title: Ischaemic priapism: A clinical review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischaemic priapism is a rare condition characterised by little or no cavernosal blood flow, pain and rigidity of the penis. Immediate intervention is required to restore blood flow, prevent necrosis and erectile dysfunction. This review was conducted to determine the best course of treatment and identify areas in current guidelines to which improvements could be made.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Ovid, MEDLINE (1946-December 2016) and the Cochrane Library were searched as sources for literature. Key studies in each of the areas of management were identified and analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 45 articles were reviewed. The first step in treatment should be aspiration of corporeal blood. Further studies are needed to make firm recommendations as to whether irrigation should follow, as currently literature is inconclusive. If this fails to cause detumescence, sympathomimetics should be injected. The sympathomimetic of choice is phenylephrine as it is effective, specific and causes minimal cardiovascular side effects. It should be injected at a concentration of 100-500 μg/mL, with 1 mL being injected every 3-5 minutes for up to an hour (maximum 1mg in an hour). Surgical shunting is the next step, except in the cases of delayed priapism (48-72 hours duration) where immediate penile prosthesis insertion may be considered more appropriate. Distal shunts should be performed first, followed by proximal ones to minimise damage leading to erectile dysfunction. There exists little evidence recommending one shunting procedure over another. The final intervention is insertion of a penile prosthesis. Literature suggests that an inflatable prosthesis inserted immediately will yield the greatest patient satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A review of the literature has highlighted areas in which further research needs to be done to make conclusive recommendations, including whether irrigation should accompany aspiration and efficacy of shunting procedures. Further studies are required to ensure that patients receive the treatment most likely to cause detumescence and maintain erectile function.
authors.affiliation: GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ridgley
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raison
authors.affiliation: Medway Maritime Hospital, Gillingham, Kent, UK.
authors.forename: M Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Prokar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: M Shamim
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahmed
keywords: Ischaemic; penis; priapism