title: Nanoethosomal formulation of gammaoryzanol for skin-aging protection and wrinkle improvement: a histopathological study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Free radical scavengers and antioxidants, with the main focus on enhanced targeting to the skin layers, can provide protection against skin ageing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to prepare nanoethosomal formulation of gammaoryzanol (GO), a water insoluble antioxidant, for its dermal delivery to prevent skin aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nanoethosomal formulation was prepared by a modified ethanol injection method and characterized by using laser light scattering, scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The effects of formulation parameters on nanoparticle size, encapsulation efficiency percent (EE%) and loading capacity percent (LC%) were investigated. Antioxidant activity of GO-loaded formulation was investigated in vitro using normal African green monkey kidney fibroblast cells (Vero). The effect of control and GO-loaded nanoethosomal formulation on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of rat skin was also probed. Furthermore, the effect of GO-loaded nanoethosomes on skin wrinkle improvement was studied by dermoscopic and histological examination on healthy humans and UV-irradiated rats, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimized nanoethosomal formulation showed promising characteristics including narrow size distribution 0.17 ± 0.02, mean diameter of 98.9 ± 0.05 nm, EE% of 97.12 ± 3.62%, LC% of 13.87 ± 1.36% and zeta potential value of -15.1 ± 0.9 mV. The XRD results confirmed uniform drug dispersion in the nanoethosomes structure. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant studies confirmed the superior antioxidant effect of GO-loaded nanoethosomal formulation compared with control groups (blank nanoethosomes and GO suspension).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nanoethosomes was a promising carrier for dermal delivery of GO and consequently had superior anti-aging effect.
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Students' Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heydari
authors.affiliation: b Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences , Zanjan , Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghanbarzadeh
authors.affiliation: c Dermatology & Dermopharmacy Research Team and Department of Dermatology, Sina Hospital , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anoush
authors.affiliation: c Dermatology & Dermopharmacy Research Team and Department of Dermatology, Sina Hospital , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranjkesh
authors.affiliation: d Biotechnology Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Yousef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Javadzadeh
authors.affiliation: e Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kouhsoltani
authors.affiliation: f Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamishehkar
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012869:Skin Absorption; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004337:Drug Carriers; D010666:Phenylpropionates; C013172:gamma-oryzanol
keywords: Gammaoryzanol; dermal drug delivery; nanoethosomes; skin aging; wrinkle