title: New methodology for mechanical characterization of human superficial facial tissue anisotropic behaviour in vivo.
abstract: Mechanical characterization of human superficial facial tissue has important applications in biomedical science, computer assisted forensics, graphics, and consumer goods development. Specifically, the latter may include facial hair removal devices. Predictive accuracy of numerical models and their ability to elucidate biomechanically relevant questions depends on the acquisition of experimental data and mechanical tissue behavior representation. Anisotropic viscoelastic behavioral characterization of human facial tissue, deformed in vivo with finite strain, however, is sparse. Employing an experimental-numerical approach, a procedure is presented to evaluate multidirectional tensile properties of superficial tissue layers of the face in vivo. Specifically, in addition to stress relaxation, displacement-controlled multi-step ramp-and-hold protocols were performed to separate elastic from inelastic properties. For numerical representation, an anisotropic hyperelastic material model in conjunction with a time domain linear viscoelasticity formulation with Prony series was employed. Model parameters were inversely derived, employing finite element models, using multi-criteria optimization. The methodology provides insight into mechanical superficial facial tissue properties. Experimental data shows pronounced anisotropy, especially with large strain. The stress relaxation rate does not depend on the loading direction, but is strain-dependent. Preconditioning eliminates equilibrium hysteresis effects and leads to stress-strain repeatability. In the preconditioned state tissue stiffness and hysteresis insensitivity to strain rate in the applied range is evident. The employed material model fits the nonlinear anisotropic elastic results and the viscoelasticity model reasonably reproduces time-dependent results. Inversely deduced maximum anisotropic long-term shear modulus of linear elasticity is G∞,maxaniso=2.43kPa and instantaneous initial shear modulus at an applied rate of ramp loading is G0,maxaniso=15.38kPa. Derived mechanical model parameters constitute a basis for complex skin interaction simulation.
authors.affiliation: Center of Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Frankfurt/M., Germany; Institute for Materials Science, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt/M., Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Then
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Service GmbH, Kronberg, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stassen
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Service GmbH, Kronberg, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Depta
authors.affiliation: Center of Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Frankfurt/M., Germany; Institute for Materials Science, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt/M., Germany. Electronic address: silber@fb2.fh-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Silber
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity; D005145:Face / Q000502:physiology*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014783:Viscosity
keywords: Anisotropy; Facial skin; Finite elements; Hyperelasticity; Ramp-and-hold test; Viscoelasticity