg/mL) as positive controls. With the best activity/concentration relationships, ursolic and oleanolic acids were recommended as analytical markers for the extracts and plant material. Seasonal variation of both markers following foliar development was investigated by UHPLC-PDA. The highest levels of ursolic (5.36-5.87 mg/g DW of the leaves) and oleanolic (1.14-1.26 mg/g DW) acids were observed between August and October, indicating the optimal season for harvesting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland. piotr.michel@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland. aleksandra.owczarek@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Owczarek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland. magdalena.matczak@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland. kosno.martyna@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Martyna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosno
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland. pawel.szymanski@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Szymański
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mikiciuk-Olasik
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland. anna.kilanowicz@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilanowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland. wiktor.wesolowski@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Wiktor
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wesołowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland. monika.olszewska@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Monika A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Olszewska
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D031282:Gaultheria / Q000737:chemistry*; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D015394:Molecular Structure; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase
keywords: GC-MS; Gaultheria procumbens; anti-inflammatory activity; leaves; lipophilic extracts; seasonal variation