title: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BENIGN FLECK RETINA USING MULTIMODAL IMAGING.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report structural and functional features in a case series of benign fleck retina using multimodal imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four cases with benign fleck retina underwent complete ophthalmic examination that included detailed history, visual acuity, and refractive error testing, FM-100 hue test, dilated fundus evaluation, full field electroretinogram, fundus photography with autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography, and swept-source optical coherence tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age group of the cases ranged from 19 years to 35 years (3 males and 1 female). Parental consanguinity was reported in two cases. All of them were visually asymptomatic with best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 (moderate astigmatism) in both the eyes. Low color discrimination was seen in two cases. Fundus photography showed pisciform flecks which were compactly placed on posterior pole and were discrete, diverging towards periphery. Lesions were seen as smaller dots within 1500 microns from fovea and were hyperfluorescent on autofluorescence. Palisading retinal pigment epithelium defects were seen in posterior pole on fundus fluorescein angiography imaging; irregular hyper fluorescence was also noted. One case had reduced cone responses on full field electroretinogram; the other three cases had normal electroretinogram. On optical coherence tomography, level of lesions varied from retinal pigment epithelium, inner segment to outer segment extending till external limiting membrane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional and structural deficits in benign fleck retina were picked up using multimodal imaging.
authors.affiliation: *Elite School of Optometry, Chennai, India;†Birla Institute of Science and Technology, Pilani, India; and‡Shri Bhagwan Mahaveer Vitreoretinal services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Srividya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neriyanuri
authors.forename: Chetan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult