title: Kidney disease and venous thromboembolism: Does being woman make the difference?
abstract: The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is increased across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease (CKD), from mild to more advanced CKD, and typically characterizes nephrotic syndrome (NS). VTE risk in patients with kidney disease may be due to underlying hemostatic abnormalities, including activation of pro-thrombotic factors, inhibition of endogenous anticoagulation systems, enhanced platelet activation and aggregation, and decreased fibrinolytic activity. The mechanisms involved differ depending on the cause of the kidney impairment (i.e. presence of NS or CKD stage). Sex and gender differences, as well as, environmental factors or comorbidities may play a modulating role; however, specific sex and gender data on this topic are still rare. The aim of the present review is to discuss the VTE risk associated with impairment of kidney function, the potential mechanism accounting for it and the impact of sex differences in this clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: antonietta_gigante@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gigante
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Mario
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amoroso
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Pignataro
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Napoleone
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Research Center on Gender and Evaluation and Promotion of Quality in Medicine, (CEQUAM), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basili
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Raparelli
mesh_terms: D001777:Blood Coagulation; D005260:Female; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Gender; Kidney disease; Nephrotic syndrome; Venous thromboembolism