title: Clinical quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM): Biometal imaging and its emerging roles in patient care.
abstract: Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has enabled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tissue magnetic susceptibility to advance from simple qualitative detection of hypointense blooming artifacts to precise quantitative measurement of spatial biodistributions. QSM technology may be regarded to be sufficiently developed and validated to warrant wide dissemination for clinical applications of imaging isotropic susceptibility, which is dominated by metals in tissue, including iron and calcium. These biometals are highly regulated as vital participants in normal cellular biochemistry, and their dysregulations are manifested in a variety of pathologic processes. Therefore, QSM can be used to assess important tissue functions and disease. To facilitate QSM clinical translation, this review aims to organize pertinent information for implementing a robust automated QSM technique in routine MRI practice and to summarize available knowledge on diseases for which QSM can be used to improve patient care. In brief, QSM can be generated with postprocessing whenever gradient echo MRI is performed. QSM can be useful for diseases that involve neurodegeneration, inflammation, hemorrhage, abnormal oxygen consumption, substantial alterations in highly paramagnetic cellular iron, bone mineralization, or pathologic calcification; and for all disorders in which MRI diagnosis or surveillance requires contrast agent injection. Clinicians may consider integrating QSM into their routine imaging practices by including gradient echo sequences in all relevant MRI protocols.
  
  
  
  1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:951-971.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spincemaille
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimov
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Kofi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deh
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jianqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.|Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yihao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gillen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wilman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Apostolos John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tsiouris
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ilhami
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kovanlikaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Gloria Chia-Yi
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Weinsaft
authors.affiliation: RadNet, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tanenbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wenzhen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shixin
authors.initials: S
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authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
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authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kopell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kaplitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Lille, Lille, France.|Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, University of Lille, Lille, France.|Department of Toxicology, Public Health and Environment, University of Lille, Lille, France.|INSERM U1171, University of Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
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authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.|Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.|Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.|Department of Radiology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Korogi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.|Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorder Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shtilbans
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Geon-Ho
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Jahng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.affiliation: Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Ashley I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, Children's Hospital of New York, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Brittenham
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
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mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008670:Metals
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D008670:Metals
keywords: biometals; quantitative susceptibility mapping