title: Interactive audience response systems in oral and maxillofacial radiology undergraduate lectures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of audience response systems (ARS) on student participation (SP) during Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (OMR) undergraduate lectures and on final examination scores (FES). Furthermore, an analysis of unanimity assessed the influence of ARS on students' responses. Students' perceptions were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled crossover study was designed. Four lectures covering topics of OMR were each taught with ARS and without ARS (i.e. hand-raising method). SP and FES were compared between ARS and HR groups. Unanimity of answers was analyzed for both groups. Questionnaires assessed students' impressions about ARS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean SP of ARS and HR groups were 97.6% and 47.3%, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (P<.05). Mean FES for the ARS group (77%) was slightly higher than HR group (75.1%), however, not statistically significant. There was positive correlation between SP and FES. With ARS, only 5.7% of the questions were unanimous, whilst 51.4% were unanimous with HR method. Most students reported that the use of ARS had positive influence on their attention (92%), participation (96%), classmates' participation (82.7%), interest (74.7%), and learning (86.7%). For the five-point scale ratings of the relevance of ARS features, anonymity had an average 3.6, whilst other items received an average 4.6 or higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ARS significantly increased participation in OMR lectures; however, an increase in FES could not be associated with ARS by itself. Not taking into consideration which method was used to answer questions posed during lectures, higher participation correlated with higher scores. ARS is well-accepted and students believe that these devices positively influence their performance. Among the recognized advantages of ARS, anonymity was considered the least relevant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, University of São Paulo - Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Christiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Oliveira-Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthetic Dentistry, University of São Paulo - Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tirapelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clarissa Teles
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo - School of Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domaneschi
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, University of São Paulo - Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Solange Aparecida
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Caldeira Monteiro
mesh_terms: D001519:Behavior; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004497:Education, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009055:Mouth / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education*; D013335:Students, Dental / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: audience response system; dental education; oral radiology; teaching methods