title: Valorization of Lipids from Gracilaria sp. through Lipidomics and Decoding of Antiproliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Activity.
abstract: The lipidome of the red seaweedGracilariasp., cultivated on land-based integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) system, was assessed for the first time using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS and MS/MS). One hundred and forty-seven molecular species were identified in the lipidome of theGracilariagenus and distributed between the glycolipids classes monogalactosyl diacylglyceride (MGDG), digalactosyl diacylglyceride (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyl monoacylglyceride (SQMG), sulfoquinovosyl diacylglyceride (SQDG), the phospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC), lyso-PC, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lyso-PG, phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatic acid (PA), inositolphosphoceramide (IPC), and betaine lipids monoacylglyceryl- and diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethyl homoserine (MGTS and DGTS). Antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects promoted by lipid extract ofGracilariasp. were evaluated by monitoring cell viability in human cancer lines and by using murine macrophages, respectively. The lipid extract decreased cell viability of human T-47D breast cancer cells and of 5637 human bladder cancer cells (estimated half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 12.2 μg/mL and 12.9 μg/mL, respectively) and inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) evoked by the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 (35% inhibition at a concentration of 100 μg/mL). These findings contribute to increase the ranking in the value-chain ofGracilariasp. biomass cultivated under controlled conditions on IMTA systems.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. elisabetecosta@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. taniamelo@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Tânia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. ana.moreira@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Ana S P
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMED), Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. carinabernardo@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIMED), Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. luisa.helguero@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Helguero
authors.affiliation: Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular (CNC), Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra & Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal. isabelcvf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular (CNC), Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra & Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal. trosete@ff.uc.pt.
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: ALGAplus-Produção e Comercialização de Algas e seus Derivados, Lda., 3830-196 Ílhavo, Portugal. amrego@algaplus.pt.
authors.forename: Andreia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rego
authors.affiliation: Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. p.domingues@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. rjcalado@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calado
authors.affiliation: ALGAplus-Produção e Comercialização de Algas e seus Derivados, Lda., 3830-196 Ílhavo, Portugal. htabreu@algaplus.pt.
authors.forename: Maria H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.affiliation: Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, Departamento de Química & QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. mrd@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Maria Rosário
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Domingues
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018533:Biomass; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000737:chemistry; D044724:Gracilaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D006017:Glycolipids; D008055:Lipids; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: betaine lipids; bioactivity; glycolipids; hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry HILIC–ESI–MS; mass spectrometry; phospholipids; seaweeds