title: Australia-wide assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in landfill leachates.
abstract: Leachate from 27 landfills was analysed for nine perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Five PFASs were detected ubiquitously, with perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) the predominant PFAS (mean 1700ng/L; range 73-25,000ng/L). Despite the complexity of landfill-specific factors, some general trends in PFAS concentrations were observed. Mean concentrations of eight PFASs were higher in operating landfills (or landfill cells) accepting primarily municipal waste, compared to closed municipal landfills. Landfills accepting primarily construction and demolition wastes produced leachate that had higher mean PFAS concentrations than municipal landfills. Younger landfills appeared to have a higher burden of waste containing PFASs (or their precursors), as significant relationships (p<0.05) were observed between selected PFAS concentrations and landfill age. Increasing pH and total organic carbon (TOC) in leachate were associated with increased concentrations of several PFASs. Eight landfills discharged leachate to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Estimated masses of PFASs discharged reached a maximum of 62g annually (PFHxA), with a national estimate reaching 31kg (PFHxA) annually. The practise of treating leachate at WWTPs allows redistribution of PFASs between the solid and liquid waste streams, although the contribution of leachate to the total load of PFASs entering WWTPs is minor compared to domestic waste water sources.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia. Electronic address: c.bentley@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallen
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drage
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eaglesham
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Formerly the Australian Government Department of the Environment, John Gorton Building, Parkes ACT 2600, Australia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mueller
keywords: Landfill; Leachate; Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs); Persistent organic pollutants (POPs); Waste