title: Environmental factors and risk of aggressive prostate cancer among a population of New Zealand men - a genotypic approach.
abstract: Prostate cancer is one of the most significant health concerns for men worldwide. Numerous researchers carrying out molecular diagnostics have indicated that genetic interactions with biological and behavioral factors play an important role in the overall risk and prognosis of this disease. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are increasingly becoming strong biomarker candidates to identify susceptibility to prostate cancer. We carried out a gene × environment interaction analysis linked to aggressive and non-aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) with a number of SNPs. By using this method, we identified the susceptible alleles in a New Zealand population, and examined the interaction with environmental factors. We have identified a number of SNPs that have risk associations both with and without environmental interaction. The results indicate that certain SNPs are associated with disease vulnerability based on behavioral factors. The list of genes with SNPs identified as being associated with the risk of PCa in a New Zealand population is provided in the graphical abstract.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. v.vaidyanathan@auckland.ac.nz b.kao@auckland.ac.nz alice.wang@auckland.ac.nz rpal628@aucklanduni.ac.nz st.zhu@auckland.ac.nz l.ferguson@auckland.ac.nz and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. n.karunasinghe@auckland.ac.nz k.bishop@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Venkatesh
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9299-617X
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaidyanathan
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. vijay.naidu@aut.ac.nz ajit.narayanan@aut.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. v.vaidyanathan@auckland.ac.nz b.kao@auckland.ac.nz alice.wang@auckland.ac.nz rpal628@aucklanduni.ac.nz st.zhu@auckland.ac.nz l.ferguson@auckland.ac.nz and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. n.karunasinghe@auckland.ac.nz k.bishop@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Chi Hsiu-Juei
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. n.karunasinghe@auckland.ac.nz k.bishop@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Nishi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karunasinghe
authors.affiliation: Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. n.karunasinghe@auckland.ac.nz k.bishop@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4935-7708
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. v.vaidyanathan@auckland.ac.nz b.kao@auckland.ac.nz alice.wang@auckland.ac.nz rpal628@aucklanduni.ac.nz st.zhu@auckland.ac.nz l.ferguson@auckland.ac.nz and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. n.karunasinghe@auckland.ac.nz k.bishop@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. v.vaidyanathan@auckland.ac.nz b.kao@auckland.ac.nz alice.wang@auckland.ac.nz rpal628@aucklanduni.ac.nz st.zhu@auckland.ac.nz l.ferguson@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Radha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pallati
authors.affiliation: Sequenom Facility, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. p.shepherd@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand. JonathanM@adhb.govt.nz MeganG@adhb.govt.nz.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. v.vaidyanathan@auckland.ac.nz b.kao@auckland.ac.nz alice.wang@auckland.ac.nz rpal628@aucklanduni.ac.nz st.zhu@auckland.ac.nz l.ferguson@auckland.ac.nz and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. n.karunasinghe@auckland.ac.nz k.bishop@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Shuotun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand. JonathanM@adhb.govt.nz MeganG@adhb.govt.nz.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goudie
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, FMHS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. mohanraj.krishnan@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Mohanraj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. a.jabed@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Anower
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jabed
authors.affiliation: Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK. MarlowG@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marlow
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. vijay.naidu@aut.ac.nz ajit.narayanan@aut.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. v.vaidyanathan@auckland.ac.nz b.kao@auckland.ac.nz alice.wang@auckland.ac.nz rpal628@aucklanduni.ac.nz st.zhu@auckland.ac.nz l.ferguson@auckland.ac.nz and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. n.karunasinghe@auckland.ac.nz k.bishop@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Lynnette R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004777:Environment; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors