title: Long-term risk of reproductive cancer among Vietnamese women using the quinacrine hydrochloride pellet system vs. intrauterine devices or tubal ligation for contraception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the long-term risk of reproductive tract cancer in women using the quinacrine hydrochloride pellet system of permanent contraception (QS) relative to the comparable risk in women using Copper T intrauterine device (IUD) or tubal ligation surgery (TL) for long-term or permanent contraception.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study, conducted in the Northern Vietnamese provinces of Ha Nam, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh and Thai Binh. Women who had their first QS procedure, last IUD insertion or TL between 1989 and 1996 were interviewed regarding post-procedure health outcomes, particularly reproductive tract cancers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 95% response rate resulted in 21,040 completed interviews. Reproductive cancer incidence rates were very low (5.77/100,000 women years of follow-up time; 95%CI = 3.72-8.94). No significant excess hazard of reproductive tract cancer was associated with QS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant excess long-term risk of reproductive tract cancer was found after an average 16 years of follow-up among a large group of women using QS vs. IUD/TL for contraception.
authors.affiliation: a The Degge Group, Ltd , Fairfax , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Judith K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: a The Degge Group, Ltd , Fairfax , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tave
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biomathematics and Biostatistics , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pezzullo
authors.affiliation: c Department of Epidemiology , University of Michigan , School of Public Health , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kardia
authors.affiliation: d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lippes
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003273:Contraceptive Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D011796:Quinacrine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D011796:Quinacrine
keywords: Quinacrine; female; non-surgical permanent contraception; retrospective cohort study; survival analysis