title: Comparison of silicon nanoparticles and silicate treatments in fenugreek.
abstract: Silicon (Si) fertilization improves crop cultivation and is commonly added in the form of soluble silicates. However, most natural plant-available Si originates from plant formed amorphous SiO2particles, phytoliths, similar to SiO2-nanoparticles (SiNP). In this work we, therefore, compared the effect by sodium silicate and that of SiNP on Si accumulation, activity of antioxidative stress enzymes catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, lignification of xylem cell walls and activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) as well as expression of genes for the putative silicon transporter (PST), defensive (Tfgd 1) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and protein in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) grown in hydroponics. The results showed that Si was taken up from both silicate and SiNP treatments and increasing sodium silicate addition increased the translocation of Si to the shoot, while this was not shown with increasing SiNP addition. The silicon transporter PST was upregulated at a greater level when sodium silicate was added compared with SiNP addition. There were no differences in effects between sodium silicate and SiNP treatments on the other parameters measured. Both treatments increased the uptake and accumulation of Si, xylem cell wall lignification, cell wall thickness, PAL activity and protein concentration in seedlings, while there was no effect on antioxidative enzyme activity. Tfgd 1 expression was strongly downregulated in leaves at Si addition. The similarity in effects by silicate and SiNP would be due to that SiNP releases silicate, which may be taken up, shown by a decrease in SiNP particle size with time in the medium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: std_nazaraliyan@khu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Sanam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nazaralian
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, North Tehran Branch of Islamic Azad University, 16679-34783, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majd
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Irian
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farrokh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghahremaninejad
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Landberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greger
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D023082:Defensins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030001:Foeniculum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots; D018520:Plant Shoots; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D023082:Defensins; D017640:Silicates; D012987:Soil; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP); C005691:sodium silicate; D012825:Silicon
keywords: Antioxidative enzymes; Lignification; Silicon nanoparticles; Sodium silicate; Trigonella foenum-Graecum L