title: Validation of a CT-guided intervention robot for biopsy and radiofrequency ablation: experimental study with an abdominal phantom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of a needle-placement robot for biopsy and radiofrequency ablation on an abdominal phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  A master-slave robotic system has been developed that includes a needle-path planning system and a needle-inserting robot arm with computed tomography (CT) and CT fluoroscopy guidance. For evaluation of its accuracy in needle placement, a commercially available abdominal phantom (Model 057A; CIRS Inc.) was used. The liver part of the phantom contains multiple spherical simulated tumors of three different size spheres. Various needle insertion trials were performed in the transverse plane and caudocranial plane two nodule sizes (10 mm and 20 mm in diameter) to test the reliability of this robot. To assess accuracy, a CT scan was performed after each trial with the needle in situ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall error was 2 mm (0-2.6 mm), which was calculated as the distance from the planned trajectory before insertion to the actual needle trajectory after insertion. The standard deviations of the insertions on two nodules (10 mm and 20 mm in diameter) were 0.5 mm and 0.2 mm, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CT-compatible needle placement robot for biopsy and radiofrequency ablation shows relatively acceptable accuracy and could be used for radiofrequency ablation of nodules ≥10 mm under CT fluoroscopy guidance.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. hjwon@amc.seoul.kr.
authors.forename: Hyung Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: Namkug
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Guk Bae
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joon Beom
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Hongho
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008099:Liver; D009339:Needles; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods