title: Impacts of discarded coffee waste on human and environmental health.
abstract: Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages throughout the world. So far, many studies have shown the properties of coffee beverages, but little is known about its impacts on human and environmental health from its discard in the environment. So, the present work aims to investigate the mutagenic, genotoxic, cytotoxic and ecotoxic effects of leached (LE) and solubilized (SE) extracts from coffee waste, simulating the disposal of this residue in landfills and via sewage systems, respectively. Chemical analyses were also carried out. LE and SE induced mutagenicity in the TA98 Salmonella strain with and without exogenous metabolization (S9). In the TA100 only SE induced mutagenicity, what was observed without S9. An increase in the frequency of micronuclei was observed in HepG2 cell line after 3 and 24h of exposure to both extracts. No cytotoxic effects were observed in HepG2 cells by WST-1 assay. The EC50 values for the LE and SE were 1.5% and 11.26% for Daphnia similis, 0.12% and 1.39% for Ceriodaphnia dubia and 6.0% and 5.5% for Vibrio fischeri, respectively. Caffeine and several transition metals were found in both extracts. Coffee waste discarded in the environment may pose a risk to human and environmental health, since this compound can cause DNA damage and present toxicity to aquatic organisms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: F V C
authors.initials: FVC
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Waste Management, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thode Filho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Carpes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Honório
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: M R C
authors.initials: MRC
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Felzenszwalb
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Administration, Pharmacy College, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: elisaavelino@id.uff.br.Rua.
authors.forename: E R A
authors.initials: ERA
authors.lastname: Ferraz
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D001681:Biological Assay; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry*; D004249:DNA Damage; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D004782:Environmental Health; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D009153:Mutagens; D012722:Sewage; D014866:Waste Products; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Coffee waste; Ecotoxicity; Environment; Mutagenicity