title: In Utero Exposure to Maternal Hyperglycemia Increases Childhood Cardiometabolic Risk in Offspring.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy on cardiometabolic risk in offspring during early childhood.
  
  
  
  A total of 970 mothers who had joined the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome study were reevaluated, together with their child born during the study period, 7 years after delivery.
  
  
  
  Offspring born to mothers diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), as defined by the World Health Organization 2013 GDM criteria, had higher rates of abnormal glucose tolerance (4.7% vs. 1.7%;P= 0.04), higher rates of overweight or obesity, greater BMI, higher blood pressure (BP), lower oral disposition index, and a trend toward reduced β-cell function compared with those born to mothers without GDM. For each SD increase in maternal fasting, 1-h, and 2-h glucose levels on oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) between 24 and 32 weeks of the index pregnancy, the risk of abnormal glucose tolerance in the offspring showed a corresponding increase (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.85-2.00). The associations were independent of BMI before pregnancy, childhood obesity, or being born large for gestational age. The area under the curve for glucose levels during the five-point OGTT increased to a similar extent in boys and girls with each SD increase in maternal 1-h and 2-h plasma glucose on OGTTs during pregnancy. All three maternal glucose levels were also associated with increased adjusted ORs for childhood overweight or obesity and adiposity among girls, but not boys.
  
  
  
  Maternal hyperglycemia in pregnancy is independently associated with offsprings' risk of abnormal glucose tolerance, obesity, and higher BP at 7 years of age. Its effect on childhood adiposity was apparent only in girls, not boys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong tamwh@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Wing Hung
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1189-740X
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.|Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.|Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Ronald Ching Wan
authors.initials: RCW
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Albert Martin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Michael Ho Ming
authors.initials: MHM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Lai Yuk
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Terence Tzu Hsi
authors.initials: TTH
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xilin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Chung Shun
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Gregory Emanuele
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tutino
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.|Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.|Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Juliana Chung Ngor
authors.initials: JCN
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D002648:Child; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011250:Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors