title: Is there enough evidence to use botulinum toxin injections for bruxism management? A systematic literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature assessing the effects of botulinum toxin (BoNT-A) injections in the management of bruxism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Search for articles involved the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, Scielo and Lilacs databases. Specific terms were used and the search carried out from 1980 to March 2016 by three independent researchers. Randomized controlled studies (RCTs), prospective and before-after studies that applied BoNT-A at the masseter and/or temporalis muscles were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three RCTs and two uncontrolled before-after studies out of 904 identified citations were included in this review. All five articles dealt with sleep bruxism and featured a small sample size. None of them was about awake bruxism. Two randomized clinical trials were double-blinded, with a control group using saline solution. Two studies used polysomnography/electromyography for sleep bruxism diagnosis, whilst others were based on history taking and clinical examination. All studies using subjective evaluations for pain and jaw stiffness showed positive results for the BoNT-A treatment. In contrast, the two studies using objective evaluations did not demonstrate any reduction in bruxism episodes, but a decrease in the intensity of muscles contractions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the paucity of works on the topic, BoNT-A seems to be a possible management option for sleep bruxism, minimizing symptoms and reducing the intensity of muscle contractions, although further studies are necessary especially as far as the treatment indications for bruxism itself is concerned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BoNT-A has been increasingly diffused in dentistry over recent years, being also used for pain management in patients with bruxism. Nonetheless, there is no consensus about its effects in this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, no. 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De la Torre Canales
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, no. 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Barbosa
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Câmara-Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, no. 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camilla Fraga
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: do Amaral
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, no. 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil. regarcia@fop.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Renata Cunha Matheus Rodrigues
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Temporomandibular Disorders Clinic, School of Dentistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manfredini
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002012:Bruxism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000187:drug effects; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017286:Polysomnography; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A
keywords: Botulinum toxins type A; Bruxism; Facial pain; Sleep bruxism; Treatment