title: In vivo study for tooth colour determination-visual versus digital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tooth colour determination is an essential component in the preservative and prosthetic workflow during production of tooth-coloured restorations. The aim of the study was to compare the clinical suitability of conventional, visual tooth colour determination and digital methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tooth colour of vital, natural central incisors among a total of 107 subjects was determined visually by a dentist (VD) and dental technician (VDT) using VITA Toothguide 3D-MASTER®, digitally by the spectrophotometer VITA Easyshade Advance 4.0 (reference instrument) and Trios®Color intra-oral scanner (test subject). Reliability was examined by repeating the digital measurements of 20 teeth three times. The analysis was based on the recorded 3D-MASTER values and L*a*b/L*C*h parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measuring accuracy was 43.9% with the Trios®Color scanner, 35.5% for VD and 34.6% for VDT. In 25.5% of cases, the scanner's results corresponded with VD and in 33.6% with VDT. The visual methods corresponded with 45.8%. All mean values of the recorded colour differences fell within the clinically acceptable range of ΔE ≤ 6.8. The intra-oral scanner attained repeatability of 78.3% and the VITA Easyshade system of 76.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Trios®Color intra-oral scanner appears to be a good alternative to the current standard of visual tooth colour determination. The new module attains better results than the visual method and is comparable to the reference instrument.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dentistry becomes increasingly digitalized and tooth colour determination devices have generally to be improved. Therefore, the investigation of a new digital device is important for future developments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital for Dental, Oral and Orthodontic Medicine (Carolinum), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany. brandt@med.uni-frankfurt.de.|Poliklinik für Zahnärztliche Prothetik, ZZMK Carolinum, Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 29, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. brandt@med.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9706-0373
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital for Dental, Oral and Orthodontic Medicine (Carolinum), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.|Poliklinik für Zahnärztliche Prothetik, ZZMK Carolinum, Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 29, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital for Dental, Oral and Orthodontic Medicine (Carolinum), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.|Poliklinik für Zahnärztliche Prothetik, ZZMK Carolinum, Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 29, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lauer
authors.affiliation: medistat GmbH, Schauenburgerstraße 116, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: von Hehn
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital for Dental, Oral and Orthodontic Medicine (Carolinum), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.|Poliklinik für Zahnärztliche Prothetik, ZZMK Carolinum, Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 29, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brandt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003116:Color; D003118:Color Perception; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017797:Prosthesis Coloring; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Intra-oral scanner; Shade guide; Shade matching; Spectrophotometer; Tooth colour; Visual