title: Clinical presentation and management of congenital ptosis.
abstract: Congenital ptosis is a rare condition characterized by lower positioning of the upper eyelid that is present at birth and is a clinical condition that is persistent if not treated. It may be unilateral or bilateral and may be associated with other ocular disorders or systemic conditions, including Marcus Gunn, Horner, and Duane syndromes. It is a benign condition but causes functional, cosmetic, and psychological problems in children. However, not all patients need to undergo surgery, and usually only patients at risk of amblyopia need a prompt surgical correction, while in other cases, surgery can be postponed. The grade of ptosis, the eyelid function, and the amblyopic risk are the parameters that affect the ophthalmologist's decision on timing of surgery and the surgical technique to be used. In fact, there are several types of surgical techniques to correct a congenital ptosis, although very often more than one is needed to obtain an acceptable result. This paper reviews the causes of congenital ptosis and associated diseases. Particular emphasis is given to surgical management and different procedures available to correct the upper eyelid anomaly and avoid permanent damage to visual function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome "Sapienza".
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marenco
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Macchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania.
authors.forename: Iacopo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Macchi
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Galassi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massaro-Giordano
authors.affiliation: Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome "Sapienza".
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lambiase
keywords: extraocular muscle development; neurologic dysfunction; ptosis; surgical approach