title: L-Glutamine and L-arginine protect against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection via intestinal innate immunity in mice.
abstract: Dietary glutamine (Gln) or arginine (Arg) supplementation is beneficial for intestinal health; however, whether Gln or Arg may confer protection against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection is not known. To address this, we used an ETEC-infected murine model to investigate the protective effects of Gln and Arg. Experimentally, we pre-treated mice with designed diet of Gln or Arg supplementation prior to the oral ETEC infection and then assessed mouse mortality and intestinal bacterial burden. We also determined the markers of intestinal innate immunity in treated mice, including secretory IgA response (SIgA), mucins from goblet cells, as well as antimicrobial peptides from Paneth cells. ETEC colonized in mouse small intestine, including duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and inhibited the mRNA expression of intestinal immune factors, such as polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), cryptdin-related sequence 1C (CRS1C), and Reg3γ. We found that dietary Gln or Arg supplementation decreased bacterial colonization and promoted the activation of innate immunity (e.g., the mRNA expression of pIgR, CRS1C, and Reg3γ) in the intestine of ETEC-infected mice. Our results suggest that dietary arginine or glutamine supplementation may inhibit intestinal ETEC infection through intestinal innate immunity.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan, 410125, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9475-5134
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan, 410125, People's Republic of China. renwenkai19@126.com.
authors.forename: Wenkai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC08 4670, Fitz 258, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
authors.forename: Chien-An Andy
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guiping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan, 410125, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Veeramuthu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duraipandiyan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan, 410125, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuanyi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan, 410125, People's Republic of China. yinyulong@isa.ac.cn.|Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China. yinyulong@isa.ac.cn.|College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China. yinyulong@isa.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D054307:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007583:Jejunum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D020011:Protective Agents; D005973:Glutamine; D001120:Arginine
keywords: Arginine; Enterotoxigenic E. coli; Glutamine; Innate immunity; Paneth cell