title: Organic contaminants and heavy metals in indoor dust from e-waste recycling, rural, and urban areas in South China: Spatial characteristics and implications for human exposure.
abstract: The concentrations of several organic contaminants (OCs) and heavy metals were measured in indoor dust from e-waste recycling, rural, and urban areas in South China to illustrate the spatial characteristics of these pollutants and to further evaluate human exposure risks. The median concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and dechlorane plus (DPs) were 38.6-3560, 2360-30,100, 665-2720, and 19.5-1860ng/g, while the median concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Zn were 2.46-40.4, 206-1380, 217- 1200, 25.3-134, and 176-212μg/g in indoor dust. The levels of all pollutants, except Zn, in dust from the e-waste recycling area were significantly higher than those from the other areas. Cd, Pb, and most OCs exhibited similar pollution patterns in the three areas, indicating that e-waste recycling activities are the major pollution source. In contrast, Cu, Cr, Zn, and penta-BDE are likely derived from household products in the rural and urban areas. The highest estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PCBs, PBDEs, DBDPE, and DPs were 0.15-163, 3.97-1470, 1.26-169, and 0.11-134ng/kg bw/day for toddlers and adults. The highest EDIs of BDE 209 and Pb in toddlers in the e-waste recycling area were 16% and 18 times higher than the reference doses, indicating the high exposure risk of these pollutants in the e-waste recycling area.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sunat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Tao
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Bo
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China. Electronic address: zhengjing@scies.org.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
authors.forename: Mei-Huan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sunat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sunat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors.forename: She-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sunat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. Electronic address: adsyzy@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhong-Yi
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors.forename: Bi-Xian
authors.initials: BX
authors.lastname: Mai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D059029:Electronic Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D059027:Recycling; D012423:Rural Health; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; C526360:dechlorane plus; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; C010902:decabromobiphenyl ether
keywords: E-waste recycling; Heavy metals; Human exposure; Indoor dust; Organic contaminants