title: Mycobacterium tuberculosisinfection among persons who inject drugs in San Diego, California.
abstract: Persons who inject drugs (PWID) might be at increased risk for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and reactivation of latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) due to their injection drug use.
  
  
  
  To determine prevalence and correlates of M. tuberculosis infection among PWID in San Diego, California, USA.
  
  
  
  PWID aged 18 years underwent standardized interviews and serologic testing using an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for LTBI and rapid point-of-care assays for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Independent correlates of M. tuberculosis infection were identified using multivariable log-binomial regression.
  
  
  
  A total of 500 participants met the eligibility criteria. The mean age was 43.2 years (standard deviation 11.6); most subjects were White (52%) or Hispanic (30.8%), and male (75%). Overall, 86.7% reported having ever traveled to Mexico. Prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection was 23.6%; 0.8% were co-infected with HIV and 81.7% were co-infected with HCV. Almost all participants (95%) had been previously tested for M. tuberculosis; 7.6% had been previously told they were infected. M. tuberculosis infection was independently associated with being Hispanic, having longer injection histories, testing HCV-positive, and correctly reporting that people with 'sleeping' TB cannot infect others.
  
  
  
  Strategies are needed to increase awareness about and treatment for M. tuberculosis infection among PWID in the US/Mexico border region.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Armenta
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strathdee
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bulterys
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cuevas-Mota
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiles
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Garfein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D059425:Interferon-gamma Release Tests; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult