title: White Matter and Gray Matter Segmentation in 4D Computed Tomography.
abstract: Modern Computed Tomography (CT) scanners are capable of acquiring contrast dynamics of the whole brain, adding functional to anatomical information. Soft tissue segmentation is important for subsequent applications such as tissue dependent perfusion analysis and automated detection and quantification of cerebral pathology. In this work a method is presented to automatically segment white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) in contrast- enhanced 4D CT images of the brain. The method starts with intracranial segmentation via atlas registration, followed by a refinement using a geodesic active contour with dominating advection term steered by image gradient information, from a 3D temporal average image optimally weighted according to the exposures of the individual time points of the 4D CT acquisition. Next, three groups of voxel features are extracted: intensity, contextual, and temporal. These are used to segment WM and GM with a support vector machine. Performance was assessed using cross validation in a leave-one-patient-out manner on 22 patients. Dice coefficients were 0.81 ± 0.04 and 0.79 ± 0.05, 95% Hausdorff distances were 3.86 ± 1.43 and 3.07 ± 1.72 mm, for WM and GM, respectively. Thus, WM and GM segmentation is feasible in 4D CT with good accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Rashindra.Manniesing@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Rashindra
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-6298
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manniesing
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel T H
authors.initials: MTH
authors.lastname: Oei
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Luuk J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Oostveen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1066-9536
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Melendez
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ewoud J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bram
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1936-6825
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Platel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Clara I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frederick J A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5921-639X
authors.initials: FJA
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prokop
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Ginneken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D012372:ROC Curve; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D066127:White Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media