title: Methylation level of CpG islands in GGH gene promoter in pediatric acute leukemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  γ-Glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) regulates intracellular folates and antifolates such as methotrexate (MTX) for proper nucleotide biosynthesis and antifolate-induced cytotoxicity, respectively. In addition to genetic polymorphism and karyotypic abnormalities, methylation of CpG island 1 (CpG1) in the promoter region is found to modulate GGH activity by reducing GGH mRNA expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. We aim to investigate methylation status of two CpG islands (CpG1 and CpG2) in the GGH promoter region in pediatric patients with ALL and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).
  
  
  METHODS
  70B-ALL, 29 AML, 10 ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) and 40 healthy children are recruited in the present study. MS-HRM (methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting) and bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) are used to detect methylation change and its level in CpG1 and CpG2 in the GGH promoter region. GGH mRNA expression is quantified by real-time PCR. Correlation between CpG island methylation and GGH mRNA expression is assessed by statistical software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methylations of CpG1 are detected in leukemia cells samples obtained from 30.9% (21/68) of patients with ALL and 20.7% (6/29) of patients with AML. These methylations are not detected in the controls. Methylations of CpG2 are detected in leukemia cell samples obtained from 44.1% (30/68) of the ALL patients and 37.9% (11/29) of the AML patients. These percentages are significantly higher than that observed in the control cell samples: 6.0% (3/50) (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.000). The abundance of CpG1 methylation in all leukemia cell samples is classified as Grade I (methylation level is less than 10%) and the abundance of CpG2 methylation in leukemia cell samples is classified in separate grades. Our results indicate that methylation of CpG1 or hypermethylation (the methylation level is greater than 10%) of CpG2 could significantly reduce GGH mRNA expression in leukemia cells from the ALL and AML patients (ALL-CpG1: t = 4.632, P = 0.000; ALL-CpG2: t = 3.250, P = 0.006; AML-CpG1: t = -2.254, P = 0.037; AML-CpG2: t = 1.328, P = 0.202).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Either methylation of CpG1 or hypermethylation of CpG2 in GGH promoter region can significantly reduce GGH mRNA expression in pediatric patients with acute leukemia, which can improve the response to treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Sixi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Huihui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Huirong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xiuli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Changgang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xiaowen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-3837
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Feiqiu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011623:gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D011623:gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase