title: Family history of cardiovascular disease and parental lifestyle behaviors are associated with offspring cardiovascular disease risk markers in childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease risk markers have become more prevalent in childhood. To provide increased understanding of the etiology of this public health issue, we investigated associations between family characteristics with cardiovascular disease risk markers in adolescents from a developing nation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study data for fasting glucose, lipoproteins (LDL-C and HDL-C), triglycerides, and total cholesterol were collected from 991 adolescents aged 10-17 who were recruited from public schools in Londrina city, Southern Brazil. Family history of cardiovascular disease and parental engagement in risk behavior (alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking) were collected using a self-reported parental questionnaire. Socioeconomic status, adolescent physical activity (estimated by Baecke questionnaire), self-reported tobacco and alcohol intake, and somatic maturation (age at peak height velocity) were used as covariates. Logistic regression was used for the main analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of adolescent lifestyle behaviors, associations (ORadj[95% CI]) were found between: (1) paternal family history of cardiovascular disease with increased likelihood of high adolescent offspring BMI (1.53 [1.01 to 2.32]) and high triglycerides (2.93 [1.04 to 8.27]); (2) maternal family history of cardiovascular disease with heightened odds of high adolescent offspring triglycerides (2.84 [1.02 to 7.91]); (3) maternal cardiovascular disease with higher odds of high fasting glucose (2.16 [1.13 to 4.14]), and (4) maternal smoking with increased odds of high LDL-C (1.78 [1.14 to 2.79]) and high total cholesterol (1.77 [1.01 to 3.10]) in adolescent offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family history of cardiovascular disease and maternal tobacco smoking are related to increased cardiovascular risk in adolescents, potentially independent of their own lifestyle behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise-GEPEMENE, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danilo R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise-GEPEMENE, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: André O
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9166-4376
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Werneck
authors.affiliation: Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Collings
authors.affiliation: Scientific Research Group Related to Physical Activity (GICRAF), Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rômulo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Décio S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise-GEPEMENE, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Enio R V
authors.initials: ERV
authors.lastname: Ronque
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculdade de Motrcidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Sardinha
authors.affiliation: Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise-GEPEMENE, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edilson S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Cyrino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: adolescents; cardiovascular disease; child; family history; motor activity