title: Exploring the effect of intravenous lipid emulsion in acute methamphetamine toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increasing use of methamphetamine (METH) in the last decades has made it the second most abused drug. Advancs in the area of intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) have led to its potential application in the treatment of poisoning. The present study aims to investigate the potential role of ILE as an antidote for acute METH poisoning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of six male rats were treated by METH (45 mg/kg), intraperitoneally. Five to seven min later, they received an infusion of 18.6 ml/kg ILE 20% through the tail vein or normal saline (NS). Locomotor and behavioral activity was assessed at different time after METH administration. Body temperature and survival rates were also evaluated. Brain and internal organs were then removed for histological examination and TUNEL assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ILE therapy for METH poisoning in rats could prevent rats mortalities and returned the METH-induced hyperthermia to normal rates (P<0.05). ILE reduced freezing and stereotyped behaviors and increased rearing responses (P<0.05). Locomotor activity also returned to control levels especially during the last hours of the experiment. ILE administration decreased the prevalence of pulmonary emphysema in the lungs (P<0.05 and P<0.01) and percentages of TUNEL positive cells in the brain (P<0.05), in comparison with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ILE could reduce the severity of METH- induced toxicity as well as mortality rate in the animals. Intravenous infusion of lipid emulsion may save the life of patients with acute METH intoxication who do not respond to standard initial therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Iran.
authors.forename: Ameneh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghadiri
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Etemad
authors.affiliation: Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moshiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Adel
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Moallem
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Jafarian
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hadizadeh
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seifi
keywords: Acute toxicity; Antidote; Intravenous lipid emulsion; Methamphetamine