title: Development of passive samplers for in situ measurement of pyrethroid insecticides in surface water.
abstract: Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used in urban environments, and their occurrence has been recently associated with aquatic toxicity in urban surface streams. Synthetic pyrethroids are strongly hydrophobic compounds, highlighting the importance of the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree), rather than the total chemical concentration, for better prediction of potential effects in aquatic ecosystems. The goal of this study was to develop a simple, robust and field-applicable passive sampling methodology that may be used for in situ monitoring of trace levels of pyrethroids in surface water. Among a range of polymer films, polyethylene film (PE) was found to be the most efficient at absorbing pyrethroids from water. To circumvent the long equilibrium time,13C-permethrin and bifenthrin-d5were preloaded on the PE sampler as performance reference compounds (PRC). Desorption of isotope-labeled PRCs was found to be isotropic to the absorption of target analytes. The optimized method was first tested in large circulating tanks simulating various environmental conditions. The derived Cfreevalues were consistently smaller than the total aqueous concentration in salt water or water containing humic acids. The PE samplers were further deployed at multiple field sites for 7 d in Southern California and analysis demonstrated good monitoring reproducibility and sensitivity under ambient environmental conditions. The developed passive sampler approach is ideal for application for in situ sampling under field conditions, and the use of PRCs allows sampling with short and flexible time intervals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100192, China.
authors.forename: Jiaying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Chunyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cryder
authors.affiliation: Bayer CropScience, 2 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Tianbo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100192, China.
authors.forename: Fengmao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Electronic address: jgan@ucr.edu.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gan
mesh_terms: D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D002140:California; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011108:Polymers; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bioavailability; In situ sampling; Passive sampler; Performance reference compounds; Polyethylene sampling device (PED); Pyrethroids