title: Selecting sequence variants to improve genomic predictions for dairy cattle.
abstract: Millions of genetic variants have been identified by population-scale sequencing projects, but subsets of these variants are needed for routine genomic predictions or genotyping arrays. Methods for selecting sequence variants were compared using simulated sequence genotypes and real July 2015 data from the 1000 Bull Genomes Project.
  
  
  
  Candidate sequence variants for 444 Holstein animals were combined with high-density (HD) imputed genotypes for 26,970 progeny-tested Holstein bulls. Test 1 included single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for 481,904 candidate sequence variants. Test 2 also included 249,966 insertions-deletions (InDels). After merging sequence variants with 312,614 HD SNPs and editing steps, Tests 1 and 2 included 762,588 and 1,003,453 variants, respectively. Imputation quality from findhap software was assessed with 404 of the sequenced animals in the reference population and 40 randomly chosen animals for validation. Their sequence genotypes were reduced to the subset of genotypes that were in common with HD genotypes and then imputed back to sequence. Predictions were tested for 33 traits using 2015 data of 3983 US validation bulls with daughters that were first phenotyped after August 2011.
  
  
  
  The average percentage of correctly imputed variants across all chromosomes was 97.2 for Test 1 and 97.0 for Test 2. Total time required to prepare, edit, impute, and estimate the effects of sequence variants for 27,235 bulls was about 1 week using less than 33 threads. Many sequence variants had larger estimated effects than nearby HD SNPs, but prediction reliability improved only by 0.6 percentage points in Test 1 when sequence SNPs were added to HD SNPs and by 0.4 percentage points in Test 2 when sequence SNPs and InDels were included. However, selecting the 16,648 candidate SNPs with the largest estimated effects and adding them to the 60,671 SNPs used in routine evaluations improved reliabilities by 2.7 percentage points.
  
  
  
  Reliabilities for genomic predictions improved when selected sequence variants were added; gains were similar for simulated and real data for the same population, and larger than previous gains obtained by adding HD SNPs. With many genotyped animals, many data sources, and millions of variants, computing strategies must efficiently balance costs of imputation, selection, and prediction to obtain subsets of markers that provide the highest accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA. Paul.VanRaden@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: VanRaden
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Melvin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tooker
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bickhart
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci