title: Predictors of In-hospital Postoperative Opioid Overdose After Major Elective Operations: A Nationally Representative Cohort Study.
abstract: The aim of this study was to describe national trends and outcomes of in-hospital postoperative opioid overdose (OD) and identify predictors of postoperative OD.
  
  
  
  In 2000, the Joint Commission recommended making pain the 5th vital sign, increasing the focus on postoperative pain control. However, the benefits of pain management must be weighed against the potentially lethal risk of opioid OD.
  
  
  
  This is a retrospective multi-institutional cohort study of patients undergoing 1 of 6 major elective inpatient operation from 2002 to 2011 using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, an approximately 20% representative sample of all United States hospital admissions. Patients with postoperative OD were identified using ICD-9 codes for poisoning from opioids or adverse effects from opioids. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors.
  
  
  
  Among 11,317,958 patients, 9458 (0.1%) had a postoperative OD; this frequency doubled over the study period from 0.6 to 1.1 overdoses per 1000 cases. Patients with postoperative OD died more frequently during their hospitalization (1.7% vs 0.4%, P < 0.001). Substance abuse history was the strongest predictor of OD (odds ratio = 14.8; 95% confidence interval: 12.7-17.2). Gender, age, income, geographic location, operation type, and certain comorbid diseases also predicted OD (P < 0.05). Hospital variables, including teaching status, size, and urban/rural location, did not predict postoperative OD.
  
  
  
  Postoperative OD is a rare, but potentially lethal complication, with increasing incidence. Postoperative monitoring and treatment safety interventions should be thoughtfully employed to target high-risk patients and avoid this potentially fatal complication.
authors.affiliation: *Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA†Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX‡Massachusetts General Hospital, Department Of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston, MA§Department of Anesthesia, Toronto General Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Christy E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Alex B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menendez
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ladha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult