title: Lung function and impaired kidney function in relation to metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to assess the relationships between abnormal lung function and indicators of chronic kidney disease in relation to metabolic syndrome (MetS) by using data from the 2011-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the data of 8551 Korean adults (3798 men, 4753 women, ≥40 years), lung function categories [obstructive lung disease (OLD), restrictive lung disease (RLD), and non-obstructive/non-restrictive lung disease (reference group)] were defined for each gender. Albuminuria and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were defined as urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g and eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Gender-specific logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting for age, educational level, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and medication use for chronic diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the reference group, low eGFR was associated with higher odds for RLD in men and RLD or OLD in women when they did not have MetS. In those with MetS, low eGFR was associated with higher odds for OLD in men and RLD or OLD in women. Albuminuria was associated with higher odds for RLD in men who did not have MetS, while it was associated with higher odds for RLD or OLD in men and women who had MetS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal lung function was associated with increased odds for chronic kidney disease indicators, when combined with MetS in both gender. Even in those without MetS, RLD in men was associated with increased odds for low eGFR or albuminuria, while RLD or OLD in women was associated with increased odds for low eGFR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, 633-165 Gaegum-dong, Busan Jin-Gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea. fmlky@inje.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kayoung
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2816-554X
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014797:Vital Capacity; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Albuminuria; Estimated glomerular filtration rate; Lung function; Metabolic syndrome