title: Impact of Comorbidity and Prescription Drugs on Haemorrhage in Cholecystectomy.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to analyse the impact of patient-related risk factors and medication drugs on haemorrhagic complications following cholecystectomy.
  
  
  
  All cholecystectomies registered in the Swedish population-based Register for Gallstone Surgery and ERCP (GallRiks) were identified. Risk factors for bleeding were assessed by linking data in the GallRiks to the National Patient Register and the Prescribed Drug Register, respectively. The risk of haemorrhage leading to intervention was determined by variable regression, and Kaplan-Meier analysis assessed survival rate following perioperative haemorrhage.
  
  
  
  A total of 94,557 patients were included between 2005 and 2015, of which 799 (0.8%) and 1192 (1.3%) patients were registered as having perioperative and post-operative haemorrhage, respectively. In multivariable analysis, an increased risk of haemorrhagic complications was seen in patients with cerebrovascular disease (p = 0.001), previous myocardial infarction (p = 0.001), kidney disease (p = 0.001), heart failure (p = 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.001), peripheral vascular disease (p = 0.004), and obesity (p = 0.005). Prescription of tricyclic antidepressant (p = 0.018) or dipyridamole (p = 0.047) was associated with a significantly increased risk of perioperative haemorrhage. However, this increase in risk did not remain significant following Bonferroni correction for mass significance. Perioperative haemorrhage increased the risk of death occurring within the first post-operative year [Hazard Ratio, (HR) 4.9, CI 3.52-6.93] as well as bile duct injury (OR 2.45, CI 1.79-3.37).
  
  
  
  The increased risk of haemorrhage associated with comorbidity must be taken into account when assessing patients prior to cholecystectomy. Perioperative bleeding increases post-operative mortality and is associated with an increased risk of bile duct injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. stromberg10000@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5168-4065
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strömberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sandblom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001649:Bile Duct Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs