title: Insulin Resistance and Future Cognitive Performance and Cognitive Decline in Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease.
abstract: The role of insulin resistance (IR) in the pathogenesis of cognitive performance is not yet clear.
  
  
  
  To examine the associations between IR and cognitive performance and change in cognitive functions two decades later in individuals with cardiovascular disease with and without diabetes.
  
  
  
  A subset of 489 surviving patients (mean age at baseline 57.7±6.5 y) with coronary heart disease who previously participated in the secondary prevention Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP trial; 1990-1997), were included in the current neurocognitive study. Biochemical parameters including IR (using the homeostasis model of assessment; HOMA-IR) were measured at baseline. During 2004-2008, computerized cognitive assessment and atherosclerosis parameters were measured (T1; n = 558; mean age 72.6±6.4 years). A second cognitive assessment was performed during 2011-2013 (T2; n = 351; mean age 77.2±6.4 years). Cognitive function, overall and in specific domains, was assessed. We used linear regression models and linear mixed models to evaluate the differences in cognitive performance and decline, respectively.
  
  
  
  Controlling for potential confounders, IR (top HOMA-IR quartile versus others) was associated with subsequent poorer cognitive performance overall (β= -4.45±Standard Error (SE) 1.54; p = 0.004) and on tests of memory and executive function among non-diabetic patients (β= -7.16±2.38; p = 0.003 and β= -3.33±1.84; p = 0.073, respectively). Moreover, among non-diabetic patients, IR was related to a greater decline overall (β= -0.17±0.06; p = 0.008), and in memory (β= -0.22±0.10; p = 0.024) and executive function (β= -0.19±0.08; p = 0.012). The observed associations did not differ after excluding subjects with prevalent stroke or dementia.
  
  
  
  IR is related to subsequent poorer cognitive performance and greater cognitive decline among patients with cardiovascular disease with and without diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.|Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Israel.
authors.forename: Miri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lutski
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Galit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Goldbourt
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.|The Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tanne
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001629:Bezafibrate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D001629:Bezafibrate
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; cognitive decline; cognitive impairments; insulin 
  resistance