title: Caprine arthritis encephalitis: an example of risk assessment for embryo trading.
abstract: The risk of transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) during embryo transfer has been demonstrated in vivo through the detection of CAEV proviral DNA in: (1) flushing media for embryo collection; (2) cells of the cumulus oophorus surrounding the oocytes, ovarian follicle, oviduct and uterine tissues; and (3) testis, epididymis, vas deferens and vesicular glands. Experimentally infected embryos without a zona pellucida (ZP), washed 10 times with Minimum Essential Media (MEM) and 5% Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) solution, were capable of transmitting CAEV. In vitro we demonstrated that granulosa, oviductal, epididymal and embryo cells are fully susceptible to CAEV infection and allow active replication. However, AI with in vitro-infected semen can result in the production, after ten washing, of CAEV-free embryos, and ten washing in vitro- or in vivo-infected embryos with an intact ZP, or ten washing oocytes with an intact ZP, resulted in the production of virus-free female gametes or embryos that can be used for IVF or embryo transfer. Therefore, we have demonstrated that: (1) that CAEV-free embryos can be produced by IVF using spermatozoa infected in vitro by CAEV; and (2) embryo transfer can be used under field conditions to produce CAEV-free kids from CAEV-infected biological mothers.
authors.affiliation: L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (L'UNAM), Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 03, France.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fieni
authors.affiliation: L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (L'UNAM), Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 03, France.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamara
authors.affiliation: L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (L'UNAM), Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 03, France.
authors.forename: Mohamad Zuher
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Ali Al Ahmad
authors.affiliation: L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (L'UNAM), Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 03, France.
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cortez-Romero
authors.affiliation: L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (L'UNAM), Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Sanitary Security of Reproduction Biotechnology Unit, Nantes, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes CEDEX 03, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pellerin