title: A clinician-administered observation and corresponding caregiver interview capturing DSM-5 sensory reactivity symptoms in children with ASD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sensory reactivity is a new criterion for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). However, there is no consensus on how to reliably measure sensory reactivity, particularly in minimally verbal individuals. The current study is an initial validation of the Sensory Assessment for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (SAND), a novel clinician-administered observation and corresponding caregiver interview that captures sensory symptoms based on DSM-5 criteria for ASD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty children between the ages of 2 and 12 participated in this study; 44 children with ASD and 36 typically developing (TD) children. Sensory reactivity symptoms were measured using the SAND and the already validated Short Sensory Profile (SSP). Initial psychometric properties of the SAND were examined including reliability, validity, sensitivity and specificity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with ASD showed significantly more sensory reactivity symptoms compared to TD children across sensory domains (visual, tactile, and auditory) and within sensory subtypes (hyperreactivity, hyporeactivity and seeking). The SAND showed strong internal consistency, inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability, high sensitivity (95.5%) and specificity (91.7%), and strong convergent validity with the SSP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SAND provides a novel method to characterize sensory reactivity symptoms based on DSM-5 criteria for ASD. This is the first known sensory assessment that combines a clinician-administered observation and caregiver interview to optimally capture sensory phenotypes characteristic of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. The SAND offers a beneficial new tool for both research and clinical purposes and has the potential to meaningfully enhance gold-standard assessment of ASD. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1133-1140. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, New York.|Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.
authors.forename: Paige M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Siper
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, New York.|Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.|Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.|Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.|Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolevzon
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, New York.|Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.|Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.|Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.
authors.forename: A Ting
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, New York.|Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.|Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.|Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.|Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Buxbaum
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Autism and Education (CRAE), UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tavassoli
mesh_terms: D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017028:Caregivers; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: assessment; autism spectrum disorder; sensory processing; sensory reactivity