title: Biomarkers of stress-mediated metabolic deregulation in diabetes mellitus.
abstract: This review illustrates the relationship of oxidative and nitrative stress to diabetes mellitus and its complications. This is of considerable interest because diabetes mellitus is a lifetime systemic metabolic disease that may have childhood or adult onset and affects not only a triad of pancreatic islet cell insulin, pituitary insulin-like growth hormone, and liver steatosis, it has a long-term association with adiposity, atherosclerosis, coronary vascular disease, kidney disease of the nature afferent arteriolar sclerosis and nodular glomerulosclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, and amyloid deposition in the pancreas and kidney. Only at the end of the 20th century do we gain insight into oxidative and nitrative stress and their consequences. Of special interest here is the fact that reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals are with us generated throughout the life cycle, and the roles for glutathione and Fe3+are key elements in the metabolic picture, which brings into the picture dietary factors. More research is required to demonstrate the clinical relivance of naturally-occuring whole-food antioxidants in ameliorating human diabetic complications in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Women for Arts, Sciences and Education, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Electronic address: dinajohar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dina R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Johar
authors.affiliation: Triplex Consulting, 54 Firethorn Lane, Northampton, MA 01060, USA. Electronic address: larry.bernstein@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Larry H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D007328:Insulin; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Animal; Antioxidants; Diabetes mellitus; Human; Nitrative stress; Oxygen free radicals