title: Ethical Issues Surrounding Personalized Medicine: A Literature Review.
abstract: More than a decade ago, personalized medicine was presented in modern medicine. Personalized medicine means that the right drug should be prescribed for the right patient based on genetic data. No doubt is developing medical sciences, and its shift into personalized medicine complicates ethical challenges more than before. In this review, we categorized all probable ethical considerations of personalized medicine in research and development and service provision. Based on our review, extensive changes in healthcare system including ethical changes are needed to overcome the ethical obstacles including knowledge gap and informed consent, privacy and confidentiality and availability of healthcare services. Furthermore social benefit versus science development and individual benefit should be balanced. Therefore guidelines and regulations should be compiled to represent the ethical framework; also ethical decision making should be day-to-day and individualized.
authors.affiliation: Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Pooneh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salari
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical.
authors.forename: Bagher
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larijani
mesh_terms: D026688:Bioethical Issues; D003219:Confidentiality; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000941:ethics*
keywords: Ethics; Genetic data; Personalized medicine; Pharmacogenetics studies