title: Development and transmission of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacteria in animals and their public health impact.
abstract: Gram-negative bacteria are known to cause severe infections in both humans and animals. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Gram-negative bacteria is a major challenge in the treatment of clinical infections globally due to the propensity of these organisms to rapidly develop resistance against antimicrobials in use. In addition, Gram-negative bacteria possess highly efficient mechanisms through which the AMR can be disseminated between pathogenic and commensal bacteria of the same or different species. These unique traits of Gram-negative bacteria have resulted in evolution of Gram-negative bacterial strains demonstrating resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials. The evergrowing resistance issue has not only resulted in limitation of treatment options but also led to increased treatment costs and mortality rates in humans and animals. With few or no new antimicrobials in production to combat severe life-threatening infections, AMR has been described as the one of the most severe, long-term threats to human health. Aside from overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in humans, another factor that has exacerbated the emergence of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria is the veterinary use of antimicrobials that belong to the same classes considered to be critically important for treating serious life-threatening infections in humans. Despite the fact that development of AMR dates back to before the introduction of antimicrobials, the recent surge in the resistance towards all available critically important antimicrobials has emerged as a major public health issue. This review thus focuses on discussing the development, transmission and public health impact of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria in animals.
authors.affiliation: School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia.
authors.forename: Shewli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukerji
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Murdoch, Murdoch, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Dea
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.affiliation: School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia.
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Murdoch, Murdoch, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Murdoch, Murdoch, Western Australia s.abraham@murdoch.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal / Q000235:genetics; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Enterobacteriaceae; Gram-negative bacteria; critically important antimicrobials; food producing animals; mobile genetic elements