title: Hexagonal grafts in mosaicplasty: Biomechanical comparison of standard cylindrical and novel hexagonal grafts in calf cadaver model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cylindrical grafts are currently used to cover defected area in mosaicplasty. However, there are some difficulties with cylindrical grafts, such as potential dead space between grafts and insufficient coverage. Hexagonal graft (honeycomb model) was created and evaluated in this biomechanical study. Hypothesis was that harvesting grafts with hexagonal shape, which has the best volume geometry characteristics in nature, would be biomechanically advantageous and provide superior pull-out strength.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total of 24 fresh calf femurs were divided into 3 equal groups. In the first group, 1 cylindrical and 1 hexagonal graft were compared. Second group consisted of 3 cylindrical and 3 hexagonal grafts. Third group was designed to evaluate effect of graft depth; hexagonal graft implanted at 5 mm depth was compared with 20-mm-deep hexagonal graft. All specimens were subjected to pull-out test. Friction field and graft surface area were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pull-out strength comparison of 15-mm-deep triple cylindrical grafts and 15-mm-deep triple hexagonal grafts in second group revealed statistically significant difference in favor of hexagonal grafts (p < 0.05). Surface area of cylindrical graft with 9-mm diameter was calculated to be 50.27 mm2, while hexagonal graft surface area was 55.425 mm2. Volume ratio of cylindrical and hexagonal grafts was 753.98 mm3and 831.375 mm3, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This biomechanical study demonstrated that graft geometry, especially in multiple graft applications, is a factor that influences stability. Hexagonal grafts appear to be more stable than cylindrical grafts in multiple applications, and they may be used to cover a larger defected area.
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylül University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Adem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kar
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylül University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: drdemirhandemirkiran@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Nihat Demirhan
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Demirkıran
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylül University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tatari
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylül University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bora
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uzun
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylül University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ertem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002417:Cattle; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D023421:Models, Animal; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019737:Transplants
keywords: Cartilage defect; Hexagonal graft; Knee; Mosaicplasty