title: Risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone-resistant enterococcal urinary tract infections in a tertiary care university hospital in north India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluoroquinolone resistance in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria has increased with the widespread use of fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Gram-negative bacilli has been widely studied, though staphylococci and enterococci are also notably resistant. Enterococci being the second most common cause of healthcare-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs) fluoroquinolones are often the drug of choice. This study was undertaken to assess the risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone-resistant enterococcal UTI in a tertiary level health facility in north India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 365 patients with UTI caused by enterococci were studied over a period of two years. Patients with ciprofloxacin-resistant and susceptible UTI were considered as cases and controls, respectively. Resistance profile of the isolates against common antibiotics was studied by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. Mechanisms for fluoroquinolone resistance was studied by efflux pump inhibitor activity and multiplex PCR targeting the qnr genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 204 (55.89%) cases and 161 (44.1%) controls were identified. The fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were significantly resistant to ampicillin, high strength aminoglycosides and vancomycin. The majority (78%) of the resistant isolates showed efflux pump activity. Treatment in indoor locations, presence of urinary catheters and pregnancy along with recent exposure to antibiotics especially fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins and piperacillin-tazobactam were identified as independent risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that fluoroquinolone resistance in enterococcal UTI was largely associated with indoor usage of antibiotics and use of indwelling devices. Knowledge of risk factors is important to curb this emergence of resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
authors.forename: Tuhina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
authors.forename: Shampa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anupurba
mesh_terms: D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010397:Penicillanic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010878:Piperacillin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077725:Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D000077725:Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D010397:Penicillanic Acid; D010878:Piperacillin