title: Nanosystems for Skin Delivery: From Drugs to Cosmetics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skin delivery is an exciting and challenging area. There are numerous skin delivery systems available on the market. However, this market still remains limited to a narrow range of substances. Thus, several strategies have been developed to improve the performance of those substances, including the development of nanosystems.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this review is to elucidate the nanosystems applied to the skin. Thus, we undertook a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature. In order to contextualize this subject, anatomy and physiology of the skin will be first briefly described and then general concepts and the various examples of these nanosystems, both cosmetic and pharmaceutical field, will be also accessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As demonstrated, the use of nanosized carrier systems for drugs or active ingredients has gathered the attention of the most famous cosmetic and pharma industries. In fact, those nanosystems can easily establish a special interaction with skin structures, achieving deeper layers and obtaining a controlled release of the encapsulated substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this review confirm the importance of skin delivery and the applications of nanotechnology in this area. Although those nanosystems have a high potential and applicability, there are still some limitations mainly because some of those studies are inconclusive in terms of risk of the nanomaterials and further toxicological investigations could address those issues in order to make these products more functional and attractive to consumers.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa. Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.affiliation: CBios - Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa. Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-montes e Alto Douro. Portugal.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa. Portugal.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rijo
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia/iMed- Ulisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa. Portugal.
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D003358:Cosmetics; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Skin; cosmetics; drugs; fullerenes; lipidic-based nanosystems; nanotechnology; polymeric-based nanoparticles