title: Application of multivariate statistical analysis in the pollution and health risk of traffic-related heavy metals.
abstract: This study aims to analyse the heavy metal pollutants in Jeddah, the second largest city in the Gulf Cooperation Council with a population exceeding 3.5 million, and many vehicles. Ninety-eight street dust samples were collected seasonally from the six major roads as well as the Jeddah Beach, and subsequently digested using modified Leeds Public Analyst method. The heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, and Pb) were extracted from the ash using methyl isobutyl ketone as solvent extraction and eventually analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Multivariate statistical techniques, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis were applied to these data. Heavy metal concentrations were ranked according to the following descending order: Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > Cd. In order to study the pollution and health risk from these heavy metals as well as estimating their effect on the environment, pollution indices, integrated pollution index, enrichment factor, daily dose average, hazard quotient, and hazard index were all analysed. The PCA showed high levels of Zn, Fe, and Cd in Al Kurnish road, while these elements were consistently detected on King Abdulaziz and Al Madina roads. The study indicates that high levels of Zn and Pb pollution were recorded for major roads in Jeddah. Six out of seven roads had high pollution indices. This study is the first step towards further investigations into current health problems in Jeddah, such as anaemia and asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Al-Qunfudah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, 1109, Saudi Arabia.|Al-Qunfudah Center for Scientific Research (QCSR), Al-Qunfudah, 21912, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebqa'ai
authors.affiliation: Bio System Analysis Group, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany. bashar.ibrahim@uni-jena.de.|Jena Centre for Bioinformatics (JCB), 07743, Jena, Germany. bashar.ibrahim@uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Bashar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D001249:Asthma / Q000139:chemically induced; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D000075485:Population Health; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Health risk; Heavy metals; Jeddah; Multivariate statistical analysis; Pollution; Street dust