title: Empowerment-Based Diabetes Self-Management Education to Maintain Glycemic Targets During Ramadan Fasting in People With Diabetes Who Are on Conventional Insulin: A Feasibility Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to assess the feasibility of promoting safe Ramadan fasting through diabetes self-management education (DSME) and to determine the effect of such education on hypoglycemic episodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study included subjects attending Ramadan reinforcement sessions for participants in the Educational Program for People with Diabetes (EPPWD) at the Ain-Shams University Diabetes Center in Cairo, Egypt. The DSME sessions started 2-3 weeks before Ramadan and included one experimental fasting day during the first week and one during the second week. Participants' A1C and serum fructosamine levels were measured before and after Ramadan, and they completed weekly self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) logs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 21 participants who were intending to fast for Ramadan, 14 completed the program. Their mean A1C was 6.7 ± 1.6%, and SMBG results showed a statistically nonsignificant difference in mean blood glucose levels before and after Ramadan (123.84 ± 39.96 and 123.84 ± 25.92 mg/dL, respectively;P>0.05). Serum fructosamine after Ramadan declined by 10% from pre-Ramadan levels. The mean number of hypoglycemic events before Ramadan was 3 ± 1.04, which declined to 1.4 ± 0.5 during Ramadan. Differences between group 1 (those without hypoglycemia,n= 8) and group 2 (those with hypoglycemia,n= 6) were nonsignificant for all variables, including A1C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ramadan fasting is feasible for people with diabetes who are on a multiple daily injection insulin regimen and participate in the EPPWD. The number of hypoglycemic events per month declined with the attainment of DSME.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ain-Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Yara M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Eid
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ain-Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sahar I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Sahmoud
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ain-Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mona M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Abdelsalam
authors.affiliation: Healthy Interactions, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eichorst