title: Cattle breeding, trypanosomosis prevalence and drug resistance in Northern Togo.
abstract: African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a major disease of cattle in Togo and its control is essentially based on chemotherapy. However, because of excessive use of trypanocides during the past decades, chemo-resistance in the parasites has developed. In order to assess the current situation of AAT and resistance to trypanocidal drugs in Northern Togo, a study was conducted on cattle from December 2012 to August 2013 in the regions of Kara and Savanes. An initial cross-sectional survey was carried out in 40 villages using the Haematocrit Centrifugation Technique (HCT). Out of these, 5 villages with a trypanosome prevalence of >10% were selected for a block treatment study (BT) with diminazene diaceturate (DA: 3.5mg/kg for a 14-day follow-up) and isometamidium chloride (ISM: 0.5mg/kg for a 28-day follow-up). Positive blood samples collected during the parasitological surveys and an equivalent number of negatives were further analyzed by PCR-RFLP for trypanosome species confirmation and molecular diagnosis of resistance to DA in Trypanosoma congolense. The results from 1883 bovine blood samples confirmed a high overall trypanosome prevalence of 10.8% in Northern Togo. PCR-RFLP revealed that T. congolense is the dominant pathogenic trypanosome species (50.5%) followed by T. vivax (27.3%), and T. brucei (16.2%). The BT showed varying levels of treatment failures ranging from 0 to 30% and from 0 to 50% for DA and for ISM respectively, suggesting the existence of resistant trypanosome populations in the study area. Our results show that AAT still represents a major obstacle to the development of cattle husbandry in Northern Togo. In areas of high AAT risk, a community-based integrated strategy combining vector control, rational use of trypanocidal drugs and improving the general condition of the animals is recommended to decision makers.
authors.affiliation: Direction de l'Elevage, BP 4041, Lomé, Togo.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tchamdja
authors.affiliation: Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie, Université de Lomé, BP 1515, Lomé, Togo.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kulo
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01BP454 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Vitouley
authors.affiliation: Direction de l'Elevage, BP 4041, Lomé, Togo.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Batawui
authors.affiliation: Direction de l'Elevage, BP 4041, Lomé, Togo.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bankolé
authors.affiliation: Direction de l'Elevage, BP 4041, Lomé, Togo.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adomefa
authors.affiliation: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cecchi
authors.affiliation: Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertagstr. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoppenheit
authors.affiliation: Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertagstr. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Department, Veterinary Entomology, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Deken
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Department, Veterinary Protozoology, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Den Abbeele
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Epidemiology, Risk-analysis and Diagnosis Research & Development, VERDI - R&D (asbl), Rue du gravier, 7, B-4141 Louveigné, Belgium.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marcotty
authors.affiliation: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: Vincent.Delespaux@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delespaux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004133:Diminazene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D010617:Phenanthridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015995:Prevalence; D014037:Togo / Q000453:epidemiology; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000187:drug effects; D014348:Trypanosoma congolense / Q000187:drug effects*; D014352:Trypanosomiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014354:Trypanosomiasis, Bovine / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D010617:Phenanthridines; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; C000702:isometamidium chloride; C003915:diminazene aceturate; D004133:Diminazene
keywords: African Trypanosomosis; Block treatment; Chemo-resistance; Northern Togo; PCR-RFLP; Trypanocides