title: Psychopathological, temperamental, and characteristic factors in adults with remaining childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate differences in psychopathological, temperamental and characteristic factors between young adults with and without persistent Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 429 university students were divided into three groups: persistent adult ADHD (n = 53), only childhood ADHD (n = 56) and healthy controls (n = 320). The Korean Adult ADHD Scale, Korean Wender-Utah Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Korean Young Internet Addiction Scale, and Temperament Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R; based on Cloninger's seven factor model of temperament and character) were used to evaluate psychopathological factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with persistent adult ADHD symptoms had significantly higher levels of childhood ADHD, depression, anxiety and the Internet addiction symptoms than did the only-childhood ADHD and control groups. The adult ADHD group also had significantly higher tendencies toward novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and self-transcendence, as well as low self-directedness and cooperativeness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that persistent ADHD is associated with several unfavourable psychopathological, temperamental and characteristic factors. Therefore, thorough evaluation of these factors for childhood ADHD could help predict prognoses and provide treatment plans for preventing persistent ADHD into adulthood.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sojeong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: a Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: a Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Taewoong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychiatry , Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002605:Character; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD; adult; character; psychopathology; temperament