title: Attenuation of Cardiovascular Response to Direct Laryngoscopy and Intubation, Comparative Study of Lignocaine, Nifedipine, and Placebo During General Anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to compare the attenuation of cardiovascular response to direct laryngoscopy and intubation using lignocaine, nifedipine, and placebo during general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was done in sixty patients undergoing noncardiac surgeries of American Society of Anesthesiologists health status Class I and II between the age groups of 18-60 years. They were randomly divided into three groups of 20 each (lignocaine group, nifedipine group, and placebo group) and cardiovascular response (heart rate [HR] and blood pressure [BP]) to direct laryngoscopy and intubation were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rise in HR and BP was most significant in the placebo group and insignificant in lignocaine and nifedipine groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nifedipine is effective than lignocaine in attenuating hypertensive response, and lignocaine is effective in attenuating rate pressure product than nifedipine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, NRI Medical College and Hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Venkata Sesha Sai Krishna
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Manne
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, NRI Medical College and Hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Venkata Raghavendra
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Paluvadi
keywords: Intubation; laryngoscopy; lignocaine; nifedipine