title: Water pipe (Shisha, Hookah, Arghile) Smoking and Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Effects on CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 Phenotypes as Measured by Caffeine Urine Test.
abstract: Public policies to stop or reduce cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke and associated diseases have yielded successful results over the past decade. Yet, the growing worldwide popularity of another form of tobacco consumption, water pipe smoking, has received relatively less attention. To the best of our knowledge, no study to date has evaluated the effects of water pipe smoking on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activities and drug interaction potential in humans, whereas only limited information is available on the impact of secondhand smoke on drug metabolism. In a sample of 99 healthy volunteers (28 water pipe smokers, 30 secondhand tobacco smoke exposed persons, and 41 controls), we systematically compared CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 enzyme activities in vivo using caffeine urine test. The median self-reported duration of water pipe smoking was 7.5 h/week and 3 years of exposure in total. The secondhand smoke group had a median of 14 h of self-reported weekly exposure to tobacco smoke indoor where a minimum of five cigarettes were smoked/hour for a total of 3.5 years (median). Analysis of variance did not find a significant difference in CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 activities among the three study groups (p > 0.05). Nor was there a significant association between the extent of water pipe or secondhand smoke exposure and the CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 activities (p > 0.05). Further analysis in a subsample with smoke exposure more than the median values also did not reveal a significant difference from the controls. Although we do not rule out an appreciable possible impact of water pipe smoke and secondhand smoke on in vivo activities of these two drug metabolism pathways, variability in smoke constituents from different tobacco consumption methods (e.g., water pipe) might affect drug metabolism in ways that might differ from that of cigarette smoke. Further studies in larger prospective samples are recommended to evaluate water pipe and secondhand tobacco smoke effects on CYP450 function, particularly at higher smoke exposure conditions.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey .
authors.forename: Şenay Görücü
authors.initials: ŞG
authors.lastname: Yılmaz
authors.affiliation: 2 CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School , Badajoz, Spain .
authors.forename: Adrián
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llerena
authors.affiliation: 2 CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School , Badajoz, Spain .
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Andrés
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University , Mersin, Turkey .
authors.forename: Ümit
authors.initials: Ü
authors.lastname: Karakaş
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey .
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gündoğar
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey .
authors.forename: Kamile
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erciyas
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey .
authors.forename: Sabit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimyon
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey .
authors.forename: Alper
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mete
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey .
authors.forename: Kıvanç
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Güngör
authors.affiliation: 6 Faculty of Communications, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep, Turkey .
authors.forename: Vural
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Özdemir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002110:Caffeine / Q000652:urine*; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; C504573:CYP1A2 protein, human; C585710:CYP2A6 protein, human; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6
keywords: biomarkers; developing world OMICS; diagnostic medicine; drug development and OMICS; personalized medicine