title: Vitis vinifera peel and seed gold nanoparticles exhibit chemopreventive potential, antioxidant activity and induce apoptosis through mutant p53, Bcl-2 and pan cytokeratin down-regulation in experimental animals.
abstract: Several studies suggest surface modifications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by capping agents or surface coatings could play an important role in biological systems, and site directed delivery. The present study was carried out to assess the antioxidant and apoptotic activities of the Vitis vinifera peel and seed gold nanoparticles in experimentally induced cancer in Swiss albino mice. 12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA) (single application) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) (thrice a week) were applied on the dorsal area of the skin to induce skin papillomagenesis in Swiss albino mice for 16 weeks. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized using Vitis vinifera peel and seed aqueous extracts and characterized by Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses. On topical application, peel and seed gold nanoparticles demonstrated chemopreventive potential by significantly (p<0.05) reducing the cumulative number of tumors while increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities in the gold nanoparticles treated mice. The down-regulated expression of mutant p53, Bcl-2 and the levels of pan-cytokeratins might have facilitated the process of apoptosis in the chemical carcinogenesis process. The results were supported by the histopathological evaluation which exhibited mild dysplasia and acanthosis in the skin tissues of Vitis vinifera peel and seed AuNPs treated mice. Based on the present study, the chemopreventive action of Vitis vinifera peel and seed AuNPs is probably due to its ability to stimulate the antioxidant enzymes within the cells and suppressed abnormal skin cell proliferation that occurred during DMBA-induced skin papillomagenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Karunya University (Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: J Grace
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Nirmala
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Karunya University (Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: bionaren_phd@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Narendhirakannan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018890:Chemoprevention; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007633:Keratins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D007633:Keratins; D006046:Gold
keywords: Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Gold nanoparticles; Skin cancer; Vitis vinifera