title: Insight into live bird markets of Bangladesh: an overview of the dynamics of transmission of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses.
abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses have been recognized as threats to public health in Bangladesh since 2007. Although live bird markets (LBMs) have been implicated in the transmission, dissemination, and circulation of these viruses, an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of avian transmission of H5N1 and H9N2 viruses at the human-animal interface has been lacking. Here we present and evaluate epidemiological findings from active surveillance conducted among poultry in various production sectors in Bangladesh from 2008 to 2016. Overall, the prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in collected samples was 24%. Our data show that AIVs are more prevalent in domestic birds within LBMs (30.4%) than in farms (9.6%). Quail, chickens and ducks showed a high prevalence of AIVs (>20%). The vast majority of AIVs detected (99.7%) have come from apparently healthy birds and poultry drinking water served as a reservoir of AIVs with a prevalence of 32.5% in collected samples. HPAI H5N1 was more frequently detected in ducks while H9N2 was more common in chickens and quail. LBMs, particularly wholesale markets, have become a potential reservoir for various types of AIVs, including HPAI H5N1 and LPAI H9N2. The persistence of AIVs in LBMs is of great concern to public health, and this study highlights the importance of regularly reviewing and implementing infection control procedures as a means of reducing the exposure of the general public to AIVs.Emerging Microbes & Infections (2017) 6, e12; doi:10.1038/emi.2016.142; published online 8 March 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Jasmine C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Feeroz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
authors.forename: M Kamrul
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
authors.forename: Sharmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seiler
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Subrata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barman
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones-Engel
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Webby
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77459, USA.|Human Link, Hazmieh, Baabda 1107-2090, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Ghazi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kayali
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001459:Bangladesh; D002645:Chickens; D004372:Ducks; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011784:Quail; D014871:Water Microbiology