title: Architectural differences in the anterior and middle compartments of the pelvic floor of young-adult and postmenopausal females.
abstract: The pelvic floor guards the passage of the pelvic organs to the exterior. The near-epidemic prevalence of incontinence in women continues to generate interest in the functional anatomy of the pelvic floor. However, due to its complex architecture and poor accessibility, the classical 'dissectional' approach has been unable to come up with a satisfactory description, so that many aspects of its anatomy continue to raise debate. For this reason, we opted for a 'sectional' approach, using the Chinese Visible Human project (four females, 21-35 years) and the Visible Human Project (USA; one female, 59 years) datasets to investigate age-related changes in the architecture of the anterior and middle compartments of the pelvic floor. The puborectal component of the levator ani muscle defined the levator hiatus boundary. The urethral sphincter complex consisted of a circular proximal portion (urethral sphincter proper), a sling that passed on the vaginal wall laterally to attach to the puborectal muscle (urethral compressor), and a circular portion that surrounded the distal urethra and vagina (urethrovaginal sphincter). The exclusive attachment of the urethral sphincter to soft tissues implies dependence on pelvic-floor integrity for optimal function. The vagina was circular at the introitus and gradually flattened between bladder and rectum. Well-developed fibrous tissue connected the inferior vaginal wall with urethra, rectum and pelvic floor. With eight-muscle insertions, the perineal body was a strong, irregular fibrous node that guarded the levator hiatus. Only loose areolar tissue comprising a remarkably well developed venous plexus connecting the middle and superior parts of the vagina with the lateral pelvic wall. The posterolateral boundary of the putative cardinal and sacrouterine ligaments coincided with the adventitia surrounding the mesorectum. The major difference between the young-adult and postmenopausal pelvic floor was the expansion of fat in between the components of the pelvic floor. We hypothesize that accumulation of pelvic fat compromises pelvic-floor cohesion, because the pre-pubertal pelvis contains very little fibrous and adipose tissue, and fat is an excellent lubricant.
authors.affiliation: Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Institute of Computing Medicine, Biomedical Engineering College, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Noshir F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Dabhoiwala
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jaco
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hagoort
authors.affiliation: Institute of Computing Medicine, Biomedical Engineering College, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Li-Wen
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Computing Medicine, Biomedical Engineering College, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Shao-Xiang
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wouter H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Lamers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D014521:Urethra / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D014621:Vagina / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adiposity; aging; levator ani muscle; perineal body; urethral sphincter complex