title: The association of remotely sensed outdoor fine particulate matter with cancer incidence of respiratory system in the USA.
abstract: This study aimed to assess the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and respiratory system cancer incidence in the US population (n = 295,404,580) using a satellite-derived estimate of PM2.5concentrations. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine whether PM2.5was related to the odds of respiratory system cancer (RSC) incidence based on gender and race. Positive linear regressions were found between PM2.5concentrations and the age-adjusted RSC incidence rates for all groups (Males, Females, Whites, and Blacks) except for Asians and American Indians. The linear relationships between PM2.5and RSC incidence rate per 1 μg/m3PM2.5increase for Males, Females, Whites, Blacks, and all categories combined had slopes of, respectively, 7.02 (R2= 0.36), 2.14 (R2= 0.14), 3.92 (R2= 0.23), 5.02 (R2= 0.21), and 4.15 (R2= 0.28). Similarly, the logistic regression odds ratios per 10 μg/m3increase of PM2.5were greater than one for all categories except for Asians and American Indians, indicating that PM2.5is related to the odds of RSC incidence. The age-adjusted odds ratio for males (OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.56-3.01) was higher than that for females (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.09-2.06), and it was higher for Blacks (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.43-3.14) than for Whites (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.23-2.42). The odds ratios for all categories were attenuated with the inclusion of the smoking covariate, reflecting the effect of smoking on RSC incidence besides PM2.5.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville , Alabama , USA.
authors.forename: Ashraf Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Al-Hamdan
authors.affiliation: b Department of Mathematics , Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University , Normal , Alabama , USA.
authors.forename: Reem N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Albashaireh
authors.affiliation: c Universities Space Research Association , NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, National Space Science and Technology Center , Huntsville , Alabama , USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Al-Hamdan
authors.affiliation: c Universities Space Research Association , NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, National Space Science and Technology Center , Huntsville , Alabama , USA.
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Crosson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology / Q000379:methods*; D012142:Respiratory Tract Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Fine particulate matter; PM2.5; remote sensing; respiratory system cancer