title: Chia Oil-Enriched Restructured Pork Effects on Oxidative and Inflammatory Status of Aged Rats Fed High Cholesterol/High Fat Diets.
abstract: Chia oil has the highest recognized α-linolenic acid (ALA) content. ALA is associated with beneficial changes in plasma lipids and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Present article aims to analyze the effect of Chia oil-enriched restructured pork (RP) on aged rats in a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model. Groups of six male Wistar rats (1-year old) were fed the experimental diets: control RP diet (C) noncholesterol high saturated; cholesterol-enriched high-saturated fat/high-cholesterol control RP diet (HC) with added cholesterol and cholic acid; and Chia oil- or Hydroxytyrosol RP cholesterol-enriched high-saturated fat/high cholesterol (CHIA and HxT). Total cholesterol, hepatosomatic index, Nrf2, antioxidant, and inflammation markers were determined. CHIA reduced the hypercholesterolemic effect by lowering levels similar to C; also, ameliorated redox index. CHIA, despite high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content, reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and induced the lowest SOD protein synthesis but not a reduction on its activity. Chia oil activated the Nrf2 to arrest the pro-oxidative response to cholesterol and aging. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) system was lower in HxT than in CHIA, suggesting its antiatherogenic activity and related protective effect against high PUFA. Increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was partially blocked by CHIA. Chia oil has the ability to prevent oxidative damage and modify the inflammatory response, suggesting adequate regulation of the antioxidant system. Results stress the importance of incorporating ALA into the diet.
authors.affiliation: 1 Pharmacology Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Jorge Arturo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Santos-López
authors.affiliation: 2 Nutrition and Food Science Department I (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcimartín
authors.affiliation: 3 Departmental Section of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: María Elvira
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: López-Oliva
authors.affiliation: 4 Academic Pharmacy Area, Autonomous Hidalgo State University, Hidalgo, Mexico .
authors.forename: Mirandeli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bautista-Ávila
authors.affiliation: 5 Biomedical Sciences Department, Toxicology Teaching Unit, Pharmacy School, Alcala University, Alcalá de Henares, Spain .
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: González-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: 2 Nutrition and Food Science Department I (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bastida
authors.affiliation: 1 Pharmacology Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Juana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benedí
authors.affiliation: 2 Nutrition and Food Science Department I (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Francisco José
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Muniz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D010938:Plant Oils; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: NASH; ageing; antioxidant; cholesterol; inflammation; restructured pork