title: Prevalence of latent TB infection and TB disease among adolescents in high TB burden countries in Africa: a systematic review protocol.
abstract: Almost a third of the world population has latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI), ∼10 million of whom develop TB disease annually, despite existence of effective, but lengthy, preventive and curative drug regimens. Although adolescents appear to have a very high force of LTBI, their reported incidence of TB disease is less than that of their corresponding general population. The few available studies on adolescent TB infection and disease prevalence are not sufficient to address the apparent discordance between rates of infection and disease in high TB burden countries in Africa. Therefore, we aim to perform a systematic review to examine the relationship between adolescent LTBI and TB disease, benchmarked against national TB disease burden data.
  
  
  
  A comprehensive literature search will be performed for cross-sectional studies and screening data in cohort studies to determine the prevalence of LTBI and TB disease among adolescents in high TB burden countries in Africa in the following databases:PubMed,Scopus,Cochrane library,Web of Science,Africa Wide,CINAHL and the Africa Index Medicus. This will be supplemented by a search of reference lists of selected articles for potentially relevant articles. We will restrict our search to articles published in the English language between 1990 and 2016 among adolescents in order to obtain estimates reflective of the mature HIV epidemic in most high TB burden countries in Africa that occurred over this critical period. Primary end points are: prevalence of LTBI and TB disease. We will use the random-effects or fixed-effects modelling for our meta-analysis based on heterogeneity estimates.
  
  
  
  No ethics approval is required given that this is a systematic review. Findings will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal in line with thePreferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA).
  
  
  
  CRD42015023495.
authors.affiliation: The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Erick Wekesa
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Bunyasi
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Bey-Marrie
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Vaccines for Africa Initiatives, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Leila Hussein
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Abdullahi
authors.affiliation: The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Humphrey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mulenga
authors.affiliation: The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tameris
authors.affiliation: The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Angelique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luabeya
authors.affiliation: The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shenje
authors.affiliation: The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scriba
authors.affiliation: The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Hennie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geldenhuys
authors.affiliation: The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatherill
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000367:Age Factors; D006801:Humans; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012107:Research Design; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Adolescent; Prevalence; Protocol; Review; Systematic