title: Liquor legislation, last drinks, and lockouts: the Newcastle (Australia) solution.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether the regional implementation of prohibitive liquor legislation, introduced in order to limit the sale of and access to alcohol, can lead to a sustained reduction in the incidence of assault occasioning facial injury, as seen in patients presenting to a level 1 trauma hospital. A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted to document patients who were identified as an acute hospital presentation of assault occasioning facial injury. The period of study was 2003-2015; this ensured a similar period of time before and after the implementation of the legislation in 2008. A statistical analysis was undertaken to assess the rates of change in oral and maxillofacial (OMF) assault admissions pre and post legislation. The study found that pre-legislation numbers of OMF assaults increased at a rate of 14% per annum and then decreased at a rate of 21% per annum post legislation (31% relative rate ratio reduction). Similar trends were seen for all males, males aged 18-35 years, and males where alcohol was recorded at clinical presentation. The introduction of 'last drinks' and 'lock out' legislation has led to a significant and sustained reduction in assaultive alcohol-related facial injury in Newcastle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; University of Newcastle Medical School, Newcastle, Australia. Electronic address: garyhoffman_au@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Information Technology, Statistical Support Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Palazzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Oteng Boateng
authors.affiliation: Information Technology, Statistical Support Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oldmeadow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003132:Commerce / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: alcohol; facial injury; liquor legislation