title: Who Benefits Most From Individualized Physiotherapy or Advice for Low Back Disorders? A Preplanned Effect Modifier Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: METHODS
  A preplanned effect modifier analysis of the Specific Treatment of Problems of the Spine randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify characteristics associated with larger or smaller treatment effects in people with low back disorders undergoing either individualized physical therapy or guideline-based advice.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Identifying subgroups of people who attain a larger or smaller benefit from particular treatments has been identified as a high research priority for low back disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trial involved 300 participants with low back pain and/or referred leg pain (≥6 wk, ≤6 mo duration), who satisfied criteria to be classified into five subgroups (with 228 participants classified into three subgroups relating to disc-related disorders, and 64 classified into the zygapophyseal joint dysfunction subgroup). Participants were randomly allocated to receive either two sessions of guideline based advice (n = 144), or 10 sessions of individualized physical therapy targeting pathoanatomical, psychosocial, and neurophysiological factors (n = 156). Univariate and multivariate linear mixed models determined the interaction between treatment group and potential effect modifiers (defined a priori) for the primary outcomes of back pain, leg pain (0-10 Numeric Rating Scale) and activity limitation (Oswestry Disability Index) over a 52-week follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with higher levels of back pain, higher Örebro scores (indicative of higher risk of persistent pain) or longer duration of symptoms derived the largest benefits from individualized physical therapy relative to advice. Poorer coping also predicted larger benefits from individualized physical therapy in the univariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that people with low back disorders could be preferentially targeted for individualized physical therapy rather than advice if they have higher back pain levels, longer duration of symptoms, or higher Örebro scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.
authors.affiliation: Low Back Research Team, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hahne
authors.affiliation: Low Back Research Team, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Jon J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Low Back Research Team, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Low Back Research Team, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Luke D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Surkitt
authors.affiliation: Low Back Research Team, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Alexander Y P
authors.initials: AYP
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, Northern Health, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.affiliation: Low Back Research Team, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome