title: Antifungal and antioxidant activities of Coleonema album and C. pulchellum against skin diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coleonema album (Thunb) Bart. & H. L. Wendl (Rutaceae) has been used in the formulation of skincare products, and the Khoisan people rub it on their skin to add luster. Coleonema pulchellum I. Williams has received less attention in the South African traditional medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the antifungal and antioxidant activities of C. album and C. pulchellum essential oil (EO) and leaf extracts; and analyzes the chemical components of their EOs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antifungal activity of leaf extracts was determined using the microdilution method with griseofulvin and ketoconazole as controls. Antifungal capacity of EO was investigated using the 'Volatile release plate method'. Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 28188) and T. mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533) mycelia (0.3 cm diameter) were placed on fresh yeast malt agar in Petri dishes with filter paper (impregnated with 20 μL of EO) on the lid for direct exposure to EO volatiles while plates without EO were used as controls. The incubation time was seven days. Antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methanol leaf extract of C. pulchellum inhibited the growth of three fungi tested with MIC values of 195, 391 and 49 μg/mL for Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum, respectively. Terpenes formed the major components of the EO. The EO from both plants inhibited the growth of T. rubrum in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed the therapeutic value of C. pulchellum. Coleonema album and C. pulchellum should be considered as potential plants for skin ointment from natural origin.
authors.affiliation: a Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg , Scottsville , South Africa.
authors.forename: Olufunke O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Fajinmi
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science , Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany , Olomouc , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grúz
authors.affiliation: c Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Central Laboratories and Research Support, Faculty of Science , Palacký University , Olomouc , Czech Republic.|d Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants , Crop Research Institute , Olomouc , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tarkowski
authors.affiliation: a Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg , Scottsville , South Africa.
authors.forename: Manoj G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: a Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg , Scottsville , South Africa.
authors.forename: Jeffrey F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Finnie
authors.affiliation: a Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg , Scottsville , South Africa.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Staden
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D027821:Rutaceae; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Atopic dermatitis; Trichophyton mentagrophytes; Trichophyton rubrum