title: Restructuring the navigational field: individual predisposition towards field independence predicts preferred navigational strategy.
abstract: To successfully navigate within an environment, individuals have to organize the spatial information in terms of salient landmarks, paths and general layout of the navigational environment. They may differ in the strategy they adopt to orientate themselves, with some individuals preferring to use salient landmarks (landmark spatial style, L-SS), others preferring to plan routes or paths through an egocentric strategy in which landmarks are connected with each other (route spatial style, R-SS) and others still create a global map-like configuration of the environment regardless of their own position in the environment (survey spatial style, S-SS). Here, we assessed whether Field independence (FI), that is the extent to which the individual perceives part of a field as discrete from the surrounding field rather than embedded in the field, predicted the individual's spatial style. We assessed the individual's spatial style using the spatial cognitive style test (SCST) and measured FI using the group embedded figure test (GEFT). We found that FI predicted general spatial ability, with a higher level of FI being associated with better performances on the SCST. Also, Field-independent individuals showed a marked preference for an S-SS. These results suggest that a higher level of FI is associated with better performance on higher level spatial tasks (i.e. R-SS and S-SS) that is tasks requiring individuals to restructure the "navigational field" according to the navigational goal. The results also suggest that a higher level of FI makes individuals more prone to use a global and complex map-like representation of the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy. maddalena.boccia@uniroma1.it.|Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy. maddalena.boccia@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2044-8326
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boccia
authors.affiliation: Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.|Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piccardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nori
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.|Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guariglia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D065854:Spatial Navigation / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Allocentric; Cognitive map; Cognitive style; Egocentric; Field dependence; Topographical orientation