title: Co-circulation of multiple genotypes of African swine fever viruses among domestic pigs in Zambia (2013-2015).
abstract: During 2013-2015, several and severe outbreaks of African swine fever (ASF) affected domestic pigs in six provinces of Zambia. Genetic characterization of ASF viruses (ASFVs) using standardized genotyping procedures revealed that genotypes I, II and XIV were associated with these outbreaks. Molecular and epidemiological data suggest that genotype II ASFV (Georgia 2007/1-like) detected in Northern Province of Zambia may have been introduced from neighbouring Tanzania. Also, a genotype II virus detected in Eastern Province of Zambia showed a p54 phylogenetic relationship that was inconsistent with that of p72, underscoring the genetic variability of ASFVs. While it appears genotype II viruses detected in Zambia arose from a domestic pig cycle, genotypes I and XIV possibly emerged from a sylvatic cycle. Overall, this study demonstrates the co-circulation of multiple genotypes of ASFVs, involvement of both the sylvatic and domestic pig cycle in ASF outbreaks in Zambia and possible trans-boundary spread of the disease in south-eastern Africa. Indeed, while there is need for regional or international concerted efforts in the control of ASF, understanding pig marketing practices, pig population dynamics, pig housing and rearing systems and community engagement will be important considerations when designing future prevention and control strategies of this disease in Zambia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9423-0816
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simulundu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chambaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sinkala
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kajihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ndebe
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dautu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mataa
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lubaba
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simuntala
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fandamu
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simuunza
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Samui
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Misinzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.|Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.|Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mweene
mesh_terms: D000357:African Swine Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D000358:African Swine Fever Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000818:Animals; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000821:virology*; D013552:Swine; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: African swine fever; Asfarviridae; Zambia; domestic pigs; genotyping