title: The Impact of a 940 nm Diode Laser with Radial Firing Tip and Bare End Fiber Tip on Enterococcus faecalis in the Root Canal Wall Dentin of Bovine Teeth: An In Vitro Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This in vitro study aimed to compare the bactericidal effect of two different laser delivery systems, a radial firing tip (RFT) and bare end fiber tip (BFT) used with the 940 nm diode laser on Enterococcus faecalis inoculated onto bovine radicular dentin.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 bovine dentin slices with a defined thickness of 500 and 1000 μm were prepared. They were assigned into four test groups together with untreated samples served as control for each slice thickness. The slices were inoculated on one side with 1 μL E. faecalis suspension and laser irradiation was performed indirectly on the opposite side with the 940 nm diode laser delivered with a 200 μm RFT and a BFT at 1 and 1.5 W in continuous wave mode for 8 sec per cycle and repeated four times. After irradiation, the remaining bacteria were detached and the produced suspension was diluted and plated onto blood agar plates with 5% sheep blood and incubated overnight at 37°C in a CO2-rich atmosphere. The colony-forming units of E. faecalis were counted and the bacterial reduction was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diode laser equipped with RFT fiber design further reduced the number of vital E. faecalis cells significantly compared with BFT design, regardless of the used power and dentin thickness (p < 0.0001). The highest average value of 4 log kills was observed in 500 μm slice thickness irradiated with RFT at 1.5 W. Temperature measurements on the external root surface at 1 mm from the apex did not elicit a harmful temperature elevation in both power settings and fiber designs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the studied parameters, 940 nm diode laser in conjugation with RFT showed a satisfactory bactericidal effect without any thermal side effect to the tooth-supporting tissues.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Aachen, Germany .
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulte-Lünzum
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Aachen, Germany .
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gutknecht
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen , Aachen, Germany .
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conrads
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Aachen, Germany .
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franzen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012016:Reference Values; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000379:methods; D012494:Sampling Studies
keywords: diode laser 940 nm; radial firing tip; root canal disinfection