title: High-speed adaptive optics line scan confocal retinal imaging for human eye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Continuous and rapid eye movement causes significant intraframe distortion in adaptive optics high resolution retinal imaging. To minimize this artifact, we developed a high speed adaptive optics line scan confocal retinal imaging system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A high speed line camera was employed to acquire retinal image and custom adaptive optics was developed to compensate the wave aberration of the human eye's optics. The spatial resolution and signal to noise ratio were assessed in model eye and in living human eye. The improvement of imaging fidelity was estimated by reduction of intra-frame distortion of retinal images acquired in the living human eyes with frame rates at 30 frames/second (FPS), 100 FPS, and 200 FPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The device produced retinal image with cellular level resolution at 200 FPS with a digitization of 512×512 pixels/frame in the living human eye. Cone photoreceptors in the central fovea and rod photoreceptors near the fovea were resolved in three human subjects in normal chorioretinal health. Compared with retinal images acquired at 30 FPS, the intra-frame distortion in images taken at 200 FPS was reduced by 50.9% to 79.7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated the feasibility of acquiring high resolution retinal images in the living human eye at a speed that minimizes retinal motion artifact. This device may facilitate research involving subjects with nystagmus or unsteady fixation due to central vision loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Boyu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yuhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005123:Eye / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D012160:Retina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology