title: Flower choice by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.): sex-phase of flowers and preferences among nectar and pollen foragers.
abstract: Bees foraging for nectar should choose different inflorescences from those foraging for both pollen and nectar, if inflorescences consist of differing proportions of male and female flowers, particularly if the sex phases of the flowers differ in nectar content as well as the occurrence of pollen. This study tested this prediction using worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) foraging on inflorescences of Lavandula stoechas. Female flowers contained about twice the volume of nectar of male flowers. As one would predict, bees foraging for nectar only chose inflorescences with disproportionately more female flowers: time spent on the inflorescence was correlated with the number of female flowers, but not with the number of male flowers. Inflorescence size was inversely correlated with the number of female flowers, and could be used as a morphological cue by these bees. Also as predicted, workers foraging for both pollen and nectar chose inflorescences with relatively greater numbers of both male and female flowers: time spent on these inflorescences was correlated with the number of male flowers, but not with the number of females flowers. A morphological cue inversely associated with such inflorescences is the size of the bract display. Choice of flowers within inflorescences was also influenced predictably, but preferences appeared to be based upon corolla size rather than directly on sex phase.
authors.affiliation: Behaviour and Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science, Nottingham University, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Behaviour and Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science, Nottingham University, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.affiliation: Behaviour and Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science, Nottingham University, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.affiliation: Behaviour and Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science, Nottingham University, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whittle
authors.affiliation: Behaviour and Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science, Nottingham University, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Behaviour and Ecology Research Group, Department of Life Science, Nottingham University, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Barnard
keywords: Apis mellifera; Foraging preference; Lavandula stoechas; Nectar content; Pollen content