title: Cell membrane integrity and revascularization: The possible functional mechanism of ischemic preconditioning for skeletal muscle protection against ischemic-reperfusion injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this paper was to evaluate whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) could make protective effects against skeletal muscle injuries induced by ischemic-reperfusion (I/R).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups of 6 subjects each: control group, I/R group, and IPC group. Thigh root ischemia of rats in the I/R group was induced by 3h ischemia and 24h reperfusion. IPC was applied by 3 periods of 15min ischemia/15min reperfusion prior to ischemia. Morphological changes in skeletal muscle cells induced by I/R and IPC were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and electron microscopy. In addition, angiogenesis was evaluated by immunolabeling of CD31.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IPC could prevented morphological alternations induced by ischemia, including myofilament, cell membrane, cell matrix, nucleus, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum damage in skeletal muscle cells. The CD31 immunolabeling showed that neovascularization was observed in the IPC group but not in the I/R group. IPC could protect skeletal muscle cells from necrosis, apoptosis, and morphological damages induced by I/R injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Revascularization may play a key role in the mechanism underlying the protective effects of IPC in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai No.5 Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China. Electronic address: yang_hong741@163.com.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Wujing Hospital, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 5 Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 5 Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Shan-Shan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Duan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: Ischemic preconditioning; Ischemic-reperfusion injury; Revascularization; Skeletal muscle