title: Distribution and mobility of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and antimony (Sb) from ammunition residues on shooting ranges for small arms located on mires.
abstract: An environmental survey was performed on shooting ranges for small arms located on minerotrophic mires. The highest mean concentrations of Pb (13 g/kg), Cu (5.2 g/kg), Zn (1.1 g/kg), and Sb (0.83 g/kg) in the top soil were from a range located on a poor minerotrophic and acidic mire. This range had also the highest concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Sb in discharge water (0.18 mg/L Pb, 0.42 mg/L Cu, 0.63 mg/L Zn, and 65 μg/L Sb) and subsurface soil water (2.5 mg/L Pb, 0.9 mg/L Cu, 1.6 mg/L Zn, and 0.15 mg/L Sb). No clear differences in the discharge of ammunition residues between the mires were observed based on the characteristics of the mires. In surface water with high pH (pH ~7), there was a trend with high concentrations of Sb and lower relative concentrations of Cu and Pb. The relatively low concentrations of ammunition residues both in the soil and soil water, 20 cm below the top soil, indicates limited vertical migration in the soil. Channels in the mires, made by plant roots or soil layer of less decomposed materials, may increase the rate of transport of contaminated surface water into deeper soil layers and ground water. A large portion of both Cu and Sb were associated to the oxidizable components in the peat, which may imply that these elements form inner-sphere complexes with organic matter. The largest portion of Pb and Zn were associated with the exchangeable and pH-sensitive components in the peat, which may imply that these elements form outer-sphere complexes with the peat.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Protection and Societal Security Division, PO Box 25, 2027, Kjeller, Norway. espen.mariussen@ffi.no.
authors.forename: Espen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5150-942X
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mariussen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Protection and Societal Security Division, PO Box 25, 2027, Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: Ida Vaa
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Protection and Societal Security Division, PO Box 25, 2027, Kjeller, Norway.|The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, P.O. Box 5091, Majorstua, 0301, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Arnljot Einride
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Strømseng
mesh_terms: D000965:Antimony; D003300:Copper; D007854:Lead; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D015032:Zinc
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D000965:Antimony; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Antimony; Heavy metals; Mires; Peat; Sequential extractions; Shooting ranges