title: Cytokine biomarkers in tear film for primary open-angle glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the utility of tear film cytokines as biomarkers for early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients without POAG and eye drop-naïve patients with newly diagnosed POAG were recruited from an academic hospital-based glaucoma practice. Tear films of recruited patients were obtained and analyzed using a multiplex, high-sensitivity electrochemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean concentrations of tear film cytokines were lower in the glaucoma group for 8 of 10 cytokines tested. IL-12p70 (3.94±2.19 pg/mL in control vs 2.31±1.156 pg/mL in POAG;P=0.035) was significantly lower in the tear film of patients with newly diagnosed POAG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proinflammatory cytokines were lower in eye drop-naïve newly diagnosed glaucoma patients. Tear film cytokine profiles may be used as biomarkers of early POAG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Divakar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Joanne C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Duke Molecular Physiology Institute.
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stinnett
authors.affiliation: Duke Molecular Physiology Institute; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Virginia B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Henry C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walsh
keywords: biomarkers; cytokines; glaucoma; glaucoma diagnosis; lower limit of detection; tear film