title: Pembrolizumab's non-cross resistance mechanism of action successfully overthrown ipilimumab.
abstract: The incidences of melanomas are increasing by leaps and bounds across the globe despite early detection and intervention. The numbers of patients dying from metastatic melanoma have been continually increased over the past thirty years. It has been considered as one of the most therapy-resistant malignancies due to the cross-resistant mechanism developed by the metastatic cells. With time, many new therapies came and they failed miserably. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody that works to activate the immune system by targeting CTLA-4 proved to be a boon for advance melanoma very recently. But it could not stand firmly against the resistant metastatic skin cancer cells. Now, the new skin cancer drug named pembrolizumab proved as a new miraculous molecule. It's a humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks a biological pathway called programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), which melanoma cells activate to suppress the immune system. This antibody has surpassed ipilimumab at all the stages of clinical trials because of its non-cross resistant mechanism to malignant cells. The present review critically analyses the reasons of efficacy success of pembrolizumab over ipilizumab shown at various stages of clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India; Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wahid
authors.affiliation: Hewitt Laboratory of the Ola B. Williams Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Naseem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akhter
authors.affiliation: Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; GE Healthcare, Sector-43, Gurgaon 122002, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Arshad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jawed
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynecology Oncology, Women's Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Sajad A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.affiliation: Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226014, UP, India.
authors.forename: Raju K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, UP, India.
authors.forename: Mohtashim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lohani
authors.affiliation: Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammed Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Areeshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, UP, India.
authors.forename: Saif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India; Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikki Biocentre-2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland. Electronic address: shafiul.haque@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Shafiul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haque
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000074324:Ipilimumab; C582435:pembrolizumab
keywords: BRAF inhibitors; Ipilimumab; Metastatic skin cancer; Non-cross resistant; Pembrolizumab; Programmed cell death-1