title: Lipid Emulsion Added to a Liquid High-Carbohydrate Diet and Voluntary Running Exercise Reduce Lipogenesis and Ameliorate Early-Stage Hepatic Steatosis in Mice.
abstract: Background:The use of parenteral nutrition formulas is often associated with the development of hepatic steatosis. We have shown previously that the addition of a lipid emulsion (LE) rich in n-6 (ω-6) fatty acids (FAs) ameliorated triglyceride (TG) accumulation in the livers of nonobese mice fed a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) for 5 wk. However, it remains unclear how rapidly this condition develops and whether it can be prevented by LE with or without a running wheel for voluntary exercise (Exe).Objective:We investigated in an 8-d study whether mice develop steatosis and whether the administration of LE with or without Exe reduces the concentration of total FAs and prevents an increase in the expression of genes in the liver associated with lipogenesis.Methods:Male C57BL/6 mice aged 5 wk were randomized into 5 groups: standard feed pellet (SFP); a liquid HCD (77% of total energy from carbohydrates and 0.5% from fat); HCD + Exe; HCD + 13.5% LE (67% carbohydrates and 13.5% fat); or HCD + 13.5% LE + Exe. Hepatic TG concentration, lipogenic genes, and total FAs were measured on day 8.Results:Oil Red O staining and TG quantification showed hepatic TG accumulation on day 8; the addition of 13.5% LE either with or without Exe suppressed the TG accumulation compared with HCD (P< 0.005). With the use of quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis, the expression concentrations of lipogenic genes [ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1, FA synthase (Fasn), and stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1 (Scd1)] in the HCD + 13.5% LE group were 26-60% of HCD (P< 0.01) and 11-38% of HCD in the HCD + 13.5% LE + Exe group (P< 0.001), with interactions forFasnandScd1(P< 0.05). With the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the HCD + 13.5% LE group had lower monounsaturated fatty acids (38.7% of HCD) but higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (164% of HCD) (P< 0.001).Conclusions:In short-term studies designed to resemble the early dynamic stage of the development of hepatic steatosis, the addition of 13.5% LE to a liquid HCD reduced hepatic lipogenesis. Exe exerted an independent protective effect and interacted with LE to further reduce the expression ofScd1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences.
authors.forename: Kuan-Hsun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Metabolomics Facility.
authors.forename: Philip B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences.
authors.forename: Connie J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Metabolomics Facility.|Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, and.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, acr6@psu.edu.|Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
authors.forename: A Catharine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004655:Emulsions; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000378:metabolism; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050155:Lipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D057947:Parenteral Nutrition Solutions; D011897:Random Allocation; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004655:Emulsions; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D057947:Parenteral Nutrition Solutions; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: exercise; hepatic steatosis; high-carbohydrate diet; lean NAFLD mouse; lipid emulsion