title: The detection and quantification of Bacillus thuringiensis spores from soil and swabs using quantitative PCR as a model system for routine diagnostics of Bacillus anthracis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To optimize the DNA isolation for the routine detection and quantification of bacillary spores in soil and swabs. The procedure is primarily intended for diagnostics of Bacillus anthracis spores, but due to its high pathogenicity, B. thuringiensis served as its surrogate organism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various commercial kits for soils and swabs in combination with quantitative PCR were tested with different results. The PowerSoil DNA kit and the Ultra Clean Microbial DNA kit gave the best results for the extraction from soil and swabs, respectively. Extra beating led to considerably higher yields of DNA. The effectiveness of isolation reached 23% for DNA isolation from soil and 13% from swabs. The limit of detection was assessed to be 8·85 × 103from 250 mg of soil and 2·79 × 103from a swab inoculated with 100 μl of spore suspension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimized protocol is suitable for direct isolation and quantification of bacillary spores without any previous culturing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to previous studies, the isolation and quantification of spores was performed directly from the sample, without previous culture of spores on plates. Therefore, the method is suitable for such conditions where previous culturing is not possible, such as in military installations under field conditions.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sedlackova
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dziedzinska
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Babak
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kralik
keywords: 
  Bacillus anthracis
  ; 
  Bacillus thuringiensis
  ; 
  qPCR
  ; isolation; kit; soil; spore; swab