title: Do seasonal changes in numbers of aerially dispersing spiders reflect population density on the ground or variation in ballooning motivation?
abstract: Groups of linyphiid spiders (Erigone spp.) (Araneae, Linyphiidae), collected at intervals from arable land, were tested in laboratory bioassays to determine the proportion of individuals that exhibited ballooning behaviour on each field sampling occasion. There was no significant variation in the proportions of spiders in each test group ballooning in the laboratory over a year. Investigations of ground density and aerial dispersal, in a grass field and a winter-wheat field, confirmed that peaks in numbers of spiders observed ballooning in the field generally coincided with population peaks in the summer and autumn. Significant correlations between ground populations and aerial catches were found for total spiders, immature spiders, and Bathyphantes gracilis (Blackwall) in both fields, adult spiders in the grass field, Erigone spp. in the grass, and Meioneta rurestris (C.L. Koch) in the wheat. The other groups analysed, Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall) in both fields, Erigone spp. in wheat, and M. rurestris in grass, showed similar but non-significant trends. No significant difference was found between overall ground-to-air ratios for males compared to females, but adult spiders were more likely to balloon than immatures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, SO9 3TU, Southampton, UK.|Horticulture Research International, BN17 6LP, Littlehampton, West Sussex, UK.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Weyman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, SO9 3TU, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Jepson
authors.affiliation: Horticulture Research International, BN17 6LP, Littlehampton, West Sussex, UK.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Sunderland
keywords: Agroecosystem; Ballooning; Bioassay; Dispersal; Linyphiidae