title: The effect of petal size manipulation on pollinator/seed-predator mediated female reproductive success of Hibiscus moscheutos.
abstract: The effects of petal-size manipulations on the behavior of pollinators and pollen/seed predators, and on pollen removal and deposition, were studied in Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae) populations. The ultimate effects on the female reproductive success of flowers, such as fruit set, seed predation rate, and final seed set were also measured. We applied three levels of petal removal (100%, 50%, and 0% size reduction in radius) to flowers in natural populations. Two pollinators (Bombus pennsylvanicus and Ptilothrix bombiformis) ignored flowers without petals, suggesting that pollinators use petals as a visual cue to locate flowers. Consequently, 100% petal removal reduced female reproductive success considerably, mainly through a higher rate of fruit abortion due to failure of pollen deposition on stigmas. No significant differences between the 50% petal removal treatment and uncut control were detected in any components of female success examined. The results, therefore, suggest that differences in petal size have little influence on female reproductive success of Hibiscus flowers at our study site. Final seed set varied considerably depending on the larval densities of two coleopteran seed predators (Althaeus hibisci and Conotrachelus fissunguis). A. hibisci responded to petal size, and a higher density of adults was found in flowers in which petal size had not been reduced. Because Althaeus feed on pollen as adults and no effect of petal size on seed predation was detected, the preference of Althaeus for larger flowers may represent a foraging strategy for adult beetles and may exert counteracting selection pressure on petal size through male reproductive success of flowers.
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Dennis F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Whigham
keywords: Floral display; Fruit abortion; Key words Corolla size; Pollen predator; Pre-dispersal seed predator