title: Prevalence of graduated compression stocking-associated pressure injuries in surgical intensive care units.
abstract: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of static graduated compression stocking (sGCS)-associated pressure injury among patients in surgical intensive care units (ICUs).
  
  
  
  We retrospectively reviewed data from wound care rounds between April 2011 and June 2012 at 3 surgical ICUs at an urban, tertiary care hospital. Patients with sGCS-associated pressure injury were identified and descriptive analysis was performed on their demographic, perioperative, and postoperative characteristics.
  
  
  
  We examined 1787 individual patients during 2391 patient encounters. A total of 129 (7.2%) of patients developed pressure injuries. Forty patients (2.2%) developed sGCS-associated pressure injury. Static GCS-associated pressure injury accounted for 31% (40/129) of all pressure injuries and 74% (40/54) of all medical device-related pressure injury. Eighteen (45%) and 6 (15%) developed stage 1 and 2 pressure injury, respectively, and 16 (40%) developed deep tissue injuries. The mean age of our patients was 64.7 years, about half (47.5%) were male, and their mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 18.8. Many had comorbid conditions, including obesity (44.5%) and diabetes (42.5%), and required mechanical ventilation (45%).
  
  
  
  Pressure injuries are a notable complication of sGCS in surgical ICU patients. Appropriate measures are required to help avoid this potentially preventable harm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; The Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: dhobson1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Deborah B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.affiliation: New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY. Electronic address: tracyc.lab@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tracy Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: jaboagy1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Jonathan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Aboagye
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; The Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Division of Health Sciences Informatics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Health Policy and Management, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: blau2@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Brandyn D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: hshihab1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Hasan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Shihab
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: bfishe13@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Betsy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: syoung40@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: nsujeta@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sujeta
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: dshaffe1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Dauryne L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: vpopool1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Victor O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Popoola
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: pkraus2@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Peggy S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: gdomeni1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Knorr
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: nfarrow1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Norma E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Farrow
authors.affiliation: The Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: mstreif1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Streiff
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; The Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Health Policy and Management, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (ACCM), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: ehaut1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Elliott R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Haut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D053828:Stockings, Compression / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Intensive care; Pressure injury; Static graduated compression stockings; Surgical patients; Venous thromboembolism