title: Antioxidants for Healthy Skin: The Emerging Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors and Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2-Related Factor-2.
abstract: Skin is the outermost part of the body and is, thus, inevitably exposed to UV rays and environmental pollutants. Oxidative stress by these hazardous factors accelerates skin aging and induces skin inflammation and carcinogenesis. Aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHRs) are chemical sensors that are abundantly expressed in epidermal keratinocytes and mediate the production of reactive oxygen species. To neutralize or minimize oxidative stress, the keratinocytes also express nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2), which is a master switch for antioxidant signaling. Notably, there is fine-tuned crosstalk between AHR and NRF2, which mutually increase or decrease their activation states. Many NRF2-mediated antioxidant phytochemicals are capable of up- and downmodulating AHR signaling. The precise mechanisms by which these phytochemicals differentially affect the AHR and NRF2 system remain largely unknown and warrant future investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. furue@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.|Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. furue@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.|Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. furue@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masutaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furue
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. uchihir@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. mchikage@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.|Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. mchikage@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Chikage
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mitoma
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. ahachi@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hashimoto-Hachiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. allheartakita@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Takahito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. takamiti@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takamichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. nakahara@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.|Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. nakahara@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. gakku@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.|Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. gakku@dermatol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Gaku
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsuji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D006801:Humans; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; C111235:AHR protein, human; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human
keywords: antioxidants; aryl hydrocarbon receptor; nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2; phytochemicals; reactive oxygen species