title: Headaches and Risk of Dementia.
abstract: Primary headaches include migraines, tension-type headaches and other primary headache syndromes. Migraines and tension-type headaches are associated with patient discomfort and other diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between primary headaches and the risk of developing dementia, and to clarify the association between different types of headaches and dementia.
  
  
  
  We conducted a nationwide matched cohort population-based study. A total of 3,620 patients with newly diagnosed primary headaches, including migraines and tension-type headaches, between January 1 and December 31, 2000 were selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, along with 10,860 controls matched for sex and age. After adjusting for confounding factors, Fine and Gray׳s competing risk analysis was used to compare the risk of developing dementia during 10 years of follow-up.
  
  
  
  Of the study subjects, 170 (4.70 %) developed dementia compared with 433 (3.99%) of the controls. Fine and Gray׳s competing risk analysis revealed that the study subjects were more likely to develop dementia (hazard ratio = 2.057; 95% CI: 1.718-2.462; P < 0.001). After adjusting for sex, age, monthly income, urbanization level, geographic region of residence and comorbidities, the hazard ratio for dementia was 2.048 (95% CI: 1.705-2.461, P < 0.001). Migraines and tension-type headaches were associated with nonvascular dementia but not vascular dementia.
  
  
  
  The patients with headaches had a 105% increased risk of dementia. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Nian-Sheng
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.affiliation: Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chi-Hsiang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Fu-Huang
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chin-Bin
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: San-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ru-Band
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hsin-An
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Song-Shan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yu-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department and Institute of Mathematics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Wei-Shan
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yu-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chang-Huei
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yung-Fu
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: chienwu@ndmctsgh.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Wu-Chien
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000209:etiology*; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000150:complications; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dementia; Migraine; National Health Insurance Database; Tension-type headache