title: Resource availability and the trichome defenses of tomato plants.
abstract: We conducted two experiments to determine how resource availability influenced allocation by tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) to trichomes, and how different patterns of trichome allocation by plants grown in different resource environments might then influence the behavior of tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) caterpillars. In the first experiment we used high and low levels of light and water, and then, using scanning electron microscopy, determined trichome densities on the leaves and stems. We sampled leaves and stems at several places throughout the plant to determine whether there were within-plant differences in allocation to trichomes. The results of the first experiment showed that resource availability influenced allocation to trichome growth. Patterns in high and low-light supported both the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH) and the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis (CNBH). However, the GDBH was not supported by differences among water treatments. Contrary, to predictions of the GDBH, plants with intermediate growth did not have the highest trichome densities, and plants with similar growth differed in trichome density. Possible biological and artifactual explanations are discussed. The first experiment also showed that there was within-plant variation in allocation to trichomes, and that plant resource availability may influence within-plant variation in allocation to trichomes. In the second experiment, we grew plants in high and low-light, and then monitored the behavior of tobacco hornworms on the stems of these plants in the laboratory. This experiment demonstrated that the light environment that tomato plants were grown in influenced the resting behavior of caterpillars. Furthermore, it demonstrated that both glandular and non-glandular trichomes impeded caterpillars from searching for food. Overall, this study indicated that plant resource availability can influence allocation to trichome defenses, and that these differences may affect insect herbivores.
authors.affiliation: Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreveport Highway, RWU-4501, 71360, Pineville, LA, USA. rwilkens@asrr.arsusda.gov.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Wilkens
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 13902-6000, Binghamton, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriel O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 13902-6000, Binghamton, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halbreich
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 13902-6000, Binghamton, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Stamp
keywords: Carbon-nutrient balance; Growth-differentiation balance; Lycopersicon esculentum; Manduca sexta; Trichome