title: Direct Comparison of 4 Very Early Rule-Out Strategies for Acute Myocardial Infarction Using High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Four strategies for very early rule-out of acute myocardial infarction using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) have been identified. It remains unclear which strategy is most attractive for clinical application.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively enrolled unselected patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction. The final diagnosis was adjudicated by 2 independent cardiologists. Hs-cTnI levels were measured at presentation and after 1 hour in a blinded fashion. We directly compared all 4 hs-cTnI-based rule-out strategies: limit of detection (LOD, hs-cTnI<2 ng/L), single cutoff (hs-cTnI<5 ng/L), 1-hour algorithm (hs-cTnI<5 ng/L and 1-hour change<2 ng/L), and the 0/1-hour algorithm recommended in the European Society of Cardiology guideline combining LOD and 1-hour algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 2828 enrolled patients, acute myocardial infarction was the final diagnosis in 451 (16%) patients. The LOD approach ruled out 453 patients (16%) with a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 99.2%-100%), the single cutoff 1516 patients (54%) with a sensitivity of 97.1% (95% CI, 95.1%-98.3%), the 1-hour algorithm 1459 patients (52%) with a sensitivity of 98.4% (95% CI, 96.8%-99.2%), and the 0/1-hour algorithm 1463 patients (52%) with a sensitivity of 98.4% (95% CI, 96.8%-99.2%). Predefined subgroup analysis in early presenters (≤2 hours) revealed significantly lower sensitivity (94.2%, interactionP=0.03) of the single cutoff, but not the other strategies. Two-year survival was 100% with LOD and 98.1% with the other strategies (P<0.01 for LOD versus each of the other strategies).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All 4 rule-out strategies balance effectiveness and safety equally well. The single cutoff should not be applied in early presenters, whereas the 3 other strategies seem to perform well in this challenging subgroup.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00470587.
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Jasper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boeddinghaus
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nestelberger
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Twerenbold
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wildi
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Badertscher
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Janosch
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cupa
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bürge
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mächler
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Sydney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corbière
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Maria Rubini
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Giménez
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Puelacher
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Samyut
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Dayana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flores Widmer
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fuhrmann
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hillinger
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Zaid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sabti
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Ursina
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Honegger
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schaerli
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Nikola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kozhuharov
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rentsch
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Òscar
authors.initials: Ò
authors.lastname: Miró
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: F Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Martin-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Adrada
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morawiec
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kawecki
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ganovská
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parenica
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lohrmann
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kloos
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buser
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Geigy
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Dagmar I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osswald
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.).
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reichlin
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel and Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., T.B., P.M., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., J.F., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., J.L. W.K., S.O., T.R., C.M.); Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland (J.B., T.N., K.G., P.H., N.S.); GREAT Network (J.B., T.N., R.T., K.W., P.B., J.C., S.C., K.G., M.R.G., C.P., S.S., D.F.W., P.H., Z.S., U.H., N.S., N.K., O.M., B.L., E.G., J.P., T.R., C.M.); Emergency Department, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland (T.B., P.M., D.I.K.); Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland (K.R.); Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (O.M., B.L.); Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (F.J.M.-S., E.R.-A.); 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland (B.M., D.K.); Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University (E.G., J.P.); Blood Transfusion Centre, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland and Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel (A.B.); and Emergency Department, Kantonsspital Liestal, Switzerland (N.G.). christian.mueller@usb.ch.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019210:Troponin I
keywords: diagnosis; myocardial infarction; rule-out strategies