title: What's new in neuromyelitis optica? A short review for the clinical neurologist.
abstract: The evolution of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) from a rare, incurable and misunderstood disease with almost universally poor outcomes to its present state in just over a decade is unprecedented in neurology and possibly in medicine. Our knowledge of NMOSD biology has led to the recognition of wider phenotypes, new disease mechanisms, and thus clinical trials of new and effective treatments. This article aims to update readers on the recent developments in NMOSD with particular emphasis on clinical advances, the 2015 diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, imaging, and therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery NHS Trust, Lower Lane, Liverpool, L9 7LJ, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whittam
authors.affiliation: The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery NHS Trust, Lower Lane, Liverpool, L9 7LJ, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery NHS Trust, Lower Lane, Liverpool, L9 7LJ, UK.
authors.forename: Shahd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.affiliation: The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery NHS Trust, Lower Lane, Liverpool, L9 7LJ, UK.
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keir
authors.affiliation: The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery NHS Trust, Lower Lane, Liverpool, L9 7LJ, UK.
authors.forename: Maneesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhojak
authors.affiliation: The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery NHS Trust, Lower Lane, Liverpool, L9 7LJ, UK. anu.jacob@thewaltoncentre.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacob
mesh_terms: D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein / Q000276:immunology; D059906:Neuroimaging; D000072141:Neurologists / Q000523:psychology*; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D051401:Aquaporin 4; D016207:Cytokines; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
keywords: Aquaporin; Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; Myelitis; Optic neuritis