title: Comparison of fabric skins for the simulation of sweating on thermal manikins.
abstract: Sweating is an important thermoregulatory process helping to dissipate heat and, thus, to prevent overheating of the human body. Simulations of human thermo-physiological responses in hot conditions or during exercising are helpful for assessing heat stress; however, realistic sweating simulation and evaporative cooling is needed. To this end, thermal manikins dressed with a tight fabric skin can be used, and the properties of this skin should help human-like sweat evaporation simulation. Four fabrics, i.e., cotton with elastane, polyester, polyamide with elastane, and a skin provided by a manikin manufacturer (Thermetrics) were compared in this study. The moisture management properties of the fabrics have been investigated in basic tests with regard to all phases of sweating relevant for simulating human thermo-physiological responses, namely, onset of sweating, fully developed sweating, and drying. The suitability of the fabrics for standard tests, such as clothing evaporative resistance measurements, was evaluated based on tests corresponding to the middle phase of sweating. Simulations with a head manikin coupled to a thermo-physiological model were performed to evaluate the overall performance of the skins. The results of the study showed that three out of four evaluated fabrics have adequate moisture management properties with regard to the simulation of sweating, which was confirmed in the coupled simulation with the head manikin. The presented tests are helpful for comparing the efficiency of different fabrics to simulate sweat-induced evaporative cooling on thermal manikins.
authors.affiliation: Air-Conditioning and Heating Department, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.|Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koelblen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland. agnes.psikuta@empa.ch.
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Psikuta
authors.affiliation: Air-Conditioning and Heating Department, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bogdan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Annaheim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: René M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D003020:Clothing; D032561:Cotton Fiber; D008348:Manikins; D009757:Nylons; D011091:Polyesters; D012867:Skin; D013546:Sweating; D013696:Temperature; D013784:Textiles
chemical_list: D009757:Nylons; D011091:Polyesters
keywords: Evaporative resistance; Fabric skin; Sweating simulation; Thermal manikin; Thermo-physiological simulator