title: Abdominal Compression by Waist Belt Aggravates Gastroesophageal Reflux, Primarily by Impairing Esophageal Clearance.
abstract: Central obesity promotes gastroesophageal reflux, which may be related to increased intra-abdominal pressure. We investigated the effect of increasing abdominal pressure by waist belt on reflux in patients with reflux disease.
  
  
  
  We performed a prospective study of patients with esophagitis (n = 8) or Barrett's esophagus (n = 6); median age was 56 years and median body mass index was 26.8. Proton pump inhibitors were stopped at least 7 days before the study and H2 receptor antagonists were stopped for at least 24 hours before. The severity of upper GI symptoms was assessed and measurements of height, weight, and waist and hip circumference taken. Combined high-resolution pH measurement and manometry were performed in fasted state for 20 minutes and for 90 minutes following a standardized meal. The squamocolumnar junction was marked by endoscopically placed radiopaque clips. The procedures were performed with and without a waist belt (a weight-lifter belt applied tightly and inflated to a constant cuff pressure of 50 mmHg). We compared variables between groups using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and tested for correlations using Spearman Rho bivariate analysis.
  
  
  
  Without the belt, intragastric pressure correlated with waist circumference (r = 0.682; P = .008), with the range in pressure between smallest and largest waist circumference being 15 mmHg. The belt increased intragastric pressure by a median of 6.9 mmHg during fasting (P = .002) and by 9.0 mmHg after the meal (P = .001). Gastroesophageal acid reflux at each of the pH sensors extending 5.5 cm proximal to the peak lower esophageal sphincter pressure point was increased by approximately 8-fold by the belt (all P < .05). Following the meal, the mean number of reflux events with the belt was 4, vs 2 without (P = .008). Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations were not increased by the belt, but those associated with reflux were increased (2 vs 3.5; P = .04). The most marked effect of the belt was impaired esophageal clearance of refluxed acid (median values of 23.0 seconds without belt vs 81.1 seconds with belt) (P = .008). The pattern of impaired clearance was that of rapid re-reflux after peristaltic clearance.
  
  
  
  In a prospective study of patients with esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus, we found belt compression increased acid reflux following a meal. The intragastric pressure rise inducing this effect is well within the range associated with differing waist circumference and likely to be relevant to the association between obesity and reflux disease.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Derakhshan
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Angela A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wirz
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Electronic address: Kenneth.mccoll@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kenneth E L
authors.initials: KEL
authors.lastname: McColl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003020:Clothing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003250:Constriction; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Barrett’s Esophagus; Central Obesity; Lower Esophageal Sphincter; Transient Lower Esophageal Sphincter Relaxations