title: A cis-eQTL in OPRM1 is Associated with Subjective Response to Alcohol and Alcohol Use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A functional polymorphism within the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene, rs1799971 (A118G), previously has been associated with measures of alcohol use and sensitivity to its effects, but findings have been inconclusive. A recent study suggested that a second nearby variant within OPRM1, rs3778150, is robustly associated with heroin dependence and fully explained a smaller observed association with rs1799971. Given evidence that the rs3778150-C allele is associated with decreased OPRM1 expression levels in the human brain, the current study sought to test the hypothesis that rs3778150 represents a causal variant within OPRM1 that increases risk for a variety of alcohol use phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with genotype and phenotype data from a larger experimental study (N = 152) were assessed on measures of subjective response to alcohol and alcohol use. Measures included (i) the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol and the Alcohol Sensitivity Questionnaire, (ii) the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) and ratings of subjective intoxication, and (iii) average number of drinks per week in the past month.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to rs3778150-T homozygous individuals, carriers of the rs3778150-C allele exhibited significantly lower retrospective self-report levels of alcohol sensitivity. Carriers of the rs3778150-C allele also exhibited lower levels of BAES alcohol-related stimulation during an alcohol challenge and reported higher levels of drinking in the last 30 days. With the exception of lower levels of BAES alcohol-related sedation, the rs1799971 variant did not show consistent significant association with any of the alcohol phenotypes in the presence of rs3778150.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that rs3778150 may be causally related to alcohol use phenotypes, and could potentially account for previously observed associations of rs1799971 with substance use phenotypes. Future studies may investigate potential causal relations among genetic variants in OPRM1, subjective response to alcohol, and drinking phenotypes to further delineate the effects of rs3778150.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4583-2076
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Gizer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Deak
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Bartholow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C485764:OPRM1 protein, human; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: 
  OPRM1
  ; Alcohol Challenge; Genetics; Subjective Response to Alcohol