title: Leiomyosarcoma of the renal vein: analysis of outcome and prognostic factors in the world case series of 67 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant mesenchymal tumour. Some cases of leiomyosarcoma of the renal vein (LRV) have been reported in the literature, but no analysis of data and search for prognostic factors have been done so far. The aim of this review was to describe the LRV, to analyse overall survival (OS), local recurrence free survival (LRFS) and distant metastases free survival (DMFS) in LRV world case series and to identify significant predictors of OS, LRFS and DMFS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases from the literature based on PubMed search and a case from our institution were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven patients with a mean age of 56.6 years were identified; 76.1% were women. Mean tumour size was 8.9 cm; in 68.7% located on the left side. Tumour thrombus extended into the inferior vena cava lumen in 13.4%. All patients but one underwent surgery (98.5%). After a median follow up of 24 months, the OS was 79.5%. LRFS was 83.5% after a median follow up of 21.5 months and DMFS was 76.1% after a median follow up of 22 months. Factors predictive of OS in univariate analysis were surgical margins, while factors predictive of LRFS were inferior vena cava luminal extension and grade. No factors predictive of DMFS were identified. In multivariate analysis none of the factors were predictive of OS, LRFS and DMFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the literature review and presented case some conclusions can be made. LRV is usually located in the hilum of the kidney. It should be considered in differential diagnosis of renal and retroperitoneal masses, particularly in women over the age 40, on the left side and in the absence of haematuria. Core needle biopsy should be performed. Patients should be managed by sarcoma multidisciplinary team. LRV should be surgically removed, with negative margins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Andraz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perhavec
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Maturen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Snezana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pavlovic Djokic
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jereb
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Darja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erzen
keywords: leiomyosarcoma; outcome; renal vein; surgery