title: Determinants of Glycated Hemoglobin in Subjects With Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Subanalysis of the Japan Diabetes Prevention Program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited evidence is available about the relationship of lifestyle factors with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The aim of study was to identify such determinant factors of HbA1c in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included 121 men and 124 women with impaired glucose tolerance, who were diagnosed based on a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Demographic and biochemical parameters, including the body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h post-load glucose (2-h PG), and HbA1c, were measured. The pancreatic β-cell function and insulin resistance were assessed using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-β). Dietary intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of FPG, 2-h PG, and carbohydrate intake were correlated with the HbA1c level in men, while the FPG and 2-h PG levels were correlated with the HbA1c level in women. In multiple regression analyses, BMI, FPG, 2-h PG, and white rice intake were associated with HbA1c levels in men, while BMI, FPG, HOMA-β, and bread intake were associated with HbA1c levels in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that a substantial portion of HbA1c may be composed of not only glycemic but also several lifestyle factors in men with impaired glucose tolerance. These factors can be taken into consideration as modifiable determinants in assessing the HbA1c level for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of the disease course.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakane
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine/Family & Community Medicine, University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Juichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Health Science Center, Aichi Health Promotion Foundation, Higashiura-cho, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsushita
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Center, Tenri Yorozu-sodansho Hospital, Tenri, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsujii
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Hananoie Hospital, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tominaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Marunouchi Hospital, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawazu
authors.affiliation: The Graduate Center of Human Science, Aichi Mizuho College, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuzo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kamae
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Diabetes Center, Shimabara Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.affiliation: Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kokoro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuzaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nirengi
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan; Hyogo Health Service Association, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan; Higashiyama Takeda Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuzuya
authors.affiliation: The Japan Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group.
authors.forename: Jdpp Research
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Group
keywords: Bread; Carbohydrate; Diabetes; Glycosylated hemoglobin; White rice