title: Apoptosis, Toll-like, RIG-I-like and NOD-like Receptors Are Pathways Jointly Induced by Diverse Respiratory Bacterial and Viral Pathogens.
abstract: Lower respiratory tract infections are among the top five leading causes of human death. Fighting these infections is therefore a world health priority. Searching for induced alterations in host gene expression shared by several relevant respiratory pathogens represents an alternative to identify new targets for wide-range host-oriented therapeutics. With this aim, alveolar macrophages were independently infected with three unrelated bacterial (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, andStaphylococcus aureus) and two dissimilar viral (respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus) respiratory pathogens, all of them highly relevant for human health. Cells were also activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a prototypical pathogen-associated molecular pattern. Patterns of differentially expressed cellular genes shared by the indicated pathogens were searched by microarray analysis. Most of the commonly up-regulated host genes were related to the innate immune response and/or apoptosis, with Toll-like, RIG-I-like and NOD-like receptors among the top 10 signaling pathways with over-expressed genes. These results identify new potential broad-spectrum targets to fight the important human infections caused by the bacteria and viruses studied here.
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Isidoro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC) Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Oliveros
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cuesta
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de la Barrera
authors.affiliation: Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Institut d' Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ausina
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casals
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: García-Fojeda
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-GobNavarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Junkal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garmendia
authors.affiliation: Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Nicolau
authors.affiliation: Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Institut d' Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lacoma
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menéndez
authors.affiliation: Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moranta
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortín
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez-González
authors.affiliation: Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Institut d' Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prat
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramos-Sevillano
authors.affiliation: Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Regueiro
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Frandsen
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solís
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuste
authors.affiliation: Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bengoechea
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Melero
keywords: bacterial infections; core of up-regulated genes; host response; respiratory pathogens; viral infections