title: Modern contraceptive utilization and associated factors among married pastoralist women in Bale eco-region, Bale Zone, South East Ethiopia.
abstract: Women who live in remote rural areas encounter different challenges against contraception and often deny the use of modern contraceptive methods. The predictors of modern contraceptive utilization by pastoralist women in the Bale eco-region could be specific and are not well known. Therefore, this study aims to assess modern contraceptive utilization and its determinants among married pastoralist women in Bale eco-region, Oromia regional state, South East Ethiopia.
  
  
  
  A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 20th November 2015 to 30th February 2016. A structured questionnaire was used to interview 549 married pastoralist women who were selected by multistage sampling technique. The data were analyzed by SPSS - 21 software, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of modern contraceptive use at (P-value <0.05), and odds ratios with 95% confidence interval were used to assess the strength of associations between variables.
  
  
  
  The current modern contraceptive method use by married pastoralist women was (20.8%). Among the total users, (78.1%) use the injectable method. The common reasons for non-use of modern contraceptive methods includes: religious-opposition (55.9%), desire for more children (28.3%), fear of side effects (25.5%), and husband's opposition (17.5%). Couple discussion (AOR = 4.63, 95%CI: 2.15, 9.98), perceived husband's approval (AOR = 8.00, 95% CI: 3.52, 18.19), discussion with health extension worker (AOR = 5.99, 95% CI: 1.81, 19.85), and perceived cultural acceptability (AOR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.09, 4.03) were the independent predictors of modern contraceptive use by married pastoralist women in Bale eco-region.
  
  
  
  The study identified lower modern contraceptive method utilization by pastoralist women, and the majority of the contraceptive users rely on short- acting contraceptive methods. The uncomplimentary perceptions towards religious and cultural acceptability of modern contraceptive method were among the major reasons for lesser utilization of the methods. Family planning programs should be tailored to actively involve pastoralist women, husbands, and religious leaders in pastoralist communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, P.O.Box 302, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia. semesileshi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Semere Sileshi
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Belda
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Mekonnen Tegegne
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Haile
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, Bale Goba, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Abulie Takele
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Melku
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba Referral Hospital, P.O.Box 302, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Abdurehaman Kalu
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tololu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam / Q000523:psychology*; D008393:Marriage; D008875:Middle Aged; D018454:Spouses / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Associated factors; Bale eco-region; Modern contraceptive utilization; Pastoralist women