title: Ice Surfaces.
abstract: Ice is a fundamental solid with important environmental, biological, geological, and extraterrestrial impact. The stable form of ice at atmospheric pressure is hexagonal ice, Ih. Despite its prevalence, Ihremains an enigmatic solid, in part due to challenges in preparing samples for fundamental studies. Surfaces of ice present even greater challenges. Recently developed methods for preparation of large single-crystal samples make it possible to reproducibly prepare any chosen face to address numerous fundamental questions. This review describes preparation methods along with results that firmly establish the connection between the macroscopic structure (observed in snowflakes, microcrystallites, or etch pits) and the molecular-level configuration (detected with X-ray or electron scattering techniques). Selected results of probing interactions at the ice surface, including growth from the melt, surface vibrations, and characterization of the quasi-liquid layer, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Water and Surface Studies, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155; email: mary.shultz@tufts.edu.
authors.forename: Mary Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shultz
keywords: cubic ice; electron backscatter diffraction; hexagonal ice; hydrogen bonding; single crystal; sum frequency generation; surface melting