title: A cross-sectional survey to study the relationship of periodontal disease with cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontal deterioration has been reported to be associated with systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, respiratory disease, liver cirrhosis, bacterial pneumonia, nutritional deficiencies, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study assessed the periodontal disease among patients with systemic conditions such as diabetes, CVD, and respiratory disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 220 patients each of CVD, respiratory disease, and diabetes mellitus, making a total of 660 patients in the systemic disease group. A control group of 340 subjects were also included in the study for comparison purpose. The periodontal status of the patients with these confirmed medical conditions was assessed using the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITNs) index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of CPITN code 4 was found to be greater among the patients with respiratory disease whereas the mean number of sextants with score 4 was found to be greater among the patients with diabetes mellitus and CVD. The treatment need 0 was found to be more among the controls (1.18%) whereas the treatment need 1, 2, and 3 were more among the patients with respiratory disease (100%, 97.73%, and 54.8%), diabetes mellitus (100%, 100% and 46.4%), and CVD (100%, 97.73%, and 38.1%), in comparison to the controls (6.18%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that diabetes mellitus, CVD, and respiratory disease are associated with a higher severity of periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sukhvinder Singh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Oberoi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Yashoda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harish
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Oxford Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Shivalingaswamy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hiremath
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Oxford Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Manjunath
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puranik
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; diabetes; oral health; periodontal disease