title: Therapeutic indications and other use-case-driven updates in the drug ontology: anti-malarials, anti-hypertensives, opioid analgesics, and a large term request.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Drug Ontology (DrOn) is an OWL2-based representation of drug products and their ingredients, mechanisms of action, strengths, and dose forms. We originally created DrOn for use cases in comparative effectiveness research, primarily to identify historically complete sets of United States National Drug Codes (NDCs) that represent packaged drug products, by the ingredient(s), mechanism(s) of action, and so on contained in those products. Although we had designed DrOn from the outset to carefully distinguish those entities that have a therapeutic indication from those entities that have a molecular mechanism of action, we had not previously represented in DrOn any particular therapeutic indication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this work, we add therapeutic indications for three research use cases: resistant hypertension, malaria, and opioid abuse research. We also added mechanisms of action for opioid analgesics and added 108 classes representing drug products in response to a large term request from the Program for Resistance, Immunology, Surveillance and Modeling of Malaria in Uganda (PRISM) project. The net result is a new version of DrOn, current to May 2016, that represents three major therapeutic classes of drugs and six new mechanisms of action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A therapeutic indication of a drug product is represented as a therapeutic function in DrOn. Adverse effects of drug products, as well as other therapeutic uses for which the drug product was not designed are dispositions. Our work provides a framework for representing additional therapeutic indications, adverse effects, and uses of drug products beyond their design. Our work also validated our past modeling decisions for specific types of mechanisms of action, namely effects mediated via receptor and/or enzyme binding. DrOn is available at: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/dron.owl . A smaller version without NDCs is available at: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/dron/dron-lite.owl.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100219, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. hoganwr@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100219, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100219, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100219, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amirova
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100219, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Baxter
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bramblett
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100219, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diller
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100219, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Rodel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Enderez
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100219, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Modzelewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100219, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Mirela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 2004 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 100219, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delcher
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D064229:Biological Ontologies; D057225:Data Mining; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000962:Antimalarials
keywords: Anti-hypertensive; Anti-malarial; Biomedical ontology; Disposition; Drug product; Function; Mechanism of action; Opioid analgesic; Patient centered outcomes research; Therapeutic indication