title: Diet Quality Is Lower and Energy Intake Is Higher on Weekends Compared with Weekdays in Midlife Women: A 1-Year Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differences in energy and macronutrient intakes by weekday and weekend have been reported, but there are few data on differences in food group consumption and indices of diet quality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe dietary intake by day and on weekends compared with weekdays.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study utilized a longitudinal cohort design with self-reported dietary intake collected using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were ambulatory women with access to high-speed internet, body mass index between 18 and 35, and aged 40 to 60 years from the Life in All Seasons study (n=52) conducted in Grand Forks, ND, between July 2012 and July 2014. Each woman completed an Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool diet recall every 10 days for 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measures were total and energy intake from macronutrients, food groups (per 1,000 kcal), and Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores from 1,866 24-hour recalls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of weekend on energy and macronutrient intake, energy-adjusted food groups, and HEI-2010 scores and component scores were tested using mixed linear models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants (n=52) completed 1,080 recalls on weekdays and 786 on weekends. Seventy-five percent of women reported consuming more energy on weekends than on weekdays, with a higher mean intake of 158 kcal on weekends (P<0.01). The percentage of energy from carbohydrate (P<0.01) and protein (P<0.01) were both lower on weekends, and percentage of energy from alcohol higher (P<0.01). There was no difference in the percentage of energy from fat (P=0.07). Reported energy intake was greatest on Saturdays and lowest on Tuesdays. On weekends, women had reduced diet quality with more alcoholic beverages, solid fat, and potatoes, and less yogurt, whole fruits, dark green and orange vegetables, poultry, nuts and seeds, and whole grains per 1,000 kcal than on weekdays. HEI-2010 scores were lower on weekends than weekdays (P<0.01). Component scores were lower for whole fruits (P<0.01), greens and beans (P=0.02), whole grains (P<0.01), and dairy (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Midlife women should be encouraged to maintain diet quality during weekends to improve overall diet quality scores.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jahns
authors.forename: Zach
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: LuAnn K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Angela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Scheett
authors.forename: Kim S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Stote
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Raatz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D009658:North Dakota; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats
keywords: Diet quality; Dietary intake; Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010); Weekend; Women