title: Cognitive Impacts of Estrogen Treatment in Androgen-Deprived Males: What Needs to be Resolved.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many prostate cancer (PCa) patients are on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as part of their cancer treatments but ADT may lead to cognitive impairments. ADT depletes men of both androgen and estrogen. Whether estradiol supplementation can improve cognitive impairments in patients on ADT is understudied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize data on the effects of estradiol treatment on cognitive function of androgen-deprived genetic male populations (PCa patients and male-to-female transsexuals) and castrated male animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Publications were identified by a literature search on PubMed and Google Scholar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While some studies showed that estradiol improves cognitive function (most notably, spatial ability) for castrated rats, what remains uninvestigated are: 1) whether estradiol can improve cognition after long-term androgen deprivation, 2) how estradiol affects memory retention, and 3) how early vs. delayed estradiol treatment after castration influences cognition. For androgendeprived genetic males, estradiol treatment may improve some cognitive functions (e.g., verbal and visual memory), but the findings are not consistent due to large variability in the study design between studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future studies are required to determine the best estradiol treatment protocol to maximize cognitive benefits for androgen-deprived genetic males. Tests that assess comparable cognitive domains in human and rodents are needed. What particularly under-investigated is how the effects of estradiol on cognitive ability intersect with other parameters; sleep, depression and physical fatigue. Such studies have clinical implications to improve the quality of life for both PCa patients on ADT as well as for male-to-female transsexuals.
authors.affiliation: Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Gordon & Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9. Canada.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wibowo
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000172:deficiency*; D000818:Animals; D002369:Castration; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014189:Transsexualism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D018697:Nootropic Agents
keywords: Estradiol; androgen deprivation therapy; cognition; male-to-female transsexuals; prostate cancer; spatial memory.; verbal memory; visual memory