title: Health risk associated with airborne particulate matter and its components in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
abstract: Samples of PM2.5and PM10have been collected in all of four seasons at seven sites within the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The samples have been analysed for a range of trace elements. There is a large loading of wind-blown dust and the majority of elements are predominantly associated with coarse particles. Enrichment factors, however, show that some elements are markedly enriched above crustal abundance. Using mean data for the PM2.5and PM10fractions from each of the seven sampling sites, health risks have been estimated for particulate matter mass, the elements Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Cd and V measured in this study, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using data from an earlier study within Jeddah. Cancer risks are calculated from mean airborne concentrations and cancer slope factors for the carcinogenic metals and PAH, but the cancer risks are relatively modest compared to the lifetime risk of mortality due to PM2.5exposure. The risks associated with exposure to V and Mn are considered to be small, while concentrations of cadmium far exceed the European Union Limit Value and World Health Organisation guideline. Cadmium shows a very high crustal enrichment factor but is present predominantly in the coarse particle fraction suggesting that local soils and surface dusts are unusually enriched in Cd relative to the global average. Using national data for mortality rates, the excess mortality due to PM2.5exposure has been calculated and amounts to over 1100 deaths annually for the city of Jeddah.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: r.m.harrison@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Roy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bousiotis
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: amohorjy@kau.edu.sa.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mohorjy
authors.affiliation: Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: akhalaf@kau.edu.sa.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Alkhalaf
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: mshamy@kau.edu.sa.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alghamdi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khoder
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: max.costa@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012529:Saudi Arabia
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Health risk; PM(10); PM(2.5); Particulate matter