title: Ethanolic extracts of Inula viscosa, Salix alba and Quercus calliprinos, negatively affect the development of the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora - A model to compare gastro-intestinal nematodes developmental effect.
abstract: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora can represent a model system for herbal medication against gastro-intestinal strongylid parasites in determining the recovery and development due to their unique parasitic infectious cycle. The fact that plant extracts impair nematode development is known but their differential impact on stages of the life cycle of H. bacteriophora has never been investigated. We examined the developmental stages resumed from eggs, young juveniles (J1-3), infective juveniles (IJs), young and adult hermaphrodites of H. bacteriophora upon exposure to crude ethanolic extracts of Inula viscosa, Salix alba, and Quercus calliprinos at concentrations of 600, 1200, and 2400ppm. Our results showed that plant extracts were highly toxic to the survival of the eggs and young juveniles J1to J3at all concentrations. The plant extracts inhibited their development and were associated with low reproduction parameters (i.e. fecundity and viability of eggs). The IJs, J4, young and developed hermaphrodites displayed concentration-dependent negative effect on development with less egg count, poor vulval muscle development, loss of egg laying capacity and progeny development by matricidal hatching. Plant extract of I. viscosa at low (600ppm) concentration did not impair vulval development. These results suggest that these plant extracts show potential for the control of parasitic rhabditids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. Electronic address: sv294@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Velayudhan Satheeja
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Santhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
authors.forename: Liora
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salame
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
authors.forename: Levana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dvash
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
authors.forename: Hussein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Muklada
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Applied Research (Affiliated with University of Haifa), The Galilee Society, Shefa-Amr 20200, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Department of Environmental Sciences, Upper Galilee 12208, Israel.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azaizeh
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Applied Research (Affiliated with University of Haifa), The Galilee Society, Shefa-Amr 20200, Israel.
authors.forename: Raghda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mreny
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Applied Research (Affiliated with University of Haifa), The Galilee Society, Shefa-Amr 20200, Israel.
authors.forename: Safaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Awwad
authors.affiliation: Kimron Veterinary Institutes, P.O.B. 12, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Markovics
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
authors.forename: Serge Yan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Landau
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. Electronic address: glazerit@volcani.agri.gov.il.
authors.forename: Itamar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Glazer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D038143:Inula; D023421:Models, Animal; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029963:Quercus; D017172:Rhabditoidea / Q000187:drug effects*; D032108:Salix
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Fertility; Herbal treatment; Parasitic nematode; Rhabditid