title: Psychological controversies in gastroparesis: A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review literature addressing three key psychologically-oriented controversies associated with gastroparesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive search of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases was performed to identify literature addressing the relationship between gastroparesis and psychological factors. Two researchers independently screened all references. Inclusion criteria were: an adult sample of gastroparesis patients, a quantitative methodology, and at least one of the following: (1) evaluation of the prevalence of psychopathology; (2) an outcome measure of anxiety, depression, or quality of life; and (3) evidence of a psychological intervention. Case studies, review articles, and publications in languages other than English were excluded from the current review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of psychopathology was evaluated by three studies (n= 378), which found that combined anxiety/depression was present in 24% of the gastroparesis cohort, severe anxiety in 12.4%, depression in 21.8%-23%, and somatization in 50%. Level of anxiety and depression was included as an outcome measure in six studies (n= 1408), and while limited research made it difficult to determine the level of anxiety and depression in the cohort, a clear positive relationship with gastroparesis symptom severity was evident. Quality of life was included as an outcome measure in 11 studies (n= 2076), with gastroparesis patients reporting lower quality of life than population norms, and a negative relationship between quality of life and symptom severity. One study assessed the use of a psychological intervention for gastroparesis patients (n= 120) and found that depression and gastric function were improved in patients who received psychological intervention, however the study had considerable methodological limitations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastroparesis is associated with significant psychological distress and poor quality of life. Recommendations for future studies and the development of psychological interventions are provided.
authors.affiliation: Sally Woodhouse, Simon R Knowles, Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woodhouse
authors.affiliation: Sally Woodhouse, Simon R Knowles, Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hebbard
authors.affiliation: Sally Woodhouse, Simon R Knowles, Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Knowles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Gastroparesis; Psychological distress; Quality of life