title: Unraveling the inhibition mechanism of cyanidin-3-sophoroside on polyphenol oxidase and its effect on enzymatic browning of apples.
abstract: The hunt for anti-browning agents in the food and agricultural industries aims to minimize nutritional loss and prolong post harvest storage. In the present study, the effect of cyanidin-3-sophoroside (CS) from Garcinia mangostana rind, on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was investigated. The non-competitive inhibition mode of CS was determined by Lineweaver Burk plot. CS forms a ground-state complex by quenching the intrinsic fluorescence of PPO. The static quenching was temperature-dependent with an activation energy of 4.654±0.1091kJmol-1to withstand the disruption of amino acid residues of the enzyme binding site. The enzyme conformational change was validated by 3D fluorescence and CD spectrum. Docking (binding energy -8.124kcal/mol) and simulation studies confirmed the binding pattern and stability. CS decreased PPO activity and browning index of fresh cut apples and prolonged the shelf life. Thus, CS appears to be a promising anti-browning agent to control enzymatic browning.
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Hridya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hemachandran
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Amrita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anantharaman
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Sankari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Gopalakrishnan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: D Thirumal
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Diksha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Drishty
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Amrita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: George Priya Doss
authors.affiliation: School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: rsiva77in@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Siva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramamoorthy
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004156:Catechol Oxidase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003116:Color; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D010940:Plant Proteins; C017154:cyanidin; D004156:Catechol Oxidase
keywords: Browning; Cyanidin-3-sophoroside; Garcinia mangostana; Non-competitive; Polyphenol oxidase; Static quenching