title: Magnitude and Timing of the Postprandial Inflammatory Response to a High-Fat Meal in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Research findings over the past several decades have shown that inflammation is a prominent feature of many chronic diseases, with poor diet being one likely inflammatory stimulus. Specifically, a single high-fat meal (HFM) has been suggested to increase inflammation, although there is currently no consensus with regard to the specific changes in many of the proinflammatory markers that are frequently assessed after an HFM. The aim of this systematic review was to objectively describe the postprandial timing and magnitude of changes in 5 common inflammatory markers: interleukin (IL) 6, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, IL-1β, and IL-8. Ten relevant databases were searched, yielding 494 results, of which 47 articles met the pre-established inclusion criteria:1) healthy men and women aged 18-60 y,2) consuming a single HFM (≥30% fat, ≥500 kcal), and3) assessing relevant inflammatory markers postmeal for ≥2 h. The only marker found to consistently change in the postprandial period was IL-6: on average, from a baseline of ∼1.4 pg/mL, it peaked at ∼2.9 pg/mL ∼6 h post-HFM (an average relative change of ∼100%). CRP, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 did not change significantly in 79% (23 of 29), 68% (19 of 28), 67% (2 of 3), and 75% (3 of 4) of included studies, respectively. We conclude that there is strong evidence that CRP and TNF-α are not responsive at the usual time scale observed in postprandial studies in healthy humans younger than age 60 y. However, future research should further investigate the role of IL-6 in the postprandial period, because it routinely increases even in healthy participants. We assert that the findings of this systematic review on markers of inflammation in the postprandial period will considerably aid in informing future research and advancing clinical knowledge.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health and same@ksu.edu.|Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, and.
authors.forename: Sam R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7439-0871
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.affiliation: Kinesiology.|Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, and.
authors.forename: Stephanie P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-9054
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kurti
authors.affiliation: Kinesiology.|Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, and.
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.affiliation: Departments of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health and.|Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, and.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6004-7714
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Haub
authors.affiliation: Departments of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health and.
authors.forename: Tonatiuh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Melgarejo
authors.affiliation: Academic Services, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.affiliation: Departments of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health and.|Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, and.
authors.forename: Sara K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3297-1640
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Rosenkranz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D016208:Databases, Factual; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D004041:Dietary Fats; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: C-reactive protein; cytokine; interleukin; postmeal; tumor necrosis factor