title: Efficacy of gold nanoparticles against isoproterenol induced acute myocardial infarction in adult male albino rats.
abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate the role of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) of 50 nm diameter on isoproterenol (ISO) induced acute myocardial infarction in adult male albino rats. Forty five adult Wistar male albino rats were equally divided into three groups. Control (group I) was further subdivided into three subgroups. In group II, the rats received ISO subcutaneously at a dose of 100 mg/kg for three days. In group III, rats received ISO as group II and then GNPs (400 μg/kg/day) intravenously for 14 consecutive days. Echocardiography was performed. Left ventricular specimens were prepared for H&E, van Gieson staining, immunohistochemical analysis for (eNOs and Bcl-2), and Electron microscope examination. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was also performed. Cardiac markers such as creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) were measured. Group II revealed cardiomyocytes with deeply stained acidophilic cytoplasm, small dark nuclei, intracellular vacuolations, wide intercellular spaces, and extravasated red blood cells. Increased collagen fibers were observed. Electron microscope examination showed cardiomyocyte with small and irregular outlined nuclei, mitochondria with irregular cristae and others with ruptured mitochondrial membrane, abnormal alignment of myofibrils, dilated cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and disorganized intercalated discs. Group III showed that most cardiomyocytes preserved the normal architecture. Increased expression of eNOs immunoreaction and decreased Bcl-2 immunoreaction were detected in group II as compared to the control and GNP-treated groups. These ﬁndings suggested that GNPs of 50 nm diameter improved myocardial injury after ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Myocardial infarction (MI), Isoproterenol (ISO), Nitric oxide (NO), Neuronal NOS (nNOs), Endothelial NOs (eNOs), Gold nanoparticle (GNPs), Diamiobenzidine (DAB), Serum Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Cardiac troponin T (cTnT), Electrochemiluminiscence (ECLIA), Cardiomyocytes (CMC), Peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor (PPARs), Reactive oxygen species (ROS).
authors.affiliation: a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Human Medicine , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt.
authors.forename: Samah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: a Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Human Medicine , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt.
authors.forename: Shaimaa Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Abdelrahman
authors.affiliation: b Cardiology Department , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt.
authors.forename: Alaa Elsayed
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Salama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography; D006046:Gold; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D006046:Gold; D007545:Isoproterenol
keywords: Echocardiography; energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis; gold nanoparticles; isoproterenol; myocardial infarction