title: Biodegradable inorganic-organic hybrids of methacrylate star polymers for bone regeneration.
abstract: Hybrids that are molecular scale co-networks of organic and inorganic components are promising biomaterials, improving the brittleness of bioactive glass and the strength of polymers. Methacrylate polymers have high potential as the organic source for hybrids since they can be produced, through controlled polymerization, with sophisticated polymer architectures that can bond to silicate networks. Previous studies showed the mechanical properties of hybrids can be modified by polymer architecture and molar mass (MM). However, biodegradability is critical if hybrids are to be used as tissue engineering scaffolds, since the templates must be remodelled by host tissue. Degradation by-products have to either completely biodegrade or be excreted by the kidneys. Enzyme, or bio-degradation is preferred to hydrolysis by water uptake as it is expected to give a more controlled degradation rate. Here, branched and star shaped poly(methyl methacrylate-co-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) (poly(MMA-co-TMSPMA)) were synthesized with disulphide based dimethacrylate (DSDMA) as a biodegradable branching agent. Biodegradability was confirmed by exposing the copolymers to glutathione, a tripeptide which is known to cleave disulphide bonds. Cleaved parts of the star polymer from the hybrid system were detected after 2weeks of immersion in glutathione solution, and MM was under threshold of kidney filtration. The presence of the branching agent did not reduce the mechanical properties of the hybrids and bone progenitor cells attached on the hybrids in vitro. Incorporation of the DSDMA branching agent has opened more possibilities to design biodegradable methacrylate polymer based hybrids for regenerative medicine.
  
  
  
  Bioactive glasses can regenerate bone but are brittle. Hybrids can overcome this problem as intimate interactions between glass and polymer creates synergetic properties. Implants have previously been made with synthetic polymers that degrade by water, however, they degrade catastrophically, causing rapid loss of strength. Polymers that degrade by biological agents may degrade at a more controlled rate, which should give time for tissue repair and transfer of load. Previously, hybrids made with star shaped poly(methyl methacrylate-co-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) (p(MMA-co-TMSPMA)) showed enhanced properties. However, methacrylates are not bio-degradable. Here, star shaped p(MMA-co-TMSPMA) was synthesized with a core that can be cleaved by glutathione, a tripeptide. On exposure to glutathione, the hybrid degraded, producing products with molecular weights below the kidney filtration threshold.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
authors.forename: Justin J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
authors.forename: Siwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
authors.forename: Molly M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasuga
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
authors.forename: Theoni K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK. Electronic address: julian.r.jones@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Julian R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063566:Biodegradable Plastics / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D063566:Biodegradable Plastics; D008689:Methacrylates
keywords: Bioactive glass; Hybrids; Sol-gel; Star polymers; TMSPMA