title: Tuberculosis associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reviewed the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, mechanisms, and treatment of tuberculosis associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the CINAHL from inception to June 2016. We used the following search terms: Tuberculosis, COPD, Tuberculosis associated COPD, and so forth. All types of study were chosen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and tuberculosis are significant public health problems, particularly in developing countries. Although, smoking is the conventional risk factor for COPD, nonsmoking related risk factors such as biomass fuel exposure, childhood lower-respiratory tract infections, chronic asthma, outdoor air pollution, and prior history of pulmonary tuberculosis have become important risk factors of COPD, particularly in developing countries. Past history of tuberculosis as a risk factor of chronic airflow obstruction has been reported in several studies. It may develop during the course of tuberculosis or after completion of tuberculosis treatment. Developing countries with large burden of tuberculosis can contribute significantly to the burden of chronic airflow obstruction. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis should be emphasized to lessen the future burden of chronic airflow obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College, IGMC, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Malay
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2644-2750
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
authors.lastname: Srinivasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Pediatric Oncology, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Irappa
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8543-2413
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Madabhavi
authors.affiliation: MBBS, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, India.
authors.forename: Kushal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005579:Fossil Fuels
keywords: TOPD; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; smoking; tuberculosis; vitamin D deficiency