title: Influence of ad Libitum Feeding of Piglets With Bacillus Subtilis Fermented Liquid Feed on Gut Flora, Luminal Contents and Health.
abstract: Some scholars caution that long-term ad libitum feeding with probiotic fermented food poses potential health risks to baby animals. We conducted a feeding experiment to investigate the influence of ad libitum feeding of pre-and post-weaned piglets with a Bacillus subtilis fermented diet on the gut microbiome, gut metabolomic profiles, bile acid metabolism, proinflammatory cytokines and faecal consistency. Compared with piglets fed a Bacillus subtilis-supplemented pellet diet, piglets fed the Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet had lower intestinal bacterial diversity (P > 0.05), higher intestinal fungal diversity (P > 0.05), more Firmicutes (P > 0.05), fewer Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria (P > 0.05), higher concentrations of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (P < 0.05), orotic acid (P < 0.05), interleukin-6 (P < 0.01), lactic acid (P < 0.01), deoxycholic acid (P > 0.05) and lithocholic acid (P < 0.01) and a higher incidence of diarrhoea (P > 0.05). The data show that ad libitum feeding of piglets with a Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet during the suckling and early post-weaning periods promotes the growth of lactic acid bacteria, bile salt hydrolase-active bacteria and 7a-dehydroxylase-active bacteria in the intestinal lumen; disturbs the normal production of lactic acid, orotic acid and unconjugated bile acids; and increases circulating interleukin-6 levels and diarrhoea incidence.
authors.affiliation: Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
authors.forename: Yuyong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
authors.forename: Chunxia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feed Control, Nanchang 330096, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
authors.forename: Zhiyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
authors.forename: Lingyu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
authors.forename: Huadong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004032:Diet; D005285:Fermentation; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000502:physiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D014886:Weaning