title: Effects of vanillin on potassium bromate-induced neurotoxicity in adult mice: impact on behavior, oxidative stress, genes expression, inflammation and fatty acid composition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vanillin is known to possess important antioxidant activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study was conducted to establish the therapeutic efficiency of vanillin against potassium bromate (KBrO3)-induced depression-like behavior and oxidative stress in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were exposed during 15 days either to potassium bromate (KBrO3), KBrO3+ vanillin or to only vanillin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results revealed a significant modification in the fatty acid composition of the KBrO3-treated mice. In addition, KBrO3induced a significant reduction in enzymatic activities and gene expressions, Na+-K+and Mg2+-ATPases, acetylcholinesterase and butylcholinesterase activities. The gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and COX2, significantly increased in the cerebrum of KBrO3-treated group. Histopathological observations were consistent with these effects. Co-treatment with vanillin significantly attenuated KBrO3-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work suggests that vanillin mitigates KBrO3-induced depression, and that this neuroprotective effect proceeds through anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Medicine , Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Hajer
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ben Saad
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases , Sfax University , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kharrat
authors.affiliation: c Enzymes and Bioconversions Laboratory, National Engineering School, University of Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Dorra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Driss
authors.affiliation: d EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, University of Western Brittany, UFR Sciences & Techniques , Brest , France.
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gargouri
authors.affiliation: e Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Hedi Chaker, University of Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Rim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marrakchi
authors.affiliation: e Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Hedi Chaker, University of Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Kamel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jammoussi
authors.affiliation: d EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, University of Western Brittany, UFR Sciences & Techniques , Brest , France.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magné
authors.affiliation: f Anatomopathology Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax , Tunisia , and.
authors.forename: Tahia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boudawara
authors.affiliation: c Enzymes and Bioconversions Laboratory, National Engineering School, University of Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Samia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellouz Chaabouni
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Medicine , Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Khaled Mounir
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Zeghal
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Medicine , Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Sfax , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.affiliation: g Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ibtissem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ben Amara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001959:Bromates / Q000633:toxicity; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017301:Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054022:Cerebrum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D001959:Bromates; D005227:Fatty Acids; C587672:IL1B protein, mouse; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; C019536:potassium bromate; C100058:vanillin; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase; D017301:Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
keywords: Cerebrum; fatty acids; genes expression; oxidative stress; potassium bromate; vanillin