title: Pattern of antimicrobial drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A in a Teaching Hospital in Islamabad.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To see the pattern of antimicrobial drug resistance among Salmonella serovars.
  
  
  METHODS
  This longitudinal, observational study was conducted at Khan Research Laboratories Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from May 2012 to December 2014. All patients presenting with typhoid fever with positive blood culture were included. Age, gender, salmonella serovar and sensitivity to 9 antimicrobial drugs were taken into account. The tested antimicrobial drugs were ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, ceftriaxone and cefixime. SPSS 22 was used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 197 patients, 118(59.9%) were males and 79(40.1%) were females. Moreover, there were 78(39.6%) children and 119(60.4%) adults. The overall mean age was 19.58±13.82 years. Patients with positive culture for salmonella typhi were 155(78.7%) while patients with positive cultures for salmonella paratyphi A were 42(21.3%). No other serovar was found in this study. Overall percentage of multidrug resistance for both salmonella typhi and paratyphi was 74(37.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of multidrug resistance and quinolone resistance among salmonella serovars was high.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, KRL Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Azmat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, KRL Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hafiz Awais
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Surgical Unit-II, BBH, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Fazal Hussain
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Surgical Unit-II, BBH, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Arslan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zahid
authors.affiliation: Surgical Unit-II, BBH, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aslam
authors.affiliation: Medical Student, Final Year MBBS, RMC and Allied Hospitals, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Benazir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Javed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012482:Salmonella paratyphi A / Q000187:drug effects*; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Typhoid fever, Salmonella typhi, Paratyphi, Resistance, Antibiotic.