title: Subglottic Stenosis Following Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Infants and Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the 1) incidence of subglottic stenosis in infants and children following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and 2) risk factors associated with its development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary children's hospital in California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants and children who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnosis of subglottic stenosis by tracheoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of subglottic stenosis at our institution during the study period was 0.7%. Young age (p = 0.014), prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.03), and prolonged mechanical ventilation (p < 0.01) were associated with the development of subglottic stenosis. Gender, chromosomal anomaly, presence of a cuffed endotracheal tube, and lowest core temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass were not associated with the development of subglottic stenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of subglottic stenosis was less than that previously reported in this population. Although the incidence is relatively low, subglottic stenosis is a serious complication of tracheal intubation and all measures to prevent subglottic stenosis should be undertaken.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. 2Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, HI. 3Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. 4Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway Township, NJ.
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: Prashant J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Purohit
authors.forename: C Ross
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cadman
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aghaeepour
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hammer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007829:Laryngostenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors