title: "Nothing's actually happened to me.": the experiences of fathers who found childbirth traumatic.
abstract: Given the limited research into men's experiences of being present at childbirth this study explored the experiences of fathers who found childbirth traumatic. The aim of the research was to investigate how men coped with these experiences; the impact on their lives; and their views on what may have helped to reduce distress.
  
  
  
  Participants were recruited via websites relating to birth trauma and parenthood. A consent and screening questionnaire was used to ensure that participants met the inclusion criteria of: being resident in the UK; being 16 years or older; having been present at the birth and answering yes to the question "At some point during the childbirth I experienced feelings of intense fear, helplessness or horror". Semi-structured telephone interviews were completed with 11 fathers who reported finding childbirth traumatic. Participants also completed the Impact of Event Scale as a measure of trauma symptoms. Template Analysis was used to analyse the interview data.
  
  
  
  Childbirth was experienced as "a rollercoaster of emotion" because of the speed and unexpectedness of events. Men described fears of death, mirroring their partner's distress; trying 'to keep it together' and helplessly watching a catastrophe unfold. Fathers felt themselves abandoned by staff with a lack of information. Men were subsequently distressed and preoccupied with the birth events but tended to feel that their responses were unjustified and tried to cope through avoidance. Men described the need for support but reluctance to receive it.
  
  
  
  Fathers may experience extreme distress as a result of childbirth which is exacerbated by aspects of current maternity care. Maternity services need to be aware of the potential impacts of fathers' attendance at childbirth and attend to fathers', as well as mothers', emotional responses.
authors.affiliation: Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Eaton Road, West Derby, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK. jody.etheridge@alderhey.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Etheridge
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology Health and Society, Whelan Building, The Quadrangle, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Slade
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000523:psychology*; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D036801:Parturition / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires