title: A Model of Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Measurement Error.
abstract: A reliable model of the probability density function (PDF) of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) measurement error would be important for several applications in diabetes, like testing in silico insulin therapies. In the literature, the PDF of SMBG error is usually described by a Gaussian function, whose symmetry and simplicity are unable to properly describe the variability of experimental data. Here, we propose a new methodology to derive more realistic models of SMBG error PDF.
  
  
  
  The blood glucose range is divided into zones where error (absolute or relative) presents a constant standard deviation (SD). In each zone, a suitable PDF model is fitted by maximum-likelihood to experimental data. Model validation is performed by goodness-of-fit tests. The method is tested on two databases collected by the One Touch Ultra 2 (OTU2; Lifescan Inc, Milpitas, CA) and the Bayer Contour Next USB (BCN; Bayer HealthCare LLC, Diabetes Care, Whippany, NJ). In both cases, skew-normal and exponential models are used to describe the distribution of errors and outliers, respectively.
  
  
  
  Two zones were identified: zone 1 with constant SD absolute error; zone 2 with constant SD relative error. Goodness-of-fit tests confirmed that identified PDF models are valid and superior to Gaussian models used so far in the literature.
  
  
  
  The proposed methodology allows to derive realistic models of SMBG error PDF. These models can be used in several investigations of present interest in the scientific community, for example, to perform in silico clinical trials to compare SMBG-based with nonadjunctive CGM-based insulin treatments.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vettoretti
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Facchinetti
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sparacino
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cobelli
mesh_terms: D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical
keywords: measurement error; modeling; parameter estimation; self-monitoring blood glucose; statistical distribution