title: Administration of tranexamic acid to patients undergoing surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis evokes pain and increases the infusion rate of remifentanil during the surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently reported that tranexamic acid (TXA) evokes pain in rats by inhibiting γ-aminobutyric acid and glycine receptors on neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Although TXA is commonly used to reduce perioperative blood loss during various surgeries, its potential to induce intraoperative nociception, thereby increasing the need for more analgesics during surgery, has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether TXA evokes pain and increases the need for a higher infusion rate of remifentanil in patients undergoing surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from patients with AIS who underwent posterior spinal fusion surgery from January 2008 to December 2015. All surgical procedures were performed under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil, by the same team of orthopedic surgeons and anesthesiologists at a single institution. Patients in the TXA group were administered TXA (loading and maintenance doses, 1000 mg and 100 mg/h) whereas those in the control group were not. Our primary outcome was the infusion rate of the intraoperative opioid analgesic remifentanil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final analysis was based on data collected from 33 and 30 patients in the control and TXA groups, respectively. No differences were observed in the demographic data or the hemodynamic parameters between the two groups of patients. In the TXA group, the durations of surgery and anesthesia were shorter, intravascular fluid volume and total blood loss were lower, and the doses of fentanyl and ketamine administered were higher than they were in the control group (P < 0.05 for all). The mean infusion rate of intraoperative remifentanil was significantly higher in the TXA group than in the control group (control group: 0.23 ± 0.04 μg/kg/min; TXA group: 0.28 ± 0.12 μg/kg/min; P = 0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who received TXA during the AIS surgery required a higher infusion rate of remifentanil, indicating that TXA evoked pain during the surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohno
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D051381:Rats; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014148:Tranexamic Acid