title: Evaluation of enamel surface roughness after orthodontic bracket debonding with atomic force microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Achieving a smooth enamel surface after orthodontic bracket debonding is imperative. In this study, we sought to compare the enamel surface roughness values after orthodontic bracket debonding and resin removal using a white stone bur, a tungsten carbide bur, and a tungsten carbide bur under loupe magnification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty sound premolars were randomly divided into 3 groups, and their buccal surfaces were subjected to atomic force microscopy to measure initial surface roughness. Brackets were bonded to the buccal surfaces and debonded after 24 hours. Resin remnants were removed using a white stone bur, a tungsten carbide bur, or a tungsten carbide bur under loupe magnification. The teeth were then subjected to atomic force microscopy again. The time required for composite removal was calculated. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance, 1-way analysis of variance, and the Tukey test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resin removal increased the enamel surface roughness compared with the initial values (P <0.001); however, no significant differences were noted among the 3 groups in this respect after resin removal. The mean times required for smoothing by the tungsten carbide bur and the tungsten carbide bur with a dental loupe were similar (P >0.05): significantly lower than the time with the white stone bur (both, P <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tungsten carbide bur is still recommended for composite removal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Shadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohebi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan-Ali
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Shafiee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Electronic address: Nazilaa.aameli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nazila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ameli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001641:Bicuspid; D002648:Child; D017005:Dental Debonding / Q000379:methods*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003762:Dental Instruments; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D013499:Surface Properties; D055815:Young Adult