title: Determination of antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus strains isolated from pigs and their genotypic characterization by method of amplification of DNA fragments surrounding rare restriction sites (ADSRRS fingerprinting).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we analysed phenotypic resistance profiles and their reflection in the genomic profiles of Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from pigs raised on different farms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were collected from five pig farms (n=90 animals) and tested for Enterococcus. MICs of 12 antimicrobials were determined using the broth microdilution method, and epidemiological molecular analysis of strains belonging to selected species (faecalis, faecium and hirae) was performed using the ADSRRS-fingerprinting (amplification of DNA fragments surrounding rare restriction sites) method with a few modifications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest percentage of strains was resistant to tetracycline (73.4 %), erythromycin and tylosin (42.5 %) and rifampin (25.2 %), and a large number of strains exhibited high-level resistance to both kanamycin (25.2 %) and streptomycin (27.6 %). The strains of E. faecalis, E. faecium and E. hirae (n=184) revealed varied phenotypic resistance profiles, among which as many as seven met the criteria for multidrug resistance (30.4 % of strains tested). ADSRRS-fingerprinting analysis produced 17 genotypic profiles of individual strains which were correlated with their phenotypic resistance profiles. Only E. hirae strains susceptible to all of the chemotherapeutics tested had two different ADSRRS profiles. Moreover, eight animals were carriers of more than one genotype belonging to the same Enterococcus spp., mainly E. faecalis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the possibility of transmission to humans of the high-resistance/multidrug resistance enterococci and the significant role of pigs as food animals in this process, it is necessary to introduce a multilevel control strategy by carrying out research on the resistance and molecular characteristics of indicator bacterial strains isolated from animals on individual farms.
authors.affiliation: University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nowakiewicz
authors.affiliation: University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ziółkowska
authors.affiliation: University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trościańczyk
authors.affiliation: State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zięba
authors.affiliation: University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gnat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000070076:Enterococcus hirae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D007612:Kanamycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology*; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D013753:Tetracycline Resistance; D015645:Tylosin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007612:Kanamycin; D004917:Erythromycin; D013752:Tetracycline; D012293:Rifampin; D013307:Streptomycin; D015645:Tylosin