title: Insights into drug resistance mechanisms inClostridium difficile.
abstract: The incidence ofClostridium difficileinfection has been elevated and becoming common in hospitals worldwide. Although antibiotics usually serve as the primary treatment for bacterial infection includingC. difficileinfection, limitations and failures have been evident due to drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance inC. difficilehas been recognized as one of the most important factors to promote the infection and increase the level of severity and the recurrence rate. Several outbreaks in many countries have been linked to the emergence of hypervirulent drug-resistant strains. This pathogen harbours various mechanisms against the actions of antibiotics. The present study highlights three main drug-resistant strategies inC. difficileincluding drug inactivation, target modification and efflux pump. Other mechanisms that potentially contribute to drug-resistant traits in this organism are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Phurt
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harnvoravongchai
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Methinee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pipatthana
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Surang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chankhamhaengdecha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand tavan.jan@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Tavan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Janvilisri
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000502:physiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins
keywords: Clostridium difficile; antibiotics; drug resistance; molecular mechanisms