title: GATA5 SUMOylation is indispensable for zebrafish cardiac development.
abstract: SUMOylation is a critical regulatory protein modification in eukaryotic cells and plays a pivotal role in cardiac development and disease. Several cardiac transcription factors are modified by SUMO, but little is known about the impact of SUMOylation on their function during cardiac development.
  
  
  
  We used a zebrafish model to address the impact of SUMOylation on GATA5, an essential transcription factor in zebrafish cardiac development. GATA5 SUMOylation was probed by western blot, the subcellular localization and transcriptional activity of GATA5 mutants were examined by immunostaining and luciferase reporter assay. The in vivo function of GATA5 SUMOylation was evaluated by gata5 mutants mRNA microinjection and in situ hybridization in gata5 morphants and ubc9 mutants.
  
  
  
  Firstly, we identified GATA5 as a SUMO substrate, and lysine 324 (K324) and lysine 360 (K360) as two major modification sites. Conversion of lysine to arginine at these two sites did not affect subcellular localization, but did affect the transcriptional activity of GATA5. Secondly, in vivo experiments demonstrated that the wild type (WT) and K324R mutant of gata5 could rescue impaired cardiac precursor differentiation, while the K360R mutant of gata5 drastically lost this potency in gata5 morphant. Furthermore, in SUMOylation-deficient ubc9 mutants, the abnormal expression pattern displayed by the early markers of cardiac development (nkx2.5 and mef2cb) could be restored using a sumo-gata5 fusion, but not with a WT gata5.
  
  
  
  GATA5 SUMOylation is indispensable for early zebrafish cardiac development.
  
  
  
  Our studies highlight the potential importance of transcription factor SUMOylation in cardiac development.
authors.affiliation: CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Haihong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Saijuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Université de Paris 7/INSERM/CNRS UMR 944/7212, Equipe Labellisée No. 11 Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de The
authors.affiliation: CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: junjun_j@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: CNRS-LIA Hematology and Cancer, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Université de Paris 7/INSERM/CNRS UMR 944/7212, Equipe Labellisée No. 11 Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France. Electronic address: zhuj1966@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050992:GATA5 Transcription Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D058207:Sumoylation; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D050992:GATA5 Transcription Factor
keywords: GATA5; Heart development; Protein modification; SUMOylation; Transcription factor; ubc9