title: Case Study on Screening Emerging Pollutants in Urine and Nails.
abstract: Alternative plasticizers and flame retardants (FRs) have been introduced as replacements for banned or restricted chemicals, but much is still unknown about their metabolism and occurrence in humans. We identified the metabolites formed in vitro for four alternative plasticizers (acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC), bis(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA)), and one FR (2,2-bis (chloromethyl)-propane-1,3-diyltetrakis(2-chloroethyl) bisphosphate (V6)). Further, these compounds and their metabolites were investigated by LC/ESI-Orbitrap-MS in urine and finger nails collected from a Norwegian cohort. Primary and secondary ATBC metabolites had detection frequencies (% DF) in finger nails ranging from 46 to 95%. V6 was identified for the first time in finger nails, suggesting that this matrix may also indicate past exposure to FRs as well as alternative plasticizers. Two isomeric forms of DEHTP primary metabolite were highly detected in urine (97% DF) and identified in finger nails, while no DPHP metabolites were detected in vivo. Primary and secondary DEHA metabolites were identified in both matrices, and the relative proportion of the secondary metabolites was higher in urine than in finger nails; the opposite was observed for the primary metabolites. As many of the metabolites present in in vitro extracts were further identified in vivo in urine and finger nail samples, this suggests that in vitro assays can reliably mimic the in vivo processes. Finger nails may be a useful noninvasive matrix for human biomonitoring of specific organic contaminants, but further validation is needed.
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.|Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2737-8404
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute , SE-100 31, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4473-2345
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giovanoulis
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erratico
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lucattini
authors.affiliation: Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Line S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: Griet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pim E G
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Leonards
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0527-1136
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
authors.affiliation: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute , SE-100 31, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jörgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magner
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voorspoels
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*; D005411:Flame Retardants; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009262:Nails; D010968:Plasticizers
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D010968:Plasticizers