title: The Influence of Spirulina platensis Filtrates on Caco-2 Proliferative Activity and Expression of Apoptosis-Related microRNAs and mRNA.
abstract: Spirulina platensis(SP) is a blue-green microalga that has recently raised attention not only as a nutritional component, but also as a source of bioactivities that have therapeutic effects and may find application in medicine, including cancer treatment. In the present study we determined the cytotoxic effect ofS. platensisfiltrates (SPF) on human colon cancer cell line Caco-2. Three concentrations of SPF were tested-1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% (v/v). We have found that the highest concentration of SPF exerts the strongest anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect on Caco-2 cultures. The SPF negatively affected the morphology of Caco-2 causing colony shrinking and significant inhibition of metabolic and proliferative activity of cells. The wound-healing assay showed that the SPF impaired migratory capabilities of Caco-2. This observation was consistent with lowered mRNA levels for metalloproteinases. Furthermore, SPF decreased the transcript level of pro-survival genes (cyclin D1, surviving, and c-Myc) and reduced the autocrine secretion of Wnt-10b. The cytotoxic effect of SPF involved the modulation of the Bax and Bcl-2 ratio and a decrease of mitochondrial activity, and was related with increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Moreover, the SPF also caused an increased number of cells in the apoptotic sub-G0 phase and up-regulated expression of mir-145, simultaneously decreasing expression of mir-17 and 146. Obtained results indicate that SPF can be considered as an agent with anti-cancer properties that may be used for colon cancer prevention and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38 C Chelmonskiego St., 50-630 Wroclaw, Poland. smieszek.agnieszka@gmail.com.|Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b Street, 50-631 Wroclaw, Poland. smieszek.agnieszka@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Śmieszek
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38 C Chelmonskiego St., 50-630 Wroclaw, Poland. ewa.giezek@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giezek
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38 C Chelmonskiego St., 50-630 Wroclaw, Poland. m.chrapiec@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Martyna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chrapiec
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38 C Chelmonskiego St., 50-630 Wroclaw, Poland. martyna.murat@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Martyna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murat
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38 C Chelmonskiego St., 50-630 Wroclaw, Poland. olka.mucha@gmail.com.|Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b Street, 50-631 Wroclaw, Poland. olka.mucha@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mucha
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland. izabela.michalak@pwr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Michalak
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38 C Chelmonskiego St., 50-630 Wroclaw, Poland. krzysztof.marycz@up.wroc.pl.|Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b Street, 50-631 Wroclaw, Poland. krzysztof.marycz@up.wroc.pl.|Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Stablowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland. krzysztof.marycz@up.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marycz
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000235:genetics; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D053545:Spirulina / Q000737:chemistry*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D045726:Metalloproteases
keywords: Spirulina; anti-cancer effect; apoptosis; colon; cytotoxic effect; human colon cancer; morphology; proliferation