title: Patient Reluctance to Discuss Pain: Understanding Stoicism, Stigma, and Other Contributing Factors.
abstract: Some patients are hesitant to disclose when they are experiencing pain. However, the reasons for this, such as stoicism and concern about being a bother to others, are poorly understood. If patient pain goes unrecognized during clinical encounters, patients may also be at greater risk for pain-related crises, use of hospice/palliative care on-call services, and in-patient transfers. This is an evidence-informed development of a practice-oriented conceptual model to understand and address patient reluctance to admit pain. We used a review of the available evidence to better understand the various factors that contribute to an unwillingness to disclose one's pain, create a conceptual model, and identify relevant assessment measures that may be useful to practitioners. Our review identified six primary attitudes and beliefs that contribute to patient reluctance to openly admit pain: (a) stigma; (b) stoicism; (c) cautiousness; (d) fatalism; (e) bother; and (f) denial. Four assessment measures that address elements of barriers to pain-related communication and four measures of nonverbal signs of pain were also identified and reviewed. Based on the model, social workers and other palliative care providers should consistently and vigilantly inquire about how comfortable patients are about discussing their own pain. Implications for practice and research are presented.
authors.affiliation: a School of Social Work , University of Maryland, Baltimore , Baltimore , Maryland , USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cagle
authors.affiliation: b School of Medicine , University of Maryland, Baltimore , Baltimore , Maryland , USA.
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bunting
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D010684:Philosophy; D013240:Stereotyping; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Cautiousness; comfort care; end-of-life; pain assessment; palliative care; patient communication; psychosocial factors; stoicism