title: Health care-seeking behaviours and health expenditures in adults aged 45 years and older in China, 2011-2013.
abstract: To provide an assessment of China's progress to universal health coverage (UHC) from the perspective of people-centred care.
  
  
  
  We obtained data on 28 103 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHALRS) during 2011-2013. We used logistic regressions and generalised linear models to analyse care-seeking behaviours and medical expenditures.
  
  
  
  We found that 95.5% of the subjects were covered by social health insurance in 2013, and nearly 60% subjects in need of medical care were self-medicated. Health insurance was a strong predictor for the access to outpatient care. Use of pure and mixed self-medication increased by 15% and 32% respectively, while use of pure outpatient care fell by 10% between 2011 and 2013, after adjusting for predisposing, service needs and enabling factors. Such trends were particularly evident for the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance and the New Cooperative Medical Scheme, which covered more than 80%. The monthly out-of-pocket medical expenditures and the probability of encountering catastrophic health expenditures for outpatient care were four times larger than that for self-medication. Between 2011 and 2013, outpatient care medical costs rose by nearly 50%, whereas there was no such obvious trend for self-medication. People with insurance schemes offering lower cost sharing incurred consistently higher out-of-pocket outpatient payments.
  
  
  
  The monitoring of global progress to UHC should incorporate self-medication. In China, it seems that the current reform and the huge government investment have not resulted in access to affordable quality care. To achieve UHC, not only universal insurance, but system-level efforts are needed.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jiasen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xing Lin
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012651:Self Medication; D019472:Universal Health Insurance
keywords: China; Chine; acceso a cuidados; access to care; accès aux soins; auto-medicación; automédication; cobertura universal de salud; couverture santé universelle; self-medication; universal health coverage, China