title: Ambient PM2.5in the residential area near industrial complexes: Spatiotemporal variation, source apportionment, and health impact.
abstract: This study systemically investigated the ambient PM2.5(n=108) with comprehensive analyses of the chemical composition, identification of the potential contributors, and estimation of the resultant respiratory physician visits in the residential regions near energy-consuming and high-polluting industries in central Taiwan. The positive matrix fraction (PMF) model with chemical profiles of trace metals, water-soluble ions, and organic/elemental carbons (OC/EC) was applied to quantify the potential sources of PM2.5. The influences of local sources were also explored using the conditional probability function (CPF). Associations between the daily PM2.5concentration and the risk of respiratory physician visits for the elderly (≥65years of age) were estimated using time-series analysis. A seasonal variation, with higher concentrations of PM2.5, metals (As, Cd, Sb, and Pb), OC/EC and ions (i.e., NO3-, SO42-and NH4+) in the winter than in the spring and summer, was observed. Overall, an increase of 10μgm-3in the same-day PM2.5was associated with an ~2% (95% CI: 1.5%-2.5%) increase in respiratory physician visits. Considering the health benefits of an effective reduction, we suggest that the emission from coal combustion (23.5%), iron ore and steel industry (17.1%), and non-ferrous metallurgy (14.4%), accounting for ~70% of the primary PM2.5in the winter are prioritized to control.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hung-Che
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mu-Jean
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Residue Control Division, Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, No.11, Guangming Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41358, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chao-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, ShaLu, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Guor-Cheng
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ying-I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Nai-Tzu
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840, Chengcing Rd., Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sheng-Lun
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan. Electronic address: yucheng@nhri.org.tw.
authors.forename: Yu-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D003031:Coal; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D006801:Humans; D008669:Metallurgy; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Chemical constituents; Fine particle; Respiratory physician visits; Source apportionment