title: The "pumpgate" incident: Stigma against lactating mothers in the U.S. workplace.
abstract: Studies conclude that breastfeeding for six months is associated with better lifelong health for the mother and the child. Mothers in the U.S. returning to work after maternity leave report difficulty with the need to take frequent breaks to pump breastmilk so many stop breastfeeding. Factors discouraging pumping breastmilk in the workplace motivated a content analysis of public comments posted in response to a legal deposition that occurred in January of 2011 in which an attorney who was a new mother was challenged about taking a break to pump breastmilk. A total of 899 public comments posted on Yahoo in 2015-2016 in response to this earlier incident were analyzed for content. Of these, only 336 mentioned breastfeeding. Overall, 148 comments showed support for breastfeeding or pumping breastmilk at work, while 182 comments showed moderate to strong disapproval (six unclassified). The majority of disapproving comments were critical of pumping breastmilk in the workplace. Implications of these findings for the duration of breastfeeding after returning to work are discussed.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Communication , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bresnahan
authors.affiliation: b Department of Communication Studies , Texas Christian University , Fort Worth , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.affiliation: c Department of Communication Studies and Theatre , South Dakota State University , Brookings , South Dakota , USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: a Department of Communication , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: d Department of Communication , Central Washington University , Bellingham , Washington , USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: a Department of Communication , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA.
authors.forename: Xiaodi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061186:Breast Milk Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D062707:Return to Work; D057545:Social Stigma; D012944:Social Support; D014931:Women, Working / Q000523:psychology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Breastfeeding and health; breastfeeding stigma; mother-friendly workplace; pumpgate; pumping breastmilk at work