title: Variation in Free Radical Yields from U.S. Marketed Cigarettes.
abstract: Free radicals in tobacco smoke are thought to be an important cause of smoking-induced diseases, yet the variation in free radical exposure to smokers from different brands of commercially available cigarettes is unknown. We measured the levels of highly reactive gas-phase and stable particulate-phase radicals in mainstream cigarette smoke by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with and without the spin-trapping agent phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), respectively, in 27 popular US cigarettes and the 3R4F research cigarette, machine-smoked according to the FTC protocol. We find a 12-fold variation in the levels of gas-phase radicals (1.2 to 14 nmol per cigarette) and a 2-fold variation in the amounts of particulate-phase radicals (44 to 96 pmol per cigarette) across the range of cigarette brands. Gas and particulate-phase radicals were highly correlated across brands (ρ = 0.62, p < 0.001). Both radicals were correlated with TPM (gas-phase: ρ = 0.38, p = 0.04; particulate-phase: ρ = 0.44, p = 0.02) and ventilation (gas- and tar-phase: ρ = -0.58, p = 0.001), with ventilation explaining nearly 30% of the variation in radical levels across brands. Overall, our findings of significant brand variation in free radical delivery under standardized machine-smoked conditions suggest that the use of certain brands of cigarettes may be associated with greater levels of oxidative stress in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.
authors.forename: Reema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bitzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.
authors.forename: Samantha M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6855-5748
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Trushin
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Foulds
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muscat
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8416-8772
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.
authors.forename: John P
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8239-2850
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Richie
mesh_terms: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000032:analysis*; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking; D013113:Spin Labels; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D005609:Free Radicals; D005740:Gases; D052638:Particulate Matter; D013113:Spin Labels; C029217:phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone