title: A critical review about methodologies for the analysis of mucoadhesive properties of drug delivery systems.
abstract: Mucoadhesion is a useful strategy for drug delivery systems, such as tablets, patches, gels, liposomes, micro/nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, microemulsions and colloidal dispersions. Moreover, it has contributed to many benefits like increased residence time at application sites, drug protection, increased drug permeation and improved drug availability. In this context, investigation into the mucoadhesive properties of pharmaceutical dosage forms is fundamental, in order to characterize, understand and simulate the in vivo interaction between the formulation and the biological substrate, contributing to the development of new mucoadhesive systems with effectiveness, safety and quality. There are a lot of in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo methods for the evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of drug delivery systems. However, there also is a lack of standardization of these techniques, which makes comparison between the results difficult. Therefore, this work aims to show an overview of the most commonly employed methods for mucoadhesion evaluation, relating them to different proposed systems and using artificial or natural mucosa from humans and animals.
authors.affiliation: a Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paran´ , Brazil.
authors.forename: Jéssica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bassi da Silva
authors.affiliation: a Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paran´ , Brazil.
authors.forename: Sabrina Barbosa de Souza
authors.initials: SBS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Osvaldo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.affiliation: a Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paran´ , Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Luciano
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bruschi
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013607:Tablets / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D013607:Tablets
keywords: Mucoadhesion; bioadhesion methods; bioadhesion theories; controlled release; pharmaceutical systems