title: Surgeon performed continuous intraoperative ultrasound guidance decreases re-excisions and mastectomy rates in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraoperative ultrasound guided (IUG) breast conserving surgery (BCS) is being increasingly embraced by breast surgeons worldwide. We aimed to compare the efficacy of IUG-BCS for palpable and nonpalpable breast cancer with respect to margin status, re-excision rate, tissue sacrifice and cost-time analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraoperative localization protocol includes intraoperative ultrasound prior to excision to localize the lesion and guide the initial resection. The excised specimen was then examined visually and by palpation and the specimen and cavity was examined with ultrasound. Frozen sections were obtained routinely from a portion of all six faces of the resected specimen, and shaved cavity margins were sent for permanent histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 208 patients, 57.2% had nonpalpable tumors. The sensitivity of ultrasound localization was 100%. Negative margins were achieved in 92.43% of nonpalpable and 91.01% of palpable lesions at initial procedure. The involved margins were correctly identified by the surgeon via specimen sonography in 95.4% of cases. Final positive margin rate was 2.4%. Calculated resection ratio and time analysis revealed nothing significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IUG-BCS is an invaluable and effective modality for obtaining clear surgical margins with optimum resection volumes and reducing re-operations. Furthermore, by means of this algorithm, in case of shaving cavity margins of the tumor bed for permanent analysis, frozen section evaluation might be omitted.
authors.affiliation: Bulent Ecevit University, The School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey. Electronic address: gkkaradeniz@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Guldeniz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karadeniz Cakmak
authors.affiliation: Bulent Ecevit University, The School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Emre
authors.affiliation: Yeditepe University, The School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ataşehir, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oge
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tascilar
authors.affiliation: Bulent Ecevit University, The School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey.
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bahadir
authors.affiliation: Bulent Ecevit University, The School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey.
authors.forename: Selcuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozkan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D000072662:Margins of Excision; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Breast cancer; Breast conserving surgery; Intraoperative ultrasound