title: High-risk and low-risk human papilloma virus in association to spontaneous preterm labor: a case-control study in a tertiary center, Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to detect the correlation between human papillomavirus (HPV) and spontaneous preterm labor in Egyptian women and its association to the human papilloma viral load and MPP2 gene expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an observational comparative case-control study in Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Mansoura University Hospitals over women presented with spontaneous preterm labor, besides females admitted for giving birth at full term to detect conserved sequence in HPV-L1 gene (GP5/GP6) followed by genotype detection of high- and low-risk HPVs with quantification of the viral load and the MMP2 gene expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of HPV was 18.1% in preterm females, but only 4% in full-term women (p value = 0.019*). Twenty percent were PCR positive for HPV 16 and 40% for HPV 18 whereas none of the control was positive for any of the studied high-risk genotypes. Thirty percent were PCR positive for HPV 6 and 10% were positive for HPV 11. MMP2 gene expression was significantly higher in preterm than full term. Human papilloma viral load was found to be positively correlated to the rate of MMP2 expression and the gestational age was significantly related to the viral load and the rate of expression of MMP2 gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human pabilloma virus especially high-risk genotypes was correlated to spontaneous preterm labor in Egyptian females through increasing early expression of MMP2 gene. The time of occurrence of preterm labor was affected by the viral load and so the rate of expression of MMP2 gene.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt.
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mosbah
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt.
authors.forename: Rafik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barakat
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt.
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nabiel
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt.
authors.forename: Ghada
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barakat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005865:Gestational Age; D052140:Human papillomavirus 11 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2
keywords: Human papilloma virus; MMP2; PCR; preterm labor; real-time PCR