title: Multiscale porous titanium surfaces via a two-step etching process for improved mechanical and biological performance.
abstract: Titanium (Ti)-based dental implants with multiscale surface topography have attracted great attention as a promising approach to enhance fixation and long-term stability of the implants, through the synergistic effect of nano- and microscale surface roughness, for accelerated bone regeneration and improved mechanical interlocking. However, structural integrity and mechanical stability of the multiscale roughened Ti surface under deformation need to be considered because significant deformation of dental implants is often induced during the surgical operation. Therefore, in this study, a well-defined nanoporous structure was directly introduced onto micro-roughened Ti surfaces through target-ion induced plasma sputtering (TIPS) with a tantalum (Ta) target, following sand-blasted, large-grit and acid-etching (SLA). This two-step etching process successfully created multiscale surface roughness on Ti with a minimal change of the pre-formed microscale roughness. Moreover, TIPS allowed the Ti surface to possess good mechanical stability under deformation and improved hydrophilicity, through altering the surface chemistry of brittle and hydrophobic SLA-treated Ti without formation of the interface between nanoporous and microporous structures. The in vitro and in vivo tests confirmed that multiscale roughened Ti significantly enhanced osteoblast attachment, proliferation and differentiation, which eventually led to improved bone regeneration and osseointegration, compared to smooth and micro-roughened Ti.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Sik
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Hyun-Do
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Sungwon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byeong-Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Jaeuk
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Cheonil
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hyoun-Ee
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration; D016062:Porosity; D011817:Rabbits; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium