title: Efficacy of fibre additions to flatbread flour mixes for reducing post-meal glucose and insulin responses in healthy Indian subjects.
abstract: The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide, including in developing countries, particularly in South Asia. Intakes of foods generating a high postprandial glucose (PPG) response have been positively associated with T2DM. As part of efforts to identify effective and feasible strategies to reduce the glycaemic impact of carbohydrate-rich staples, we previously found that addition of guar gum (GG) and chickpea flour (CPF) to wheat flour could significantly reduce the PPG response to flatbread products. On the basis of the results of an exploratory study with Caucasian subjects, we have now tested the effect of additions of specific combinations of CPF with low doses of GG to a flatbread flour mix for their impacts on PPG and postprandial insulin (PPI) responses in a South-Asian population. In a randomised, placebo-controlled full-cross-over design, fifty-six healthy Indian adults consumed flatbreads made with a commercial flatbread mix (100 % wheat flour) with no further additions (control) or incorporating 15 % CPF in combination with 2, 3 or 4 % GG. The flatbreads with CPF and 3 or 4 % GG significantly reduced PPG (both ≥15 % reduction in positive incremental AUC, P<0·01) and PPI (both ≥28 % reduction in total AUC, P<0·0001) compared with flatbreads made from control flour. These results confirm the efficacy and feasibility of the addition of CPF with GG to flatbread flour mixes to achieve significant reductions in both PPG and PPI in Indian subjects.
authors.affiliation: 1Unilever Discover R&D Vlaardingen,PO Box 114,3130 AC,Vlaardingen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hanny M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Boers
authors.affiliation: 2Unilever Discover R&D Colworth, Colworth Science Park,Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ,UK.
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: MacAulay
authors.affiliation: 2Unilever Discover R&D Colworth, Colworth Science Park,Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ,UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: 3Unilever Clinicals R&D Bangalore,64 Main Road,Whitefield,Bangalore,560 066,India.
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dobriyal
authors.affiliation: 1Unilever Discover R&D Vlaardingen,PO Box 114,3130 AC,Vlaardingen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mela
authors.affiliation: 1Unilever Discover R&D Vlaardingen,PO Box 114,3130 AC,Vlaardingen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Spreeuwenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001939:Bread; D029863:Cicer; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005433:Flour; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005685:Galactans; D038321:Glycemic Index; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008351:Mannans; D053149:Plant Gums; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012639:Seeds; D014908:Triticum
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005685:Galactans; D007328:Insulin; D008351:Mannans; D053149:Plant Gums; C007894:guar gum
keywords:  +iAUC2h
                  positive incremental AUC2 h;  BF barley flour;  CPF chickpea flour;  Cmax
                  maximum observed glucose response;  GG guar gum;  PPG postprandial glucose;  PPI postprandial insulin;  tAUC total AUC; Appetite; Atta; Glycaemic responses; Insulin responses; Legume flours; Viscous fibres