title: Role of Vitamin D in Uremic Vascular Calcification.
abstract: The risk of cardiovascular death is 10 times higher in patients with CKD (chronic kidney disease) than in those without CKD. Vascular calcification, common in patients with CKD, is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Vitamin D deficiency, another complication of CKD, is associated with vascular calcification in patients with CKD. GFR decline, proteinuria, tubulointerstitial injury, and the therapeutic dose of active form vitamin D aggravate vitamin D deficiency and reduce its pleiotropic effect on the cardiovascular system. Vitamin D supplement for CKD patients provides a protective role in vascular calcification on the endothelium by (1) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inactivation, (2) alleviating insulin resistance, (3) reduction of cholesterol and inhibition of foam cell and cholesterol efflux in macrophages, and (4) modulating vascular regeneration. For the arterial calcification, vitamin D supplement provides adjunctive role in regressing proteinuria, reverse renal osteodystrophy, and restoring calcification inhibitors. Recently, adventitial progenitor cell has been linked to be involved in the vascular calcification. Vitamin D may provide a role in modulating adventitial progenitor cells. In summary, vitamin D supplement may provide an ancillary role for ameliorating uremic vascular calcification.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Chou
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7662-9890
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonghe Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Chih
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6778-9670
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cai-Mei
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0370-3951
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine-Critical Care Medicine (EM-CCM), Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jing-Quan
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Division of Clinical Toxicology and Toxicology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzung-Hai
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0907-1505
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Cheng
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7062-8560
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D063194:Adventitia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D014511:Uremia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D002784:Cholesterol