title: Phenolic Elderberry Extracts, Anthocyanins, Procyanidins, and Metabolites Influence Glucose and Fatty Acid Uptake in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells.
abstract: Uptake of glucose and fatty acids in skeletal muscle is of interest for type 2 diabetes treatment. The aim was to study glucose and fatty acid uptake in skeletal muscle cells, antioxidant effects, and inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes by elderberries. Enhanced glucose and oleic acid uptake in human skeletal muscle cells were observed after treatment with phenolic elderberry extracts, anthocyanins, procyanidins, and their metabolites. The 96% EtOH and the acidified MeOH extracts were highly active. Of the isolated substances, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside showed highest stimulation of uptake. Phloroglucinol aldehyde was most active among the metabolites. Isolated anthocyanins and procyanidins are strong radical scavengers and are good inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase and moderate inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. As α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors, they are considerably better than the positive control acarbose. The antidiabetic property of elderberry phenolics increases the nutritional value of this plant and indicates potential as functional food against diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Giang Thanh Thi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9237-0356
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Eili Tranheim
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wangensteen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barsett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D002392:Catechin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D027923:Sambucus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D032496:Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D044946:Biflavonoids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Sambucus nigra; anthocyanin; elderberry; glucose uptake; human skeletal muscle cells; metabolic disorder; metabolites; oleic acid uptake; procyanidins; type 2 diabetes