title: The use of relaxed eddy accumulation to measure biosphere-atmosphere exchange of isoprene and other biological trace gases.
abstract: The micrometeorological flux measurement technique known as relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) holds promise as a powerful new tool for ecologists. The more popular eddy covariance (eddy correlation) technique requires the use of sensors that can respond at fast rates (10 Hz), and these are unavailable for many ecologically relevant compounds. In contrast, the use of REA allows flux measurement with sensors that have much slower response time, such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In this review, relevant micrometeorological details underlying REA are presented, and critical analytical and system design details are discussed, with the goal of introducing the technique and its potential applications to ecologists. The validity of REA for measuring fluxes of isoprene, a photochemically reactive hydrocarbon emitted by several plant species, was tested with measurements over an oak-hickory forest in the Walker Branch Watershed in eastern Tennessee. Concurrent eddy covariance measurements of isoprene flux were made using a newly available chemiluminesence instrument. Excellent agreement was obtained between the two techniques (r2= 0.974, n = 62), providing the first direct comparison between REA and eddy covariance for measuring the flux rate of a reactive compound. The influence of a bias in vertical wind velocity on the accuracy of REA was examined. This bias has been thought to be a source of significant error in the past. Measurements of normalized bias ([Formula: see text]) alone would lead us to think that a large potential error exists at this site. However, with our isoprene data and through simulations of REA with fast-response H2O and CO2data, we conclude that accurate REA flux measurements can be made even in the presence of a bias in w.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA e-mail: bowling@rintintin.colorado.edu, Fax: +1-303-4928699, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bowling
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA e-mail: bowling@rintintin.colorado.edu, Fax: +1-303-4928699, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Turnipseed
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Technology Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Delany
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Baldocchi
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA e-mail: bowling@rintintin.colorado.edu, Fax: +1-303-4928699, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Monson
keywords: Eddy covariance; Flux; Isoprene; Key words REA; Oak-hickory forest