title: Depression symptoms and lost productivity in chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is associated with significant losses of patient productivity that cost billions of dollars every year. The causative factors for decreases in productivity in patients with CRS have yet to be determined.
  
  
  
  To determine which patterns of CRS symptoms drive lost productivity.
  
  
  
  Prospective, cross-sectional cohort study of 107 patients with CRS. Sinonasal symptom severity was measured using the 22-item Sinonasal Outcomes Test, from which sleep, nasal, otologic or facial pain, and emotional function subdomain scores were calculated using principal component analysis. Depression risk was assessed with the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), whereas nasal obstruction was assessed with the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) instrument. Lost productivity was assessed by asking participants how many days of work and/or school they missed in the last 3 months because of CRS. Associations were sought between lost productivity and CRS symptoms.
  
  
  
  A total of 107 patients were recruited. Patients missed a mean (SD) of 3.1 (12.9) days of work or school because of CRS. Lost productivity was most strongly associated with the emotional function subdomain (β = 7.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.71-9.25; P < .001). Reinforcing this finding, lost productivity was associated with PHQ-2 score (β = 4.72; 95% CI, 2.62-6.83; P < .001). Lost productivity was less strongly associated with the nasal symptom subdomain score (β = 2.65; 95% CI, 0.77-4.52; P = .007), and there was no association between lost productivity and NOSE score (β = 0.01; 95% CI, -0.12 to 0.13; P = .91).
  
  
  
  Symptoms associated with depression are most strongly associated with missed days of work or school because of CRS. Further treatment focusing on depression-associated symptoms in patients with CRS may reduce losses in productivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Adam P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Katie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Lloyd P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Hoehle
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Allen L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Regan W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Bergmark
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Otolaryngology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Caradonna
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Stacey T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Otolaryngology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Otolaryngology and Communications Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: ahmad_sedaghat@meei.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Ahmad R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sedaghat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011788:Quality of Life; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires