title: Development of a head-phantom and measurement setup for lightning effects.
abstract: Direct lightning strikes to human heads lead to various effects ranging from Lichtenberg figures, over loss of consciousness to death. The evolution of the induced current distribution in the head is of great interest to understand the effect mechanisms. This work describes a technique to model a simplified head-phantom to investigate effects during direct lightning strike. The head-phantom geometry, conductive and dielectric parameters were chosen similar to that of a human head. Three layers (brain, skull, and scalp) were created for the phantom using agarose hydrogel doped with sodium chloride and carbon. The head-phantom was tested on two different impulse generators, which reproduce approximate lightning impulses. The effective current and the current distribution in each layer were analyzed. The biggest part of the current flowed through the brain layer, approx. 70 % in cases without external flashover. Approx. 23 % of the current flowed through skull layer and 6 % through the scalp layer. However, the current decreased within the head-phantom to almost zero after a complete flashover on the phantom occurred. The flashover formed faster with a higher impulse current level. Exposition time of current through the head decreases with a higher current level of the lightning impulse. This mechanism might explain the fact that people can survive a lightning strike. The experiments help to understand lightning effects on humans.
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Machts
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hunold
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leu
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haueisen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rock
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D015168:Lightning Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012535:Scalp / Q000293:injuries; D012886:Skull / Q000293:injuries; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D012965:Sodium Chloride