title: Variation in δ15N and δ13C values of forages for Arctic caribou: effects of location, phenology and simulated digestion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of stable isotopes for dietary estimates of wildlife assumes that there are consistent differences in isotopic ratios among diet items, and that the differences in these ratios between the diet item and the animal tissues (i.e., fractionation) are predictable. However, variation in isotopic ratios and fractionation of δ13C and δ15N values among locations, seasons, and forages are poorly described for arctic herbivores especially migratory species such as caribou (Rangifer tarandus).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the δ13C and δ15N values of seven species of forage growing along a 200-km transect through the range of the Central Arctic caribou herd on the North Slope of Alaska over 2 years. We compared forages available at the beginning (May; n = 175) and the end (n = 157) of the growing season (September). Purified enzymes were used to measure N digestibility and to assess isotopic fractionation in response to nutrient digestibility during simulated digestion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Values for δ13C declined by 1.38 ‰ with increasing latitude across the transect, and increased by 0.44 ‰ from the beginning to the end of the season. The range of values for δ15N was greater than that for δ13C (13.29 vs 5.60 ‰). Differences in values for δ13C between graminoids (Eriophorum and Carex spp.) and shrubs (Betula and Salix spp.) were small but δ15N values distinguished graminoids (1.87 ± 1.02 ‰) from shrubs (-2.87 ± 2.93 ‰) consistently across season and latitude. However, undigested residues of forages were enriched in15N when the digestibility of N was less than 0.67.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although δ15N values can distinguish plant groups in the diet of arctic herbivores, variation in the digestibility of dietary items may need to be considered in applying fractionation values for15N to caribou and other herbivores that select highly digestible items (e.g. forbs) as well as heavily defended plants (e.g. woody browse). Published in 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7000, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Vansomeren
authors.affiliation: Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7000, USA.
authors.forename: Perry S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-6448
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Barboza
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Gustine
authors.affiliation: Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7000, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Syndonia Bret-Harte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000502:physiology; D001110:Arctic Regions; D029662:Betula; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D031255:Carex Plant; D029785:Cyperaceae; D004032:Diet; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008954:Models, Biological; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012053:Reindeer / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes