title: Reward type and behavioural patterns predict dogs' success in a delay of gratification paradigm.
abstract: Inhibiting an immediate behaviour in favour of an alternative but more advantageous behaviour has been linked to individual success in life, especially in humans. Dogs, which have been living in the human environment for thousands of years, are exposed to daily situations that require inhibition different in context from other non-domesticated species. One task regularly used to study inhibitory control is the delay of gratification task, which requires individuals to choose between an immediate option of lower value and a delayed option of higher value. We tested sixteen dogs in a non-social delay of gratification task, conducting two different conditions: a quality and a quantity condition. While the majority of dogs failed to wait for more than 10 s, some dogs tolerated delays of up to 140 s, while one dog waited for 15 minutes. Moreover, dogs had more difficulties to wait if the reward increased in terms of quantity than quality. Interestingly, dogs were able to anticipate the delay duration and some dogs developed behavioural patterns that predicted waiting, which seems similar in some respects to 'coping-strategies' found in children, chimpanzees and parrots. Our results indicate that strategies to cope with impulsivity seem to be consistent and present across animal taxa.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Désirée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brucks
authors.affiliation: Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soliani
authors.affiliation: Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Range
authors.affiliation: Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marshall-Pescini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D065786:Delay Discounting; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward