title: Antidote availability in the municipality of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
abstract: The lack of availability of antidotes in emergency services is a worldwide concern. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the availability of antidotes used for treating poisoning in Campinas (SP).
  This was a cross-sectional study of emergency services in Campinas, conducted in 2010-2012.
  The availability, amount in stock, place of storage and access time for 26 antidotal treatments was investigated. In the hospitals, the availability of at least one complete treatment for a 70 kg adult over the first 24 hours of admission was evaluated based on stock and access recommendations contained in two international guidelines.
  14 out of 17 functioning emergency services participated in the study, comprising pre-hospital services such as the public emergency ambulance service (SAMU; n = 1) and public emergency rooms for admissions lasting ≤ 24 hours (UPAs; n = 3), and 10 hospitals with emergency services. Six antidotes (atropine, sodium bicarbonate, diazepam, Phytomenadione, flumazenil and calcium gluconate) were stocked in all the services, followed by 13 units that also stocked activated charcoal, naloxone and diphenhydramine or biperiden. No service stocked all of the recommended antidotes; only the regional Poison Control Center had stocks close to recommended (22/26 antidotal treatments). The 10 hospitals had almost half of the antidotes for starting treatments, but only one quarter of the antidotes was present with stocks sufficient for providing treatment for 24 hours.
  The stock of antidotes for attending poisoning emergencies in the municipality of Campinas is incomplete and needs to be improved.
authors.affiliation: RN, MSc. Nurse, Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas (SP), Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciane Cristina
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues Fernandes
authors.affiliation: BPharm, MSc, PhD. Professor, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas (SP), Brazil.|Professor, Postgraduate Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus (AM), Brazil.
authors.forename: Taís Freire
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Galvão
authors.affiliation: RN, MSc. Nurse, Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas (SP), Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana Safioti
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Toledo Ricardi
authors.affiliation: MD, MSc, PhD. Professor, Campinas Poison Control Center, and Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas (SP), Brazil.|Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas (SP), Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Mello
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: De Capitani
authors.affiliation: BSc, PhD. Professor, Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas (SP), Brazil.|Professor, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas (SP), Brazil.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyslop
authors.affiliation: MD, MSc, PhD. Professor, Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas (SP), Brazil.|Professor, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas (SP), Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bucaretchi
mesh_terms: D000931:Antidotes / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D001938:Brazil; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D011041:Poisoning
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes