title: Cardiorespiratory fitness, but not physical activity, is associated with academic achievement in children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) seem to have positive effects on academic achievement (AA), although in most studies, objective methods of assessment have not been used.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations of CRF and PA with AA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 640 youngsters (10-18 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. CRF was estimated with the 20-metre shuttle run test and PA was measured using accelerometers. School grades were used to describe AA using mathematics and native language final grades. The relationship between CRF and PA with AA was analysed using ANCOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show a significant effect of CRF levels on native language grades, after adjustment for confounders [F(3,414) = 3,99 p < 0.05], but not for mathematics [F(3,360) = 0.95 p > 0.05]. No significant effects of PA levels on AA were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRF is associated with moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and higher levels of CRF may influence AA. CRF is positively correlated with MVPA, suggesting that higher amounts of MVPA might improve CRF and indirectly influence AA. Since CRF is dependent on higher intensities of PA, we can suggest a focus on implementing improvement strategies to increase the intensity of physical education lessons.
authors.affiliation: a Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto, Portugal , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Tânia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: a Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto, Portugal , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pizarro
authors.affiliation: a Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto, Portugal , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: b Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto, Portugal , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: a Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto, Portugal , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: a Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto, Portugal , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.affiliation: a Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto, Portugal , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: José Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D000076363:Academic Success; D000293:Adolescent; D000072599:Cardiorespiratory Fitness; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011174:Portugal
keywords: School grades; accelerometers; shuttle run; youth