title: Variation in reproductive investment among and within populations of the scorpion Centruroides vittatus.
abstract: Although information concerning variation among and within populations is essential to understanding an organism's life history, little is known of such variation in any species of scorpion. We show that reproductive investment by the scorpion Centruroides vittatus varied among three Texas populations during one reproductive season. Females from the Kickapoo population produced smaller offspring and larger litters than females from the Independence Creek or Decatur populations; this pattern remained when adjusting for among population variation in either female mass or total litter mass. Relative clutch mass (RCM) and within-litter variability in offspring mass (V*) did not differ among populations. Among-population variation may result from genetic differences or from phenotypically plastic responses to differing environments. Within populations, the interrelationships among reproductive variables were similar for Decatur and Independence Creek: females investing more in reproduction (measured by total litter mass, TLM) produced larger litters and larger offspring, and V* decreased with increased mean offspring mass (and with decreased litter size at Decatur). At Kickapoo, larger females produced larger litters and had larger TLM; females investing more in reproduction produced larger litters but not larger offspring. Within litter variability in offspring mass was not correlated with any reproductive variables in this latter population. These patterns may be explained by the fractional clutch hypothesis, the inability of females precisely to control investment among offspring or morphological constraints on reproduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Box 19498, 76019, Arlington, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Box 19498, 76019, Arlington, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Formanowicz
keywords: Centruroides vittatus; Interpopulation variation; Offspring size; Reproduction; Scorpions