title: Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions.
abstract: The presence of microplastics in the marine environment poses a great threat to the entire ecosystem and has received much attention lately as the presence has greatly impacted oceans, lakes, seas, rivers, coastal areas and even the Polar Regions. Microplastics are found in most commonly utilized products (primary microplastics), or may originate from the fragmentation of larger plastic debris (secondary microplastics). The material enters the marine environment through terrestrial and land-based activities, especially via runoffs and is known to have great impact on marine organisms as studies have shown that large numbers of marine organisms have been affected by microplastics. Microplastic particles have been found distributed in large numbers in Africa, Asia, Southeast Asia, India, South Africa, North America, and in Europe. This review describes the sources and global distribution of microplastics in the environment, the fate and impact on marine biota, especially the food chain. Furthermore, the control measures discussed are those mapped out by both national and international environmental organizations for combating the impact from microplastics. Identifying the main sources of microplastic pollution in the environment and creating awareness through education at the public, private, and government sectors will go a long way in reducing the entry of microplastics into the environment. Also, knowing the associated behavioral mechanisms will enable better understanding of the impacts for the marine environment. However, a more promising and environmentally safe approach could be provided by exploiting the potentials of microorganisms, especially those of marine origin that can degrade microplastics.
  
  
  
  The concentration, distribution sources and fate of microplastics in the global marine environment were discussed, so also was the impact of microplastics on a wide range of marine biota.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: auta_helen@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Auta
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
authors.forename: C U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Emenike
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Fauziah
mesh_terms: D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects*; D020387:Food Chain; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010969:Plastics / Q000032:analysis*; D014866:Waste Products / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics; D014866:Waste Products; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bio-uptake; Ingestion; Marine environment; Microplastics; Pollution; Sediments