title: Anesthetic effects of different volumes of lidocaine for spermatic cord block in cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate three volumes of lidocaine for spermatic cord block to perform castration in cattle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized blinded clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty mixed-breed Nellore cattle, aged 28-40 months and weighing 395±21 (352-452) kg [mean±standard deviation (range)].
  
  
  METHODS
  Cattle were restrained in a chute and allowed to stand without sedation. Three milliliters of 2% lidocaine without epinephrine were infiltrated subcutaneously at each site of scrotal incision in all animals. The animals were allocated to three groups of 10 animals each. Lidocaine 2% was injected into each spermatic cord using a volume of 2, 3 or 4 mL in groups A, B, or C, respectively. The total volumes of lidocaine used were 10, 12, and 14 mL in groups A, B, and C, respectively. The duration of surgery and the retraction of the testicle (scored as positive or negative according to retraction of the testicle) during the procedure were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed by one-way anova followed by Tukey's and chi-square tests. Differences were considered significant when p<0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean surgical time was shorter in group C than in groups A and B (p<0.001). In groups A, B and C, 90%, 60% and 10% of the animals showed retraction of the testicle, respectively. Fewer animals retracted the spermatic cord in group C than in group A (p=0.002) and B (p=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimal spermatic cord block was achieved by injection of 4 mL of 2% lidocaine 5 minutes before castration and following incisional infiltration of lidocaine, in adult cattle weighing about 400 kg.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universidade Estácio de Sá (UNESA), Vargem Pequena, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juracy Cb
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Santos Júnior
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Paulista (UNIP) Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Marucio
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Midon
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: stelio@fmvz.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Stelio Pl
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Luna
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013085:Spermatic Cord / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine
keywords: analgesia; castration; cattle; lidocaine; orchidectomy; pain