title: Red Blood Cells for Glucose-Responsive Insulin Delivery.
abstract: Glucose-responsive delivery of insulin mimicking the function of pancreatic β-cells to achieve meticulous control of blood glucose (BG) would revolutionize diabetes care. Here the authors report the development of a new glucose-responsive insulin delivery system based on the potential interaction between the glucose derivative-modified insulin (Glc-Insulin) and glucose transporters on erythrocytes (or red blood cells, RBCs) membrane. After being conjugated with the glucosamine, insulin can efficiently bind to RBC membranes. The binding is reversible in the setting of hyperglycemia, resulting in fast release of insulin and subsequent drop of BG level in vivo. The delivery vehicle can be further simplified utilizing injectable polymeric nanocarriers coated with RBC membrane and loaded with Glc-Insulin. The described work is the first demonstration of utilizing RBC membrane to achieve smart insulin delivery with fast responsiveness.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.|Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.|Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Yanqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.|Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Wujin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.|Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Jicheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.|Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Jingqiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.|Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.|Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Buse
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.|Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D004912:Erythrocytes; D005947:Glucose; D007328:Insulin
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose
keywords: diabetes; drug delivery; glucose response; insulin; red blood cell