title: Effects of Intraoperative Fluid Management on Postoperative Outcomes: A Hospital Registry Study.
abstract: Evaluate the dose-response relationship between intraoperative fluid administration and postoperative outcomes in a large cohort of surgical patients.
  
  
  
  Healthy humans may live in a state of fluid responsiveness without the need for fluid supplementation. Goal-directed protocols driven by such measures are limited in their ability to define the optimal fluid state during surgery.
  
  
  
  This analysis of data on file included 92,094 adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery with endotracheal intubation between 2007 and 2014 at an academic tertiary care hospital and two affiliated community hospitals. The primary exposure variable was total intraoperative volume of crystalloid and colloid administered. The primary outcome was 30-day survival. Secondary outcomes were respiratory complications within three postoperative days (pulmonary edema, reintubation, pneumonia, or respiratory failure) and acute kidney injury. Exploratory outcomes were postoperative length of stay and total cost of care. Our models were adjusted for patient-, procedure-, and anesthesia-related factors.
  
  
  
  A U-shaped association was observed between the volume of fluid administered intraoperatively and 30-day mortality, costs, and postoperative length of stay. Liberal fluid volumes (highest quintile of fluid administration practice) were significantly associated with respiratory complications whereas both liberal and restrictive (lowest quintile) volumes were significantly associated with acute kidney injury. Moderately restrictive volumes (second quintile) were consistently associated with optimal postoperative outcomes and were characterized by volumes approximately 40% less than traditional textbook estimates: infusion rates of approximately 6-7 mL/kg/hr or 1 L of fluid for a 3-hour case.
  
  
  
  Intraoperative fluid dosing at the liberal and restrictive margins of observed practice is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, cost, and length of stay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Christina H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Dustin R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.|Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Stephanie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Grabitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Toronto General Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ladha
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Fanny P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Timm
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Tharusan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thevathasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pieretti
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferrone
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoeft
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thomas W L
authors.initials: TWL
authors.lastname: Scheeren
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Boyd Taylor
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.|Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eikermann
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017721:Hospital Costs; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007902:Length of Stay; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012042:Registries; D015532:Rehydration Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015532:Rehydration Solutions