title: Embryoids, organoids and gastruloids: new approaches to understanding embryogenesis.
abstract: Cells have an intrinsic ability to self-assemble and self-organize into complex and functional tissues and organs. By taking advantage of this ability, embryoids, organoids and gastruloids have recently been generatedin vitro, providing a unique opportunity to explore complex embryological events in a detailed and highly quantitative manner. Here, we examine how such approaches are being used to answer fundamental questions in embryology, such as how cells self-organize and assemble, how the embryo breaks symmetry, and what controls timing and size in development. We also highlight how further improvements to these exciting technologies, based on the development of quantitative platforms to precisely follow and measure subcellular and molecular events, are paving the way for a more complete understanding of the complex events that help build the human embryo.
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.|Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Mijo
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9394-1552
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simunovic
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA brvnlou@rockefeller.edu.
authors.forename: Ali H
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1761-280X
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Brivanlou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D058732:Embryoid Bodies / Q000502:physiology*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005775:Gastrula / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D009940:Organoids / Q000196:embryology*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Early development; Patterning; Self-assembly; Self-organization; Symmetry breaking; Tissue mechanics