title: Habitat deterioration and efficiency of antipredator strategy in a meadow-breeding wader, Temminck's stint (Calidris temminckii).
abstract: Many populations of waders breeding on open shores and shores with short vegetation especially on the Baltic coasts have recently become endangered. The declines have taken place simultaneously with human-induced loss and deterioration of habitats due to eutrophication and overgrowth. To investigate mechanisms by which habitat changes could affect breeding success and ultimately population dynamics, we studied an endangered coastal population of Temminck's stint. We hypothesized that the rate of nest predation has become higher because the nest defence strategy (early detection of predator and early departure from the nest), which originally evolved in open habitats, is less effective on shores with reduced visibility. As predicted, nests survived better on wide than on narrow shores. Predation made a major contribution to this trend, although successful and predated nests did not differ in concealment at a microhabitat scale. The better the visibility from the nest, the longer was the flushing distance, but only in response to alarm calls or behaviour of other species, not when they were absent. Temminck's stints seem to obtain information about an approaching predator visually from sentinels. Therefore, it is essential that there is at least moderate visibility around the nest. We conclude that habitat characteristics - visibility from the nest and sentinel birds - affect the effectiveness of the nest defence strategy of Temminck's stint. These should be taken into account when seeking causes and mechanisms for declines of Temminck's stint and other waders of open and shortly vegetated shores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, FIN-90570 Oulu, Finland e-mail: ktkoivul@cc.oulu.fi, Fax: +358-81-5561278, , , , , , FI.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koivula
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, FIN-90570 Oulu, Finland e-mail: ktkoivul@cc.oulu.fi, Fax: +358-81-5561278, , , , , , FI.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rönkä
keywords: Conservation; Key words Habitat changes; Nest defense; Predation; Wader