title: Association between maternal exposure to tobacco, presence of TGFA gene, and the occurrence of oral clefts. A case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between maternal tobacco use or exposure, presence of variant transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) gene, and the occurrence of oral clefts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present case control study was carried out for 5 months in three tertiary government hospitals in Chennai city with a sample of 100 children (50 children with non syndromic cleft and 50 control) aged 0-24 months. The details of maternal risk factors during the period of gestation were recorded from case and control parents through a pre-validated questionnaire, following which blood samples from 92 children (46 case and 46 controls) based on consent were obtained and evaluated for TGFA gene polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant number of case mothers (48%) were exposed to secondhand smoke during the period of gestation than their control counterparts (24%) (P = 0.01) with an odds ratio of 2.46 (95% CI = 0.99-6.08). Electrophoresis of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) product revealed the presence of the homozygous C1C1 allele in all the tested 92 samples with no homozygous C2C2 allele or heterozygous C1C2 allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study has highlighted the role of passive smoking in the causation of non syndromic oral clefts in a developing country like India; however, the involvement of TGFA in causing the same disease in an ethnically Dravidian Indian population is uncertain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study has brought into forth the role of passive smoking in the development of oral clefts thereby warranting an effective public health policy to tackle the same.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600095, India. mohammedjnd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2027-4231
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Junaid
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Tamilnadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 003, India.
authors.forename: M B Aswath
authors.initials: MBA
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Tamilnadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 003, India.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jayanthi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Tamilnadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 003, India.
authors.forename: S G Ramesh
authors.initials: SGR
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Tamilnadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 003, India.
authors.forename: A Leena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Selvamary
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C587886:TGFA protein, human; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha
keywords: Chennai; India; Maternal tobacco exposure; Oral clefts; TGFA gene