title: The longitudinal association between external locus of control, social cognition and adolescent psychopathology.
abstract: To investigate the longitudinal associations between social cognitive ability an external locus of control (externality) and adolescent psychopathology.
  
  
  
  7058 participants from a prospective population-based cohort provided data on externality, social communication, and emotion perception between 7 and 16 years and psychotic experiences and depressive symptoms at 12 and 18 years. Bivariate probit modelling was used to investigate associations between these risk factors and psychopathological outcomes.
  
  
  
  Externality was associated with psychopathology at 12 (psychotic experiences OR 1.23 95% CI 1.14, 1.33; depression OR 1.12 95% CI 1.02, 1.22) and 18 years (psychotic experiences OR 1.38 95% CI 1.23, 1.55; depression OR 1.40 95% CI 1.28, 1.52). Poor social communication was associated with depression at both ages (12 years OR 1.22 95% CI 1.11, 1.34; 18 years OR 1.21 95% CI 1.10, 1.33) and marginally associated with psychotic experiences. There was marginal evidence of a larger association between externality and psychotic experiences at 12 years (p = 0.06) and between social communication and depression at 12 years (p = 0.03).
  
  
  
  Externality was more strongly associated with psychotic experiences. At 18 years change in externality, between 8 and 16 years were associated with a larger increase in the risk of depression. Poor social communication was more strongly associated with depression.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Mental Health, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK. sarah.sullivan@bristol.ac.uk.|CLAHRC West, 9th floor, Whitefriars, Lewins Mead, Bristol, BS1 2NT, UK. sarah.sullivan@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Mental Health, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kounali
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7EJ, UK.
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Mental Health, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.|Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zammit
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011599:Psychopathology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: ALSPAC; Depressive symptoms; Psychotic experiences; Social communication