title: Socio-demographic patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder in Medellin, Colombia and the context of lifetime trauma exposure.
abstract: Colombia, South America is currently transitioning to post-conflict status following 6 decades of armed conflict. The population has experienced extensive exposures to potentially traumatic events throughout the lifespan. Sources of trauma exposure include the prolonged armed insurgency, narco-trafficking violence, urban gang violence, violent actions of criminal bands, intra-familial violence, gender-based violence, and sex trafficking. Exposure to potentially traumatic events is related to a variety of psychiatric outcomes, in particular, posttraumatic stress disorder. Given this context of lifetime trauma exposure, socio-demographic patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder were explored in a sample of residents of Medellin, Colombia, the nation's second largest city and a nexus for multiple types of trauma exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidad CES , Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Silvia Lucia
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gaviria
authors.affiliation: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Renato D
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7316-1185
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Clinical Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espinola
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidad CES , Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Restrepo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidad CES , Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lotero
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidad CES , Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Dedsy Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Berbesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidad CES , Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Gloria Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Escuela Militar de Medicina, Escuela Militar Nueva Granada, Hospital Militar Central, Universidad El Bosque, Universidad de Los Andes , Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chaskel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and Jackson Memorial Hospital , Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Zelde
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Espinel
authors.affiliation: Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness (DEEP Center), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shultz
keywords: Colombia; PTEs; PTSD; armed conflict; posttraumatic stress disorder; potentially traumatic events; rurality; trauma exposure; urbanicity