title: Beat-to-beat heart rate detection by smartphone's accelerometers: validation with ECG.
abstract: Mobile phones offer the possibility to monitor and track health parameters. Our aim was to test the feasibility and accuracy of measuring beat-to-beat heart rate using smartphone accelerometers by recording the vibrations generated by the heart during its function and transmitted to the chest wall, i.e. the so-called seismocardiographic signal (SCG).
  
  
  
  9 healthy male volunteers were studied in supine (SUP) and in standing (ST) posture. A smartphone (iPhone6, Apple) was positioned on the thorax (POS1) to acquire SCG signal. While supine, a second smartphone was positioned on the navel (POS2). The SCG signal was recorded for 3 minutes during spontaneous respiration, synchronous with 3-leads ECG. Using a fully automated algorithm based on amplitude thresholding after rectification, the characteristic peak of the SCG signal (IVC) was detected and used to compute beat-to-beat heart duration, to be compared with the corresponding RR intervals extracted from the ECG.
  
  
  
  A 100% feasibility of the approach resulted for POS1 in SUP, while 89% in POS2, and 78% for POS1 in ST. In supine, for each smartphones' position, the automated algorithm correctly identified the cardiac beats with >98% accuracy. Linear correlation (r2) with RR was very high (>0.98) in each posture and position, with no bias and narrow limits of agreement.
  
  
  
  The obtained results proved the feasibility of the proposed approach and the robustness of the applied algorithm in measuring the beat-to-beat heart rate from smartphone-derived SCG, with high accuracy compared to conventional ECG-derived measure.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Landreani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin-Yebra
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casellato
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frigo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pavan
authors.forename: P-F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Migeotte
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Caiani
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000465:Algorithms; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006321:Heart; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000068997:Smartphone / Q000592:standards*