title: Children seeking help for auditory verbal hallucinations; who are they?
abstract: Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVH) in children and adolescents are a relatively common and mostly transient feature in community samples. However, it should not be regarded as a merely benign phenomenon, as childhood AVH are associated with psychopathology. Little is known about the clinical group of children seeking help for AVH. This brings uncertainty on how to assess and treat these children.
  
  
  
  This study describes the characteristics of 95 help-seeking children (aged 6 to 18years) with AVH attending an outpatient clinic specifically dedicated to help youth with this complaint. We aim to provide pointers regarding diagnostic assessment and interventions.
  
  
  
  Children seeking help for AVH suffered from a diversity of co morbid psychiatric diagnoses and consistently experienced high stress from AVH. When the DSM-IV-TR criteria for psychotic disorder NOS were used, all 95 children obtained this diagnosis. However, when a psychotic disorder was defined using the A-criterion of schizophrenia, only a minority of 11 cases (11.6%) was diagnosed as having a psychotic disorder. All children were in need of psycho-education and coping strategies and only the minority (11.6%) fulfilling criteria for a more narrowly defined psychotic disorder was prescribed antipsychotic medication.
  
  
  
  Children seeking help for AVH form a heterogeneous group with high stress and reduced functioning. Even though only a minority (11.6%) suffers from a psychotic disorder, all children warrant clinical care due to their burden and multi morbid psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Heidelberglaan 100, 3485CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: k.maijer-2@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maijer
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Heidelberglaan 100, 3485CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia J M C
authors.initials: SJMC
authors.lastname: Palmen
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Heidelberglaan 100, 3485CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Iris E C
authors.initials: IEC
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D000066505:Help-Seeking Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: AVH; Antipsychotics; Auditory verbal hallucinations; Child psychiatry; Clinical psychiatry; Psychosis