title: Assessment of potential factors associating with costs of hospitalizing cardiovascular diseases in 141 hospitals in Guangxi, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rising cost of healthcare is of great concern in China, as evidenced by the media features negative reports almost daily. However there are only a few studies from well-developed cities, like Beijing or Shanghai, and little is known about healthcare costs in rest of the country. In this study, we use hospitalization summary reports (HSRs) from admitted cardiovascular diseases patients in Guangxi hospitals during 2013-2016, and we investigate temporal trends of healthcare costs and associated factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  By generalized additive model, we compute temporal trends of cost per stay (CPS), cost per day (CPD) and others. We then use generalized linear models to assess which factors associate with CPS and CPD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a total of 760,000 HSRs, we find that CPS appears to be stabilized around $1040 until the middle of year 2015, before exhibiting a downward trend. Similarly, CPD exhibits similar stable pattern. Meanwhile, surgery-specific CPS showed an increase in year 2013-2014, and then stabilized. Drug costs account for over 1/3 of CPS, but they are gradually declining. Costs associated with physicians' and nurses' services represent less than 5% of CPS. We found that age, sex, marital status, occupation and payment methods are significantly associated with CPS or CPD. Interestingly, we found no association between patient ethnicity and these costs. However, we did find that minority patients use more secondary hospitals than Han patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthcare costs in Guangxi are stable, contrary to the rise portrayed by Chinese mass media. Several factors can be associated with healthcare costs, and these may be useful for developing evidence-based policies. In particular, there is a need to encourage more Han patients to seek care in primary and secondary hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.|Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China.|Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Li-Fang
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Mao-Xin
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Health and Family Planning Commission of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Ling-Qian
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Qi-Ming
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Health and Family Planning Commission of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lue Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male