title: Thermal conductivity as influenced by the temperature and apparent viscosity of dairy products.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the rheological behavior and thermal conductivity of dairy products, composed of the same chemical components but with different formulations, as a function of temperature. Subsequently, thermal conductivity was related to the apparent viscosity of yogurt, fermented dairy beverage, and fermented milk. Thermal conductivity measures and rheological tests were performed at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C using linear probe heating and an oscillatory rheometer with concentric cylinder geometry, respectively. The results were compared with those calculated using the parallel, series, and Maxwell-Eucken models as a function of temperature, and the discrepancies in the results are discussed. Linear equations were fitted to evaluate the influence of temperature on the thermal conductivity of the dairy products. The rheological behavior, specifically apparent viscosity versus shear rate, was influenced by temperature. Herschel-Bulkley, power law, and Newton's law models were used to fit the experimental data. The Herschel-Bulkley model best described the adjustments for yogurt, the power law model did so for fermented dairy beverages, and Newton's law model did so for fermented milk and was then used to determine the rheological parameters. Fermented milk showed a Newtonian trend, whereas yogurt and fermented dairy beverage were shear thinning. Apparent viscosity was correlated with temperature by the Arrhenius equation. The formulation influenced the effective thermal conductivity. The relationship between the 2 properties was established by fixing the temperature and expressing conductivity as a function of apparent viscosity. Thermal conductivity increased with viscosity and decreased with increasing temperature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: A M T
authors.initials: AMT
authors.lastname: Lago
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: T M O
authors.initials: TMO
authors.lastname: Giarola
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: jvresende@dca.ufla.br.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Resende
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003611:Dairy Products; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012212:Rheology; D013696:Temperature; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D014783:Viscosity
keywords: fermented milk; rheology; thermal conductivity; yogurt