title: Distribution and predictors of wing shape and size variability in three sister species of solitary bees.
abstract: Morphological traits can be highly variable over time in a particular geographical area. Different selective pressures shape those traits, which is crucial in evolutionary biology. Among these traits, insect wing morphometry has already been widely used to describe phenotypic variability at the inter-specific level. On the contrary, fewer studies have focused on intra-specific wing morphometric variability. Yet, such investigations are relevant to study potential convergences of variation that could highlight micro-evolutionary processes. The recent sampling and sequencing of three solitary bees of the genus Melitta across their entire species range provides an excellent opportunity to jointly analyse genetic and morphometric variability. In the present study, we first aim to analyse the spatial distribution of the wing shape and centroid size (used as a proxy for body size) variability. Secondly, we aim to test different potential predictors of this variability at both the intra- and inter-population levels, which includes genetic variability, but also geographic locations and distances, elevation, annual mean temperature and precipitation. The comparison of spatial distribution of intra-population morphometric diversity does not reveal any convergent pattern between species, thus undermining the assumption of a potential local and selective adaptation at the population level. Regarding intra-specific wing shape differentiation, our results reveal that some tested predictors, such as geographic and genetic distances, are associated with a significant correlation for some species. However, none of these predictors are systematically identified for the three species as an important factor that could explain the intra-specific morphometric variability. As a conclusion, for the three solitary bee species and at the scale of this study, our results clearly tend to discard the assumption of the existence of a common pattern of intra-specific signal/structure within the intra-specific wing shape and body size variability.
authors.affiliation: Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstaat 10, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dellicour
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Zoologie, Research institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Maxence
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.affiliation: Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Moulis, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Prunier
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Zoologie, Research institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dewulf
authors.affiliation: Zoological Museum, University of Kiel, Hegewischstr. 3, Kiel, Germany.|Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Zoologie, Research institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Michez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049628:Body Size; D005843:Geography; D011157:Population Dynamics; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*