title: Variation in Day-of-Week and Seasonal Concentrations of Atmospheric PM2.5-Bound Metals and Associated Health Risks in Bangkok, Thailand.
abstract: While effective analytical techniques to promote the long-term intensive monitoring campaign of particulate heavy metals have been well established, efforts to interpret these toxic chemical contents into policy are lagging behind. In order to ameliorate the interpretation of evidence into policies, environmental scientists and public health practitioners need innovative methods to emphasize messages concerning adverse health effects to state and local policymakers. In this study, three different types of health risk assessment models categorized by exposure pathways. Namely, ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation were quantitatively evaluated using intensive monitoring data of 51 PM2.5-bound metals that were collected on three consecutive days, from 17 November 2010 to 30 April 2011 in the heart of Bangkok. Although different exposure pathways possess different magnitudes of risk for each PM2.5-bound metal, it can be concluded that ingestion of dust causes more extensive risk to residents compared with inhalation and dermal contact. The investigation of enrichment factors reveals the overwhelming influences of vehicular exhausts on 44 selected metal concentrations in Bangkok. These findings are in agreement with previous studies that highlight the role of public transportation and urban planning in air pollution control.
authors.affiliation: NIDA Center for Research and Development of Disaster Prevention and Management, School of Social and Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), 118 Moo 3, Sereethai Road, Klong-Chan, Bangkapi, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand. pongpiajun@gmail.com.|Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi'an, 710075, China. pongpiajun@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Siwatt
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pongpiachan
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi'an, 710075, China.
authors.forename: Suixin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi'an, 710075, China.
authors.forename: Rujin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi'an, 710075, China.
authors.forename: Zhuzi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education, Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University Under the Royal Patronage, 1 Moo 20 Phaholyothin Road, Klong Nuang, Klong Luang, Phathum Thani, 13180, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jittree
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palakun
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Charnwit
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kositanont
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi'an, 710075, China.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter