title: Imprinting of maternal thyroid hormones in the offspring.
abstract: Thyroid hormones (THs) during pregnancy contribute significantly to cellular differentiation and development in several tissues of the offspring, principally the central nervous system (CNS). TH deficiencies, such as hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia, are highly frequent during pregnancy worldwide and known to be detrimental for the development of the fetus. The function of CNS in the offspring gestated under TH deficiency will be irreversible impaired, causing low intellectual quotient, attention deficit, and mental retardation. On the other hand, little is known about the effects of TH deficiency in the offspring immune system, being the prevalent notion that the effects are reversible and only for a while will affect the number of B and T cells. Recent studies have shown that maternal hypothyroidism can altered the function of immune system in the offspring, rendering the female offspring more susceptible to suffer autoimmune-inflammatory diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and to be more resistant to a bacterial infection. In this article we discuss these recent findings, as well as the possible mechanisms underlying these effects and the potential implications for human health.
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: María Cecilia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Opazo
authors.affiliation: b The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA.
authors.forename: Henny
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haensgen
authors.affiliation: c Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bohmwald
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Luis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Venegas
authors.affiliation: f INSERM UMR913 , Nantes , France.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boudin
authors.affiliation: g Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Faculta de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello.
authors.forename: Alvaro A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Elorza
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: e Millenium Institute on Immunology and immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología , Faculta de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile ; Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fardella
authors.affiliation: c Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.|d INSERM UMR1064 , Nantes , France.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.affiliation: c Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.|d INSERM UMR1064 , Nantes , France.
authors.forename: Alexis M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kalergis
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Riedel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000235:genetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones
keywords: Hypothyroidism; hypothyroxinemia; immune system