title: Leaky pipeline, gender bias, self-selection or all three? A quantitative analysis of gender balance at an international palliative care research conference.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The 'leaky pipeline' in academia is a clearly described phenomenon, but has not been examined in palliative care. We analysed the gender balance of speakers at the 9th World Research Congress of the European Association of Palliative Care (EAPC) to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the proportion of women and men with senior academic visibility in palliative care conference programmes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The final programme of the 2016 EAPC World Congress was examined, and the gender of each speaker was recorded. Presentations were assessed using a three-tier hierarchy of senior academic visibility: Free Communication sessions, Themed sessions and invited Plenaries (low to high). As there was only one Invited Plenary at EAPC 2016, we examined the gender balance at EAPC Plenaries from 2012 to 2016.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the majority of speakers at EAPC 2016 (96/130, 73.8%) were women. The proportion of women was highest in the Free Communication sessions (84/107, 78.5%). In the Themed sessions, women made up just over half of speakers (12/22, 54.5%). In 2016, there was 1 invited Plenary speaker, a man. From 2012 to 2016, just 6 of 23 invited Plenary speakers at EAPC conferences have been women (26.1%) (χ2=25.4, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data reject our null hypothesis and suggest that there is attrition of women along the academic pipeline in palliative care. Other factors such as self-selection (that women decline invitations to give talks) and unconscious gender bias need further exploration, as well as actions to address the imbalance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London-Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK.
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Sleeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London-Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London-Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK.
authors.forename: Irene J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Higginson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003226:Congresses as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D064946:Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D063507:Sexism / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: gender balance; leaky pipeline; palliative