title: Pasteurization Procedures for Donor Human Milk Affect Body Growth, Intestinal Structure, and Resistance against Bacterial Infections in Preterm Pigs.
abstract: Background:Holder pasteurization (HP) destroys multiple bioactive factors in donor human milk (DM), and UV-C irradiation (UVC) is potentially a gentler method for pasteurizing DM for preterm infants.Objective:We investigated whether UVC-treated DM improves gut maturation and resistance toward bacterial infections relative to HP-treated DM.Methods:Bacteria, selected bioactive components, and markers of antioxidant capacity were measured in unpasteurized donor milk (UP), HP-treated milk, and UVC-treated milk (all from the same DM pool). Fifty-seven cesarean-delivered preterm pigs (91% gestation; ratio of males to females, 30:27) received decreasing volumes of parental nutrition (average 69 mL · kg-1· d-1) and increasing volumes of the 3 DM diets (n= 19 each, average 89 mL · kg-1· d-1) for 8-9 d. Body growth, gut structure and function, and systemic bacterial infection were evaluated.Results:A high bacterial load in the UP (6×105colony forming units/mL) was eliminated similarly by HP and UVC treatments. Relative to HP-treated milk, both UVC-treated milk and UP showed greater activities of lipase and alkaline phosphatase and concentrations of lactoferrin, secretory immunoglobulin A, xanthine dehydrogenase, and some antioxidant markers (allP< 0.05). The pigs fed UVC-treated milk and pigs fed UP showed higher relative weight gain than pigs fed HP-treated milk (5.4% and 3.5%), and fewer pigs fed UVC-treated milk had positive bacterial cultures in the bone marrow (28%) than pigs fed HP-treated milk (68%) (P< 0.05). Intestinal health was also improved in pigs fed UVC-treated milk compared with those fed HP-treated milk as indicated by a higher plasma citrulline concentration (36%) and villus height (38%) (P< 0.05) and a tendency for higher aminopeptidase N (48%) and claudin-4 (26%) concentrations in the distal intestine (P< 0.08). The gut microbiota composition was similar among groups except for greater proportions ofEnterococcusin pigs fed UVC-treated milk than in pigs fed UP and those fed HP-treated milk in both cecum contents (20% and 10%) and distal intestinal mucosa (24% and 20%) (allP< 0.05).Conclusions:UVC is better than HP treatment in preserving bioactive factors in DM. UVC-treated milk may induce better weight gain, intestinal health, and resistance against bacterial infections as shown in preterm pigs as a model for DM-fed preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition and.
authors.forename: Yanqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition and.
authors.forename: Duc Ninh
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Dutch Human Milk Bank, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Waard
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition and.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition and.
authors.forename: Pingping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition and.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders Miki
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bojesen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Denmark.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lauridsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lykkesfeldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and.
authors.forename: Trine Kastrup
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition and.
authors.forename: Stine Brandt
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bering
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition and pts@sund.ku.dk.|Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Per Torp
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Sangild
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000032:analysis; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000382:microbiology; D004032:Diet; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D005514:Food Irradiation / Q000379:methods*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000032:analysis; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D007422:Intestines / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D061352:Pasteurization / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001685:Biological Factors; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory
keywords: Preterm neonates; donor human milk; intestinal health; pasteurization; systemic bacterial resistance