title: Radiology education in Europe: Analysis of results from 22 European countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the state of radiology education across Europe by means of a survey study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive 23-item radiology survey was distributed via email to the International Society of Radiology members, national radiological societies, radiologists and medical physicists. Reminders to complete the survey were sent and the results were analyzed over a period of 4 mo (January-April 2016). Survey questions include length of medical school and residency training; availability of fellowship and subspecialty training; number of residency programs in each country; accreditation pathways; research training; and medical physics education. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze and summarize data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiology residency training ranges from 2-6 years with a median of 5 years, and follows 1 year of internship training in 55% (12 out of 22) European countries. Subspecialty fellowship training is offered in 55% (12 out of 22) European countries. Availability for specialization training by national societies is limited to eight countries. For nearly all respondents, less than fifty percent of radiologists travel abroad for specialization. Nine of 22 (41%) European countries have research requirements during residency. The types of certifying exam show variation where 64% (14 out of 22) European countries require both written and oral boards, 23% (5 out of 22) require oral examinations only, and 5% (1 out of 22) require written examinations only. A degree in medical physics is offered in 59% (13 out of 22) European countries and is predominantly taught by medical physicists. Nearly all respondents report that formal examinations in medical physics are required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparative learning experiences across the continent will help guide the development of comprehensive yet pragmatic infrastructures for radiology education and collaborations in radiology education worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Bhavya Rehani, Yi C Zhang, William P Dillon, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
authors.forename: Bhavya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rehani
authors.affiliation: Bhavya Rehani, Yi C Zhang, William P Dillon, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
authors.forename: Yi C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Bhavya Rehani, Yi C Zhang, William P Dillon, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
authors.forename: Madan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rehani
authors.affiliation: Bhavya Rehani, Yi C Zhang, William P Dillon, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palkó
authors.affiliation: Bhavya Rehani, Yi C Zhang, William P Dillon, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Bhavya Rehani, Yi C Zhang, William P Dillon, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
authors.forename: Miriam N Mikhail
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Lette
authors.affiliation: Bhavya Rehani, Yi C Zhang, William P Dillon, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Dillon
keywords: European radiology survey; Radiology education; Radiology research; Radiology training; Residency