title: Heavy and standard silicone oil: intraocular inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proliferative vitreoretinopathy in the inferior retina remains clinically challenging. Heavier-than-water intraocular tamponades have been developed to improve inferior tamponading properties, and their chemical compositions have been substantially improved over the years, in parallel with developments in vitrectomy instrumentation and surgical techniques. Herein we present an updated review of the clinical use of standard formulations and HSO, focusing on analysis of the intraocular inflammation associated with endotamponade agents, and comparison of the adverse effects of these agents on the physical and biological properties of the eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed literature search was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar using the key words. Fifty-eight articles matched our inclusion criteria that were included in this systematic review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perfluorocarbon liquids and partially fluorinated alkanes are associated with tamponade emulsification, intraocular inflammation, and rises in intraocular pressure, but these associations are not as strong when these substances are mixed with a heavy silicone oil (HSO). Two recently approved heavy silicone oil tamponades, Oxane HD and Densiron 68, are now available for use in clinical practice. While the complication spectrum of the new generation of these HSOs seems to be similar to that of conventional silicone oil tamponades, they provide better support for the inferior retina and the posterior pole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both regular and heavy silicone oils usually yield good success rates in cases of complicated retinal detachment. Decisions as to whether to utilize heavy or regular silicone oil should be made on a case-by-case basis.
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedale Civili, 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy. dott.andrea.russo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-3662
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedale Civili, 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morescalchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insurbia-Circolo Hospital, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donati
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedale Civili, 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gambicorti
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insurbia-Circolo Hospital, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Azzolini
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic, Department of Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costagliola
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedale Civili, 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Semeraro
mesh_terms: D058450:Endotamponade / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D010211:Papilledema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000601:surgery; D012827:Silicone Oils / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D012827:Silicone Oils
keywords: Heavy silicone oil; Intraocular inflammation; Standard silicone oil; Vitreous tamponade