title: Novel mechanism of metabolic co-regulation coordinates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites inPseudomonas protegens.
abstract: Metabolic co-regulation between biosynthetic pathways for secondary metabolites is common in microbes and can play an important role in microbial interactions. Here, we describe a novel mechanism of metabolic co-regulation in which an intermediate in one pathway is converted into signals that activate a second pathway. Our study focused on the co-regulation of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) and pyoluteorin, two antimicrobial metabolites produced by the soil bacteriumPseudomonas protegens. We show that an intermediate in DAPG biosynthesis, phloroglucinol, is transformed by a halogenase encoded in the pyoluteorin gene cluster into mono- and di-chlorinated phloroglucinols. The chlorinated phloroglucinols function as intra- and inter-cellular signals that induce the expression of pyoluteorin biosynthetic genes, pyoluteorin production, and pyoluteorin-mediated inhibition of the plant-pathogenic bacteriumErwinia amylovora. This metabolic co-regulation provides a strategy forP. protegensto optimize the deployment of secondary metabolites with distinct roles in cooperative and competitive microbial interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7830-9126
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Philmus
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States.
authors.forename: Jeff H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States.|US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, United States.
authors.forename: Joyce E
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3501-5969
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Loper
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D000898:Antibiosis; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics*; D044084:Erwinia amylovora / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism; D010696:Phloroglucinol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000378:metabolism; D064210:Secondary Metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010636:Phenols; D011758:Pyrroles; C095503:pyoluteorin; C059817:2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol; D010696:Phloroglucinol
keywords: Pseudomonas protegens; biochemistry; infectious disease; metabolic co-regulation; microbiology; secondary metabolite