title: Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low-load exercise training with blood flow restriction (BFR) can increase muscle strength and may offer an effective clinical musculoskeletal (MSK) rehabilitation tool. The aim of this review was to systematically analyse the evidence regarding the effectiveness of this novel training modality in clinical MSK rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed literature examining BFR training in clinical MSK rehabilitation (Research Registry; researchregistry91).
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted across SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), PubMed and Science Direct databases, including the reference lists of relevant papers. Two independent reviewers extracted study characteristics and MSK and functional outcome measures. Study quality and reporting was assessed using the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise.
  Search results were limited to exercise training studies investigating BFR training in clinical MSK rehabilitation, published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal in English.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty studies were eligible, including ACL reconstruction (n=3), knee osteoarthritis (n=3), older adults at risk of sarcopenia (n=13) and patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (n=1). Analysis of pooled data indicated low-load BFR training had a moderate effect on increasing strength (Hedges' g=0.523, 95% CI 0.263 to 0.784, p<0.001), but was less effective than heavy-load training (Hedges' g=0.674, 95% CI 0.296 to 1.052, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with low-load training, low-load BFR training is more effective, tolerable and therefore a potential clinical rehabilitation tool. There is a need for the development of an individualised approach to training prescription to minimise patient risk and increase effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paton
authors.affiliation: The Football Association, St. George's Park, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gissane
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen David
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018979:Myositis, Inclusion Body / Q000534:rehabilitation; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000534:rehabilitation; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D055070:Resistance Training; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000534:rehabilitation
keywords: Blood flow restriction; musculoskeletal; rehabilitation; strength