title: Sonophotocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A and its intermediates with graphitic carbon nitride.
abstract: Since bisphenol A (BPA) exhibits endocrine disrupting action and high toxicity in aqueous system, there are high demands to remove it completely. In this study, the BPA removal by sonophotocatalysis coupled with nano-structured graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, GCN) was conducted with various batch tests using energy-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) based on ultrasound (US) and visible light (Vis-L). Results of batch tests indicated that GCN-based sonophotocatalysis (Vis-L/US) had higher rate constants than other AOPs and especially two times higher degradation rate than TiO2-based Vis-L/US. This result infers that GCN is effective in the catalytic activity in Vis-L/US since its surface can be activated by Vis-L to transport electrons from valence band (VB) for utilizing holes (h+VB) in the removal of BPA. In addition, US irradiation exfoliated the GCN effectively. The formation of BPA intermediates was investigated in detail by using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The possible degradation pathway of BPA was proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sharmini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sunasee
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kah Hon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kien Tiek
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Gooyong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, -826004, India.
authors.forename: Saravanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pichiah
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: InWook
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nah
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byong-Hun
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Yeomin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea. minjang@kw.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jang
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D006108:Graphite; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D006108:Graphite; D009570:Nitriles; D010636:Phenols; C011206:cyanogen; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Bisphenol A; Graphitic carbon nitride; Intermediates; Sonophotocatalysis; Ultrasound; Visible light