title: Acute effects of post-absorptive and postprandial moderate exercise on markers of inflammation in hyperglycemic individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic inflammation is involved in the development of several diseases, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. It is known that vigorous exercise affects systemic inflammation, but less is known about exercise at lower intensities. Hyperglycemia can also entail pro-inflammatory responses; however, postprandial hyperglycemia is blunted if the meal is followed by exercise. Hypotheses were: (1) moderate physical exercise acutely affects levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) in hyperglycemic individuals and (2) the effect depends on whether the activity is performed in a post-absorptive or postprandial state.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve participants diagnosed with hyperglycemia, but not using anti-diabetic medication, underwent three test days in a randomized cross-over study; 1 control day without exercise, 1 day with 60 min of treadmill walking ending 30 min before breakfast, and 1 day with an identical bout of activity 30 min after the start of breakfast. Food intake was strictly standardized and venous blood for CRP, and sVCAM-1 analysis was sampled at standardized timepoints during the first 3.5 h after breakfast and once 24 h later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Merged data from the two exercise days showed that sVCAM-1 increased from baseline (4 ± 16 ng/mL) compared to the control condition (-28 ± 47 ng/mL, ES = 0.7, p = 0.024). There was no statistically significant difference in changes in sVCAM-1 levels between the two exercise test days. Exercise did not affect CRP values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate exercise increases sVCAM-1 in hyperglycemic individuals, whereas it does not affect CRP.
authors.affiliation: Section for Sport Science, Lillehammer University College, PB 952, 2604, Lillehammer, Norway. havard.nygaard@inn.no.
authors.forename: Håvard
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7401-5323
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nygaard
authors.affiliation: Section for Sport Science, Lillehammer University College, PB 952, 2604, Lillehammer, Norway.
authors.forename: Gunnar Slettaløkken
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Falch
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Innlandet Hospital Trust, PB 990, 2629, Lillehammer, Norway.|Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway.
authors.forename: Jon Elling
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Whist
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Margrethe Grundtvigs veg 6, 2609, Lillehammer, Norway.|Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway.|Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hollan
authors.affiliation: Section for Sport Science, Lillehammer University College, PB 952, 2604, Lillehammer, Norway.
authors.forename: Stian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellefsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, PB 1130 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holmboe-Ottesen
authors.affiliation: Section for Sport Science, Lillehammer University College, PB 952, 2604, Lillehammer, Norway.
authors.forename: Bent R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Rønnestad
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, PB 1130 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Arne T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Høstmark
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Blood; CRP; Life style; Physical activity; sVCAM-1