title: The history of Botulinum toxin: from poison to beauty.
abstract: Botulinum toxin, also called the "miracle toxin," is a neurotoxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. It is known to block nerve signals that contract muscles resulting in a temporary paralysis of the muscles. Toxins type A and B have been extensively studied and utilized in the realm of beauty and cosmetology. Initially, the toxin gained popularity as a disease-causing "poison". It was only later that it found its way to becoming a must have in modern aesthetic practice. Today, this wonder toxin has proven to be an apt and convenient option in the field of anti-aging medicine.
authors.affiliation: Centro Studi per la Ricerca Multidisciplinare e Rigenerativa, Università Degli Studi "G. Marconi", Rome, Italy. k.franca@med.miami.edu.|Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Bioethics and Health Policy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. k.franca@med.miami.edu.
authors.forename: Katlein
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4286-7169
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: França
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Anagha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Physics, Subnuclear and Radiation, G. Marconi University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fioranelli
authors.affiliation: Centro Studi per la Ricerca Multidisciplinare e Rigenerativa, Università Degli Studi "G. Marconi", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Torello
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lotti
authors.affiliation: Psoriasis and Skin Clinic, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tirant
authors.affiliation: University B.I.S. Group of Institutions, Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Roccia
mesh_terms: D001505:Beauty Culture / Q000266:history*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000266:history*; D005060:Europe; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D011042:Poisons / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D011042:Poisons; D001905:Botulinum Toxins
keywords: Aesthetic; Botulinum toxin; Clostridium botulinum; History; Remedy