title: Anthelmintic effect of Psidium guajava and Tagetes erecta on wild-type and Levamisole-resistant Caenorhabditis elegans strains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psidium guajava and Tagetes erecta have been used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal parasites, but their active metabolites and mechanisms of action remain largely unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the anthelmintic potential of Psidium guajava and Tagetes erecta extracts on Levamisole-sensitive and Levamisole-resistant strains of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava (PGE) and Tagetes erecta (TEE) were assayed on locomotion and egg-laying behaviors of the wild-type (N2) and Levamisole-resistant (CB193) strains of Caenorhabditis elegans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both extracts paralyzed wild-type and Levamisole-resistant nematodes in a dose-dependent manner. In wild-type worms, TEE 25mg/mL induced a 75% paralysis after 8h of treatment and PGE 25mg/mL induced a 100% paralysis after 4h of treatment. PGE exerted a similar paralyzing effect on N2 wild-type and CB193 Levamisole-resistant worms, while TEE only partially paralyzed CB193 worms. TEE 25mg/mL decreased N2 egg-laying by 65% with respect to the untreated control, while PGE did it by 40%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psidium guajava leaves and Tagetes erecta flower-heads possess hydrosoluble compounds that block the motility of Caenorhabditis elegans by a mechanism different to that of the anthelmintic drug Levamisole. Effects are also observable on oviposition, which was diminished in the wild-type worms. The strong anthelmintic effects in crude extracts of these plants warrants future work to identify their active compounds and to elucidate their molecular mechanisms of action.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Denia M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Piña-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Zyanya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mayoral-Peña
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Querétaro, Mexico. Electronic address: gomezs@uaq.mx.
authors.forename: Maricela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gómez-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí 76216, Mexico. Electronic address: olivo@ipicyt.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Salazar-Olivo
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Querétaro, Mexico. Electronic address: fausto.arellano@uaq.mx.
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arellano-Carbajal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004351:Drug Resistance; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D007978:Levamisole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D031647:Psidium / Q000737:chemistry*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D031686:Tagetes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D007978:Levamisole
keywords: Anthelmintic; Caenorhabditis elegans; Levamisole-resistance; Psidium guajava; Tagetes erecta