title: Amniotic fluid metabolomics and biochemistry analysis provides novel insights into the diet-regulated foetal growth in a pig model.
abstract: Foetal loss and intrauterine growth restriction are major problems in mammals, but there are few effective ways in preventing it. Intriguingly, chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a biomaterial derived from chitosan, can promote foetal survival and growth. Therefore, we have investigated how COS affects foetal survival and growth in a pig model. Fifty-two sows were divided into two treatment groups (n = 26) and fed either solely a control diet or a control diet that includes 100 mg/kg COS. Amniotic fluid and foetus samples from six sows that were of average body weight in each group were collected on gestation day 35. We applied a1H NMR-based metabolomics approach combined with biochemistry analysis to track the changes that occurred in the amniotic fluid of pregnant sows after COS intervention. Maternal COS inclusion had enhanced (P < 0.05) the foetal survival rate and size at 35 days. COS supplementation had both increased (P < 0.05) SOD, CAT and T-AOC activities and elevated (P < 0.05) IL-10, IgG and IgM concentrations in the amniotic fluid. Moreover, COS had affected (P < 0.05) the amniotic fluid's lysine, citrate, glucose and hypoxanthine levels. Overall, COS inclusion induced amniotic fluid antioxidant status and metabolic profiles modifications characterising improvements in foetal survival and growth in a pig model.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qingsong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Daiwen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiangbing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology; D004032:Diet; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D048271:Chitosan