title: Evaluation of genotoxic effects of 3-methyl-5-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione on human peripheral lymphocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tranexamic acid is commonly used for curing abnormal bleeding in a variety of diseases. In a previous study, 12 different tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine derivatives were synthesized from the amine group of tranexamic acid. Their antifibrinolytic and antimicrobial activities were compared with tranexamic acid. 3-Methyl-5-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (3-MTTT) was the most remarkable one, which may be used as a drug.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In vitro genotoxicity of 3-MTTT was investigated using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronucleus (MN) and comet assays.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various concentrations 0.78, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.50 and 25.00 μg/mL of 3-MTTT were applied to lymphocytes obtained from two donors for periods of 24 and 48 h. A negative (distilled water), a solvent (2:1 PBS:10% NaOH for cultured lymphocyte, and PBS for isolated lymphocytes) and a positive control (MMC for cultured lymphocytes and H2O2for isolated lymphocytes) were also maintained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While this compound did not increase the frequency of abnormal cells and CA/cell ratio compared to negative control (except 48 h, 25 μg/mL), it significantly increased the frequency of SCEs at the four highest concentrations at both treatment periods (except 6.25 μg/mL, 48 h). It significantly decreased the MI in all the concentrations at 24 h (except 0.78 μg/mL) and in the highest three concentrations at 48 h. This compound did not significantly increase the frequency of MN and DNA damage compared to negative control. This compound did not affect the replication and nuclear division index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrated that this compound does not represent a significant risk at the genetic level in in vitro human lymphocytes.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Genetic Toxicology Laboratory , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ece
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Avuloğlu-Yılmaz
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Genetic Toxicology Laboratory , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yüzbaşıoğlu
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Azime Berna
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Özçelik
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Seyhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ersan
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Genetic Toxicology Laboratory , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ünal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D013843:Thiazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D013871:Thiones / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013843:Thiazines; D013871:Thiones; C477840:tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: DNA damage; Tranexamic acid; genotoxicity; lymhocyte culture