title: Working memory load affects repetitive behaviour but not cognitive flexibility in adolescent autism spectrum disorder.
abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with repetitive and stereotyped behaviour, suggesting that cognitive flexibility may be deficient in ASD. A central, yet not examined aspect to understand possible deficits in flexible behaviour in ASD relates (i) to the role of working memory and (ii) to neurophysiological mechanisms underlying behavioural modulations.
  
  
  
  We analysed behavioural and neurophysiological (EEG) correlates of cognitive flexibility using a task-switching paradigm with and without working memory load in adolescents with ASD and typically developing controls (TD).
  
  
  
  Adolescents with ASD versus TD show similar performance in task switching with no memory load, indicating that 'pure' cognitive flexibility is not in deficit in adolescent ASD. However performance during task repetition decreases with increasing memory load. Neurophysiological data reflect the pattern of behavioural effects, showing modulations in P2 and P3 event-related potentials.
  
  
  
  Working memory demands affect repetitive behaviour while processes of cognitive flexibility are unaffected. Effects emerge due to deficits in preparatory attentional processes and deficits in task rule activation, organisation and implementation of task sets when repetitive behaviour is concerned. It may be speculated that the habitual response mode in ASD (i.e. repetitive behaviour) is particularly vulnerable to additional demands on executive control processes.
authors.affiliation: a Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden , Dresden , Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: a Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden , Dresden , Germany.
authors.forename: Witold X
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Chmielewski
authors.affiliation: a Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden , Dresden , Germany.|b Experimental Neurobiology , National Institute of Mental Health , Klecany , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beste
authors.affiliation: a Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden , Dresden , Germany.
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Roessner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D004569:Electroencephalography; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance
keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; EEG; cognitive flexibility; executive functions; working memory