title: Stereotactic spine radiosurgery: Review of safety and efficacy with respect to dose and fractionation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an emerging treatment option for spinal metastases with demonstrated efficacy in the upfront, postoperative, and re-treatment settings, as well as for tumor histologies considered radioresistant. Uncertainty exists regarding the optimal dose and fractionation schedule, with single and multifraction regimens commonly utilized.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of the PubMed and Medline databases was conducted to identify papers specific to spine SBRT and the effect of varying dose/fractionation regimens on outcomes. Bibliographies of relevant papers were searched for further references, and international spine SBRT experts were consulted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local control rates generally exceed 80% at 1 year, while high rates of pain control have been attained. There is insufficient evidence to suggest superiority of either single or multiple fraction regimens with respect to local control and pain control. Low rates of toxicity have been reported, assuming strict dose constraints are respected. Radiation myelopathy may be the most morbid toxicity, although the rates are low. The risk of vertebral compression fracture appears to be associated with higher doses per fraction such as those used in single-fraction regimens. The Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score should be considered when evaluating patients for spine SBRT, and prophylactic stabilisation may be warranted. Pain flare is a relatively common toxicity which may be mediated with prophylactic dexamethasone. Because of the treatment complexity and potentially serious toxicities, strict quality assurance should occur at the organizational, planning, dosimetric, and treatment delivery levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both single and multifraction regimens are safe and efficacious in spine SBRT for spinal metastases. There may be advantages to hypofractionated treatment over single-fraction regimens with respect to toxicity. Ongoing investigation is underway to define optimal dose and fractionation schedules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Arjun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahgal
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pryor
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foote
keywords: Metastases; SBRT; radiotherapy; spine; stereotactic body radiation