title: Dynamic metabolic responses of brown planthoppers towards susceptible and resistant rice plants.
abstract: Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH) causes huge economic losses in rice-growing regions, and new strategies for combating BPH are required. To understand how BPHs respond towards BPH-resistant plants, we systematically analysed the metabolic differences between BPHs feeding on the resistant and susceptible plants using NMR and GC-FID/MS. We also measured the expression of some related genes involving glycolysis and biosyntheses of trehalose, amino acids, chitin and fatty acids using real-time PCR. BPH metabonome was dominated by more than 60 metabolites including fatty acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleosides/nucleotides and TCA cycle intermediates. After initial 12 h, BPHs feeding on the resistant plants had lower levels of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids and TCA cycle intermediates than on the susceptible ones. The levels of these metabolites recovered after 24 h feeding. This accompanied with increased level in trehalose, choline metabolites and nucleosides/nucleotides compared with BPH feeding on the susceptible plants. Decreased levels of BPH metabolites at the early feeding probably resulted from less BPH uptakes of sap from resistant plants and recovery of BPH metabolites at the later stage probably resulted from their adaptation to the adverse environment with their increased hopping frequency to ingest more sap together with contributions from yeast-like symbionts in BPHs. Throughout 96 h, BPH feeding on the resistant plants showed significant up-regulation of chitin synthase catalysing biosynthesis of chitin for insect exoskeleton, peritrophic membrane lining gut and tracheae. These findings provided useful metabolic information for understanding the BPH-rice interactions and perhaps for developing new BPH-combating strategies.
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Caixiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Ba
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Fuhua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Hehua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.|State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qianfen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Guangcun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yulan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.|State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Huiru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060434:Herbivory; D055442:Metabolome; D009758:Nymph / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids
keywords: GC-FID/MS; brown planthopper; metabonomics; real-time PCR; resistant and susceptible rice