title: Statistics for Radiology Research.
abstract: Biostatistics is an essential component in most original research studies in imaging. In this article we discuss five key statistical concepts for study design and analyses in modern imaging research: statistical hypothesis testing, particularly focusing on noninferiority studies; imaging outcomes especially when there is no reference standard; dealing with the multiplicity problem without spending all your study power; relevance of confidence intervals in reporting and interpreting study results; and finally tools for assessing quantitative imaging biomarkers. These concepts are presented first as examples of conversations between investigator and biostatistician, and then more detailed discussions of the statistical concepts follow. Three skeletal radiology examples are used to illustrate the concepts.
authors.affiliation: Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Obuchowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Subhas
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polster
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D011871:Radiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012107:Research Design