title: A comparative review on sleep stage classification methods in patients and healthy individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proper scoring of sleep stages can give clinical information on diagnosing patients with sleep disorders. Since traditional visual scoring of the entire sleep is highly time-consuming and dependent to experts' experience, automatic schemes based on electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis are broadly developed to solve these problems. This review presents an overview on the most suitable methods in terms of preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection and classifier adopted to precisely discriminate the sleep stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study round up a wide range of research findings concerning the application of the sleep stage classification. The fundamental qualitative methods along with the state-of-the-art quantitative techniques for sleep stage scoring are comprehensively introduced. Moreover, according to the results of the investigated studies, five research papers are chosen and practically implemented on a well-known public available sleep EEG dataset. They are applied to single-channel EEG of 40 subjects containing equal number of healthy and patient individuals. Feature extraction and classification schemes are assessed in terms of accuracy and robustness against noise. Furthermore, an additional implementation phase is added to this research in which all combinations of the implemented features and classifiers are considered to find the best combination for sleep analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to our achieved results on both groups, entropy of wavelet coefficients along with random forest classifier are chosen as the best feature and classifier, respectively. The mentioned feature and classifier provide 87.06% accuracy on healthy subjects and 69.05% on patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this paper, the road map of EEG-base sleep stage scoring methods is clearly sketched. Implementing the state-of-the-art methods and even their combination on both healthy and patient datasets indicates that although the accuracy on healthy subjects are remarkable, the results for the main community (patient group) by the quantitative methods are not promising yet. The reasons rise from adopting non-matched sleep EEG features from other signal processing fields such as communication. As a conclusion, developing sleep pattern-related features deem necessary to enhance the performance of this process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Information technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: boostani@shirazu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boostani
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Information technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: f.karimzadeh@cse.shirazu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Foroozan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Karimzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: torabinami@sums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nami
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D017286:Polysomnography; D012894:Sleep Stages; D060388:Support Vector Machine
keywords: Entropy; Random forest classifier; Sleep stage classification; Wavelet transform