title: The human globus pallidus internus is sensitive to rewards - Evidence from intracerebral recordings.
abstract: The globus pallidus internus (GPi) is the final output relay of the basal ganglia for the control of movements but has also been shown to belong to a second pathway projecting to the lateral habenula. This latter pathway is related to reward processing.
  
  
  
  This prompted us to record, in eight patients receiving deep brain stimulation of the GPi for the alleviation of various movement disorders, local field potentials (LFP) while these patients performed a lottery task. The task entailed choosing between a higher and a lower number, which changed their color after the patient's choice with red (green) signaling a loss (win, in Euro cents) corresponding to the chosen number.
  
  
  
  Surface recordings showed a feedback related negativity from a frontal midline site, while time domain averages in the GPi showed differential modulation depending on the valence of the stimulus with polarity inversion indicating that this reward-modulated activity was indeed generated locally. Furthermore, wavelet decomposition of the LFP showed a reward-related response in the high beta/low gamma range.
  
  
  
  We conclude that human GPi is involved in reward processing, possibly in relation to the lateral habenula.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany. Electronic address: Thomas.muente@neuro.uni-luebeck.de.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Münte
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marco-Pallares
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Seza
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolat
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heldmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Götz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lütjens
authors.affiliation: Schön Klinik Eilbek, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Wido
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nager
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Müller-Vahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Krauss
mesh_terms: D001611:Beta Rhythm; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D065818:Gamma Rhythm; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012201:Reward
keywords: Deep brain stimulation; Globus pallidus internus; Local field potentials; Oscillations; Reward