title: A Blueprint to Evaluate One Health.
abstract: One Health (OH) positions health professionals as agents for change and provides a platform to manage determinants of health that are often not comprehensively captured in medicine or public health alone. However, due to the organization of societies and disciplines, and the sectoral allocation of resources, the development of transdisciplinary approaches requires effort and perseverance. Therefore, there is a need to provide evidence on the added value of OH for governments, researchers, funding bodies, and stakeholders. This paper outlines a conceptual framework of what OH approaches can encompass and the added values they can provide. The framework was developed during a workshop conducted by the "Network for Evaluation of One Health," an Action funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology. By systematically describing the various aspects of OH, we provide the basis for measuring and monitoring the integration of disciplines, sectors, and stakeholders in health initiatives. The framework identifies the social, economic, and environmental drivers leading to integrated approaches to health and illustrates how these evoke characteristic OH operations, i.e., thinking, planning, and working, and require supporting infrastructures to allow learning, sharing, and systemic organization. It also describes the OH outcomes (i.e., sustainability, health and welfare, interspecies equity and stewardship, effectiveness, and efficiency), which are not possible to obtain through sectoral approaches alone, and their alignment with aspects of sustainable development based on society, environment, and economy.
authors.affiliation: Vetsuisse-Faculty, Section for Veterinary Epidemiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rüegg
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: Royal Veterinary College , London , UK.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Häsler
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Liza Rosenbaum
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geography and Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Chinwe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ifejika Speranza
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ehlinger
authors.affiliation: CIRAD , Montpellier , France.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peyre
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Food Science Department, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aragrande
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zinsstag
authors.affiliation: Retired from 3ie , London , UK.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Cluj Napoca , Romania.
authors.forename: Andrei Daniel
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mihalca
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta , Msida , Malta.
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Buttigieg
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rushton
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Luís P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Carmo
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin , Grugliasco-Turin , Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Meneghi
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Food Science Department, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canali
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Filippitzi
authors.affiliation: CIRAD , Montpellier , France.
authors.forename: Flavie Luce
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Goutard
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University , Skopje , Macedonia.
authors.forename: Vlatko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ilieski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia.
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milićević
authors.affiliation: Cork Institute of Technology , Cork , Ireland.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University , Skopje , Macedonia.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radeski
authors.affiliation: Royal Veterinary College , London , UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kock
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing & Human Sciences, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staines
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindberg
keywords: One Health; evaluation criteria; evaluation framework; integrated approaches to health; performance monitoring; sustainability