title: Bacillus subtilisand surfactin inhibit the transmissible gastroenteritis virus from entering the intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: Intestinal epithelial cells are the targets for transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus (TGEV) infection. It is urgent to develop a novel candidate against TGEV entry.Bacillus subtilisis a probiotic with excellent anti-microorganism properties and one of its secretions, surfactin, has been regarded as a versatile weapon for most plant pathogens, especially for the enveloped virus. We demonstrate for the first time thatB. subtilisOKB105 and its surfactin can effectively inhibit one animal coronavirus, TGEV, entering the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Then, several different experiments were performed to seek the might mechanisms. The plaque assays showed that surfactant could reduce the plaque generation of TGEV in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, after incubation with TGEV for 1.5 h,B. subtiliscould attach TGEV particles to their surface so that the number of virus to bind to the host cells was declined. Furthermore, our data showed that the inhibition ofB. subtiliswas closely related to the competition with TGEV for the viral entry receptors, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and aminopeptidase N (APN) protein. In addition, Western blotting and apoptosis analysis indicated thatB. subtiliscould enhance the resistance of IPEC-J2 cells by up-regulating the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-6 and reducing the percentage of apoptotic cells. Taken together, our results suggest thatB. subtilisOKB105 and its surfactin can antagonize TGEV entryin vitroand may serve as promising new candidates for TGEV prevention.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liqi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China zxbyq@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018826:CD13 Antigens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology; D055666:Lipopeptides / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D051216:Toll-Like Receptor 6 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005760:Transmissible gastroenteritis virus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D053586:Virus Internalization
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D055666:Lipopeptides; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D051216:Toll-Like Receptor 6; C009365:surfactin peptide; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D018826:CD13 Antigens
keywords: Bacillus subtilis OKB105; TGEV; antiviral; entry; surfactin