title: Cardiotoxic (Arrhythmogenic) Effects of 1,1-Difluoroethane Due to Electrolyte Imbalance and Cardiomyocyte Damage.
abstract: Inhalant abuse is the intentional inhalation of chemical vapors to attain euphoric effects. Many common household products are abused by inhalation and one is 1,1-difluoroethane (DFE), which is a halogenated hydrocarbon used in refrigeration, dust-off spray, and airbrush painting. Although many human DFE abuse cases have been studied, the etiology and mechanism of sudden death is still unknown. In this study, an animal model was used to simulate the human conditions of DFE inhalation abuse that results in sudden death.Current research targets mechanistic studies involving electrolyte changes and cardiomyocyte damage after DFE administration in vivo. To investigate these changes, Sprague Dawley rats (N = 6) were exposed to 30 seconds of 20 L/min of DFE in multiple doses. Isoflurane acted as a control. Two additional groups, epinephrine and epinephrine + DFE, were included to simulate the clinical condition of DFE abuse. Plasma sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels were measured, followed by lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and cardiac troponin I levels. In addition, oxidative stress markers were also evaluated in all animal groups. Electrolyte levels showed a significant rise in plasma potassium and magnesium levels for the treated groups. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and cardiac troponin I levels in DFE and epinephrine + DFE administered rats were significantly elevated as compared with control. Some oxidative stress makers were also elevated significantly in treatment groups. Furthermore, histopathological analysis showed hyperemia/congestion in treated rats.These results support cardiotoxic effects indicating that DFE results in fatal arrhythmias, and the study can be important during clinical cases involving inhalant abuse.
authors.affiliation: From the St. John's University, Queens, NY.
authors.forename: Kaushal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barletta
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wurpel
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000633:toxicity*; D058545:Inhalant Abuse; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012997:Solvents / Q000633:toxicity*; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood; D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D012997:Solvents; D019210:Troponin I; C059268:1,1-difluoroethane; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D004837:Epinephrine