title: Low-Cost Smartphone-Based Photogrammetry for the Analysis of Cranial Deformation in Infants.
abstract: Cranial deformation, including deformational plagiocephaly, brachycephaly, and craniosynostosis, is a condition that affects a large number of infants. Despite its prevalence, there are no standards for the systematic evaluation of the cranial deformation. Usually, the deformation is measured manually by the use of calipers. Experts, however, do not agree on the suitability of these measurements to correctly represent the deformation. Other methodologies for evaluation include 3-dimensional (3D) photography and radiologic scanners. These techniques require either patient's sedation and ionizing radiation or high investment. The aim of this study is to develop a novel, low-cost, and minimally invasive methodology to correctly evaluate the cranial deformation using 3D imagery.
  
  
  
  A smart phone was used to record a slow motion video sequence on 5 different patients. Then, the videos were processed to create accurate 3D models of the patients' head, and the results were compared with the measurements obtained by the manual caliper.
  
  
  
  The correspondence between the manual and the photogrammetric 3D model measurements was high as far as head marks are available, with differences of 2 mm ± 0.9 mm; without marks, measurement results differed up to 20 mm.
  
  
  
  Smartphone-based photogrammetry is a low-cost, highly useful methodology to evaluate cranial deformation. This technique provides a much larger quantity of information than linear measurements with a similar accuracy as far as head marks exist. In addition, a new approach for the evaluation is pointed out: the comparison between the head 3D model and an ideal head, represented by a 3-axis ellipsoid.
authors.affiliation: Photogrammetry & Laser Scanning Research Group (GIFLE), Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: inbargar@topo.upv.es.
authors.forename: Innes
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barbero-García
authors.affiliation: Photogrammetry & Laser Scanning Research Group (GIFLE), Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lerma
authors.affiliation: Photogrammetry & Laser Scanning Research Group (GIFLE), Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Marqués-Mateu
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitari i Politècnic/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miranda
mesh_terms: D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D049068:Plagiocephaly, Nonsynostotic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000068997:Smartphone; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: 3D modeling; 3D photography; Brachycephaly; Plagiocephaly; Slow-motion video