title: Paramagnetic and Superparamagnetic Inorganic Nanoparticles for T1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a promising technique in the early diagnosis of cancers, especially the application of contrast agents can further enhance the detection limit. Compared with the dark signal in "negative" contrast agents (T2), "positive" contrast agents (T1) with bright signal are more desirable for high-resolution imaging. However, the clinically used gadolinium complexes have short circulation time and the risk of nephrogenic system fibrosis. Therefore, to overcome the disadvantage of T2 agents and traditional T1 agents, it is very interesting to develop nano-scaled T1-weighted MRI contrast agents with safer and more precise imaging performance. The present review systematically summarized the recent progress of paramagnetic and superparamagnetic inorganic nanoparticles as T1-weighted MRI contrast agents, including gadolinium oxide nanoparticles, gadoliniumbased upconversion nanoparticles, manganese oxide nanoparticles, and ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles. Moreover, we also described their applications in multi-modal imaging and visualized theranostics.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.|CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
authors.forename: Leyong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
authors.forename: Ruifen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
authors.forename: Tianxiang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
authors.forename: Jinchao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
authors.forename: Aiguo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles
keywords: Paramagnetic and superparamagnetic inorganic nanoparticles; T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging; gadolinium-based nanoparticles; manganese
  oxides; ultra-small iron oxides; visualized theranostics.