title: The Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease Associated with Urolithiasis and its Urological Treatments: A Review.
abstract: Urolithiasis can impair kidney function. This literature review focuses on the risk of kidney impairment in stone formers, the specific conditions associated with this risk and the impact of urological surgery.
  
  
  
  The PubMed® and Embase® databases were searched for publications on urolithiasis, its treatment, and the risk of chronic kidney disease, end stage renal disease and nephrectomy in stone formers.
  
  
  
  In general, renal stone formers have twice the risk of chronic kidney disease or end stage renal disease, and for female and overweight stone formers the risk is even higher. Patients with frequent urinary tract infections, struvite stones, urinary malformations and diversions, malabsorptive bowel conditions and some monogenic disorders are at high risk for chronic kidney disease/end stage renal disease. Shock wave lithotripsy or minimally invasive urological interventions for stones do not adversely affect renal function. Declines in renal function generally occur in patients with preexisting chronic kidney disease or a large stone burden requiring repeated and/or complex surgery.
  
  
  
  Although the effect size is modest, urolithiasis may cause chronic kidney disease and, thus, it is mandatory to assess patients with renal stones for the risk of chronic kidney disease/end stage renal disease. We suggest that all guidelines dealing with renal stone disease should include assessment of this risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: giovanni.gambaro@unicatt.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambaro
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Croppi
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine and of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bushinsky
authors.affiliation: UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Campus and Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Nephrology, Transplantation and Dialysis Unit, AOUP Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Adamasco
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cupisti
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma and Geriatric-Medicine Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitario di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ticinesi
authors.affiliation: Department. of Cardiovascular Respiratory Nephrologic Anesthetic and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazzaferro
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Addessi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro Manuel
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ferraro
mesh_terms: D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014572:Urology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
keywords: kidney diseases; lithotripsy; nephrectomy; ureteroscopy; urolithiasis