title: Estimating preferences for modes of drug administration: The case of US healthcare professionals.
abstract: There are hidden drug administration costs that arise from a mismatch between end-user preferences and how manufacturers choose to formulate their drug products for delivery to patients. The corollary of this is: there are "intangible benefits" from considering end-user preferences in manufacturing patient-friendly medicines. It is important then to have some idea of what pharmaceutical manufacturers should consider in making patient-friendly medicines and of the magnitude of the indirect benefits from doing so.
  
  
  
  This study aimed to evaluate preferences of healthcare professionals in the US for the non-monetary attributes of different modes of drug administration. It uses these preference orderings to compute a monetary valuation of the indirect benefits from making patient-friendly medicines.
  
  
  
  A survey collected choice preferences of a sample of 210 healthcare professionals in the US for two unlabelled drug options. These drugs were identical except in the levels of attributes of drug administration. Using the choice data collected, statistical models were estimated to compute gross welfare benefits, measured by the expected compensating variation, from making drugs in a more patient-friendly manner.
  
  
  
  The monetary value of end-user benefits from developing patient-friendly drug delivery systems is: (1) as large as the annual acquisition costs per full treatment episode for some biologic drugs; and (2) likely to fall in the "high end" of the distribution of the direct monetary costs of drug administration.
  
  
  
  An examination of end-user preferences should help manufacturers make more effective and efficient use of limited resources for innovations in drug delivery system, or manufacturing research in general.
authors.affiliation: University College London, UK. Electronic address: e.tetteh@alumni.ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ebenezer K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Tetteh
authors.affiliation: University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Titchener-Hooker
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D016527:Drug Costs; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Discrete-choice experiments; Drug administration; Manufacturing; Product differentiation