title: The effect of simulated flash heating pasteurisation and Holder pasteurisation on human milk oligosaccharides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have important protective functions in human milk. A low-cost remote pasteurisation temperature-monitoring system has been designed using FoneAstra, a cell phone-based networked sensing system to monitor simulated flash heat pasteurisation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the pasteurisation effect on HMOs of the FoneAstra FH method with the current Sterifeed Holder method used by human milk banks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Donor human milk samples (n = 48) were obtained from a human milk bank and pasteurised using the two pasteurisation methods. HMOs were purified from samples and labelled before separation using high-performance liquid chromatography. Concentrations of total HMOs, sialylated and fucosylated HMOs and individual HMOs using the two pasteurisation methods were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study demonstrated no difference in total concentration of HMOs between the two pasteurisation methods and a small but significant increase in the total concentration of HMOs regardless of pasteurisation methods compared with controls (unpasteurised samples) (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FoneAstra FH pasteurisation system does not negatively affect oligosaccharides in human milk and therefore is a possible alternative for providing safely sterilised human milk for low- and middle-income countries.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Paediatrics and Child Health , Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine , Durban , South Africa.
authors.forename: Brodie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: a Department of Paediatrics and Child Health , Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine , Durban , South Africa.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coutsoudis
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Chloe
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2803-7281
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Autran
authors.affiliation: c Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Nutrition Global Program , PATH , Seattle , WA , USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2015-2066
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amundson Mansen
authors.affiliation: c Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Nutrition Global Program , PATH , Seattle , WA , USA.
authors.forename: Kiersten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Israel-Ballard
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bode
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000032:analysis*; D061352:Pasteurization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides
keywords: Human milk; human milk banking; human milk oligosaccharides; pasteurisation