title: Identifying the Interaction of Vancomycin With Novel pH-Responsive Lipids as Antibacterial Biomaterials Via Accelerated Molecular Dynamics and Binding Free Energy Calculations.
abstract: Nano-drug delivery systems have proven to be an efficient formulation tool to overcome the challenges with current antibiotics therapy and resistance. A series of pH-responsive lipid molecules were designed and synthesized for future liposomal formulation as a nano-drug delivery system for vancomycin at the infection site. The structures of these lipids differ from each other in respect of hydrocarbon tails: Lipid1, 2, 3 and 4 have stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid hydrocarbon chains, respectively. The impact of variation in the hydrocarbon chain in the lipid structure on drug encapsulation and release profile, as well as mode of drug interaction, was investigated using molecular modeling analyses. A wide range of computational tools, including accelerated molecular dynamics, normal molecular dynamics, binding free energy calculations and principle component analysis, were applied to provide comprehensive insight into the interaction landscape between vancomycin and the designed lipid molecules. Interestingly, both MM-GBSA and MM-PBSA binding affinity calculations using normal molecular dynamics and accelerated molecular dynamics trajectories showed a very consistent trend, where the order of binding affinity towards vancomycin was lipid4 > lipid1 > lipid2 > lipid3. From both normal molecular dynamics and accelerated molecular dynamics, the interaction of lipid3 with vancomycin is demonstrated to be the weakest (∆Gbinding= -2.17 and -11.57, for normal molecular dynamics and accelerated molecular dynamics, respectively) when compared to other complexes. We believe that the degree of unsaturation of the hydrocarbon chain in the lipid molecules may impact on the overall conformational behavior, interaction mode and encapsulation (wrapping) of the lipid molecules around the vancomycin molecule. This thorough computational analysis prior to the experimental investigation is a valuable approach to guide for predicting the encapsulation ability, drug release and further development of novel liposome-based pH-responsive nano-drug delivery system with refined structural and chemical features of potential lipid molecule for formulation development.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Shaimaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Suresh B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Vepuri
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Mahantesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Rahul S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kalhapure
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa. govenderth@ukzn.ac.za.
authors.forename: Thirumala
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Govender
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D065546:Drug Liberation; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D036103:Nanotechnology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008055:Lipids; D008081:Liposomes; D014640:Vancomycin
keywords: Binding affinity calculations; Liposomes; Molecular dynamics; Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS); Vancomycin; pH-responsive lipids