title: High-performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis of the parent drugs and their metabolites in extracts from cress (Lepidium sativum) grown hydroponically in water containing four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: In this paper the metabolism of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, (ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen, and diclofenac) by cress (Lepidium sativum) is described. Cress was cultivated hydroponically in water spiked with the parent drugs at levels ranging from 0.01mgL-1to 1mgL-1. Employing an approach based on the analysis of the plant extracts by HPLC coupled either with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, or Orbitrap MS or triple quadrupole (QqQ) MS allowed the identification of twenty substances (sixteen metabolites and four parent drugs). Metabolites were formed from the parent drug by hydroxylation or conjugation with polar molecules such as glucose, small organic acids or amino acids. Introducing a pre-concentration step employing solid-phase extraction and using HPLC-QqQ/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode enabled the positive detection of 11 of the proposed metabolites next to the four parent components even in plants grown in a 0.01mgL-1solution of the tested drugs, which is close to the conditions in real reclaimed waters.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria. Electronic address: lisa.emhofer@jku.at.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Emhofer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Himmelsbach
authors.affiliation: Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Buchberger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
authors.forename: Christian W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Klampfl
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D031220:Lepidium sativum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Environmental analysis; High resolution mass spectrometry; Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Plant metabolism; Xenobiotics