title: Identification and distribution of products from novel tryptopyrokinin genes in the locust, Locusta migratoria.
abstract: A recent analysis of the genome of Locusta migratoria indicated the presence of four novel insect neuropeptide genes encoding for multiple tryptopyrokinin peptides (tryptoPKs); hitherto only known from pyrokinin or capa genes. In our study, mature products of tryptoPK genes 1 and 2 were identified by mass spectrometry; precursor sequences assigned to the tryptoPK genes 3 and 4 are likely partial sequences of a single precursor. The expression of tryptoPK genes 1 and 2 is restricted to two cells in the subesophageal ganglion, exhibiting not only a unique neuropeptidome but also a very distinctive axonal projection. Comparative neuroendocrinology revealed that homologous cells in other insects also produce tryptoPKs but use other genes to generate this pattern. Since capa and pyrokinin genes are discussed as ancestors of the tryptoPK genes, we completed the hitherto only partially known precursor sequences of these genes by means of transcriptome analyses. The distribution of mature products of CAPA and pyrokinin precursors in the CNS is compared with that of tryptoPKs. In addition, a novel pyrokinin-like precursor is described.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Zoology, Functional Peptidomics Group, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, Germany.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Redeker
authors.affiliation: Institute for Zoology, Functional Peptidomics Group, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bläser
authors.affiliation: Institute for Zoology, Functional Peptidomics Group, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neupert
authors.affiliation: Institute for Zoology, Functional Peptidomics Group, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, Germany. Electronic address: rpredel@uni-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Predel
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism; D004947:Esophagus / Q000294:innervation; D017952:Ganglia, Invertebrate / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D048188:Locusta migratoria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011498:Protein Precursors; C079229:pyrokinin
keywords: CAPA; Insect; Locust; Neuropeptide; Peptidomics; Pyrokinin