title: Can application and transfer of strategy be observed in low visibility condition?
abstract: It has been long assumed that cognitive control processes can only be applied on consciously visible stimuli, but empirical evidence is contradictory. In the present study, we investigated strategic adaptation to conflict both in unmasked and in low-visibility masked trials. Using a paradigm derived from the Stroop task, we studied the application of strategies, but also the transfer of a strategy developed in unmasked trials to masked trials, and the trial-to-trial dynamics of strategic processing. In unmasked trials, we found evidence of strategic adaptation to conflict, both in reaction times and in ERPs (N2 and P300). In masked trials we found no evidence of behavioral adaptation to conflict, but a modulation of the P300 was present in masked trials included in unmasked blocks, suggesting the existence of a transfer of strategy. Finally, trial-to-trial analyses in unmasked trials revealed a pattern suggestive of dynamic subjective adherence to the instructed strategy.
authors.affiliation: Inserm U1127, Paris, France.|CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.|Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Paris, France.|Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Imen
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: El Karoui
authors.affiliation: Inserm U1127, Paris, France.|CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.|Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Paris, France.|Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Kalliopi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christoforidis
authors.affiliation: Inserm U1127, Paris, France.|CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.|Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Paris, France.|Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpétrière, Department of Neurophysiology, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2874-1009
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naccache
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003243:Consciousness; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D033281:Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time; D057190:Stroop Test