title: Accuracy and Reliability of Marker-Based Approaches to Scale the Pelvis, Thigh, and Shank Segments in Musculoskeletal Models.
abstract: Gait analysis together with musculoskeletal modeling is widely used for research. In the absence of medical images, surface marker locations are used to scale a generic model to the individual's anthropometry. Studies evaluating the accuracy and reliability of different scaling approaches in a pediatric and/or clinical population have not yet been conducted and, therefore, formed the aim of this study. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) and motion capture data were collected from 12 participants with cerebral palsy and 6 typically developed participants. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the scaled model's segment measures to the corresponding MRI measures, whereas reliability was assessed by comparing the model's segments scaled with the experimental marker locations from the first and second motion capture session. The inclusion of joint centers into the scaling process significantly increased the accuracy of thigh and shank segment length estimates compared to scaling with markers alone. Pelvis scaling approaches which included the pelvis depth measure led to the highest errors compared to the MRI measures. Reliability was similar between scaling approaches with mean ICC of 0.97. The pelvis should be scaled using pelvic width and height and the thigh and shank segment should be scaled using the proximal and distal joint centers.
authors.affiliation: 1 Griffith University.|2 Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services.|3 KU Leuven.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kainz
authors.affiliation: 1 Griffith University.
authors.forename: Hoa X
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: 4 Lady Cilento Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stockton
authors.affiliation: 5 The University of Queensland.
authors.forename: Roslyn R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.affiliation: 1 Griffith University.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.affiliation: 1 Griffith University.|2 Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Carty
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013848:Thigh / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology
keywords: MRI; OpenSim; cerebral palsy; musculoskeletal model; scaling