title: Reframing the Food-Biodiversity Challenge.
abstract: Given the serious limitations of production-oriented frameworks, we offer here a new conceptual framework for how to analyze the nexus of food security and biodiversity conservation. We introduce four archetypes of social-ecological system states corresponding to win-win (e.g., agroecology), win-lose (e.g., intensive agriculture), lose-win (e.g., fortress conservation), and lose-lose (e.g., degraded landscapes) outcomes for food security and biodiversity conservation. Each archetype is shaped by characteristic external drivers, exhibits characteristic internal social-ecological features, and has characteristic feedbacks that maintain it. This framework shifts the emphasis from focusing on production only to considering social-ecological dynamics, and enables comparison among landscapes. Moreover, examining drivers and feedbacks facilitates the analysis of possible transitions between system states (e.g., from a lose-lose outcome to a more preferred outcome).
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany. Electronic address: joern.fischer@uni.leuphana.de.
authors.forename: Joern
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Abson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Arvid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergsten
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: French Collier
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ine
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dorresteijn
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanspach
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristoffer
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hylander
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jannik
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schultner
authors.affiliation: Center for Environment and Development Studies, College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Feyera
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Senbeta
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D005523:Food Supply