title: Gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease: so far so gut!
abstract: Major advances have occurred in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) over the last decade, and perhaps the most major, and clinically advantageous of these advances has been the discovery of the microbiome as a key multifaceted component of inflammation. The gut microbiome is the largest known group of cells in the body, and is now recognized as an organ in its own right. Initial studies looking at a possible role of bacterial manipulation of the immune system in IBD, looked at identifying a specific bacterial species, and were not representative of a feasible model of inflammation in IBD overall. More recently there has been a shift towards the concept of dysbiosis, and the acceptance that a number of bacterial factors interact with the immune system in order for inflammation to occur. In the present review we will focus on past perspective of the role of microbiota in IBD, current evidences about dysbiosis in IBD and also the main therapeutic modalities to affect IBD by affecting gut microbiota: probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging dietary intervention.
authors.affiliation: Digestive System, Endocrine and Metabolic System Centre, Gastroenterological Department, &quot;A. Gemelli&quot; Policlinic, &quot;Sacro Cuore&quot; Catholic University, Rome, Italy.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Grainne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holleran
authors.affiliation: Digestive System, Endocrine and Metabolic System Centre, Gastroenterological Department, &quot;A. Gemelli&quot; Policlinic, &quot;Sacro Cuore&quot; Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Loris R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Lopetuso
authors.affiliation: Digestive System, Endocrine and Metabolic System Centre, Gastroenterological Department, &quot;A. Gemelli&quot; Policlinic, &quot;Sacro Cuore&quot; Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ianiro
authors.affiliation: Digestive System, Endocrine and Metabolic System Centre, Gastroenterological Department, &quot;A. Gemelli&quot; Policlinic, &quot;Sacro Cuore&quot; Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pecere
authors.affiliation: Digestive System, Endocrine and Metabolic System Centre, Gastroenterological Department, &quot;A. Gemelli&quot; Policlinic, &quot;Sacro Cuore&quot; Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pizzoferrato
authors.affiliation: Digestive System, Endocrine and Metabolic System Centre, Gastroenterological Department, &quot;A. Gemelli&quot; Policlinic, &quot;Sacro Cuore&quot; Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Petito
authors.affiliation: Digestive System, Endocrine and Metabolic System Centre, Gastroenterological Department, &quot;A. Gemelli&quot; Policlinic, &quot;Sacro Cuore&quot; Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graziani
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McNAMARA
authors.affiliation: Digestive System, Endocrine and Metabolic System Centre, Gastroenterological Department, &quot;A. Gemelli&quot; Policlinic, &quot;Sacro Cuore&quot; Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasbarrini
authors.affiliation: Digestive System, Endocrine and Metabolic System Centre, Gastroenterological Department, &quot;A. Gemelli&quot; Policlinic, &quot;Sacro Cuore&quot; Catholic University, Rome, Italy - francoscaldaferri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scaldaferri
mesh_terms: D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000628:therapy; D000069467:Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D056692:Prebiotics