title: A novel hydrogel of poloxamer 407 and chitosan obtained by gamma irradiation exhibits physicochemical properties for wound management.
abstract: Application of polymers cross-linked by gamma irradiation on cutaneous wounds has resulted in the improvement of healing. Chitosan (CH) and poloxamer 407 (P407)-based hydrogels confer different advantages in wound management. To combine the properties of both compounds, a gamma-irradiated mixture of 0.75/25% (w/w) CH and P407, respectively, was obtained (CH-P), and several physical, chemical, and biological analyses were performed. Notably, gamma radiation induced changes in the mixture's thermal behavior, viscosity, and swelling, and exhibited stability at neutral pH. The thermal reversibility provided by P407 and the bacteriostatic effect of CH were maintained. Mice full-thickness wounds treated with CH-P diminished the wound area during the first days. Consequently, with this treatment, increased levels of macrophages, α-SMA, and collagen deposition in wounds were observed, indicating a more mature scar tissue. In conclusion, the new hydrogel CH-P, at physiologic pH, combined the beneficial characteristics of both polymers and produced new properties for wound management.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: gerardoleyva@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leyva-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: kikita5410@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santillan-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Materiales Metálicos y Cerámicos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: lima@iim.unam.mx.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: abitzy@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madrid-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: kroted@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krötzsch
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, State of Mexico, Mexico. Electronic address: quintana@unam.mx.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Quintanar-Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Ingeniería de Tejidos y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: dagarcaz@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garciadiego-Cázares
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: escarubi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Materiales Metálicos y Cerámicos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: magic140288@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández Morales
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: silvestreortega@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Silvestre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ortega-Peña
authors.affiliation: Bioterio y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: elenacnr@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Contreras-Figueroa
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: gloriaemeli.cortina@inin.gob.mx.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Cortina-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: buisr@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: René Fernando
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Abarca-Buis
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005720:Gamma Rays; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000737:chemistry*; D012212:Rheology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013696:Temperature; D014783:Viscosity; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020100:Hydrogels; C544013:alpha-smooth muscle actin, mouse; D020442:Poloxamer; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Cobalt-60; Crosslinking; Polymer; Skin; Wound repair