title: Three-dimensional mandibular motion in skeletal Class III patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics and changes in mandibular condylar motion in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a 3D motion analyzer, mandibular movements were recorded in 9 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and 22 control subjects with Angle Class I jaw relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Class III patients had a similar interincisor point displacement but a significantly reduced displacement of both condyles on the sagittal and frontal planes, with smaller translation paths than control subjects (right -9.4 mm; left -4.8 mm). The overall condylar rotation component was larger in Class III patients (right +8.8%; left +7.3%). The largest inter-group significant differences were observed in the first 10% of mouth opening, in which Class III patients had a larger rotating component than control subjects (+20%, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Condylar motion was reduced in skeletal Class III patients, in particular in the translational path.
authors.affiliation: a Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-6014
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ugolini
authors.affiliation: a Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mapelli
authors.affiliation: a Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy.
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Segù
authors.affiliation: a Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0649-3665
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zago
authors.affiliation: a Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Codari
authors.affiliation: a Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy.
authors.forename: Chiarella
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6532-6464
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sforza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000503:physiopathology; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: 3D; Kinematics; TMJ; motion analysis; skeletal class III