title: Associations between Maternal Body Composition and Appetite Hormones and Macronutrients in Human Milk.
abstract: Human milk (HM) appetite hormones and macronutrients may mediate satiety in breastfed infants. This study investigated associations between maternal adiposity and concentrations of HM leptin, adiponectin, protein and lactose, and whether these concentrations and the relationship between body mass index and percentage fat mass (%FM) in a breastfeeding population change over the first year of lactation. Lactating women (n= 59) provided milk samples (n= 283) at the 2nd, 5th, 9th and/or 12th month of lactation. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, total protein and lactose were measured. Maternal %FM was measured using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Higher maternal %FM was associated with higher leptin concentrations in both whole (0.006 ± 0.002 ng/mL,p= 0.008) and skim HM (0.005 ± 0.002 ng/mL,p= 0.007), and protein (0.16 ± 0.07 g/L,p= 0.028) concentrations. Adiponectin and lactose concentrations were not associated with %FM (0.01 ± 0.06 ng/mL,p= 0.81; 0.08 ± 0.11 g/L,p= 0.48, respectively). Whole milk concentrations of adiponectin and leptin did not differ significantly over the first year of lactation. These findings suggest that the level of maternal adiposity during lactation may influence the early appetite programming of breastfed infants by modulating concentrations of HM components.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. 21141062@student.uwa.edu.au.|School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. 21141062@student.uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sambavi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kugananthan
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. zgridneva@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Zoya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gridneva
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. ching-tat.lai@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ching T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. anna.hepworth@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hepworth
authors.affiliation: School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. peter.mark@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. foteini.kakulas@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Foteini
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kakulas
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. donna.geddes@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Donna T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Geddes
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000032:analysis*; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis; D020738:Leptin / Q000032:analysis*; D016014:Linear Models; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D020738:Leptin; D008894:Milk Proteins; D007785:Lactose
keywords: adiponectin; appetite hormones; breastfeeding; human milk; lactation; lactose; leptin; macronutrients; maternal body composition; percentage fat mass; protein