title: The environmental variables that impact human decomposition in terrestrially exposed contexts within Canada.
abstract: Little is known about the nature and trajectory of human decomposition in Canada. This study involved the examination of 96 retrospective police death investigation cases selected using the Canadian ViCLAS (Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System) and sudden death police databases. A classification system was designed and applied based on the latest visible stages of autolysis (stages 1-2), putrefaction (3-5) and skeletonisation (6-8) observed. The analysis of the progression of decomposition using time (Post Mortem Interval (PMI) in days) and temperature accumulated-degree-days (ADD) score found considerable variability during the putrefaction and skeletonisation phases, with poor predictability noted after stage 5 (post bloat). The visible progression of decomposition outdoors was characterized by a brown to black discolouration at stage 5 and remnant desiccated black tissue at stage 7. No bodies were totally skeletonised in under one year. Mummification of tissue was rare with earlier onset in winter as opposed to summer, considered likely due to lower seasonal humidity. It was found that neither ADD nor the PMI were significant dependent variables for the decomposition score with correlations of 53% for temperature and 41% for time. It took almost twice as much time and 1.5 times more temperature (ADD) for the set of cases exposed to cold and freezing temperatures (4°C or less) to reach putrefaction compared to the warm group. The amount of precipitation and/or clothing had a negligible impact on the advancement of decomposition, whereas the lack of sun exposure (full shade) had a small positive effect. This study found that the poor predictability of onset and the duration of late stage decomposition, combined with our limited understanding of the full range of variables which influence the speed of decomposition, makes PMI estimations for exposed terrestrial cases in Canada unreliable, but also calls in question PMI estimations elsewhere.
authors.affiliation: Archaeology Department, Forensic Research Centre Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Electronic address: dianecockle@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Diane Lyn
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cockle
authors.affiliation: School of Criminology, Forensic Research Centre Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
authors.forename: Lynne S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003020:Clothing; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006801:Humans; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014887:Weather
keywords: Decomposition; Forensic; Human; Mummification; Taphonomy; terrestrial contexts.