title: Pharmacology of mangostins and their derivatives: A comprehensive review.
abstract: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is a well-known tropical tree indigenous to Southeast Asia. Its fruit's pericarp abounds with a class of isoprenylated xanthones which are referred as mangostins. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that mangostins and their derivatives possess diverse pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic activities as well as neuroprotective properties in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review article provides a comprehensive review of the pharmacological activities of mangostins and their derivatives to reveal their promising utilities in the treatment of certain important diseases, mainly focusing on the discussions of the underlying molecular targets/pathways, modes of action, and relevant structure-activity relationships (SARs). Meanwhile, the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile and recent toxicological studies of mangostins are also described for further druggability exploration in the future.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: Kuo-Jun
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Higher Vocational and Technical College, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: Qin-Lan
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ling
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: jinxinwang@163.com.
authors.forename: Jin-Xin
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D029762:Garcinia mangostana / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044004:Xanthones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D044004:Xanthones; C021053:mangostin
keywords: Derivatives; Mangostins; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacological activities; Toxicology