title: 3-D-Gaze-Based Robotic Grasping Through Mimicking Human Visuomotor Function for People With Motion Impairments.
abstract: The goal of this paper is to achieve a novel 3-D-gaze-based human-robot-interaction modality, with which a user with motion impairment can intuitively express what tasks he/she wants the robot to do by directly looking at the object of interest in the real world. Toward this goal, we investigate 1) the technology to accurately sense where a person is looking in real environments and 2) the method to interpret the human gaze and convert it into an effective interaction modality. Looking at a specific object reflects what a person is thinking related to that object, and the gaze location contains essential information for object manipulation.
  
  
  
  A novel gaze vector method is developed to accurately estimate the 3-D coordinates of the object being looked at in real environments, and a novel interpretation framework that mimics human visuomotor functions is designed to increase the control capability of gaze in object grasping tasks.
  
  
  
  High tracking accuracy was achieved using the gaze vector method. Participants successfully controlled a robotic arm for object grasping by directly looking at the target object.
  
  
  
  Human 3-D gaze can be effectively employed as an intuitive interaction modality for robotic object manipulation.
  
  
  
  It is the first time that 3-D gaze is utilized in a real environment to command a robot for a practical application. Three-dimensional gaze tracking is promising as an intuitive alternative for human-robot interaction especially for disabled and elderly people who cannot handle the conventional interaction modalities.
authors.forename: Songpo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D012656:Self-Help Devices