title: Effect of diclofenac suppository on pain control during flexible cystoscopy-A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: TRIAL DESIGN:To compare the difference in pain score during flexible cystoscopy between patients undergoing the procedure with plain lubricating gel  only and plain gel with diclofenac suppository in a randomized control trial.METHODS:  A total of 60 male patients with an indication of flexible cystoscopy were enrolled in a prospective, randomized controlled study. Patients were randomized in two groups. In group "A", patients received diclofenac suppository one hour prior to the procedure while group "B" did not receive diclofenac suppository. Both groups received 10 ml of intra-urethral  plain gel for lubrication during flexible cystoscopy. Pain score was recorded immediately after the procedure using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Pre- and post-procedure pulse rate and systolic blood pressure was also recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square test and student t-test. Regression analysis was performed to address the confounding variables.RESULTS: Both groups were comparable for variables including age, duration of procedure, level of operating surgeon and indication of procedure. Most common indication for flexible cystoscopy was removal of double J stent. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean pain score between two groups (p= 0.012).  The difference in post-procedure mean pulse rate in the two groups was statistically significant (p= 0.01) however there was no difference observed in mean post procedure systolic blood pressure. Regression analysis showed that none of the confounding variables were significantly affecting pain perception.CONCLUSIONS:Intra rectal diclofenac suppository is simple and effective pre-emptive analgesia. We recommend its routine use during flexible cystoscopy for better pain control.
authors.affiliation: Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mehwash
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nadeem
authors.affiliation: Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: M Hammad
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ather
keywords: diclofenac suppository; flexicystoscopy; office urology; pain control