title: Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction Conditions for Improving Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities In Vitro from Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb. Residues.
abstract: Stems are the important residues ofTrapa quadrispinosaRoxb., which are abundant in phenolic compounds. Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) is confirmed as a novel extraction technology with main advantages of enhancing extraction yield and physiological activities of the extracts from various plants. In this study, UAEE was applied to obtain the highest yield of phenolic content, strongest antioxidant, and antitumor activities and to optimize the extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM). The extracts from the stems ofT. quadrispinosawere characterized by determination of their antioxidant activities through 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazxyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAC) methods and of their antitumor activity by MTT method. The selected key independent variables were cellulase concentration (X₁: 1.5%-2.5%), extraction time (X₂: 20-30 min) and extraction temperature (X₃: 40-60 °C). The optimal extraction conditions for total phenolic content (TPC) value of the extracts were determined as 1.74% cellulase concentration, 25.5 min ultrasonic extraction time and 49.0 °C ultrasonic temperature. Under these conditions, the highest TPC value of 53.6 ± 2.2 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW) was obtained, which agreed well with the predicted value (52.596 mg GAE/g·DW. Furthermore, the extracts obtained from UAEE presented highest antioxidant activities through ABTS, DPPH, TAC and FRAC methods were of 1.54 ± 0.09 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g·DW; 1.45 ± 0.07 mmol·TE/g·DW; 45.2 ± 2.2 mg·GAE/g·DW; 50.4 ± 2.6 μmol FeSO₄ equivalent/g·DW and lowest IC50values of 160.4 ± 11.6 μg/mL, 126.1 ± 10.8 μg/mL, and 178.3 ± 13.1 μg/mL against Hela, HepG-2 and U251 tumor cells, respectively. The results indicated that the UAEE was an efficient alternative to improve extraction yield and enhance the antioxidant and antitumor activities of the extracts. The phenolic extracts from the stems ofT. quadrispinosahad significant antioxidant and antitumor activities, which could be used as a source of potential antioxidant and antitumor agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China. lifengjs@126.com.|School of food and biological engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. lifengjs@126.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. danyimao123@163.com.
authors.forename: Yi-Dan
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. 15751002880@163.com.
authors.forename: Yi-Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. aunraza1990@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Aun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: Institute of life sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. tulip_lipeng@163.com.
authors.forename: Li-Peng
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. xxq781026@ujs.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiu-Quan
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064028:Tracheophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb.; antioxidant activity; antitumor activity; response surface methodology; stems; ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction