title: Incorporation of Human-Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB Encapsulated Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres into 3D CORAGRAF Enhances Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells.
abstract: Tissue engineering aims to generate or facilitate regrowth or healing of damaged tissues by applying a combination of biomaterials, cells, and bioactive signaling molecules. In this regard, growth factors clearly play important roles in regulating cellular fate. However, uncontrolled release of growth factors has been demonstrated to produce severe side effects on the surrounding tissues. In this study, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres (MS) incorporated three-dimensional (3D) CORAGRAF scaffolds were engineered to achieve controlled release of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) for the differentiation of stem cells within the 3D polymer network. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and microtomography were applied to characterize the fabricated scaffolds. In vitro study revealed that the CORAGRAF-PLGA-PDGF-BB scaffold system enhanced the release of PDGF-BB for the regulation of cell behavior. Stromal cell attachment, viability, release of osteogenic differentiation markers such as osteocalcin, and upregulation of osteogenic gene expression exhibited positive response. Overall, the developed scaffold system was noted to support rapid cell expansion and differentiation of stromal cells into osteogenic cells in vitro for bone tissue engineering applications.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saktiswaren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hanumantharao Balaji
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-7223
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Raghavendran
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Puvanan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karunanithi
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Malliga Raman
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Murali
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sangeetha Vasudevaraj
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Naveen
authors.affiliation: Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Sepehr
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Talebian
authors.affiliation: Process and Energy Department, Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39, Delft 2628 CB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mehrali
authors.affiliation: DTU Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mehrali
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University , Technology and Built Environment, Kuala Lumpur 506000, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Elango
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chee Ken
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Tunku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamarul
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006018:Glycols; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells; D008863:Microspheres; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer / Q000737:chemistry*; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D006018:Glycols; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: CORAGRAF; PLGA; microsphere; osteogenic; platelet-derived growth factor; stromal cell