title: TGR5 expression in benign, preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of Barrett's esophagus: Case series and findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examined the bile acid receptor TGR5 expression in squamous mucosa, Barrett's mucosa, dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Slides were stained with TGR5 antibody. The staining intensity was scored as 1+, 2+ and 3+. The extent of staining (percentage of cells staining) was scored as follows: 1+, 1%-10%, 2+, 11%-50%, 3+, 51%-100%. A combined score of intensity and extent was calculated and categorized as negative, weak, moderate and strong staining. TGR5 mRNA was measured by real time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that levels of TGR5 mRNA were significantly increased in Barrett's dysplastic cell line CP-D and EA cell line SK-GT-4, when compared with Barrett's cell line CP-A. Moderate to strong TGR5 staining was significantly higher in high-grade dysplasia and EA cases than in Barrett's esophagus (BE) or in low-grade dysplasia. Moderate to strong staining was slightly higher in low-grade dysplasia than in BE mucosa, but there is no statistical significance. TGR5 staining had no significant difference between high-grade dysplasia and EA. In addition, TGR5 staining intensity was not associated with the clinical stage, the pathological stage and the status of lymph node metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that TGR5 immunostaining was much stronger in high-grade dysplasia and EA than in BE mucosa or low-grade dysplasia and that its staining intensity was not associated with the clinical stage, the pathological stage and the status of lymph node metastasis. TGR5 might be a potential marker for the progression from BE to high-grade dysplasia and EA.
authors.affiliation: Shivali Marketkar, Dongfang Yang, Weibiao Cao, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
authors.forename: Shivali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marketkar
authors.affiliation: Shivali Marketkar, Dongfang Yang, Weibiao Cao, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shivali Marketkar, Dongfang Yang, Weibiao Cao, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
authors.forename: Dongfang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Shivali Marketkar, Dongfang Yang, Weibiao Cao, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
authors.forename: Weibiao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; C473772:GPBAR1 protein, human; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
keywords: Bile acid; Esophageal adenocarcinoma; TGR5