title: Potential prognostic biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in fetal macrosomia: the impact of gestational diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fetal macrosomia is associated with cardiac hypertrophy and increased cardiovascular risk. Cardiac biomarkers may play diagnostic/prognostic role in cardiovascular disease. We tested whether cardiac biomarkers are differentially expressed in cord blood samples of full-term singleton large-for-gestational-age (LGA), as compared to appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), Titin, pentraxin (PTX-3) and soluble CD36 (sCD36) concentrations were determined in 80 cord blood samples from a) LGA pregnancies due to maternal diabetes (n = 8), overweight/obese (n = 11), excessive weight gain (n = 7), without specific pathology (n = 14), b) AGA normal pregnancies (controls, n = 40). Neonates were classified as LGA or AGA based on customized birth weight (BW) standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CT-1 and Titin concentrations were higher in LGA than AGA pregnancies (p < .001 and p = .023, respectively). A subgroup analysis (in the LGA group) showed increased CT-1 concentrations only in diabetic pregnancies. PTX-3 and sCD36 concentrations were similar in LGA and AGA fetuses. In the LGA group, PTX-3 concentrations positively correlated with birth-weight (r = .416, p = .008) and respective sCD36 concentrations (r = .443, p = .004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher Titin concentrations in LGAs possibly represent a candidate molecular mechanism underlying the association between fetal macrosomia and cardiomyocyte/diastolic dysfunction. CT-1 is up-regulated only in LGAs exposed to maternal diabetes. PTX-3 and sCD36 are probably not affected by excessive fetal growth.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neonatology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Despina D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Briana
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neonatology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Kleopatra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Germanou
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neonatology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boutsikou
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neonatology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boutsikou
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neonatology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Athanasopoulos
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, 2nd Department of Pediatrics , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marmarinos
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, 2nd Department of Pediatrics , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gourgiotis
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neonatology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Ariadne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malamitsi-Puchner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D064211:Connectin / Q000032:analysis*; D017218:Cordocentesis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component / Q000032:analysis; D000099153:Pentraxins
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D018955:CD36 Antigens; D064211:Connectin; D016207:Cytokines; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component; D000099153:Pentraxins; C092073:cardiotrophin 1
keywords: Cardiotrophin-1; Fetal macrosomia; Titin; cardiovascular biomarkers; pentraxin-3; soluble CD36