title: Tuberculosis in HIV-infected South African children with complicated severe acute malnutrition.
abstract: Academic tertiary referral hospital in Durban, South Africa.
  
  
  
  To describe the incidence and diagnostic challenges of tuberculosis (TB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM).
  
  
  
  Post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial that enrolled antiretroviral therapy naïve, HIV-infected children with SAM. Trial records and hospital laboratory results were explored for clinical diagnoses and bacteriologically confirmed cases of TB. Negative binomial regression was used to explore associations with confirmed cases of TB, excluding cases where the clinical diagnosis was not supported by microbiological confirmation.
  
  
  
  Of 82 children enrolled in the study, 21 (25.6%) were diagnosed with TB, with bacteriological confirmation in 8 cases. Sputum sampling (as opposed to gastric washings) was associated with an increased risk of subsequent diagnosis of TB (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.134, 95%CI 1.02-1.26). Culture-proven bacterial infection during admission was associated with a reduced risk of TB (aRR 0.856, 95%CI 0.748-0.979), which may reflect false-negative microbiological tests secondary to empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics.
  
  
  
  TB is common in HIV-infected children with SAM. While microbiological confirmation of the diagnosis is feasible, empiric treatment remains common, possibly influenced by suboptimal testing and false-negative TB diagnostics. Rigorous microbiological TB investigation should be integrated into the programmatic management of HIV and SAM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, King Edward VIII Hospital, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, King Edward VIII Hospital, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Archary
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Unit, King Edward VIII Hospital, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahabeer
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: LaRussa
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, King Edward VIII Hospital, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bobat
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000067011:Severe Acute Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*