title: Life cycle analysis of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its salts in China.
abstract: China has been the largest producer and emitter of perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts (PFOA/PFO). However, the flows of PFOA/PFO from manufacture and application to the environment are indistinct, especially flows from waste treatment sites to the environment. Here, a life cycle analysis of PFOA/PFO is conducted in which all major flows of PFOA/PFO have been characterized for 2012. Processes related to uses and possible releases of PFOA/PFO include manufacture and use, waste management, and environmental storage. During manufacture and use, emission from application was the most important (117.0 t), regardless of whether it flowed first to waste treatment facilities or was directly released to the environment, followed by manufacture of PFOA/PFO (3.9 t), while flows from the service life and end of life of consumer products were the lowest (1.2 t). Among five waste treatment routes, flows through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were the highest (10.6 t), which resulted in 12.8 t of PFOA/PFO being emitted into the environment. Masses of PFOA/PFO emission were estimated to be 96.3 t to the hydrosphere, 25.6 t to the atmosphere, and 3.2 t to soils. Therefore, control over reduction of PFOA/PFO should focus on application of reliable alternatives and emission reduction from WWTPs using effective treatment techniques.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China. yllu@rcees.ac.cn.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. yllu@rcees.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yonglong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Tieyu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Giesy
authors.affiliation: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.|Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sweetman
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Qifeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002210:Caprylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002681:China; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D012492:Salts; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D012492:Salts; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid
keywords: Application; Fluoropolymer; Life cycle analysis; Manufacture; PFOA; Waste management