title: Electrochemical biosensing strategies for DNA methylation analysis.
abstract: DNA methylation is one of the key epigenetic modifications of DNA that results from the enzymatic addition of a methyl group at the fifth carbon of the cytosine base. It plays a crucial role in cellular development, genomic stability and gene expression. Aberrant DNA methylation is responsible for the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancers. Over the past several decades, many methodologies have been developed to detect DNA methylation. These methodologies range from classical molecular biology and optical approaches, such as bisulfite sequencing, microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR, colorimetry, Raman spectroscopy to the more recent electrochemical approaches. Among these, electrochemical approaches offer sensitive, simple, specific, rapid, and cost-effective analysis of DNA methylation. Additionally, electrochemical methods are highly amenable to miniaturization and possess the potential to be multiplexed. In recent years, several reviews have provided information on the detection strategies of DNA methylation. However, to date, there is no comprehensive evaluation of electrochemical DNA methylation detection strategies. Herein, we address the recent developments of electrochemical DNA methylation detection approaches. Furthermore, we highlight the major technical and biological challenges involved in these strategies and provide suggestions for the future direction of this important field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Tanvir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Golam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mahmudunnabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia; Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
authors.forename: Mostafa Kamal
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Masud
authors.affiliation: Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University (Nathan Campus), Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
authors.forename: Md Nazmul
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Lezanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia.
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konstantinov
authors.affiliation: Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia.
authors.forename: Md Shahriar Al
authors.initials: MSA
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martinac
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Gursel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alici
authors.affiliation: Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
authors.forename: Nam-Trung
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University (Nathan Campus), Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia. Electronic address: m.shiddiky@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Muhammad J A
authors.initials: MJA
authors.lastname: Shiddiky
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D018899:CpG Islands; D003596:Cytosine / Q000737:chemistry; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D013447:Sulfites / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D013447:Sulfites; D003596:Cytosine; D004247:DNA
keywords: DNA methylation; Electrochemical detection; Global methylation; Hypermethylation; Hypomethylation; Regional methylation