title: Generative Anatomy Modeling Language (GAML).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents the Generative Anatomy Modeling Language (GAML) for generating variation of 3D virtual human anatomy in real-time. This framework provides a set of operators for modification of a reference base 3D anatomy. The perturbation of the 3D models is satisfied with nonlinear geometry constraints to create an authentic human anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  GAML was used to create 3D difficult anatomical scenarios for virtual simulation of airway management techniques such as Endotracheal Intubation (ETI) and Cricothyroidotomy (CCT). Difficult scenarios for each technique were defined and the model variations procedurally created with GAML.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents details of the GAML design, set of operators, types of constraints. Cases of CCT and ETI difficulty were generated and confirmed by expert surgeons. Execution performance pertaining to an increasing complexity of constraints using nonlinear programming was in real-time execution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, USA.
authors.forename: Doga
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demirel
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Central Arkansas, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Central Arkansas, USA.
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baer-Cooper
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Central Arkansas, USA.
authors.forename: Tansel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2558-4001
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Halic
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, USA.
authors.forename: Coskun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bayrak
mesh_terms: D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011381:Programming Languages; D012016:Reference Values; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014132:Trachea / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: airway management; authentic human anatomy; modeling language for human anatomy; nonlinear constraints framework; nonlinear programming; virtual human anatomy