title: Neoclassical canons of facial beauty: Do we see the deviations?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the presence of neoclassical canons of facial beauty among young people in Croatia and to question possible psychosocial repercussions occurring in those who demonstrate deviations in relation to canons.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was cross-sectional and the sample included 249 subjects (60% female) aged 12-39 (median 20). Their en face and profile photographs were taken in Natural Head Position. Photogrammetry included analysis of nine neoclassical canons of facial beauty originating from the Renaissance. Psychosocial issues were assessed using the Self-Esteem Scale, Big Five Inventory and three domains of Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant deviations from neoclassical facial beauty canons were observed in 55-65% of adolescents and young adults. Gender and age showed no relation to deviations. The deviations from canons that influenced the quality of life were mainly those related to vertical facial proportions and demonstrated increased facial aesthetics concern and social impact, and higher self-reported treatment need (p < 0.05). Deviations from canons were not related to self-esteem but a decrease in openness, agreeableness and neuroticism was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neoclassical canons were not valid for the majority of adolescents and young adults in Croatia. Only deviations from some canons appear to provoke mild psychosocial repercussions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics (Head: Prof. Stjepan Spalj), School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia. Electronic address: pavlic.andrej@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pavlic
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics (Head: Prof. Stjepan Spalj), School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trinajstic Zrinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics (Head: Prof. Stjepan Spalj), School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
authors.forename: Visnja
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Katic
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics (Head: Prof. Stjepan Spalj), School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
authors.forename: Stjepan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spalj
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001504:Beauty; D002648:Child; D017523:Croatia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010780:Photogrammetry; D011584:Psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aesthetics; Personality tests; Psychometrics