title: Clinical high risk for psychosis: the association between momentary stress, affective and psychotic symptoms.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess associations between momentary stress and both affective and psychotic symptoms in everyday life of individuals at clinical high risk (CHR), compared to chronic psychotic patients and healthy controls, in search for evidence of early stress sensitization. It also assessed whether psychotic experiences were experienced as stressful.
  
  
  
  The experience sampling method was used to measure affective and psychotic reactivity to everyday stressful activities, events and social situations in 22 CHR patients, 24 patients with a psychotic disorder and 26 healthy controls.
  
  
  
  Multilevel models showed significantly larger associations between negative affect (NA) and activity-related stress for CHR patients than for psychotic patients (P = 0.008) and for CHR compared to controls (P < 0.001). Similarly, the association between activity-related stress and psychotic symptoms was larger in CHR than in patients (P = 0.02). Finally, the association between NA and symptoms (P < 0.001) was larger in CHR than in patients.
  
  
  
  Stress sensitization seems to play a role particularly in the early phase of psychosis development as results suggest that CHR patients are more sensitive to daily life stressors than psychotic patients. In this early phase, psychotic experiences also contributed to the experience of stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Y
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9285-5513
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Steen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gimpel-Drees
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lataster
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Viechtbauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|GGzE, Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven en De Kempen, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C J P
authors.initials: CJP
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lardinois
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry Odense, Psychiatry in the region of Southern Denmark, and Institute for Clincal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bechdolf
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Myin-Germeys
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000072860:Ecological Momentary Assessment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012306:Risk; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: clinical high risk; daily life stressors; experience sampling method; psychotic disorder