title: A re-examination of the mere exposure effect: The influence of repeated exposure on recognition, familiarity, and liking.
abstract: To evaluate the veracity of models of the mere exposure effect and to understand the processes that moderate the effect, we conducted a meta-analysis of the influence of repeated exposure on liking, familiarity, recognition, among other evaluations. We estimated parameters from 268 curve estimates drawn from 81 articles and revealed that the mere exposure effect was characterized by a positive slope and negative quadratic effect consistent with an inverted-U shaped curve. In fact, such curves were associated with (a) all visual, but not auditory stimuli; (b) exposure durations shorter than 10 s and longer than 1 min; (c) both homogeneous and heterogeneous presentation types; and (d) ratings that were taken after all stimuli were presented. We conclude that existing models for the mere exposure effect do not adequately account for the findings, and we provide a framework to help guide future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Dayton.
authors.forename: R Matthew
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Montoya
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wabash College.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.affiliation: Psychological Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California, Merced.
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vevea
authors.affiliation: American Institutes for Research.
authors.forename: Martyna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Citkowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Utah.
authors.forename: Elissa A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lauber
mesh_terms: D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*