title: Richness and density of aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates after exposure to fungicides and insecticides in rice paddy fields.
abstract: The objective of this study was to verify the richness and density of aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates after exposure to fungicides and insecticides of the rice paddy fields. In the crop seasons of 2012/13 and 2013/14, field experiments were performed, which consisted of single-dose applications of the fungicides trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole and tricyclazole, and the insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam and diflubenzuron, in 10 m2 experimental plots, over rice plants in the R3 stage. Control plots with and without rice plants were maintained in order to simulate a natural environment. Soil samples were collected during rice cultivation for assessment of the macroinvertebrate fauna. Chemical-physical parameters assessed in the experiments included temperature, pH and oxygen dissolved in the water and pesticide persistence in the water and in the soil. The application of a single dose of the pesticides and fungicides in the recommended period does not cause significant negative effects over the richness and density of the macroinvertebrates. Tebuconazole, tricyclazole and thiamethoxam showed high persistence in the irrigation water of rice paddy fields. Thus, the doses and number of applications of these products in crops should be carefully handled in order to avoid contamination of the environment.
authors.affiliation: 1Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Prédio 77, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alana C D
authors.initials: ACD
authors.lastname: Wandscheer
authors.affiliation: 1Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Prédio 77, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Enio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marchesan
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Prédio 17, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas/LARP, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Prédio 18, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zanella
authors.affiliation: 1Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Prédio 77, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marília F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Defesa Fitossanitária, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Prédio 42, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Londero
authors.affiliation: 1Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Prédio 77, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Donato
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D012275:Oryza; D012016:Reference Values; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D060753:Water Quality; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water