title: Neuropsychiatric syndromes of multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms occur frequently in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), either as the initial presenting complaint prior to a definitive neurological diagnosis or more commonly with disease progression. However, the pathogenesis of these comorbid conditions remains unclear and it remains difficult to accurately elucidate if neuropsychiatric symptoms or conditions are indicators of MS illness severity. Furthermore, both the disease process and the treatments of MS can adversely impact an individual's mental health. In this review, we discuss the common neuropsychiatric syndromes that occur in MS and describe the clinical symptoms, aetiology, neuroimaging findings and management strategies for these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Stefani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Donoghue
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Counihan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Colm
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Calabresi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medical Education and Psychiatry, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Mohammed As
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaplin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hallahan
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005059:Euphoria / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multiple Sclerosis; Psychosis