title: Pre-hospital intra-osseous freeze dried plasma transfusion: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorrhage and coagulopathy are among the leading causes of death in combat and are considered the leading causes of preventable deaths. Plasma, in the form of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) is considered a key component in the Damage Control Resuscitation performed within hospitals. Freeze-Dried Plasma (FDP) can be stored at room temperature and therefore is potentially useful in pre-hospital conditions. Our case report join to few cases where FDP was administered at the point of injury. It is also unique as it describes an intra- osseous administration given to pediatric patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  M.S. otherwise healthy 13 year old girl was injured due to gunshots and grenade blast. On the first triage by the IDF medical teams she suffered from: Severe hemorrhagic shock, (Blood pressure could not be measured, Heart rate 163), superficial wounds to her face, (forehead and Rt. Eye), gunshot wounds with active bleeding from her Lt. Arm and her RT. Knee (Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) 8) and open fractures of left elbow and right thigh. A peripheral intravenous catheter was established and 1 g tranexamic acid in 500 ml of Hartman fluid were administered. Due to difficulties in establishing a functioning intra-venous line, an intra-osseous catheter was established and one unit of FDP (250 ml) was given in the field. She was transferred by a military medical team to a regional civilian hospital for further treatment. Upon arrival to the hospital her blood pressure and heart rate were significantly improved. After three weeks of hospitalization M.S. was discharged and she was returned to her homeland.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have described the successful use of FDP for pre hospital resuscitation of a 13 year old girl suffering from severe hemorrhagic shock as a result of gunshots and grenade blast. This case report demonstrates that intra-osseous FDP administration for as part pre hospital resuscitation of children has a favorable outcome.
authors.affiliation: Medical corps IDF, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Misgav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rottenstreich
authors.affiliation: Medical corps IDF, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Itzik
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Malka
authors.affiliation: Trauma branch, Medical corps IDF, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Elon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Glassberg
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Research of Military Medicine, Medical corps IDF, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Medical corps IDF, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Bader
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tarif