title: The direction of cleavage waves and the regional variation in the duration of cleavage cycles on the dorsal side of the Xenopus laevis blastula.
abstract: The animal and the dorsal side of five embryos of Xenopus laevis were studied in detail from the 7th to the 13th cleavage by means of time-lapse cinematography. At each cleavage the regionally ordered sequence of blastomere divisions is visible in the films as a "cleavage wave", propagating about three times slower in the dorsal than in the animal view. In the dorsal view the waves run in an animal-vegetal direction, initially with a left-to-right deviation and in later cleavages converging on the region of the future blastopore. The lengthening of cleavage cycles begins at cycle 8 on the dorsal side, just above the future blastopore. From cycle 9 to 11 nearly equal lengthening occurs in each cycle at all animal-vegetal levels. In general, cycles lengthen a little more in median than in lateral sectors and a little more in right than in left sectors. Cycle 12 is longest in the sector above the future blastopore and shortest in the animal region. The results show that the initial pattern of a regionally ordered sequence of cleavage cycles of equal duration changes into a pattern of cycles of different durations as a result of gradual cycle lengthening, starting in the region just above the future blastopore and spreading in animal direction. The results are compared with data on the cleavage cycles of isolated blastomeres, and the possible relation with the induction of the mesoendoderm occurring during the stages studied is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Hubrecht Laboratory, International Embryological Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elze C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Boterenbrood
authors.affiliation: Hubrecht Laboratory, International Embryological Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Narraway
keywords: Amphibia; Asymmetry; Cleavage cycle; Cleavage wave; Time-lapse cinematography