title: Perceived risks of produced water management and naturally occurring radioactive material content in North Dakota.
abstract: Unconventional oil and gas development using hydraulic fracturing has caused conflict and controversy across the globe including the U.S. where some States banned the practice. Nevertheless, North Dakota (ND) has supported the practice because the State perceives the risks to be acceptable and because it has brought growth and opportunities to small communities. However, social acceptance of new technology is based on a number of factors and not contingent on economic benefits. To date, no research has been conducted to understand public risk perception of hazards associated with produced water from hydraulic fracturing in ND. This study focuses on understanding the risk perception of select ND stakeholder groups regarding produced water management and naturally occurring radioactive material. The software Qualtrics was used to create an online survey, collect data, and perform statistical analysis. The most important variables that seem to influence risk perception are the images and thoughts associated with produced water, level of knowledge about produced water handling and content, and knowing how to proceed in case of a spill of produced water. Overall, social risk perception could be in alignment with actual technical risk if availability of objective information is improved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
authors.forename: Om Prakash
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA. Electronic address: eakalak.khan@ndsu.edu.
authors.forename: Eakalak
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D009658:North Dakota; D012306:Risk; D014867:Water; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Hydraulic fracturing; Produced water storage; Produced water transportation; Social risk perception; Spills; Survey data