title: Effects of microhabitat, time of day, and weather on predation of gypsy moth larvae.
abstract: Wire cages with different-sized meshes were placed on trunks and around leaves at different heights in oak trees and in forest litter. Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, instars II-V tethered with threads were placed in each cage (instars II-III only in leaf cages) as well as outside the cages. Predation of larvae decreased from near ground to mid-crown in trees and was highest in litter and very low on leaves. Predation in litter was not strongly related to cage type, suggesting that small, invertebrate predators were active there, but IV-V instars on trunks were mainly killed by relatively large predators, probably forest mice and shrews. Influences of the time of day and weather on predation were evaluated by observing tethered V-VI instars in litter and on tree trunks hourly. Ants, particularly carpenter ants (Camponotus ferrugineus) and Formica sp., and probably vertebrates, were conspicuous predators in the litter. Ants were most active at lower relative humidities, while other predators were apparently not influenced by humidity. No daily activity rhythms of predation were noted. Invertebrates appear to be important predators of larvae only in the litter whereas vertebrates, such as forest mice and shrews, also readily attack larvae on tree trunks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 06504, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Weseloh
keywords: Diel periodicity; Gypsy moth; Microhabitat; Predation; Weather conditions