title: Restraint stress differentially regulates inflammation and glutamate receptor gene expression in the hippocampus of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.
abstract: The inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6 and BALB/c have been used widely in preclinical psychiatric research. The differences in stress susceptibility of available strains has provided a useful platform to test pharmacological agents and behavioral responses. Previous brain gene profiling efforts have indicated that the inflammation and immune response gene pathway is the predominant gene network in the differential stress response of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The implication is that a composite stress paradigm that includes a sequence of extended, varied and unpredictable stressors induces inflammation-related genes in the hippocampus. We hypothesized that the regulation of inflammation genes in the brain could constitute a primary stress response and tested this by employing a simple stress protocol, repeated exposure to the same stressor for 10 days, 2 h of restraint per day. We examined stress-induced regulation of 13 proinflammatory cytokine genes in male BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice using quantitative PCR. Elevated cytokine genes included tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 10 (IL10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) super family members and interleukin 1 receptor 1 (IL1R1). In addition, we examined restraint stress-induced regulation of 12 glutamate receptor genes in both strains. Our results show that restraint stress is sufficient to elevate the expression of inflammation-related genes in the hippocampus of both BABLB/c and C57BL/6 mice, but they differ in the genes that are induced and the magnitude of change. Cell types that are involved in this response include endothelial cells and astrocytes. Lay summary Repeated exposure to a simple restraint stress altered the activities of genes involved in inflammation and the functions of the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. These changes in the hippocampus of the mouse brain showed differences that were dependent on the strain of mice and the length of the stress exposure. The effects of stress on activity of these genes may lead to alterations in behavior.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences , Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota , Vermillion , SD , USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sathyanesan
authors.affiliation: a Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences , Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota , Vermillion , SD , USA.
authors.forename: Jacob M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Haiar
authors.affiliation: a Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences , Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota , Vermillion , SD , USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.affiliation: a Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences , Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota , Vermillion , SD , USA.
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D013045:Species Specificity; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017470:Receptors, Glutamate
keywords: Cytokines; gene expression; glutamate receptors; hippocampus; proinflammatory genes; restraint stress