title: Clinical features, histology, and histogenesis of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) is a rare tumor with poor prognosis, with incidence ranging from 1.0%-4.7% of all primary hepatic tumors. This entity will be soon renamed as hepato-cholangiocarcinoma. The known risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been implicated for CHC including viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. It is difficult to diagnose this tumor pre-operatively. The predominant histologic component within the tumor largely determines the predominant radiographic features making it a difficult distinction. Heterogeneous and overlapping imaging features of HCC and cholangiocarcinoma should raise the suspicion for CHC and multiple core biopsies (from different areas of tumor) are recommended before administering treatment. Serum tumor markers CA19-9 and alpha-fetoprotein can aid in the diagnosis, but it remains a challenging diagnosis prior to resection. There is sufficient data to support bipotent hepatic progenitor cells as the cell of origin for CHC. The current World Health Organization classification categorizes two main types of CHC based on histo-morphological features: Classical type and CHC with stem cell features. Liver transplant is one of the available treatment modalities with other management options including transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, and percutaneous ethanol injection. We present a review paper on CHC highlighting the risk factors, origin, histological classification and therapeutic modalities.
authors.affiliation: Shweta Gera, Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, United States.
authors.forename: Shweta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gera
authors.affiliation: Shweta Gera, Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, United States.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ettel
authors.affiliation: Shweta Gera, Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, United States.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Acosta-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Shweta Gera, Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, United States.
authors.forename: Ruliang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
keywords: Cholangiocellular carcinoma; Classification; Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocellular carcinoma; Hepatic progenitor cell(s); Hepatocellular carcinoma; Histogenesis