title: Effect of Mycoplasma hominis and cytomegalovirus infection on pregnancy outcome: A prospective study of 200 Mongolian women and their newborns.
abstract: In Mongolia, diagnostic tests for the detection of the sexually transmitted mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are currently not routinely used in clinical settings and the frequency of these STIs are enigmatic. The prevalence of these STI pathogens were prospectively evaluated among 200 Mongolian pregnant women and their newborns and correlated with pregnancy outcome. TaqMan PCRs were used to detect bacterial and viral STI pathogens in pre-birth vaginal swabs of the pregnant women and in oral swabs of their newborns. A standardized questionnaire concerning former and present pregnancies was developed and linear regression analysis was used to correlate pathogen detection with pregnancy outcome. Ureaplasmas were the most prevalent of the tested pathogens (positive in 90.5% positive women and 47.5% newborns), followed by mycoplasmas (32.5% and 7.5%), chlamydia (14.5% and 7.5%), trichomonas (8.5% and 4.0%) and gonococcus (0.5% and 0%). CMV was found in 46.5% of the pregnant women and in 10.5% of their newborns, whereas HSV-2 was detected in only two mothers. Multiple regression analyses indicate that colonization of the mothers with U. urealyticum, M. hominis, T. vaginalis or CMV is associated with transmission to newborns and that transmission of M. hominis or CMV from Mongolian pregnant women to offspring is associated with reduced neonatal length and gestational age. Thus, diagnostic tests for their detection should be implemented in the clinical settings in Mongolia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Byambaa
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Otgonjargala
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Clinic, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Gunchin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Batbaatar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Sandag
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsogtsaikhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Jamsranjav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Enkhtsetseg
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Health and Toxicology, Public Health Institute, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Altangerel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Enkhjargal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Ortwin
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Health and Toxicology, Public Health Institute, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Chimeddorj
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Battogtokh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0565-5773
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henrich
mesh_terms: D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008986:Mongolia / Q000453:epidemiology; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D019535:Mycoplasma hominis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires