title: New checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy.
abstract: Immune responses must be fine-tuned to allow effective clearance of invading pathogens, while maintain tolerance to self-antigens. T cells are the major effector cells for fighting and killing tumor cells. Immune checkpoints play a pivotal role in T cell activation, and determine the functional outcome of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. The blockade of immune checkpoints CTLA-4 and PD-1 has already been one of the most successful cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we will focus on three novel inhibitory B7 family checkpoint molecules, B7-H3, B7S1 and VISTA. The aim of this article is to summarize their expressions in tumors as well as their roles in controlling and suppressing T cell immune responses and anti-tumor immunity. These pathways may be explored in future cancer immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060887:B7 Antigens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000378:metabolism; D017634:Self Tolerance; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D019139:Tumor Escape; D060907:V-Set Domain-Containing T-Cell Activation Inhibitor 1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D060887:B7 Antigens; C423237:CD276 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D060907:V-Set Domain-Containing T-Cell Activation Inhibitor 1; C000588758:VSIR protein, human; C475826:VTCN1 protein, human
keywords: 
  VISTA
  ; B7-H3; B7S1; immune checkpoints; immunotherapy