title: Intra-EU agricultural trade, virtual water flows and policy implications.
abstract: The development of approaches to tackle the European Union (EU) water-related challenges and shift towards sustainable water management and use is one of the main objectives of Horizon 2020, the EU strategy to lead a smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The EU is an increasingly water challenged area and is a major agricultural trader. As agricultural trade entails an exchange of water embodied in goods as a factor of production, this study investigates the region's water-food-trade nexus by analysing intra-regional virtual water trade (VWT) in agricultural products. The analysed period (1993-2011) comprises the enactment of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in the year 2000. Aspects of the VWT that are relevant for the WFD are explored. The EU is a net importer of virtual water (VW) from the rest of the world, but intra-regional VWT represents 46% of total imports and 75% of total exports. Five countries account for 60% of total VW imports (Germany, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium) and 65% of total VW exports (The Netherlands, France, Germany, Belgium and Spain). Intra-EU VWT more than doubled over the period considered, while trade with extra-EU countries did not show such a marked trend. In the same period, blue VWT increased significantly within the region and net import from the rest of the world slightly decreased. Water scarce countries, such as Spain and Italy, are major exporters of blue water in the region. The traded volumes of VW have been increasing almost monotonically over the years, and with a substantial increase after 2000. The overall trend in changes in VWT does not seem to be in accordance with the WFD goals. This study demonstrated that VWT analyses can help evaluate intertwining effects of water, agriculture and trade policies which are often made separately in respective sectors.
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling, Überlandstrasse, 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland. Electronic address: martaantonelli84@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.affiliation: Politecnico di Torino, Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy. Electronic address: stefania.tamea@polito.it.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamea
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling, Überlandstrasse, 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Basel, Faculty of Sciences, Klingelbergstrasse, 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: hong.yang@eawag.ch.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Agricultural trade; Blue water; European Union; Virtual water trade; Water Framework Directive; Water resources