title: Cadmium-induced changes in vacuolar aspects of Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: We have examined the changes due to Cd treatment in the vacuolar form in root tip cortical cells in Arabidopsis thaliana employing a transformant with GFP fused to a tonoplast protein. A Cd-induced enhancement in complexity with general expansion of vacuolar system within 24 h was evident. The changes in the vacuolar form were dependent on the applied Cd concentrations. Concomitantly, as revealed through dithizone staining, Cd accumulated in the seedling roots exhibiting abundance of Cd-dithizone complexes in root tip, root hairs and vasculature. To get insight into the involvement of SNARE protein-mediated vesicle fusion in Cd detoxification, the magnitude of Cd toxicity in a couple of knock out mutants of the vacuolar Qa-SNARE protein VAM3/SYP22 was compared with that in the wild type. The Cd toxicity appeared to be comparable in the mutants and the wild type. In order to analyze the Cd effects at cellular level, we treated the Arabidopsis suspension-cultured cells with Cd. Cd, however, did not induce a change in the vacuolar form in suspension-cultured cells although Cd measured with ICP-MS was obviously taken up into the cell. The V-ATPase activity in the microsomal fractions from vacuoles isolated from A. thaliana suspension cultured cells remained unaffected by Cd. Changes in the levels of certain metabolites of Cd-treated cells were also not so distinct except for those of glutathione. The significance of findings is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India.
authors.forename: Shanti S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamaji
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan.
authors.forename: Miwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan; Agilent Technologies Japan. Ltd., Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India.
authors.forename: Shashi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India.
authors.forename: Sveta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan; Live Cell Super-resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan. Electronic address: mimura@kobe-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mimura
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D009154:Mutation; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000378:metabolism*; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins; C108430:Vam3 protein, Arabidopsis; D002104:Cadmium; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases
keywords: Arabidopsis; Cadmium; Heavy metal; Metabolomics; SNARE protein; Vacuole