title: Dental anomalies: prevalence and associations between them in a large sample of non-orthodontic subjects, a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To analyze the prevalence and associations between dental anomalies detectable on panoramic radiographs in a sample of non-orthodontic growing subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this cross-sectional study, digital panoramic radiographs of 5005 subjects were initially screened from a single radiographic center in Rome. Inclusion criteria were: subjects who were aged 8-12 years, Caucasian, and had good diagnostic quality radiographs. Syndromic subjects, those with craniofacial malformation, or orthodontic patients were excluded and this led to a sample of 4706 subjects [mean (SD) age = 9.6 (1.2) years, 2366 males and 2340 females]. Sample was subsequently divided into four subgroups (8, 9, 10, and 11-12 year-old groups). Two operators examined panoramic radiographs to observe the presence of common dental anomalies. The prevalence and associations between dental anomalies were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of dental anomalies was 20.9%. Approximately, 17.9% showed only one anomaly, 2.7% two anomalies, while only 0.3% had more than two anomalies. The most frequent anomalies were the displacement of maxillary canine (7.5%), hypodontia (7.1%), impacted teeth (3.9%), tooth ankylosis (2.8%), and tooth transposition (1.4%). The lower right second premolar was the most frequent missing teeth; 3.7% had only one tooth agenesis, and 0.08% had six or more missing tooth (Oligodontia). Mesiodens was the most common type of supernumerary tooth (0.66%). Two subjects had taurodontic tooth (0.04%). Tooth transpositions and displacement of maxillary canine were seen in 1.4 and 7.5%, retrospectively (approximately 69 and 58% were in the 8 and 9 year-old groups, retrospectively). Significant associations were detected between the different dental anomalies (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study revealed significant associations among different dental anomalies and provide further evidences to support common etiological factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy. giuseppinalagana@libero.it.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laganà
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Venza
authors.affiliation: Private Practice of Orthodontics, London, England, UK.|Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borzabadi-Farahani
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Danesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cozza
mesh_terms: D000848:Anodontia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003481:Cuspid / Q000002:abnormalities; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000002:abnormalities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014079:Tooth Eruption, Ectopic / Q000453:epidemiology; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000453:epidemiology; D014096:Tooth, Supernumerary / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Non-orthodontic subjects; Panoramic radiograph; Tooth anomalies