title: Determination of Lead with a Copper-Based Electrochemical Sensor.
abstract: This work demonstrates determination of lead (Pb) in surface water samples using a low-cost copper (Cu)-based electrochemical sensor. Heavy metals require careful monitoring due to their toxicity, yet current methods are too complex or bulky for point-of-care (POC) use. Electrochemistry offers a convenient alternative for metal determination, but the traditional electrodes, such as carbon or gold/platinum, are costly and difficult to microfabricate. Our copper-based sensor features a low-cost electrode material-copper-that offers simple fabrication and competitive performance in electrochemical detection. For anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) of Pb, our sensor shows 21 nM (4.4 ppb) limit of detection, resistance to interfering metals such as cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), and stable response in natural water samples with minimum sample pretreatment. These results suggest this electrochemical sensor is suitable for environmental and potentially biological applications, where accurate and rapid, yet inexpensive, on-site monitoring is necessary.
authors.forename: Wenjing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.forename: Cory A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rusinek
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Xavier University , Cincinnati, Ohio 45207, United States.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bange
authors.forename: Erin N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Heineman
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1396-9625
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papautsky
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D002138:Calibration; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper