title: Effects of the lysosomal destabilizing drug siramesine on glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Glioblastoma is the most frequent and most malignant brain tumor with the patients having a median survival of only 14.6 months. Although glioblastoma patients are treated with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy recurrence is inevitable. A stem-like population of radio- and chemoresistant brain tumor-initiating cells combined with the invasive properties of the tumors is believed to be critical for treatment resistance. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the effect of a novel therapeutic strategy using the lysosomotropic detergent siramesine on glioblastomas.
  
  
  
  Standard glioma cell lines and patient-derived spheroids cultures with tumor-initiating stem-like cells were used to investigate effects of siramesine on proliferation and cell death. Responsible mechanisms were investigated by inhibitors of caspases and cathepsins. Effects of siramesine on migrating tumor cells were investigated by a flat surface migration assay and by implanting spheroids into organotypic rat brain slice cultures followed by confocal time-lapse imaging. Finally the effect of siramesine was investigated in an orthotopic mouse glioblastoma model. Results obtained in vitro and in vivo were confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of histological sections of spheroids, spheroids in brain slice cultures and tumors in mice brains.
  
  
  
  The results showed that siramesine killed standard glioma cell lines in vitro, and loss of acridine orange staining suggested a compromised lysosomal membrane. Co-treatment of the cell lines with inhibitors of caspases and cathepsins suggested differential involvement in cell death. Siramesine caused tumor cell death and reduced secondary spheroid formation of patient-derived spheroid cultures. In the flat surface migration model siramesine caused tumor cell death and inhibited tumor cell migration. This could not be reproduced in the organotypic three dimensional spheroid-brain slice culture model or in the mice xenograft model.
  
  
  
  In conclusion the in vitro results obtained with tumor cells and spheroids suggest a potential of lysosomal destabilizing drugs in killing glioblastoma cells, but siramesine was without effect in the organotypic spheroid-brain slice culture model and the in vivo xenograft model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3. floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.|Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Stine S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3. floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.|Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Stine A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Petterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3. floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.|Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.|Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Halle
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3. floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.|Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aaberg-Jessen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3. floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. bjarne.winther.kristensen@rsyd.dk.|Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. bjarne.winther.kristensen@rsyd.dk.
authors.forename: Bjarne W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kristensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; C109644:Lu 28-179; D013141:Spiro Compounds
keywords: Brain slice cultures; Cancer stem cell; Glioblastoma; Lysosomes; Siramesine; Spheroids