title: Abnormal environmental light exposure in the intensive care environment.
abstract: We sought to characterize ambient light exposure in the intensive care unit (ICU) environment to identify patterns of light exposure relevant to circadian regulation.
  
  
  
  A light monitor was affixed to subjects' bed at eye level in a modern intensive care unit and continuously recorded illuminescence for at least 24h per subject. Blood was sampled hourly and measured for plasma melatonin. Subjects underwent hourly vital sign and bedside neurologic assessments. Care protocols and the ICU environment were not modified for the study.
  
  
  
  A total of 67,324 30-second epochs of light data were collected from 17 subjects. Light intensity peaked in the late morning, median 64.1 (interquartile range 19.7-138.7) lux. The 75th percentile of light intensity exceeded 100lx only between 9AM and noon, and never exceeded 150lx. There was no correlation between melatonin amplitude and daytime, nighttime or total light exposure (Spearman's correlation coefficients all <0.2 and p>0.5).
  
  
  
  Patients' environmental light exposure in the intensive care unit is consistently low and follows a diurnal pattern. No effect of nighttime light exposure was observed on melatonin secretion. Inadequate daytime light exposure in the ICU may contribute to abnormal circadian rhythms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and the Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Emily P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and the Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Sabra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and the Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and the Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Phyllis C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Zee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and the Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States. Electronic address: mbmaas@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Maas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin