title: Fruit production, migrant bird visitation, and seed dispersal of Guarea glabra in Panama.
abstract: The relationship between bird visitation and the size of the available fruit crop was studied at an understory tree (Guarea glabra Vahl, Meliaceae) in the tropical wet forest of Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Twelve resident species and seven North American migrant species fed on the Bright orange arilloids (seeds with arils), which were not depleted during the normal fruiting period. The number of individual visitors, the number of visiting species, and the number of seeds removed increased linearly with the size of the available fruit crop. The proportion of seeds removed did not increase with the size of the available fruit crop, indicating that dispersal is a function of the number of fruit available and not a disproportionate function of large fruit displays. Four species of North American migrants (Myiarchus crinitus, Catharus ustulatus, Vireo olivaceus, and Vermivora peregrina) accounted for 70% of the visits and 60% of the seeds removed from the trees. No resident species visited Guarea as frequently as any one of these migrants. There was no indication that any single visitor was dependent on this tree for nutrition, nor that the tree was dependent upon any single species for dispersal. We hypothesize that the fruiting season of G. glabra is adaptively synchronized with northward migration of opportunistically frugivorous North American birds.
authors.affiliation: Program in Evolutionary Ecology and Behavior, Department of Zoology, University of Iowa, 52242, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Henry F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.affiliation: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.|Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Steven