title: Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment: A reverse translational approach.
abstract: Incentive salience, negative emotionality, and executive function are functional domains that are etiologic in the initiation and progression of addictive disorders, having been implicated in humans with addictive disorders and in animal models of addictions. Measures of these three neuroscience-based functional domains can capture much of the effects of inheritance and early exposures that lead to trait vulnerability shared across different addictive disorders. For specific addictive disorders, these measures can be supplemented by agent specific measures such as those that access pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic variation attributable to agent-specific gatekeeper molecules including receptors and drug-metabolizing enzymes. Herein, we focus on the translation and reverse translation of knowledge derived from animal models of addiction to the human condition via measures of neurobiological processes that are orthologous in animals and humans, and that are shared in addictions to different agents. Based on preclinical data and human studies, measures of these domains in a general framework of an Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA) can transform the assessment and nosology of addictive disorders, and can be informative for staging disease progression. We consider next steps and challenges for implementation of ANA in clinical care and research. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
authors.affiliation: Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. Electronic address: laura.kwako@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kwako
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroimaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Momenan
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroimaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Erica N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Grodin
authors.affiliation: Division of Medications Development, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Raye Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Litten
authors.affiliation: Office of the Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Koob
authors.affiliation: Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D004644:Emotions; D056344:Executive Function; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical
keywords: Addictions; Neuroscience; Nosology; Translational