title: Recent experimental results of effects of perfluoroalkyl substances in laboratory animals - Relation to current regulations and guidance values.
abstract: The detection of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface and drinking water from various countries raised the attention to the presence of these chemicals in environmental probes and led to several regulatory actions to limit exposure in human beings. There was particular concern about perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), due to their former wide-spread use. Recently, several institutions published revisions of former regulatory or recommended maximum concentrations in drinking water and food, which are markedly lower than the former values. The present short overview describes the current regulations for PFAS and compares them with the outcome of several experimental studies in laboratory animals at low-level exposure to PFOA and PFOS. In addition, regulations for short-chain PFAS are presented which, due to lack of toxicological information, are evaluated according to the concepts of Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) or the Health-related Indication Values (HRIV).
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: hlilien@directbox.com.
authors.forename: Hellmuth
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lilienthal
authors.affiliation: retired; formerly: Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) of Germany, Department Toxicology of Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Dieter
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hölzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D002210:Caprylates / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000592:standards*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity; D033161:Government Regulation; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D060766:Drinking Water; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
keywords: Animal studies; Drinking water; Guidance value; Health-related indication value; Perfluorinated compounds; Perfluoroalkyl substances; Threshold of toxicological concern