title: Frequencies of erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities and of leucocytes in the fish Barbus peloponnesius correlate with a pollution gradient in the River Bregalnica (Macedonia).
abstract: Integrated chemical and biomarker approaches were performed to estimate if there is ongoing toxicity in the River Bregalnica, namely connected with the presence of metals. The study was performed in water, sediment, and barbel (Barbus peloponnesius), collected in two seasons, from two suspected polluted and one reference zones. The water analyses revealed higher mean values in polluted sites for most of the examined physicochemical parameters. Metal concentrations (Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Fe) in water were more or less constant, whereas in sediment, they were higher at the two polluted locations. Condition factor (CF), as a general health indicator, revealed better overall condition in barbel from the reference site. In general, blood parameters revealed higher values in the polluted localities. Irrespective of sex and/or season, the frequency of micronuclei (MN) and vacuolated nuclei (VN) were with higher rates in polluted sites. Similarly, the frequencies of the leucocytes (Le), binuclei (BN), and irregularly shaped nuclei (ISN) were also significantly increased in the polluted localities, but they seemed prone to be influenced by sex and/or season. However, strong positive correlations between blood biomarkers and most water physicochemical parameters and metal in sediment were estimated. Our data support that the River Bregalnica's lower course receives significant genotoxic pollution, likely via metal industry effluents, agricultural runoff, and domestic sewage, and reinforced the utility of MN and other nuclear abnormalities as sensitive and suitable biomarkers for genotoxicity when used in monitoring studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, "Ss Cyril and Methodius" University, Arhimedova 3, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. katerinarebok@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8622-0316
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rebok
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, "Ss Cyril and Methodius" University, Arhimedova 3, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jordanova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, "Ss Cyril and Methodius" University, Arhimedova 3, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Slavevska-Stamenković
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, "Ss Cyril and Methodius" University, Arhimedova 3, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Lozenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.affiliation: Fisheries Department, Institute of Animal Science, Ilinden bul., 92a, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Vasil
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kostov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, "Ss Cyril and Methodius" University, Arhimedova 5, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Trajče
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stafilov
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (UPorto), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.|Group of Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (UPorto), Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003530:Cyprinidae; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D045483:Rivers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Blood; Fish; Genotoxicity; Metals; Micronuclei; Sediment contamination; Water quality