title: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and his depictions of the human spine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few individuals in history have exerted so great an influence and made such extensive contributions to so many disciplines as Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci's inquisitive, experimental mentality led him to many discoveries, such as spinal cord function and the proper anatomy of several organ systems. Respected not only as an artist but also as an anatomist, he made many significant contributions to the field.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article explores da Vinci's drawings, in relation to the anatomy of the human spine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada.
authors.forename: Garvin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave James Tower #600, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA. gonzaj6@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Jocelyn
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4716-2256
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave James Tower #600, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iwanaga
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave James Tower #600, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.|Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fisahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada.
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukas
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave James Tower #600, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.|Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
authors.forename: Rod J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Oskouian
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada.|Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave James Tower #600, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
authors.forename: R Shane
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubbs
mesh_terms: D054814:Anatomists / Q000266:history*; D005197:Famous Persons; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D006801:Humans; D008488:Medical Illustration / Q000266:history*; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Anatomy; Art; History; Italy; Spinal; Vertebral column