title: Microbial transformation of ginsenoside Rb1, Re and Rg1 and its contribution to the improved anti-inflammatory activity of ginseng.
abstract: Microbial transformation of ginsenosides to increase its pharmaceutical effect is gaining increasing attention in recent years. In this study, Cellulosimicrobium sp. TH-20, which was isolated from soil samples on which ginseng grown, exhibited effective ginsenoside-transforming activity. After protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside (Rb1) and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides (Re and Rg1) were fed to C. sp. TH20, a total of 12 metabolites, including 6 new intermediate metabolites, were identified. Stepwise deglycosylation and dehydrogenation on the feeding precursors have been observed. The final products were confirmed to be rare ginsenosides Rd, GypXVII, Rg2 and PPT after 96 h transformation with 38-96% yields. The four products showed improved anti-inflammatory activities by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and the xylene-induced acute inflammatory model of mouse ear edema. The results indicated that they could dramatically attenuate the production of TNF-α more effectively than the precursors. Our study would provide an example of a unique and powerful microbial cell factory for efficiently converting both PPD-type and PPT-type ginsenosides to rare natural products, which extends the drug candidates as novel anti-inflammatory remedies.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. yushanshan001@aliyun.com.|Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China. yushanshan001@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
authors.forename: Chunchun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
authors.forename: Huanxi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
authors.forename: Shuying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. yfeng2009@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014992:Xylenes / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D036145:Ginsenosides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014992:Xylenes; C049864:ginsenoside Re; C442759:ginsenoside Rb1; C035054:ginsenoside Rg1