title: Recent Advancements in Flexible and Stretchable Electrodes for Electromechanical Sensors: Strategies, Materials, and Features.
abstract: Stretchable and flexible sensors attached onto the surface of the human body can perceive external stimuli, thus attracting extensive attention due to their lightweight, low modulus, low cost, high flexibility, and stretchability. Recently, a myriad of efforts have been devoted to improving the performance and functionality of wearable sensors. Herein, this review focuses on recent remarkable advancements in the development of flexible and stretchable sensors. Multifunction of these wearable sensors is realized by incorporating some desired features (e.g., self-healing, self-powering, linearity, and printing). Next, focusing on the characteristics of carbon nanomaterials, nanostructured metal, conductive polymer, or their hybrid composites, two major strategies (e.g., materials that stretch and structures that stretch) and diverse design approaches have been developed to achieve highly flexible and stretchable electrodes. Strain sensing performances of recently reported sensors indicate that the appropriate choice of geometric engineering as well as intrinsically stretchable materials is essential for high-performance strain sensing. Finally, some important directions and challenges of a fully sensor-integrated wearable platform are proposed to realize their potential applications for human motion monitoring and human-machine interfaces.
authors.affiliation: School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Songfang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials for High Density Electronic Packaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Jinhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Duxia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials for High Density Electronic Packaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-495X
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication and Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials for High Density Electronic Packaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Ching-Ping
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-8053
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wong
keywords: conductive network; desirable feature; flexible and stretchable electrodes; sensing mechanism; wearable sensor