title: The Current Status of Research on Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy.
abstract: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) evolved from the term dementia pugilistica describing the dementia found in many boxers to its current use in describing the dementia and depression sometimes found in athletes subjected to multiple concussions or subconcussive blows to the head. Concurrently, the neuropathology evolved to specify a unique type of tauopathy found in perivascular spaces at the depth of sulci and other features not typically seen in neurodegenerative tauopathies. Four stages of CTE have been proposed, with 4 corresponding clinical syndromes of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome. However, it remains unclear whether this is a syndrome unique to repetitive head trauma, especially in contact sports, because the epidemiology has been difficult to establish. In particular, research to date has had a denominator problem in not establishing the total number of potential cases at risk for developing CTE. The current review examines the evidence to date for these syndromes and contributing or complicating factors affecting the neuropathology, neuroimaging, and clinical presentations associated with them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA. Electronic address: krp2003@med.cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Perrine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helcer
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, NYPH-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Apostolos John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tsiouris
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pisapia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stieg
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends*; D001914:Boxing / Q000293:injuries; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D000070627:Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009929:Organ Size; D045165:Testosterone Congeners / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D045165:Testosterone Congeners
keywords: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy; Concussion; Mild traumatic brain injury; Tauopathy; Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome