title: Effects of taxonomic and trophic aggregation on food web properties.
abstract: Historically, ecologists have been more interested in organisms feeding at the tops of food chains than in organisms feeding at or near the bottom. The problem of taxonomic and trophic inconsistency within and among described food webs is central to criticisms of contemporary food web research. To study the effects of taxonomic and trophic aggregation on food web properties, 38 published food webs, each containing a large fraction of investigator-defined biological species, were systematically aggregated by taxonomy and trophic (functional) group similarity. During each step of taxonomic and trophic aggregation, eight food web properties (MIN, MAX, mean chain lengths; the fractions of basal, intermediate and top species; the ratio of all links by the total number of species, L/S; and rigid circuits) were calculated and their departures from the original, unaggregated version were recorded. We found only two␣properties showing wide systematic departure from initial values after both taxonomic and trophic group aggregation: the fraction of basal species and L/S. One reason for the relative `constancy' of the six other properties was due in part to large numbers of trophically equivalent species (species with identical sets of prey and predators) found in these and other published webs. In the 38 webs, the average number of trophically equivalent species was 45% and ranged from a low of 13% in aquatic webs to a high of 71% in certain terrestrial systems (i.e., carrion webs). Six of the eight properties (MIN, MAX and mean chain lengths, the fractions of top and basal species, and the L/S ratio) were found to be more sensitive to taxonomic than to trophic aggregation. The relatively smaller variations observed in trophically lumped versions suggest that food web properties more aptly reflect functional, rather than taxonomic, attributes of real food webs. These findings parallel earlier trophic-based results, and bolster the conclusion that uneven lumping of taxonomic and trophic groups in published food web reports do not modify markedly the scaling behaviour of most of their descriptive properties.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.affiliation: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: L-F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bersier
authors.affiliation: Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, 1099 Manila, Philippines, , , ,.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schoenly
keywords: Community structure; Data resolution; Key words Food web scaling laws; Scale-invariance