title: P2X7 antagonism using Brilliant Blue G reduces body weight loss and prolongs survival in female SOD1G93Aamyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease characterised by the accumulation of aggregated proteins, microglia activation and motor neuron loss. The mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and disease progression in ALS are unknown, but the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor channel is implicated in this disease. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine P2X7 in the context of neurodegeneration, and investigate whether the P2X7 antagonist, Brilliant Blue G (BBG), could alter disease progression in a murine model of ALS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human SOD1G93Atransgenic mice, which normally develop ALS, were injected with BBG or saline, three times per week, from pre-onset of clinical disease (62-64 days of age) until end-stage. During the course of treatment mice were assessed for weight, clinical score and survival, and motor coordination, which was assessed by rotarod performance. Various parameters from end-stage mice were assessed as follows. Motor neuron loss and microgliosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Relative amounts of lumbar spinal cord SOD1 and P2X7 were quantified by immunoblotting. Serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was measured by ELISA. Splenic leukocyte populations were assessed by flow cytometry. Relative expression of splenic and hepatic P2X7 mRNA was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Lumbar spinal cord SOD1 and P2X7 were also quantified by immunoblotting in untreated female SOD1G93Amice during the course of disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BBG treatment reduced body weight loss in SOD1G93Amice of combined sex, but had no effect on clinical score, survival or motor coordination. BBG treatment reduced body weight loss in female, but not male, SOD1G93Amice. BBG treatment also prolonged survival in female, but not male, SOD1G93Amice, extending the mean survival time by 4.3% in female mice compared to female mice treated with saline. BBG treatment had no effect on clinical score or motor coordination in either sex. BBG treatment had no major effect on any end-stage parameters. Total amounts of lumbar spinal cord SOD1 and P2X7 in untreated female SOD1G93Amice did not change over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, this data suggests P2X7 may have a partial role in ALS progression in mice, but additional research is required to fully elucidate the contribution of this receptor in this disease.
authors.affiliation: Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.affiliation: Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sluyter
authors.affiliation: Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sluyter
authors.affiliation: Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Justin J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yerbury
keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Motor neurone disease; P2X7 receptor; Protein aggregation; Purinergic signalling; SOD1