title: Antioxidants Attenuate Oxidative Stress-Induced Hidden Blood Loss in Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hidden blood loss (HBL), commonly seen after total knee or hip arthroplasty, causes postoperative anemia even after reinfusion or blood transfusion based on the visible blood loss volume. Recent studies demonstrated that oxidative stress might be involved in HBL. However, whether the antioxidants proanthocyanidin (PA) or hydrogen water (HW) can ameliorate HBL remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of PA and HW on HBL.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rat HBL model was established through administration of linoleic acid with or without treatment with PA or HW. The levels of hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) count, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and ferryl Hb were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RBC and Hb values as well as the activity of SOD and GSH-PX were reduced after administration of linoleic acid, which was ameliorated by treatment with PA or HW. In addition, the quantity of MDA was significantly decreased with the administration of PA or HW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PA and HW could ameliorate HBL in a rat model by reducing oxidative stress, suggesting that they might be used as a novel therapeutic approach in the prophylaxis or treatment of HBL in clinics.
authors.affiliation: Southeast University Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Clinic of Orthopedics, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University Faculty of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinic of Orthopedics, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University Faculty of Medicine, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Clinic of Orthopedics, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Southeast University Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Clinic of Orthopedics, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Wen Shuang
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Southeast University Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jiajia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Southern Medical University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Wen Xiang
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University Faculty of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinic of Orthopedics, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University Faculty of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinic of Orthopedics, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Nirong
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University Faculty of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Clinic of Orthopedics, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jianning
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000009:adverse effects; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C013221:proanthocyanidin; D006859:Hydrogen
keywords: Antioxidants; Hidden blood loss; Proanthocyanidin Hydrogen water.