title: Microbiome dynamic modulation through functional diets based on pre- and probiotics (mannan-oligosaccharides and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study used high-throughput sequencing to evaluate the intestinal microbiome dynamics in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed commercial diets supplemented with either pre- or probiotics (0·6% mannan-oligosaccharides and 0·5% Saccharomyces cerevisiae respectively) or the mixture of both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 57 fish whole intestinal mucosa and contents bacterial communities were characterized by high-throughput sequencing and analysis of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, as well as the relationship between plasma biochemical health indicators and microbiome diversity. This was performed at 7, 14 and 30 days after start feeding functional diets, and microbiome diversity increased when fish fed functional diets after 7 days and it was positively correlated with plasma cholesterol levels. Dominant phyla were, in descending order, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria. However, functional diets reduced the abundance of Gammaproteobacteria to favour abundances of organisms from Firmicutes and Fusobacteria, two phyla with members that confer beneficial effects. A dynamic shift of the microbiome composition was observed with changes after 7 days of feeding and the modulation by functional diets tend to cluster the corresponding groups apart from CTRL group. The core microbiome showed an overall stability with functional diets, except genus such as Escherichia-Shigella that suffered severe reductions on their abundances when feeding any of the functional diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional diets based on pre- or probiotics dynamically modulate intestinal microbiota of juvenile trout engaging taxonomical abundance shifts that might impact fish physiological performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows for the first time the microbiome modulation dynamics by functional diets based on mannan-oligosaccharides and S. cerevisiae and their synergy using culture independent high-throughput sequencing technology, revealing the complexity behind the dietary modulation with functional feeds in aquatic organisms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: A T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5443-7182
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallardo-Escárate
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D008351:Mannans / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D008351:Mannans; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D056692:Prebiotics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; functional diets; mannan-oligosaccharides; metagenomics; microbiome; prebiotics; probiotics; rainbow trout