title: Does Cimicifuga racemosa have the effects like estrogen on the sublingual gland in ovariectomized rats?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cimicifuga racemosa is one of the herbs used for the treatment of climacteric syndrome, and it has been cited as an alternative therapy to estrogen. Apart from hectic fevers, dyspareunia and so on, dry mouth also increase significantly after menopause. It has not yet been reported whether C. racemosa has any impact on the sublingual gland, which may relate to dry mouth. In an attempt to determine this, we have compared the effects of estrogen and C. racemosa on the sublingual gland of ovariectomized rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HE staining showed that the acinar cell area had contracted and that the intercellular spaces were broadened in the OVX (ovariectomized rats) group, while treatment with estradiol (E2) and iCR (isopropanolic extract of C. racemosa) improved these lesions. Transmission electron microscopy showed that rough endoplasmic reticulum expansion in mucous and serous acinar epithelial cells and apoptotic cells was more commonly seen in the OVX group than in the SHAM (sham-operated rats) group. Mitochondria and plasma membrane infolding lesions in the striated ducts were also observed. These lesions were alleviated by both treatments. It is of note that, in the OVX + iCR group, the volume of mitochondria in the striated duct was larger than in other groups. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells was significantly increased in the acinar cells of the OVX group compared with the SHAM group (p < 0.05); and the MA (mean absorbance) of caspase-3 in the striated ducts also increased (p < 0.05). Estradiol decreased the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells and the MA of caspase-3 in striated ducts significantly (p < 0.05). ICR also reduced the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells and the MA in the striated ducts (p < 0.05), but the reduction of the MA in striated ducts was inferior to that of the OVX + E2 group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both estradiol and iCR can inhibit subcellular structural damage, and down-regulate the expression of caspase-3 caused by ovariectomy, but their effects were not identical, suggesting that both drugs confer a protective effect on the sublingual gland of ovariectomized rats, but that the specific location and mechanism of action producing these effects were different.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.|Department of Stomatology, Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital, NO. 399 of Quannan East Street, Qiaodong District, Xingtai, Hebei, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Meng
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3474-7519
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Da
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Kai-Yu
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Ya
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Juan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China. jiajing1996@126.com.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China. qinlihua88@163.com.
authors.forename: Li-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Pei
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D061354:Acinar Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D002979:Climacteric / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013361:Sublingual Gland / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; C584106:Klimadynon; D010936:Plant Extracts; D004958:Estradiol; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Caspase-3; Cimicifuga racemosa; Estradiol; Subcellular structure; Sublingual gland