title: Low-Income Urban Mothers' Experiences with the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food insecurity remains a public health concern in the United States, particularly among low-income urban ethnically diverse families, even with the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Limited phenomenologic data exist to capture how programmatic changes to SNAP address the needs of users and why a gap in SNAP use may exist.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to examine the experiences of low-income, Baltimore, MD, mothers in applying for and maintaining access to SNAP. Secondary aims included understanding participants' perspectives on the influence of changes in SNAP over a 3-year period and how SNAP fits into the overall system of social services for families.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this qualitative, phenomenologic study, in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 mothers and three focus groups with 20 mothers, for a total sample of 33 mothers receiving SNAP benefits. Ten mothers participated in the first round of data collection (January to May 2010), and 23 in the second round (February to May 2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 33 mothers receiving SNAP benefits in Baltimore City, MD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baltimore SNAP users' experiences with applying for and maintaining access to SNAP, as well as with program changes to the SNAP program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed using an iterative emergent design and phenomenologic approach. A constructivist perspective was implemented throughout the coding process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SNAP functioned as a valuable support system within the broader social safety net for mothers living in poverty, yet participants expressed frustration about the processes of applying for and maintaining benefits due to communication problems and poor integration of services. In applying for and accessing SNAP, positive interactions with caseworkers and previous knowledge of the SNAP program were important for maintaining benefits. Interviews and focus group discussions revealed the need for additional outreach and education about the implemented program changes to build trust and improve access to SNAP among participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improving communication and supporting participants' ability to maintain relationships with the same caseworkers, as well as developing better integration with other aid programs, could improve the SNAP program.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ettinger
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Surkan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore; D005260:Female; D063105:Food Assistance; D005523:Food Supply; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D036301:Qualitative Research; D018511:Systems Integration; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: Food insecurity; Food stamps; Low-income families; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP); Urban mothers and children