title: Adverse Drug Reactions in Children: The Double-Edged Sword of Therapeutics.
abstract: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a major health problem worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality rates. ADRs are classified into Type A (augmented) and Type B (bizarre) ADRs, with the former group being more common and the latter less common but often severe and clinically more problematic due to their unpredictable nature and occurrence at any dose. Pediatric populations are especially vulnerable to ADRs due to the lack of data for this age group from the drug development process and because of the wide use of off-label and unlicensed use of drugs. Children are more prone to specific types of ADRs because of the level of maturity of body systems involved in absorption, metabolism, transportation, and elimination of drugs. This state-of-the-art review provides an overview of definitions, classifications, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of ADRs and discusses the available evidence for related risk factors and causes of ADRs in the pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.|Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.|Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Elzagallaai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.|Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mje
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greff
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.|Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.|Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.|Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rieder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D046688:Child Mortality; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004358:Drug Therapy; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D056687:Off-Label Use; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D010601:Pharmacology, Clinical / Q000379:methods*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations