title: Acoustic analysis of snoring sounds originating from different sources determined by drug-induced sleep endoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the possibility of fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequency (FF) to generally differentiate the sources of snoring sounds determined by drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 74 snoring subjects underwent DISE and snoring sounds were recorded simultaneously. The noise-suppressed snoring sounds were analyzed and classified into different groups based on the sources of vibration identified by DISE. F0 and FFs were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Totally, 516 snoring sounds from three vibrating sources (the palate, combined the palate and the lateral wall, the lateral wall) of 47 patients were divided into three groups then analyzed. The levels of F0 and FFs for each group follow the order: Group 1 < Group 2 < Group 3. There was statistical difference between Group 1 and other groups in F0 and F2 (p < .05). The area under the receiver-operator curves (AUC) was F0, at 0.727, and the cut-off value was 134.2 Hz; and F2, at 0.654, and the cut-off value was 2028.0 Hz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  F0 and the second formant frequency (F2) are found to be significantly lower in palatal snoring sound. F0 might be a significant in distinguishing palatal snoring sound from non-palatal snoring sound. F2 is more significant than F1 and F3 in identifying the sources of the snoring sounds but is less sensitive than F0.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology , Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9378-7767
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology , Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Huijie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: b School of Electronic and Optical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology , Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weining
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: c Department of Anesthesia , Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ruifang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: c Department of Anesthesia , Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: b School of Electronic and Optical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: b School of Electronic and Optical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiajun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology , Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology , Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiuying
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology , Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weihong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004825:Epiglottis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000503:physiopathology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012913:Snoring / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000503:physiopathology; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D015742:Propofol
keywords: Snoring sound; drug-induced sleep endoscopy; formant frequency; fundamental frequency; palate