title: Immunomodulatory constituents of human breast milk and immunity from bronchiolitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mother's immune status can be achieved by genetic and breastfeeding impact descendants of the immune system. The study aimed to determine whether a mother's immune status and breastfeeding practices were related to development of bronchiolitis in her infant.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency of T, B and natural kill (NK) cells in patients' blood and their mothers' breast milk was determined using flow cytometry. The concentrations of serum and breast milk IgG and IgD in individual patients and healthy control were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationships between immunocytes, immunoglobulin and respiratory score (RS) were analyzed by Spearman's rank correlation test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mothers of bronchiolitis patients had lower IgG concentrations in their breast milk when compared to the mothers of healthy children. There was no significant difference in the frequency of T cells, B cells, and NK cells in samples of breast milk. However, significant decreases of CD3+, CD8+ T cells, as well as significant increases of CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells were found in the serum of bronchiolitis infants. There were positive correlation relationships between RS and CD3+, CD4+ T cells, IgG and IgD concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggested that the mothers of bronchiolitis patients had lower IgG concentration in their breast milk. The breast milk IgG might be absorbed by the breastfeeding infants, which could play important role in resistance of bronchiolitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No.3302 Jilin Road, Changchun, 130021, China.
authors.forename: Chunyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No.3302 Jilin Road, Changchun, 130021, China.
authors.forename: Yanbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
authors.forename: Yanfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No.3302 Jilin Road, Changchun, 130021, China. naijunxu2016vip@163.com.
authors.forename: Naijun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No.3302 Jilin Road, Changchun, 130021, China. 43464195@qq.com.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lei
mesh_terms: D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001942:Breast Feeding; D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007072:Immunoglobulin D / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D009035:Mothers; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007072:Immunoglobulin D; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
keywords: Breast milk; Bronchiolitis; Children; Immunomodulatory