title: Bergenin from Peltophorum dubium: Isolation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activities in Non-Biological Systems and Erythrocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bergenin, a compound derived from gallic acid, is a secondary metabolite of the plant Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to characterize the ability of bergenin to eliminate the radicals in non-biological systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated bergenin's ability to protect erythrocytes from oxidative damage in a biological system. We have elucidated bergenin structure using nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. We then evaluated its antioxidant capacity in vitro against DPPH•, ABTS•+, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide, and determined its ability to transfer electrons owing to its reduction potential and ability to chelate iron. We also evaluated its protective capacity against oxidative damage produced by AAPH in erythrocytes, its hemolytic properties, its ability to inhibit hemolysis, and its ability to maintain intracellular reduced glutathione homeostasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bergenin concentrations between 0.1 and 3mM significantly (p < 0.05) and dose dependently decreased formation of ABTS•+, DPPH•, nitrite ions, OH•, reduced formation ferricyanide, ferrozine-Fe2+complex, inhibited AAPH-induced oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes, raised GSH levels in the presence of AAPH, inhibited AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bergenin may represent a novel alternative antioxidant, with potential applications in various industries, including drugs, cosmetics, and foods.
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina - PI, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme A L
authors.initials: GAL
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina - PI, Brazil.
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: da Silva Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Cancer (LAFICA), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas A D
authors.initials: LAD
authors.lastname: Nicolau
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos - SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mafud
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos - SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Larissa F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos - SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Yvonne P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Mascarenhas
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina - PI, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luan K M
authors.initials: LKM
authors.lastname: de Sousa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador - BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jorge M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador - BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Larissa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador - BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clayton Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: BIOTEC/LAFFEX/UFPI, Av. São Sebastião, n° 2819, CEP 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jand V R
authors.initials: JVR
authors.lastname: Medeiros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009573:Nitrites / Q000737:chemistry; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001578:Benzopyrans; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D009573:Nitrites; D010851:Picrates; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D007501:Iron; D005978:Glutathione; C006741:bergenin
keywords: Peltophorum dubium; antioxidant; bergenin; biological activity; erythrocytes; free radicals