title: Gender Differences in Motor Skills of the Overarm Throw.
abstract: In this cross-sectional study, the qualitative and quantitative throwing performance of male and female athletes (6 to 16 years of age) was analyzed. The goal of this study was to assess whether there were gender based qualitative and quantitative differences in throwing performance of young athletes, throughout three different age bands (childhood, pubescence, and adolescence). Furthermore, we explored whether all components of the throwing movement are equally affected by gender differences. Focus was placed on five essential components of action: trunk, forearm, humerus, stepping, and backswing. Therefore, children and adolescents (N= 96) were invited to throw three times from three different distances, while aiming at a target placed at shoulder height. The participants were aspiring athletes, competitive in the sport handball. For analyzing the quality of movement the component approach of Halverson and Roberton (1984) was used. The throwing accuracy was noted and used to evaluate the quantitative performance of the throwing movement. Throughout three different age bands, no statistically significant difference was found between genders in throwing accuracy, i.e., quantitative performance. Regarding the qualitative evaluation of the throwing movement, male and female athletes differed significantly. The component approach yielded higher scores for male than for female participants. As expected, with increasing age qualitative and quantitative performance of male and female athletes improved. These results suggest that there are gender-specific differences in qualitative throwing performance, but not necessarily in quantitative throwing performance. Exploration shows that differences in the qualitative throwing performance were seen in specific components of action. Male and female athletes demonstrated similar movement patterns in humerus and forearm actions, but differed in trunk, stepping, and backswing actions.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Neurocognition and Action - "Biomechanics" Research Group, Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gromeier
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Neurocognition and Action - "Biomechanics" Research Group, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany; Center of Excellence "Cognitive Interaction Technology", Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koester
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Neurocognition and Action - "Biomechanics" Research Group, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany; Center of Excellence "Cognitive Interaction Technology", Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany; Research Institute for Cognition and Robotics - CoR-Lab, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schack
keywords: handball; motor skill development; overhead throwing; throwing accuracy; throwing performance