title: Age-related changes in immune function (immune senescence) in caries and periodontal diseases: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the evidence regarding immune senescence in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and dental caries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of electronic databases utilizing medical subject headings (MeSH terms) supplemented by screening of review articles and other relevant texts was undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three articles were included (43 for periodontitis, 30 for caries). Study results were found to be generally heterogeneous. Regarding periodontitis, human studies suggest evidence for altered neutrophil function and increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2) in older compared to younger subjects, and animal experiments suggest increased expression of genes that contribute to a pro-inflammatory state in older compared to younger animals. Regarding dental caries, research relating to changes in immune functioning and the impact of ageing is in its infancy. A small number of studies have reported components of innate and adaptive immunity that affect the composition of saliva and dental biofilms with possible impacts on caries progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence that immune functioning related to periodontitis and (less investigated) dental caries alters with increasing age. In both conditions, age-associated mechanistic changes in immune functioning are complex and incompletely understood and it is not clear how these relate to disease susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.|Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Preshaw
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Henne
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.|Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.|Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conrads
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D000068884:Immunosenescence; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000276:immunology*
keywords: caries; immune function; immune senescence; mucosal immunity; periodontitis