title: Effect of gradient field nonlinearity distortions in MRI-based attenuation maps for PET reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attenuation correction is a requirement for quantification of the activity distribution in PET. The need to base attenuation correction on MRI instead of CT has arisen with the introduction of integrated PET/MRI systems. The aim was to describe the effect of residual gradient field nonlinearity distortions on PET attenuation correction.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRI distortions caused by gradient field nonlinearity were simulated in CT images used for attenuation correction in PET reconstructions. The simulations yielded radial distortion of up to ±2.3mm at 15cm from the scanner isocentre for distortion corrected images. The mean radial distortion of uncorrected images were 6.3mm at the same distance. Reconstructions of PET data were performed using the distortion corrected images as well as the images where no correction had been applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean relative difference in reconstructed PET uptake intensity due to incomplete distortion correction was less than ±5%. The magnitude of this difference varied between patients and the size of the distortions remaining after distortion correction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radial distortions of 2mm at 15cm radius from the scanner isocentre lead to PET attenuation correction errors smaller than 5%. Keeping the gradient field nonlinearity distortions below this limit can be a reasonable goal for MRI systems used for attenuation correction in PET for quantification purposes. A higher geometrical accuracy may, however, be warranted for quantification of peripheral lesions. These distortions can, e.g., be controlled at acceptance testing and subsequent quality assurance intervals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Electronic address: josef.lundman@umu.se.
authors.forename: Josef A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lundman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jörgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tufve
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nyholm
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D000072078:Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: Attenuation correction; MRI; MRI distortions; PET; Quality assurance