title: Motif Discovery in Speech: Application to Monitoring Alzheimer's Disease.
abstract: Perseveration - repetition of words, phrases or questions in speech - is commonly described in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Measuring perseveration is difficult, but may index cognitive performance, aiding diagnosis and disease monitoring. Continuous recording of speech would produce a large quantity of data requiring painstaking manual analysis, and risk violating patients' and others' privacy. A secure record and an automated approach to analysis are required.
  
  
  
  To record bone-conducted acoustic energy fluctuations from a subject's vocal apparatus using an accelerometer, to describe the recording and analysis stages in detail, and demonstrate that the approach is feasible in AD.
  
  
  
  Speech-related vibration was captured by an accelerometer, affixed above the temporomandibular joint. Healthy subjects read a script with embedded repetitions. Features were extracted from recorded signals and combined using Principal Component Analysis to obtain a one-dimensional representation of the feature vector. Motif discovery techniques were used to detect repeated segments. The equipment was tested in AD patients to determine device acceptability and recording quality.
  
  
  
  Comparison with the known location of embedded motifs suggests that, with appropriate parameter tuning, the motif discovery method can detect repetitions. The device was acceptable to patients and produced adequate signal quality in their home environments.
  
  
  
  We established that continuously recording bone-conducted speech and detecting perseverative patterns were both possible. In future studies we plan to associate the frequency of verbal repetitions with stage, progression and type of dementia. It is possible that the method could contribute to the assessment of disease-modifying treatments.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE. United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garrard
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs 7624. Hungary.
authors.forename: Vanda
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nemes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ. United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nikolic
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ. United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barney
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011932:Reading; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; bone-conducted speech; motif discovery; perseveration; principal component analysis