title: Krill Oil-In-Water Emulsion Protects against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Activation of Macrophages In Vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parenteral nutrition is often a mandatory therapeutic strategy for cases of septicemia. Likewise, therapeutic application of anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory therapy, and endotoxin lowering, by removal or inactivation, might be beneficial to ameliorate the systemic inflammatory response during the acute phases of critical illness. Concerning anti-inflammatory properties in this setting, omega-3 fatty acids of marine origin have been frequently described. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and LPS-inactivating properties of krill oil (KO)-in-water emulsion in human macrophages in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differentiated THP-1 macrophages were activated using specific ultrapure-LPS that binds only on the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in order to determine the inhibitory properties of the KO emulsion on the LPS-binding capacity, and the subsequent release of TNF-α.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KO emulsion inhibited the macrophage binding of LPS to the TLR4 by 50% (at 12.5 µg/mL) and 75% (at 25 µg/mL), whereas, at 50 µg/mL, completely abolished the LPS binding. Moreover, KO (12.5 µg/mL, 25 µg/mL, or 50 µg/mL) also inhibited (30%, 40%, or 75%, respectively) the TNF-α release after activation with 0.01 µg/mL LPS in comparison with LPS treatment alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KO emulsion influences the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages, possibly due to inactivation of the LPS binding capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany. gabriel.bonaterra@staff.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Gabriel A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bonaterra
authors.affiliation: Stable Solutions LLC, Easton Industrial Park, 19 Norfolk Avenue, South Easton, MA 02375, USA. d.driscoll@stablesolns.com.|Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. d.driscoll@stablesolns.com.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Driscoll
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany. hans.schwarzbach@uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwarzbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany. ralf.kinscherf@staff.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kinscherf
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D004731:Endotoxins; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009821:Oils; D020011:Protective Agents; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014867:Water
keywords: LPS; cytokines; krill oil-in-water emulsion; omega-3 fatty acids; phospholipids; septic shock