title: Protein Nutrition and Malnutrition in CKD and ESRD.
abstract: Elevated protein catabolism and protein malnutrition are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The underlying etiology includes, but is not limited to, metabolic acidosis intestinal dysbiosis; systemic inflammation with activation of complements, endothelin-1 and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) axis; anabolic hormone resistance; energy expenditure elevation; and uremic toxin accumulation. All of these derangements can further worsen kidney function, leading to poor patient outcomes. Many of these CKD-related derangements can be prevented and substantially reversed, representing an area of great potential to improve CKD and ESRD care. This review integrates known information and recent advances in the area of protein nutrition and malnutrition in CKD and ESRD. Management recommendations are summarized. Thorough understanding the pathogenesis and etiology of protein malnutrition in CKD and ESRD patients will undoubtedly facilitate the design and development of more effective strategies to optimize protein nutrition and improve outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou 550002, China. zhayan72@126.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. qian.qi@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: protein  nutrition;   acidosis;   chronic  kidney  disease;   dialysis;   inflammation;   protein  catabolism;  hormonal derangements;  uremic toxins