title: A stimulation-driven exoskeleton for walking after paraplegia.
abstract: An untethered version of a stimulation-driven exoskeleton was evaluated for its ability to restore walking after paralysis from spinal cord injury. The hybrid neuroprosthesis (HNP) combined a passive variable-constraint exoskeleton for stability and support with functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) to contract the paralyzed muscles to drive limb movement. This self-contained HNP was operated by an onboard controller that sampled sensor signals, generated appropriate commands to both the exoskeletal constraints and integrated stimulator, and transmitted data wirelessly via Bluetooth to an off-board computer for real-time monitoring and recording for offline analysis. The subject selected the desired function (i.e. standing up, stepping, or sitting down) by means of a wireless finger switch that communicated with the onboard controller. Within the stepping function, a gait event detector supervisory controller transitioned between the different phases of gait such as double stance, swing, and weight acceptance based on signals from sensors incorporated into the exoskeleton. The different states of the control system governed the locking and unlocking of the exoskeletal hip and knee joints as well as the stimulation patterns activating hip and knee flexor or extensor muscles at the appropriate times and intensities to enable stepping. This study was one of our first successful implementations of the self-contained "muscle-first" HNP and successfully restored gait to an individual with motor complete mid-thoracic paraplegia.
authors.forename: Sarah R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nandor
authors.lastname: Lu Li
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Foglyano
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Schnellenberger
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kobetic
authors.forename: Roger D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Triolo
mesh_terms: D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005684:Gait; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications; D016138:Walking