title: Intrauterine transfusion and non-invasive treatment options for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn - review on current management and outcome.
abstract: Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) remains a serious pregnancy complication which can lead to severe fetal anemia, hydrops and perinatal death. Areas covered: This review focusses on the current prenatal management, treatment with intrauterine transfusion (IUT) and promising non-invasive treatment options for HDFN. Expert commentary: IUTs are the cornerstone in prenatal management of HDFN and have significantly improved perinatal outcome in the past decades. IUT is now a relatively safe procedure, however the risk of complications is still high when performed early in the second trimester. Non-invasive management using intravenous immunoglobulin may be a safe alternative and requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carolien
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zwiers
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van Kamp
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oepkes
authors.affiliation: b Divison of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopriore
mesh_terms: D000743:Anemia, Hemolytic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D001805:Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D046128:Fetal Therapies / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Fetal anemia; fetal therapy; hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn; intrauterine blood transfusion; intravenous immunoglobulin; therapeutic plasma exchange and red cell alloimmunization in pregnancy