title: Dated phylogenetic studies of the southernmost American buthids (Scorpiones; Buthidae).
abstract: A dated molecular phylogeny of the southernmost American species of the family Buthidae, based on two nuclear and two mitochondrial genes, is presented. Based on this study, analyzed species of the subgenus Tityus (Archaeotityus) are neither sister to the remaining species of the genus Tityus, nor are they closely related to the New World microbuthids with decreasing neobothriotaxy. Analyzed species of the subgenus Tityus do not form a monophyletic group. Based on ancestral area estimation analyses, known geoclimatic events of the region and comparisons to the diversification processes of other epigean groups from the area, a generalized hypothesis about the patterns of historical colonization processes of the family Buthidae in southern South America is presented. Furthermore, for the first time, a Paleogene-African ingression route for the colonization of America by the family Buthidae is proposed as a plausible hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, CP: 1405DJR, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: andres.ojanguren@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrés A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ojanguren-Affilastro
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA CABA, Argentina. Electronic address: rsadilardi@yahoo.com.ar.
authors.forename: Renzo S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Adilardi
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva y Evolución, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA, CONICET-UNC) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina. Electronic address: camilomattoni@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Camilo I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Mattoni
authors.affiliation: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, CP: 1405DJR, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: ramirez@macn.gov.ar.
authors.forename: Martín J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, CP: 1405DJR, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, C.P. 22860 Baja California, Mexico. Electronic address: saracecca@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: F Sara
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Ceccarelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005843:Geography; D010802:Phylogeny; D012605:Scorpions / Q000145:classification*; D013020:South America; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Andes; Buthidae; Neotropics; Paleogene-African-origin; Phylogeny; Scorpiones