title: Open and Endovascular Management of Severe Cerebral Ischemia in Takayasu's Arteritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe cerebral ischemia in patients with Takayasu's arteries was caused by occlusion of most supra-aortic arteries. Arterial revascularization is necessary to decrease the incidence of stroke and improve the quality of life but may be complicated with multiple occlusive lesions and inflammation condition of this disease. This study was to assess options and long-term outcomes of surgical and endovascular treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients with severe cerebral ischemic symptoms underwent surgical or endovascular treatment from January 1991 to July 2015. Demographic characteristics, surgical and endovascular procedures, and follow-up outcomes were reviewed. Risk factors associated with primary patency of surgical treatment and assisted primary patency of endovascular treatment was identified by Cox regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 29 patients with a median age of 24 (range 9-37 years), 9 in active and 20 in inactive phase. Seventeen patients underwent a variety of bypass procedures. Fourteen endovascular procedures were performed in 12 patients. No death occurred within 30 days after both procedures. Complications within 30 days after bypass included stroke in 1 patient, infection in 2 patients, and heart failure in 1 patient. Nine patients developed brain hyperperfusion after bypass. Transient hemiplegic paralysis occurred in 1 patient during dilation of the carotid artery. During a median follow-up time of 41 months, primary and secondary patency rate of bypass at 1 and 3 years was 93.75% and 100% and 87.5% and 100%, respectively. Assisted primary and secondary patency rate of endovascular treatment at 1 and 3 years was 85.71% and 92.86% and 68.18% and 75.66%, respectively. There was no independent risk factor associated with either primary patency of surgical treatment or assisted primary patency of endovascular treatment. Disease activity was independent risk factor associated with combined rate of primary patency of surgical treatment and assisted primary patency of endovascular treatment (HR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.03-0.93, P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bypass is the preferred treatment in majority of patients with good long-term patency, even has a higher propensity for postoperative complications. Endovascular treatment should be preserved for short lesions in inappropriate or high-risk surgical patients but needs more reintervention and close monitoring of lesion for better outcomes. Long-term patency of surgical and endovascular treatment is related with disease activity. Combination of surgical or endovascular treatment and medical therapy may improve the efficacy of interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao Yun
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Electronic address: wuqinghua2969@163.com.
authors.forename: Qing Hua
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Fu Xian
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D016208:Databases, Factual; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013625:Takayasu Arteritis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D058017:Vascular Grafting / Q000009:adverse effects; D014654:Vascular Patency; D055815:Young Adult