title: Characteristics and source distribution of air pollution in winter in Qingdao, eastern China.
abstract: To characterize air pollution and determine its source distribution in Qingdao, Shandong Province, we analyzed hourly national air quality monitoring network data of normal pollutants at nine sites from 1 November 2015 to 31 January 2016. The average hourly concentrations of particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and <10 μm (PM10), SO2, NO2, 8-h O3, and CO in Qingdao were 83, 129, 39, 41, and 41 μg m-3, and 1.243 mg m-3, respectively. During the polluted period, 19-26 December 2015, 29 December 2015 to 4 January 2016, and 14-17 January 2016, the mean 24-h PM2.5concentration was 168 μg m-3with maximum of 311 μg m-3. PM2.5was the main pollutant to contribute to the pollution during the above time. Heavier pollution and higher contributions of secondary formation to PM2.5concentration were observed in December and January. Pollution pathways and source distribution were investigated using the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analyses. A cluster from the west, originating in Shanxi, southern Hebei, and west Shandong Provinces, accounted for 44.1% of the total air masses, had a mean PM2.5concentration of 134.9 μg m-3and 73.9% trajectories polluted. This area contributed the most to PM2.5and PM10levels, >160 and 300 μg m-3, respectively. In addition, primary crustal aerosols from desert of Inner Mongolia, and coarse and fine marine aerosols from the Yellow Sea contributed to ambient PM. The ambient pollutant concentrations in Qingdao in winter could be attributed to local primary emissions (e.g., coal combustion, vehicular, domestic and industrial emissions), secondary formation, and long distance transmission of emissions.
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China. Electronic address: lilingyu@qdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lingyu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Dongyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Shaohui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Mingli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Shaodong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Air pollution; Eastern China; PSCF/CWT; Source; Trajectory