title: Quantitative analysis of Sudan dye adulteration in paprika powder using FTIR spectroscopy.
abstract: As adulteration of foodstuffs with Sudan dye, especially paprika- and chilli-containing products, has been reported with some frequency, this issue has become one focal point for addressing food safety. FTIR spectroscopy has been used extensively as an analytical method for quality control and safety determination for food products. Thus, the use of FTIR spectroscopy for rapid determination of Sudan dye in paprika powder was investigated in this study. A net analyte signal (NAS)-based methodology, named HLA/GO (hybrid linear analysis in the literature), was applied to FTIR spectral data to predict Sudan dye concentration. The calibration and validation sets were designed to evaluate the performance of the multivariate method. The obtained results had a high determination coefficient (R2) of 0.98 and low root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.026% for the calibration set, and an R2of 0.97 and RMSE of 0.05% for the validation set. The model was further validated using a second validation set and through the figures of merit, such as sensitivity, selectivity, and limits of detection and quantification. The proposed technique of FTIR combined with HLA/GO is rapid, simple and low cost, making this approach advantageous when compared with the main alternative methods based on liquid chromatography (LC) techniques.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science , Chungnam National University , Yuseoung-gu , Korea.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lohumi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science , Chungnam National University , Yuseoung-gu , Korea.
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science , Chungnam National University , Yuseoung-gu , Korea.
authors.forename: Lalit Mohan
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kandpal
authors.affiliation: b Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory , USDA-ARS , Beltsville , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Hoonsoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: b Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory , USDA-ARS , Beltsville , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Moon S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: c Experiment and Research Institute , National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service , Gimcheon-si , Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunjeong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: d National Academy of Agricultural Science , Rural Development Administration , Wansan-gu , Korea.
authors.forename: Changyeun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science , Chungnam National University , Yuseoung-gu , Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Wook
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science , Chungnam National University , Yuseoung-gu , Korea.
authors.forename: Anisur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science , Chungnam National University , Yuseoung-gu , Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung-Kwan
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D009284:Naphthols / Q000032:analysis*; D011208:Powders; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D017365:Spices / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D009284:Naphthols; D011208:Powders; C024336:1-phenylazo-2-naphthol
keywords: FTIR spectroscopy; Sudan dye; adulteration; hybrid linear analysis; net analyte signal; paprika powder