title: Verrucarin A and roridin E produced on spinach by Myrothecium verrucaria under different temperatures and CO2levels.
abstract: The behavior of Myrothecium verrucaria, artificially inoculated on spinach, was studied under seven different temperature conditions (from 5 to 35 °C) and under eight different combinations of temperature and CO2concentration (14-30 °C and 775-870 or 1550-1650 mg/m3). The isolate used for this study was growing well on spinach, and the mycotoxins verrucarin A and roridin E were produced under all tested temperature and CO2conditions. The maximum levels of verrucarin A (18.59 ng/g) and roridin E (49.62 ng/g) were found at a temperature of 26-30 °C and a CO2level of 1550-1650 mg/m3. Rises in temperature as well as in temperature and CO2concentrations had a significant effect by increasing Myrothecium leaf spots on spinach. The biosynthesis of verrucarin A was significantly increased at the highest temperature (35 °C), while roridin E was influenced by the CO2concentration. These results show that a positive correlation between climate condition and macrocyclic trichothecene production is possible. However, because of the ability of M. verrucaria to produce mycotoxins, an increase in temperature could induce the spread of M. verrucaria in temperate regions; this pathogen may gain importance in the future.
authors.affiliation: AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy. ilenia.siciliano@unito.it.
authors.forename: Ilenia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Siciliano
authors.affiliation: AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bosio
authors.affiliation: AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gilardi
authors.affiliation: AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy.|DISAFA-Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Lodovica
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gullino
authors.affiliation: AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garibaldi
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006999:Hypocreales / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C003797:roridin E; C005348:muconomycin A
keywords: Climate change; HPLC-MS/MS; Mycotoxins; Phytotron; Spinacia oleracea