title: Relationship between dietary carbohydrates intake and circulating sex hormone-binding globulin levels in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low circulating levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) have been shown to be a direct and strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hormone-dependent cancers, although the relationship between various aspects of dietary carbohydrates and SHBG levels remains unexplored in population studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among postmenopausal women with available SHBG measurements at baseline (n = 11 159) in the Women's Health Initiative, a comprehensive assessment was conducted of total dietary carbohydrates, glycemic load (GL), glycemic index (GI), fiber, sugar, and various carbohydrate-abundant foods in relation to circulating SHBG levels using multiple linear regressions adjusting for potential covariates. Linear trend was tested across quartiles of dietary variables. Benjamini and Hochberg's procedure was used to calculate the false discovery rate for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher dietary GL and GI (both based on total and available carbohydrates) and a higher intake of sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages were associated with lower circulating SHBG concentrations (all Ptrend< 0.05; Q -values = 0.04,0.01, 0.07, 0.10, 0.01, and <0.0001, respectively). In contrast, women with a greater intake of dietary fiber tended to have elevated SHBG levels (Ptrend= 0.01, Q -value = 0.04). There was no significant association between total carbohydrates or other carbohydrate-abundant foods and SHBG concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that low GL or GI diets with low sugar and high fiber content may be associated with higher serum SHBG concentrations among postmenopausal women. Future studies investigating whether lower GL or GI diets increase SHBG concentrations are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.|Center for Global Cardio-metabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Mengna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Jinjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.|Center for Global Cardio-metabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaochen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Epidemiology Section, Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0669-654X
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Yiqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Lesley F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Tinker
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.|Center for Global Cardio-metabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.|Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
authors.forename: Kei-Hang Katie
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.|Center for Global Cardio-metabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.|Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D017698:Postmenopause; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin
keywords: 2型糖尿病; dietary carbohydrates; glycemic index; glycemic load; sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG); type 2 diabetes; 性激素结合球蛋白; 膳食碳水化合物; 血糖指数; 血糖负荷