title: Protein kinase modulators interfere with bud formation in Hydra vulgaris.
abstract: The fresh water polyp Hydra can reproduce asexually by forming buds. These buds separate from the parent animal due to the development of foot tissue in a belt-like region and the formation of a constriction basal to that region. A single pulse treatment with activators of protein kinase C, including 1,2-dioctanoyl-rac-glycerol and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, and inhibitors of various protein kinases, including staurosporine, H-7 and genistein, interfered with foot and constriction formation. The buds did not separate. Therewith, branched animals were formed, some of which bore a lateral foot patch. Simultaneous treatments with an activator and inhibitor led to a higher amount of branched animals than treatments with one of these agents alone. Based on the different specificities of the activators and inhibitors used we propose that activation of a protein kinase C and/or inhibition of a probably non-C-type protein kinase interfere with the decrease of positional value at the bud's base, a process necessary to initiate the pattern forming system leading to foot formation.
authors.affiliation: Zoologisches Institut der Universität, Lehrstuhl für experimentelle Morphologie, Weyertal 119, D-50923, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Zoologisches Institut der Universität, Lehrstuhl für experimentelle Morphologie, Weyertal 119, D-50923, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berking
keywords: Budding; Hydra; Pattern formation; Protein kinase C