title: Effects of experimental manipulation of inflorescence size on pollination and pre-dispersal seed predation in the hummingbird-pollinated plant Ipomopsis aggregata.
abstract: Large floral displays should theoretically provide advantages to plants through increased pollinator visitation and resulting fruit and seed set. However empirical tests of the response of pollinators to floral display size have been limited by a lack of direct experimentation, and the results of such studies have been equivocal. In addition, other selective agents such as pre-dispersal seed predators might modulate effects of floral display on pollination. By artificially altering flower number, we examined the direct effects of floral display in the monocarpic herb, Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae), on visitation rates by broad-tailed and rufous hummingbird pollinators, as well destruction of fruits by a pre-dispersal seed predator (Hylemya: Anthomyiidae). In addition, we quantified the ultimate effects of flower number on female reproductive success. Plants with larger floral displays were most likely to be visited first in any given foraging bout (P < 0.01). As expected, plants with more flowers received more total flower visits. However, we found no gain in the proportion of flowers visited for many- versus few-flowered plants, or the total number of approaches/hour. In fact, a significantly greater percentage of flowers were visited on few-flowered plants. Plants did not compensate for our reduction in flowers by increasing investment in the number or proportion of flowers that set fruit, the number of seeds/fruit, or seed weight. Pre-dispersal seed predation was greater for many- than for few-flowered plants (P < 0.001), but this did not offset the potential fitness gains of producing large displays. Our data support the hypothesis that large floral displays function primarily in long-distance attraction of pollinators, and enhance maternal success.
authors.affiliation: Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.affiliation: Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
keywords: Key words Inflorescence size ;  Compensation;  Female reproductive success ;  Pollinator visitation ;  Pre-dispersal seed predation 