title: Toxic effect of nonylphenol on the marine macroalgae Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta): antioxidant system and antitumor activity.
abstract: The objective of the present work was to evaluate the toxic effect of nonylphenol (NP) on the antioxidant response and antitumor activity of Gracilaria lemaneiformis. An obvious oxidative damage was observed in this study. The thallus exposed to NP showed 1.2-2.0-fold increase in lipid peroxide and displayed a maximum level of 16.58 μmol g-1Fw on 0.6 mg L-1for 15-day exposure. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enhanced significantly by 1.1-3.2-fold and subsequently diminished at the high concentrations and prolonged exposure. The results of DNA damage in comet assay also supported that NP was obviously toxic on G. lemaneiformis with increasing the percentage of tail DNA in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the ethanol extract of G. lemaneiformis (EEGL) did exhibit antitumor potential against HepG-2 cells. While decreased in cell inhibition, ROS generation, apoptosis, and caspase-3 in HepG-2 cells treated with the EEGL were observed when G. lemaneiformis was exposed to NP for 15 days, and which were related to exposure concentration of NP. These suggested that NP has strongly toxic effect on the antitumor activity of G. lemaneiformis. The results revealed in this study imply that macroalgae can be useful biomarkers to evaluate marine pollutions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, No. 601, Huangpu Da Dao Xi, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Mingqin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, No. 601, Huangpu Da Dao Xi, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China. tyinph@jnu.edu.cn.|Center of Analysis and Test, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. tyinph@jnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Pinghe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, No. 601, Huangpu Da Dao Xi, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China. zhaoling@jnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D044724:Gracilaria / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000378:metabolism; D012624:Seaweed / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; C025256:nonylphenol; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Antioxidant system; Antitumor activity; DNA damage; Gracilaria lemaneiformis; Nonylphenol; Toxic effect