title: The role of community engagement in the adoption of new agricultural biotechnologies by farmers: the case of the Africa harvest tissue-culture banana in Kenya.
abstract: The tissue culture banana (TCB) is a biotechnological agricultural innovation that has been adopted widely in commercial banana production. In 2003, Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International (AH) initiated a TCB program that was explicitly developed for smallholder farmers in Kenya to help them adopt the TCB as a scalable agricultural business opportunity. At the heart of the challenge of encouraging more widespread adoption of the TCB is the question: what is the best way to introduce the TCB technology, and all its attendant practices and opportunities, to smallholder farmers. In essence, a challenge of community or stakeholder engagement (CE).
  
  
  
  In this paper, we report the results of a case study of the CE strategies employed by AH to introduce TCB agricultural practices to small-hold farmers in Kenya, and their impact on the uptake of the TCB, and on the nature of the relationship between AH and the relevant community of farmers and other stakeholders. We identified six specific features of CE in the AH TCB project that were critical to its effectiveness: (1) adopting an empirical, "evidence-based" approach; (2) building on existing social networks; (3) facilitating farmer-to-farmer engagement; (4) focusing engagement on farmer groups; (5) strengthening relationships of trust through collaborative experiential learning; and (6) helping farmers to "learn the marketing game". We discuss the implications of AH's "values-based" approach to engagement, and how these guiding values functioned as "design constraints" for the key features of their CE strategy. And we highlight the importance of attention to the human dimensions of complex partnerships as a key determinant of successful CE.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest new ways of conceptualizing the relationship between CE and the design and delivery of new technologies for global health and global development.
authors.affiliation: McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto, Canada. sunita.bandewar@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Sunita V S
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Bandewar
authors.affiliation: Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International Inc., Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wambugu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ethical, Social & Cultural Risk, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.|Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ethical, Social & Cultural Risk, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada. james.v.lavery@emory.edu.|Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. james.v.lavery@emory.edu.
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lavery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000383:Agriculture / Q000458:organization & administration*; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000458:organization & administration*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development*; D003906:Developing Countries; D000067565:Farmers; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008875:Middle Aged; D028521:Musa / Q000254:growth & development*; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Africa; Agricultural biotechnology; Bananas; Biotechnology; Commercialization; Community engagement; Global development; Global health; Stakeholder engagement; Tissue culture