title: A norm knockout method on indirect reciprocity to reveal indispensable norms.
abstract: Although various norms for reciprocity-based cooperation have been suggested that are evolutionarily stable against invasion from free riders, the process of alternation of norms and the role of diversified norms remain unclear in the evolution of cooperation. We clarify the co-evolutionary dynamics of norms and cooperation in indirect reciprocity and also identify the indispensable norms for the evolution of cooperation. Inspired by the gene knockout method, a genetic engineering technique, we developed the norm knockout method and clarified the norms necessary for the establishment of cooperation. The results of numerical investigations revealed that the majority of norms gradually transitioned to tolerant norms after defectors are eliminated by strict norms. Furthermore, no cooperation emerges when specific norms that are intolerant to defectors are knocked out.
authors.affiliation: Rissho University, Department of Business Administration, Tokyo, 141-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Soka University, Department of Business Administration, Tokyo, 192-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Isamu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: RINRI Institute, Research Center for Ethiculture Studies, Tokyo, 102-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: University of Vienna, Faculty of Mathematics, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D008957:Models, Genetic