title: Unlocking the in vitro anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic potential of Polygonum maritimum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several Polygonum species (Polygonaceae) are used in traditional medicine in Asia, Europe and Africa to treat inflammation and diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic potential of methanol and dichloromethane extracts of leaves and roots of the halophyte Polygonum maritimum L.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antioxidant activity was determined (up to 1 mg/mL) as radical-scavenging activity (RSA) of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), copper (CCA) and iron (ICA) chelating activities and iron reducing power (FRAP). NO production was measured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages for 24 h at concentrations up to 100 μg/mL and antidiabetic potential was assessed by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition (up to 10 mg/mL) assays. The phytochemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methanol leaf extract had the highest activity against DPPH• (IC50= 26 μg/mL) and ABTS+• (IC50= 140 μg/mL), FRAP (IC50= 48 μg/mL) and CCA (IC50= 770 μg/mL). Only the dichloromethane leaf extract (LDCM) showed anti-inflammatory activity (IC50= 48 μg/mL). The methanol root (IC50= 19 μg/mL) and leaf (IC50= 29 μg/mL) extracts strongly inhibited baker's yeast α-glucosidase, but LDCM had higher rat's α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50= 2527 μg/mL) than acarbose (IC50= 4638 μg/mL). GC-MS analysis identified β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, 1-octacosanol and linolenic acid as possible molecules responsible for the observed bioactivities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest P. maritimum as a source of high-value health promoting commodities for alleviating symptoms associated with oxidative and inflammatory diseases, including diabetes.
authors.affiliation: a CCMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar , Universidade do Algarve , Faro , Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria João
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: a CCMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar , Universidade do Algarve , Faro , Portugal.
authors.forename: Luísa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Custódio
authors.affiliation: a CCMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar , Universidade do Algarve , Faro , Portugal.
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: a CCMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar , Universidade do Algarve , Faro , Portugal.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: b Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal.
authors.forename: Nuno R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Neng
authors.affiliation: b Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal.
authors.forename: José M F
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: b Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: b Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal.
authors.forename: Amélia P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rauter
authors.affiliation: a CCMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar , Universidade do Algarve , Faro , Portugal.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.affiliation: a CCMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar , Universidade do Algarve , Faro , Portugal.
authors.forename: Luísa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028502:Polygonum / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Halophytes; antioxidant activity; macrophages; nitric oxide; oxidative stress; α-amylase; α-glucosidase