title: Oxidative stress and genotoxicity of an organic and an inorganic nanomaterial to Eisenia andrei: SDS/DDAB nano-vesicles and titanium silicon oxide.
abstract: In the past few years the number of studies on the toxic effects of nanomaterials (NMs) in the environment increased significantly. Nonetheless, the data is still scarce, since there is a large number of NMs and new ones are being developed each day. Soils are extremely important for life, and are easily exposed to the released NMs, thus enhanced efforts are needed to study the impacts on soil biota. The objective of the present work was to determine if different concentrations of two NMs, one inorganic (TiSiO4) and other organic (nano-vesicles of sodium sodecyl sulfate/ didodecyl dimethylammonium bromide - SDS/DDAB), are genotoxic to soil invertebrates. Additionally, it was intended to understand whether, in the event of occurring, genotoxicity was caused by the incapability of the cells to deal with the oxidative stress caused by these NMs. With that purpose, Eisenia andrei were exposed for 30 days to the artificial OECD soil contaminated with different concentrations of the NMs being tested. After the exposure, coelomocytes were extracted from earthworms and DNA damage was measured by the comet assay. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-Transferase) and lipid peroxidation were also assessed. The results showed that both NMs were genotoxic, particularly TiSiO4for which significant DNA damages were recorded for concentrations above 444mg of TiSiO4-NM/kg of soildw. Since no statistically significant differences were found in the tested antioxidant enzymes and in lipid peroxidation, the mechanism of genotoxicity of these NMs seemed to be unrelated with oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sérgio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gavina
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering & CIEPQPF & University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: da Graça Rasteiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering & CIEPQPF & University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Filipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sónia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mendo
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: ruth.pereira@fc.up.pt.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D058448:Biota; D020552:Comet Assay / Q000379:methods; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C111427:silicon titanium dioxide; C046112:didodecyldimethylammonium; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase
keywords: Comet assay; Nanomaterials; Oxidative stress; Sodium dodecyl sulfate/didodecyl dimethylammonium bromide (SDS/DDAB) nano-vesicles; Soil; Titanium silicon oxide