title: Reproduction and population density affect humoral immunity in bank voles under field experimental conditions.
abstract: Density dependence is a common feature in the dynamics of animal populations. Availability of food resources critical to immunity is likely to be one of the mechanisms mediating the effect of population density on individual fitness. The ability to mount an immune response to an antigen is also affected by levels of immunosuppressive hormones associated with reproduction or mediating the response to ecological and social stress. We assessed variation in condition and intensity of humoral immune response to a T-cell-dependent antigen in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) by experimentally altering population density before immunisation. Consistent with our prediction, males had lower humoral immunocompetence in the breeding than in the non-breeding season. Contrary to our expectation, males did not show enhanced immunocompetence and females showed depressed humoral immune response under experimentally lowered population density. Variation of immune response in relation to population density depended on sex, with females but not males showing lower immune response under experimentally reduced density. We conclude that humoral immunity of bank voles was affected by reproduction and social environment rather than by population density.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy e-mail: n.saino@mailserver.unimi.it Fax: +39-02-2362726, , , , , , IT.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saino
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Piazza Botta 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy, , , , , , IT.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canova
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Piazza Botta 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy, , , , , , IT.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fasola
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy e-mail: n.saino@mailserver.unimi.it Fax: +39-02-2362726, , , , , , IT.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martinelli
keywords: Humoral immune response; Key words  Clethrionomys glareolus; Population density; Reproduction; Sexual dimorphism