title: Impacts of Renal Sympathetic Activation on Atrial Fibrillation: The Potential Role of the Autonomic Cross Talk Between Kidney and Heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have demonstrated that there is a high variability of renal sympathetic nerve density distribution from proximal to distal renal artery segments. The aim of our study was to investigate the roles of renal sympathetic nerve stimulation (RSS) on atrial fibrillation and cardiac autonomic nervous activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight dogs were randomly assigned to the proximal RSS group (P-RSS, N=7), middle RSS group (M-RSS, N=7), distal RSS group (D-RSS, N=7), and the control group (sham RSS, N=7). RSS was performed using electrical stimulation on the bilateral renal arteries for 3 hours. Effective refractory period and the window of vulnerability were measured at atrial and pulmonary veins sites. Superior left ganglionated plexi (SLGP) and left stellate ganglion (LSG) function and neural activity were determined. C-fos and nerve growth factor protein expression in the SLGP and LSG were examined. Only P-RSS (1) caused pronounced blood pressure rises, induced a significant decrease in effective refractory period, and generated a marked increase in cumulative window of vulnerability and effective refractory period dispersion; (2) increased the frequency and amplitude of the neural activity in the SLGP and LSG; (3) increased SLGP and LSG function; and (4) upregulated the level of c-fos and nerve growth factor expression in the SLGP and LSG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that renal sympathetic nerve activation induced by 3 hours of P-RSS facilitated atrial fibrillation inducibility by upregulating cardiac autonomic nervous activity, suggesting a potential autonomic cross talk between kidney and heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Lilei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Songyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Menglong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Xuefei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Guannan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Shenxu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoya
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China whujianghong@163.com.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012032:Refractory Period, Electrophysiological / Q000502:physiology*; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000294:innervation*; D013233:Stellate Ganglion / Q000378:metabolism; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor
keywords: atrial fibrillation; ganglionated plexus; left stellate ganglion; renal sympathetic nervous system