title: The Effects of Race and Racial Concordance on Patient-Physician Communication: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
abstract: Racial disparities exist in health care, even when controlling for relevant sociodemographic variables. Recent data suggest disparities in patient-physician communication may also contribute to racial disparities in health care. This study aimed to systematically review studies examining the effect of black race and racial concordance on patient-physician communication.
  
  
  
  A comprehensive search using the PRISMA guidelines was conducted across seven online databases between 1995 and 2016. The search resulted in 4672 records for review and 40 articles for final inclusion in the review. Studies were included when the sample consisted of black patients in healthcare contexts and the communication measure was observational or patient-reported. Data were extracted by pairs of authors who independently coded articles and reconciled discrepancies. Results were synthesized according to predictor (race or racial concordance) and communication domain.
  
  
  
  Studies were heterogeneous in health contexts and communication measures. Results indicated that black patients consistently experienced poorer communication quality, information-giving, patient participation, and participatory decision-making than white patients. Results were mixed for satisfaction, partnership building, length of visit, and talk-time ratio. Racial concordance was more clearly associated with better communication across all domains except quality, for which there was no effect.
  
  
  
  Despite mixed results due to measurement heterogeneity, results of the present review highlight the importance of training physicians and patients to engage in higher quality communication with black and racially discordant patients by focusing on improving patient-centeredness, information-giving, partnership building, and patient engagement in communication processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th St., Box 39, New York, NY, 10065, USA. mes2050@med.cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Megan Johnson
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Emily B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Costas-Muñiz
authors.affiliation: NYS Office for People with Developmental Disabilities, Tarrytown, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Migda Hunter
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Information Systems, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Jewell
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Information Systems, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Konstantina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsoukas
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York, NY, USA.|Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.|Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Carma L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bylund
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D003142:Communication; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations
keywords: Disparities; Patient-physician communication; Race; Racial concordance