title: Overuse wrist injuries in young athletes: What do sports physicians consider important signals and functional limitations?
abstract: This study's objective was to collect items from experienced sports physicians, relating to the presence and severity of overuse wrist injuries in young athletes, for developing a measurement instrument for signals of overuse wrist injury. Seven Dutch elite sports physicians involved in guidance and treatment of young athletes in wrist-loading sports (gymnastics, tennis, judo, field hockey, volleyball and rowing) participated in a focus group. They discussed signals and limitations related to overuse wrist injuries in young athletes. Data were coded and categorised into signals and limitations with subcategories, using an inductive approach. Of the resulting 61 signals and limitations in nineteen (sub)categories, 20 were considered important, forming a comprehensive item set for identifying overuse wrist injury in young athletes. Signals such as pain, "click", crepitations, swelling and limited range of motion were marked useful for early identification of overuse wrist injury. Limitations in movement and performance were considered indicative of severe overuse injury but less relevant for initial injury identification. The focus group provided 17 important signals and 3 important limitations indicative of overuse wrist injury. These provide the basis for a valid measurement instrument for identifying overuse wrist injury in young athletes, with equal emphasis on pain and on other symptoms.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|d Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports medicine (ACES) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|e Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS) , International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Center AMC/VUmc , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laura S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kox
authors.affiliation: b Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P Paul F M
authors.initials: PPFM
authors.lastname: Kuijer
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jip
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Opperman
authors.affiliation: c Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|d Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports medicine (ACES) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|e Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS) , International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Center AMC/VUmc , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gino M M J
authors.initials: GMMJ
authors.lastname: Kerkhoffs
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|d Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports medicine (ACES) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|e Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS) , International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Center AMC/VUmc , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.affiliation: b Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Monique H W
authors.initials: MHW
authors.lastname: Frings-Dresen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013178:Sports Medicine; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: Wrist joint; athletic injuries; early diagnosis; focus groups; youth sports