title: It is not Black and White: Discrimination and distress in Hawai'i.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates whether the strength of the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress varies by race/ethnicity, gender, and the number of years of residence in Hawai'i.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our sample consisted of 1,036 undergraduate students at a university in Hawai'i and the survey was conducted in 2012-2013. The sample was composed of 55% women and the average age was 21. The students reported their racial/ethnic backgrounds as White (19%), Japanese (21%), Filipino (16%), Chinese (10%), Native Hawaiian (14%), Pacific Islander (4%), other Asian (6%), and other race/ethnicity (10%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interaction effect results revealed that Whites who had experienced everyday discrimination had higher levels of psychological distress than racial ethnic minorities. Women who had experienced everyday discrimination were more distressed than men and more distressed by a lower threshold level of discrimination. Furthermore, those who had lived in Hawai'i for a longer duration and experienced everyday discrimination were more distressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings draw attention to how the psychological effects of discrimination vary by racial/ethnic group, gender, and location in the United States. The relationship between everyday discrimination and higher levels of psychological distress especially among those who have lived in Hawai'i longer, women, and Whites indicates that targeted medical and social interventions are needed to protect the mental health of college students. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
authors.forename: Krysia N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Mossakowski
authors.affiliation: Lembaga Demografi, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia.
authors.forename: Turro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wongkaren
authors.affiliation: Department of Pacific Studies, University of Auckland.
authors.forename: Fàanofo Lisaclaire
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Uperesa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011287:Prejudice / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult