title: The Oldham Notebooks: an analysis of the development of IVF 1969-1978. IV. Ethical aspects.
abstract: Six evidential sources are examined to investigate how Edwards and Steptoe applied ethical standards to their research leading to the birth of Louise Brown: (i) Their own contemporary writings from 1970 onwards. (ii) Archival evidence from the British Medical Association (BMA), the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS), and correspondence between Edwards and the Ford Foundation. (iii) Minutes of Oldham General Hospital (OGH) Ethics Committee. (iv) Letters by Edwards to prospective patients. (v) oral evidence from interviews with a patient and colleagues. (vi) Evidence from their clinical case management of patients. Taken together these sources suggest that Edwards and Steptoe demonstrated a strong awareness of the ethical issues involved, and offer evidence of honesty to patients about the realistic prospects of success and ethical practice. Nonetheless, decisive evidence that ethical aspirations were put into practice is not available.
authors.affiliation: Anatomy School and Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Bourn Hall Clinic, Bourn, Cambridge CB23 2TN, UK.
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Elder
keywords: Edwards and Steptoe; Oldham; ethics; history; test-tube baby