title: Effects of environmental features and sport hunting on caribou migration in northwestern Alaska.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ungulate movements are influenced by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors, which may affect connectivity between key resource areas and seasonal ranges. In northwestern Alaska, one important question regarding human impacts on ungulate movement involves caribou (Rangifer tarandus) response to autumn hunting and related aircraft activity. While concerns have been voiced by local hunters about the influence of transporter aircraft and non-local sport hunters, there has been little quantitative analysis of the effects of hunter activity on caribou movement. We utilized a novel spatial dataset of commercial aircraft landing locations and sport hunter camps in and around Noatak National Preserve to analyze resource selection of caribou in autumn for non-local hunting activity and environmental features. We combined step selection functions with randomized shortest paths to investigate whether terrain ruggedness, river width, land cover, and hunting activity (in the form of aircraft landings and sport hunter camps) facilitated or impeded caribou movement. By varying a parameter in the randomized shortest path models, we also explored the tradeoff between exploration and exploitation in movement behavior exhibited by traveling caribou.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that caribou avoided rugged terrain and areas with more river, forest, and tall shrubs while selecting for areas dominated by tussock tundra and dwarf shrubs. Migration of caribou through Noatak does not appear to be inhibited by sport hunting activity, though this does not preclude the possibility of temporary effects altering availability of caribou for individual hunters. Caribou exhibited exploratory movement, following predictions of a random walk model. This behavior may facilitate the location of remaining patches of high-quality forage prior to the onset of winter, especially during mild autumns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding animal movement behavior is fundamental to protecting critical areas of connectivity and to informing management decisions. Our study identifies migratory connectivity and hotspots of potential conflict among user groups, enabling development of policies that balance human access with species conservation.
authors.affiliation: The Wilderness Society, 705 Christensen Drive, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Fullman
authors.affiliation: National Park Service, Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Network, 4175 Geist Rd., Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Joly
authors.affiliation: National Park Service, Western Arctic National Parklands, 4175 Geist Rd., Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ackerman
keywords: Aircraft; Alaska; Caribou; Hunting; Migration; Movement; Noatak National Preserve; Rangifer tarandus; Resource selection