title: Regulatory B Cells in Seropositive Myasthenia Gravis versus Healthy Controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find out if the failure in immunotolerance of myasthenia gravis (MG) is a possible aspect of deduction in Breg cells and to characterize B cell subsets in MG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometry detection and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in peripheral blood films of 10 MG patients and 10 healthy controls (HCs) were performed after isolation of B cells. The CD19+CD5+CD1d+Breg cells percentages were measured to complement a B cell phenotype assay and frequencies of B cell subsets. The clinical outcome measures and immunological variables of patients with MG were compared with HCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with MG had relatively lowered percentages of CD19+CD5+CD1d+Breg cells as compared to HCs. The production of interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 was relatively lesser in patients with MG than HCs, which were linked with more severe of MG disease status according to Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) clinical classification. The reduction of cytokine production was more significant for IL-10 than TGF-β1 when compared to HCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It has been observed that the reduced number of B cells is able to produce IL-10 in MG patients but lesser than compared to HCs. The Bregs reduction mainly was regarded by the severity of disease status, which was highly significant and also by disease duration which was statistically significant as well. The findings of the measurement of B cell phenotype assay and frequencies of B cell subsets between MGs and HCs give us new ideas to develop B cell-mediated therapies of MG such as (1) isolated B cells of MGs could be cultured with steroids, e.g., dexamethasonein vitroto see if it induces the CD19+CD5+CD1d+Breg cells, (2) it may observe whether induced CD19+CD5+CD1d+Bregs have higher production of IL-10 and TGF-β1, as both are linked with disease severity, and (3) after completionin vitrosteps, through further researchin vivoto observe whether it improves the function of MG disease status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , China.
authors.forename: Md Rezaul
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , China.
authors.forename: Hong-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , China.
authors.forename: Yun-Fu
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: CD19+CD5+CD1d+ Bregs; ELISA; IL-10; MG; TGF-β1; flow cytometry; regulatory B cells