title: DNA damage response is hijacked by human papillomaviruses to complete their life cycle.
abstract: The DNA damage response (DDR) is activated when DNA is altered by intrinsic or extrinsic agents. This pathway is a complex signaling network and plays important roles in genome stability, tumor transformation, and cell cycle regulation. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the main etiological agents of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common cancer among women and the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Over 200 types of HPVs have been identified and about one third of these infect the genital tract. The HPV life cycle is associated with epithelial differentiation. Recent studies have shown that HPVs deregulate the DDR to achieve a productive life cycle. In this review, I summarize current findings about how HPVs mediate the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) and the ATM-and RAD3-related kinase (ATR) DDRs, and focus on the roles that ATM and ATR signalings play in HPV viral replication. In addition, I demonstrate that the signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT)-5, an important immune regulator, can promote ATM and ATR activations through different mechanisms. These findings may provide novel opportunities for development of new therapeutic targets for HPV-related cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Shi-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004249:DNA Damage; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000821:virology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D014764:Viral Proteins; C576324:ATM protein, human; C576597:ATR protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
keywords: ATM/CHK2; ATR/CHK1; Amplification; DNA damage; Differentiation; Papillomavirus; STAT-5