title: Beneficial Rhizobacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 Induces Plant Salt Tolerance through Spermidine Production.
abstract: The inoculation of plants with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium has been an effective strategy for enhancing plant salt tolerance to diminish the loss of agricultural productivity caused by salt stress; however, the signal transmitted from bacteria to the plant under salt stress is poorly understood. In this study, the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays was enhanced by inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9. Using dialysis bags with different molecular weight cutoffs, we sorted through the molecules secreted by SQR9 and found that spermidine is responsible for enhancing plant salt tolerance. An SQR9 ΔspeB mutant deficient in spermidine production failed to induce plant salt tolerance. However, the induction of plant salt tolerance was disrupted by mutating genes involved in reduced glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and the salt overly sensitive pathway in Arabidopsis. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, this study demonstrated that spermidine produced by SQR9 leads to increased glutamine synthetase and glutathione reductase gene expression, leading to increased levels of GSH, which is critical for scavenging reactive oxygen species. SQR9-derived spermidine also upregulates the expression of NHX1 and NHX7, which sequesters Na+into vacuoles and expels Na+from the cell, thereby reducing ion toxicity.
authors.affiliation: 1 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China; and.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 2 Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yunpeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China; and.
authors.forename: Gengwei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 1 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China; and.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China; and.
authors.forename: Qirong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: 1 Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China; and.|2 Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ruifu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000069977:Bacillus amyloliquefaciens / Q000502:physiology*; D018533:Biomass; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055049:Salt Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D055051:Salt-Tolerant Plants / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D013095:Spermidine / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium; D005978:Glutathione; D013095:Spermidine