title: CRISPR-Cas9: From a bacterial immune system to genome-edited human cells in clinical trials.
abstract: The adaptive bacterial immune system CRISPR-Cas is revolutionizing all fields of life science and has opened up new frontiers toward personalised medicine. Since the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes in 2012 and its development as a genomic engineering tool, genetic modifications in more than 40 species have been performed, over 290 patents have been filed worldwide and the first clinical trials using CRISPR-Cas-modified T-cells have recently been started in China and in the US. In this review we summarise current design developments, novel Cas systems and their antagonists, present and potential future applications as well as the ongoing debate on ethical issues, which has arisen through the CRISPR-Cas technology.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Garching , Germany.
authors.forename: Leonhard
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5231-208X
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kick
authors.affiliation: a Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Garching , Germany.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.affiliation: a Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Garching , Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1054-8689
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D000072669:Gene Editing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans
keywords: CRISPR-Cas; bacterial immune system; clinical trials; genome editing