title: The prevalence of abdominal obesity among pupils with visual impairment in Poland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity particularly affects young people with disabilities, whose ability to participate in health promotion programs is reduced.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity among students with visual impairment in Poland according to waist-to-height ratio, including indicators such as gender, age or certain additional coexisting disabilities or disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 238 students who were blind or partially-sighted, aged 7.35-23.35 years (mean age 15.5; ±3.9 years), were included in the study. Abdominal obesity was estimated using waist-to-height ratio; a cutoff point of ≥0.50 was determined as central obesity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abdominal obesity was identified among 26.9% [N = 64] of the participants: 33.1% [N = 41] of male students and 20.2% [N = 23] of female students (ch2 = 5.02; p = 0.025; Phi = 0.145). Of all the students, the multivariate logistic regression showed that abdominal obesity was one and a half times more likely to be detected in the 7-9 year age group (OR = 1.56; 95% CI 0.58-4.18; P = 0.376) than the 19-23 year age group. However, among the female subjects, abdominal obesity was over six times more common in the 7-9 year group (OR = 6.48; 95% CI 1.29-32.5; P = 0.022) than in the group of early adults. Central obesity was detected almost three times more frequently among students with visual impairment and additional intellectual disability (OR = 2.99; 95% CI 0.52-17.1; P = 0.215) than those with only visual impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevention programs aimed at reducing abdominal obesity among pupils with visual impairment from special schools are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland. Electronic address: wrzesinska.m@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wrzesińska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Urzędowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nawarycz
authors.affiliation: Department of Methodology of Teaching Motor Skills, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Sławomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motylewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Lucjan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pawlicki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Abdominal obesity; Students with visual impairment; Waist-to-height ratio