title: Developmental and reproductive toxicity of PVP/PEI-coated silver nanoparticles to zebrafish.
abstract: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity of silver nanoparticles (NPs) and their toxicity to fish embryos after waterborne exposure have been widely investigated, but much less information is available regarding the effect of Ag NPs on physiological functions such as growth or reproduction. In this work, the effects of waterborne exposure of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to PVP/PEI coated Ag NPs (~5nm) on reproduction (fecundity) were investigated. Moreover, the development of the embryos after parental exposure was compared with the development of embryos after direct waterborne exposure to the NPs. For this, two experiments were run: 1) embryos from unexposed parents were treated for 5days with Ag NPs (10μgAgL-1-10mgAgL-1) and development was monitored, and 2) selected breeding zebrafish were exposed for 3weeks to 100ngAgL-1(environmentally relevant concentration) or to 10μgAgL-1of Ag NPs, fecundity was scored and development of resulting embryos was monitored up to 5days. Waterborne exposure of embryos to Ag NPs resulted in being highly toxic (LC50 at 120h=50μgAgL-1), causing 100% mortality during the first 24h of exposure at 0.1mgAgL-1. Exposure of adults, even at the environmentally relevant silver concentration, caused a significant reduction of fecundity by the second week of treatment and resulting embryos showed a higher prevalence of malformations than control embryos. Exposed adult females presented higher prevalence of vacuolization in the liver. These results show that Ag NPs at an environmentally relevant concentration are able to affect population level parameters in zebrafish.
authors.affiliation: CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE and Science and Technology Faculty, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain. Electronic address: amaia.orbea@ehu.eus.
authors.forename: Amaia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orbea
authors.affiliation: CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE and Science and Technology Faculty, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: Nagore
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: González-Soto
authors.affiliation: CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE and Science and Technology Faculty, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lacave
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Operations Research, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
authors.forename: Irantzu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barrio
authors.affiliation: CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE and Science and Technology Faculty, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: Miren P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cajaraville
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011094:Polyethyleneimine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011205:Povidone / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012834:Silver / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D013499:Surface Properties; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013723:Teratogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D066007:Toxicokinetics; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012834:Silver; D011094:Polyethyleneimine; D011205:Povidone
keywords: Developmental malformations; Embryotoxicity; Fecundity; Reproduction; Silver nanoparticles; Zebrafish