title: Sexual dimorphism in laryngeal muscle fibers and ultrasonic vocalizations in the adult rat.
abstract: The human voice is sexually dimorphic in obvious ways, such as differences in fundamental frequency and gross laryngeal anatomy, but also in less apparent ways, such as in the prevalence and types of voice disorders and the manifestation of voice changes in advanced age. Differences between males and females are rarely explored, however, in mechanistic animal studies. The goal of this study was to explore sexual dimorphism in laryngeal function and structure in adult rats by examining ultrasonic vocalization acoustics and muscle fiber size and type in the thyroarytenoid muscle.
  
  
  
  Animal group comparison.
  
  
  
  Spontaneous ultrasonic vocalizations from 10 male adult rats and 10 female adult rats were recorded, classified, and acoustically analyzed. Cross-sections of the thyroarytenoid muscle were stained and imaged for analysis of muscle fiber size and type. Acoustic and muscle parameters were statistically compared between sexes.
  
  
  
  Male rats had a lower mean frequency of short ultrasonic vocalizations. Male rats also had a larger mean fiber size in the external division of the thyroarytenoid and larger overall muscle area in both the vocalis and external divisions of the thyroarytenoid. However, muscle fiber type compositions were similar between sexes in both the vocalis and external division of the thyroarytenoid muscles.
  
  
  
  Functional and structural laryngeal differences exist between adult male and female rats; therefore, the rat model can be used to further study sexual dimorphism of the voice.
  
  
  
  NA. Laryngoscope, 127:E270-E276, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lenell
authors.affiliation: NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014828:Vocalization, Animal
keywords: Larynx; female; rat; sexual dimorphism; thyroarytenoid; ultrasonic vocalizations