title: Human papillomavirus andChlamydia trachomatisinfection in gyneco-obstetric outpatients from a mexican hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis are the most frequent sexually transmitted infections, usually asymptomatic. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types and other cofactors such as the concomitant infection with C. trachomatis can represent a higher risk to develop cervical lesions; therefore, screening with sensitive methods could aid to identify women at risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim is to determine the prevalence and concurrence of both infections, detected with in-house molecular methods, and to identify the risk factors associated to the infections in Mexican women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study including gynaecological-obstetrical medical outpatients from a Social Security Hospital in Southeast Mexico. After informed consent, cervicovaginal samples were collected and tested for HPV and C. trachomatis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HPV positives were further tested for high-risk HPV16, 18, 58 and low-risk 11 using real-time PCR. All methods employed were in-house. Data analyses included odds ratios (OR), Chi-square and linear regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women included were 233, aging 15-49 (mean 30 years), 52.8% were pregnant. For HPV and C. trachomatis testing, 230 samples were adequate, resulting in 48 (20.9%) and 15 (6.5%) positives, respectively; 4 (1.7%) were positive to both. The most frequent genotype identified was HPV58 (25% of typified samples). C. trachomatis positives were 73% asymptomatic, none had pelvic inflammatory disease or infertility histories. The only variable associated to HPV infection was the history of previous sexually transmitted disease (OR = 3.69,P= 0.0019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than 25% of the population was infected with either agent. We successfully used in-house molecular methodologies for diagnosis and typing, showing HPV and C. trachomatis prevalence consistent to previous reports. Concomitant infections were found, HPV high-risk types were involved in half of these cases, representing a higher risk.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conde-Ferráez
authors.affiliation: Centro Médico Nacional Lic. Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Mérida, Mérida, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jorge Ramiro Carrillo
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Martíez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico.
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ayora-Talavera
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico.
authors.forename: María Del Refugio González
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Losa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D010045:Outpatients; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult