title: Epidemiology and outcome of acute kidney injury in children, a single center study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information on the epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in children is scarce. We performed a single center retrospective cohort study to analyze the incidence of AKI, the male/female ratio, the underlying etiology, and age at presentation. We also aimed to assess outcome measured by mortality, duration of PICU stay, and development of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Records were searched for children presenting with or developing AKI between 1st January 2008 and 1st January 2015. AKI was classified according to the pediatric Rifle criteria while the cause of AKI was defined as the major underlying disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 28,295 children admitted, 167 episodes of AKI were identified, equaling 5.9 cases per 1000 children. Patients classified as Failure at presentation according to pRifle criteria where significantly more likely to need dialysis (27/50, 54%) compared to those presenting with Injury (12/57, 21.1%) or Risk (6/60, 10 %). Diarrhea-associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (D+HUS) was the most frequent cause (20.3 %) peaking during the summer months, followed by cardiac surgery (13.7%), medication-related nephrotoxicity (13.2%), and acute Glomerulonephritis (12%). The median age of children admitted with AKI was 6.1 years (range 0.1-17) and 50.8% of cases were male. Twenty five (15%) children died while 27 (16.1%) developed CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric AKI poses a significant problem and strategies aimed at prevention, early detection, treatment, and adequate follow-up are needed. D+HUS is the most common underlying cause and effective surveillance of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli infections in association with additional measures is highly recommended.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pediatrics , Pediatric Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium.
authors.forename: Werner
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-169X
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Keenswijk
authors.affiliation: b Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium.
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanmassenhove
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pediatrics , Pediatric Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7809-2505
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raes
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pediatric Intensive Care , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium.
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8969-2941
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dhont
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pediatrics , Pediatric Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9700-5358
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: VandeWalle
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D000293:Adolescent; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Epidemiology; Etiology; Outcome