title: Implementing a Just Culture: Perceptions of Nurse Managers of Required Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Healthcare organizations have been challenged to create a just culture as part of their culture of safety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore perceptions of nurse managers in developing personal competencies in order to enable them to effectively implement a just culture in their units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews with nine nurse managers identified themes. Data were independently analyzed by three members of the research team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of interview transcripts identified the following four themes: need for education of managers and employees, need for a variety of new skills for nurse managers, need to change attitudes from the long-standing punitive culture and fault of individual and challenges in implementation because of time constraints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementing a just culture is complex. Education of nurse managers is crucial. A series of educational strategies is recommended. Findings support the need for new competencies to enable nurse managers to effectively implement a just culture in their units.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor and Graduate Coordinator, Faculty of Nursing, University of Windsor, Toldo Health Education Centre, Windsor, ON.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Director, Learning & Workplace Development, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON.
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.affiliation: Sessional Instructor, Faculty of Nursing, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON.
authors.forename: Margo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.affiliation: Chief Operating Officer and Chief Nurse Executive, Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCullough
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007857:Leadership; D009718:Nurse Administrators; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010465:Perception