title: Geniposide demonstrates anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity against pandemic A/Jiangsu/1/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus infection in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been a great threat to human health for centuries, without effective control. Geniposide, a main iridoid glycoside compound extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit, possesses various biological activities including anti-inflammation and anti-virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were infected with pandemic A/Jiangsu/1/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus in vitro. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of geniposide were estimated by MTT assay. The influenza respiratory tract infection murine model was established by intranasal instillation of pandemic A/Jiangsu/1/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus. One day after infection, the mice were administered with geniposide (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/day) or the neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) peramivir (30 mg/kg/day). Body weight, survival time, viral titre and lung index of the mice were measured. The sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine levels of inflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data showed that geniposide had little cytotoxicity on MDCK cells and protected them from pandemic A/Jiangsu/1/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus-induced cell injury. In the infected mice, geniposide treatment significantly restored the body weights, decreased the mortality, alleviated viral titres and virus-induced lung lesions. Geniposide substantially inhibited the virus-induced alveolar wall changes, alveolar haemorrhage and neutrophil-infiltration in lung tissues. Levels of inflammatory mediators, including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6 and IL-10 were also markedly altered after treatment with geniposide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our investigation suggested that geniposide effectively inhibited cell damage mediated by pandemic A/Jiangsu/1/2009 (H1N1) influenza virus and mitigated virus-induced acute inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yunshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xieqin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Ganzhu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D039823:Iridoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D039823:Iridoids; C007835:geniposide