title: Matching Meals to Body Clocks-Impact on Weight and Glucose Metabolism.
abstract: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to rise worldwide and is reaching pandemic proportions. The notion that this is due to obesity, resulting from excessive energy consumption and reduced physical activity, is overly simplistic. Circadian de-synchrony, which occurs when physiological processes are at odds with timing imposed by internal clocks, also promotes obesity and impairs glucose tolerance in mouse models, and is a feature of modern human lifestyles. The purpose of this review is to highlight what is known about glucose metabolism in animal and human models of circadian de-synchrony and examine the evidence as to whether shifts in meal timing contribute to impairments in glucose metabolism, gut hormone secretion and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Lastly, we examine whether restricting food intake to discrete time periods, will prevent or reverse abnormalities in glucose metabolism with the view to improving metabolic health in shift workers and in those more generally at risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. amy.hutchison@adelaide.edu.au.|South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia. amy.hutchison@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Amy T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.affiliation: Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. gary.wittert@adelaide.edu.au.|South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia. gary.wittert@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wittert
authors.affiliation: Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. leonie.heilbronn@adelaide.edu.au.|South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia. leonie.heilbronn@adelaide.edu.au.|Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia. leonie.heilbronn@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Leonie K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Heilbronn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015444:Exercise; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D062407:Meals; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones
keywords: chronic disease risk; circadian rhythm; glucose metabolism; time-restricted feeding; type 2 diabetes