title: Environmentally induced variation in body size of turtles hatching in natural nests.
abstract: Eggs from three snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) were divided between two natural nests in a factorial experiment assessing the role of the nest environment as a cause for variation in body size and energy reserves of hatchlings at our study site in northcentral Nebraska. Nest # 1 was located in an unshaded area on the south side of a high sandhill, whereas nest #2 was located in an unshaded area on level ground. Eggs in nest #1 increased in mass over the course of incubation, with eggs at the bottom of the nest gaining more mass than eggs nearer to the surface. In constrast, eggs in nest #2 lost mass during incubation, with eggs at the bottom declining less in mass than eggs at the top of the cavity. Hatchlings from nest #1 were much larger (but contained smaller masses of unused yolk) than hatchlings from nest #2. Additionally, eggs from the lower layers in both nests tended to produce larger hatchings (but with smaller masses of unused yolk) than eggs from the upper layers. Thus, ecologically important variation in body size and nutrient reserves of hatchling snapping turtles results from variation in the environment among and within nests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 80523, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Packard
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, 17604, Lancaster, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 80523, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Packard
keywords: Body size; Developmental plasticity; Eggs; Hatchlings; Nests