title: DNA methylation of retrotransposons, DNA transposons and genes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.).
abstract: The methylation of cytosines shapes the epigenetic landscape of plant genomes, coordinates transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, represses the activity of transposable elements (TEs), affects gene expression and, hence, can influence the phenotype. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris), an important crop that accounts for 30% of worldwide sugar needs, has a relatively small genome size (758 Mbp) consisting of approximately 485 Mbp repetitive DNA (64%), in particular satellite DNA, retrotransposons and DNA transposons. Genome-wide cytosine methylation in the sugar beet genome was studied in leaves and leaf-derived callus with a focus on repetitive sequences, including retrotransposons and DNA transposons, the major groups of repetitive DNA sequences, and compared with gene methylation. Genes showed a specific methylation pattern for CG, CHG (H = A, C, and T) and CHH sites, whereas the TE pattern differed, depending on the TE class (class 1, retrotransposons and class 2, DNA transposons). Along genes and TEs, CG and CHG methylation was higher than that of adjacent genomic regions. In contrast to the relatively low CHH methylation in retrotransposons and genes, the level of CHH methylation in DNA transposons was strongly increased, pointing to a functional role of asymmetric methylation in DNA transposon silencing. Comparison of genome-wide DNA methylation between sugar beet leaves and callus revealed a differential methylation upon tissue culture. Potential epialleles were hypomethylated (lower methylation) at CG and CHG sites in retrotransposons and genes and hypermethylated (higher methylation) at CHH sites in DNA transposons of callus when compared with leaves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zakrzewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.|VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.|VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Lijsebettens
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D027461:Beta vulgaris / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D010940:Plant Proteins; D018626:Retroelements
keywords: 
  Beta vulgaris
  ; bisulfite sequencing; callus; cytosine methylation; methylome; sugar beet; transposable elements