title: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Youth Athletes: Successful Screening With Point-of-Care Ultrasound by Medical Students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a life-threatening genetic cardiovascular disease that often goes undetected in young athletes. Neither history nor physical examination are reliable to identify those at risk. The objective of this study is to determine whether minimally trained medical student volunteers can use ultrasound to screen for HCM.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective enrollment of young athletes performed at 12 area high schools and three area colleges, between May 2012 and August 2013. All participants underwent point-of-care ultrasound performed screening for HCM by trained medical students and reviewed by a pediatric cardiologist. An interventricular septum to left ventricular posterior wall ratio greater than 1.25 was considered to be abnormal (positive screen).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2332 participants were enrolled. There were 137 (5.8%) with a positive screening for HCM, of which 7 (5.1%) were confirmed to have HCM by a pediatric cardiologist. In a small cohort with positive screen for HCM, there was a 100% sensitivity (95% confidence interval, 59.04 to 100%) and 4.86% (95% confidence interval, 1.98 to 9.76%) positive predictive value of for having HCM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Volunteer medical students, using point-of-care ultrasound, were able to effectively screen for HCM in young athletes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Irvine Health, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: J Christian
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Irvine Health, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Shadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lahham
authors.affiliation: University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.affiliation: University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Suzi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klaus
authors.affiliation: University of California Irvine Health, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Bassil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aish
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Irvine Health, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Sylwanowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Irvine Health, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yanuck
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Irvine Health, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Mason
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Irvine Health, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Carter
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: English
authors.affiliation: University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: Newport Harbor Cardiology, Newport Beach, California, USA.
authors.forename: Uthara R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000067716:Point-of-Care Testing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cardiac screening; echocardiography; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; ultrasound