title: Teaching and Assessing Reflecting Skills among Undergraduate Medical Students Experiencing Research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reflection is the integral component of lifelong learning. Hence, there is a need for incorporating opportunities for students in the curriculum, to develop these skills.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of incorporating teaching-learning activity on reflection early in the undergraduate medical curriculum using research experience as a context, and, to determine whether the reflective skills of students improve upon training.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was experimental with test and control groups and was conducted at Melaka Manipal Medical College, India. Senior batch of medical students in the second year of the course, about to complete their research project were considered as the test group and subsequent junior batch which was in middle of the research activity was the control. The test group was provided with a teaching-learning activity on reflection. Following this, students were asked to write reflective summary on experience of doing research. The control group who did not receive any training on reflection were also requested to write reflective summaries. Reflective summaries were graded by two authors independently using a newly developed rubric. Later, the grades were designated with scores. Perspective regarding this teaching-learning activity was collected from the test group. Feasibility was examined during teaching-learning activity and assessment. Mean reflective summary scores of control and test groups were expressed as mean±standard deviation and compared using independent samples t-test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Inter-rater reliability of the rubric was analyzed using Kappa statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The teaching-learning activity lasted for two hours. It took an average of five minutes for researchers to assess each reflective summary. There was a statistically significant (p<0.001) difference in the mean reflective summary scores between control (26.45±9.43) and test (51.66±6.56) groups. Kappa for inter-rater reliability was 0.784 denoting substantial agreement between two raters. Perceptions revealed acceptability of module (median 4, scale 1-5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Teaching and assessing reflecting skills among students using research experience as context was feasible. This study demonstrated that students acquire better reflecting skills after undergoing training.
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Vasudha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Devi
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Reem Rachel
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: Dean and Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India .
authors.forename: Ullas
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kamath
keywords: Assessment; Curriculum; Development; Feasibility; Rubric; Writing