title: Vitreous advanced glycation endproducts and α-dicarbonyls in retinal detachment patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and their precursors α-dicarbonyls are implicated in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. The purpose of this study was to assess AGEs and α-dicarbonyls in the vitreous of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with early stages or absence of diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined vitreous samples obtained during vitrectomy from 31 T2DM patients presenting themselves with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and compared these to 62 non-diabetic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients, matched on age, estimated glomerular filtration rate, smoking, intra-ocular lens implantation, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. AGEs (pentosidine, Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine, Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine, and 5-hydro-5-methylimidazolone) and α-dicarbonyls (3-deoxyglucosone, methylglyoxal, and glyoxal) were measured by ultra performance liquid chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography. Skin autofluorescence was measured by the AGE Reader.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 64 ± 7.6 years for T2DM patients and 63 ± 8.1 years for controls. For T2DM patients, median diabetes duration was 2.2 (0.3-7.4) years. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was present in 1 patient and classified as absent or background retinopathy in 30 patients. Vitreous levels of pentosidine (2.20 vs. 1.59 μmol/mol lysine, p = 0.012) and 3-deoxyglucosone (809 vs. 615 nmol/L, p = 0.001) were significantly elevated in T2DM patients compared to controls. Other AGEs and α-dicarbonyls in the vitreous were not significantly different. There was a trend for increased skin autofluorescence in T2DM patients as compared to controls (p = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pentosidine and 3-deoxyglucosone concentrations were increased in the vitreous of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients with a relatively short duration of diabetes compared to non-diabetic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands.|Research Institute GUIDE, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands.|Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bernardina T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9275-7865
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Fokkens
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Douwe J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Department of Experimental Internal Medicine, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Casper G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Schalkwijk
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University, Department of Experimental Internal Medicine, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jean L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Scheijen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands.|Research Institute GUIDE, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andries J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), the Netherlands.|W.J. Kolff Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leonoor I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Los
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D001120:Arginine; D003847:Deoxyglucose; C062187:pentosidine; C016350:3-deoxyglucosone; D008239:Lysine