title: Genomic and Epigenomic Heterogeneity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
abstract: Understanding the intratumoral heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma is instructive for developing personalized therapy and identifying molecular biomarkers. Here we applied whole-exome sequencing to 69 samples from 11 patients to resolve the genetic architecture of subclonal diversification. Spatial genomic diversity was found in all 11 hepatocellular carcinoma cases, with 29% of driver mutations being heterogeneous, including TERT, ARID1A, NOTCH2, and STAG2. Similar with other cancer types, TP53 mutations were always shared between all tumor regions, that is, located on the "trunk" of the evolutionary tree. In addition, we found that variants within several drug targets such as KIT, SYK, and PIK3CA were mutated in a fully clonal manner, indicating their therapeutic potentials for hepatocellular carcinoma. Temporal dissection of mutational signatures suggested that mutagenic processes associated with exposure to aristolochic acid and aflatoxin might play a more important role in early, as opposed to late, stages of hepatocellular carcinoma development. Moreover, we observed extensive intratumoral epigenetic heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma based on multiple independent analytical methods and showed that intratumoral methylation heterogeneity might play important roles in the biology of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Our results also demonstrated prominent heterogeneity of intratumoral methylation even in a stable hepatocellular carcinoma genome. Together, these findings highlight widespread intratumoral heterogeneity at both the genomic and epigenomic levels in hepatocellular carcinoma and provide an important molecular foundation for better understanding the pathogenesis of this malignancy.Cancer Res; 77(9); 2255-65. ©2017 AACR.
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. dchlin11@gmail.com Benjamin.Berman@csmc.edu yin_dong@yahoo.com songerwei02@aliyun.com.|Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: De-Chen
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayakonda
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Huy Q
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Dinh
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun-Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun-Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Pinbo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lehang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ling-Wen
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun-Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun-Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. dchlin11@gmail.com Benjamin.Berman@csmc.edu yin_dong@yahoo.com songerwei02@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Benjamin P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. dchlin11@gmail.com Benjamin.Berman@csmc.edu yin_dong@yahoo.com songerwei02@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Er-Wei
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. dchlin11@gmail.com Benjamin.Berman@csmc.edu yin_dong@yahoo.com songerwei02@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.|Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.|National University Cancer Institute, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: H Phillip
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Koeffler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D059472:Exome / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D023281:Genomics; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins