title: Toward a Comprehensive Hypothesis of Chronic Interstitial Nephritis in Agricultural Communities.
abstract: Over the past 20 years, there has been an increase in chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities (CINAC) not associated with traditional risk factors. This disease has become an important public health problem and is observed in several countries in Central America and Asia. CINAC predominantly affects young male farmers between the third and fifth decades of life with women, children, and adolescents less often affected. Clinically, CINAC behaves like a chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy but with systemic manifestations not attributable to kidney disease. Kidney biopsy reveals chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis with variable glomerulosclerosis and mild chronic vascular damage, with the severity depending on sex, occupation, and CKD stage. The presence of toxicological, occupational, and environmental risk factors within these communities suggests a multifactorial etiology for CINAC. This may include exposure to agrochemicals, a contaminated environment, repeated episodes of dehydration with heat stress, and an underlying genetic predisposition. An understanding of these interacting factors using a multidisciplinary approach with international cooperation and the formulation of a comprehensive hypothesis are essential for the development of public health programs to prevent this devastating epidemic.
authors.affiliation: National Health Institute (INS) and National Renal Health Research Coordinator, Ministry of Health (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Nephrology Institute, Havana, Cuba; Division of Clinical Research in Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's-West, New York, NY; and Division of Nephrology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA. Electronic address: doktorantes@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carlos Manuel
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Orantes-Navarro
authors.affiliation: National Health Institute (INS) and National Renal Health Research Coordinator, Ministry of Health (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Nephrology Institute, Havana, Cuba; Division of Clinical Research in Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's-West, New York, NY; and Division of Nephrology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herrera-Valdés
authors.affiliation: National Health Institute (INS) and National Renal Health Research Coordinator, Ministry of Health (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Nephrology Institute, Havana, Cuba; Division of Clinical Research in Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's-West, New York, NY; and Division of Nephrology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almaguer-López
authors.affiliation: National Health Institute (INS) and National Renal Health Research Coordinator, Ministry of Health (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Nephrology Institute, Havana, Cuba; Division of Clinical Research in Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's-West, New York, NY; and Division of Nephrology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: López-Marín
authors.affiliation: National Health Institute (INS) and National Renal Health Research Coordinator, Ministry of Health (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Nephrology Institute, Havana, Cuba; Division of Clinical Research in Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's-West, New York, NY; and Division of Nephrology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Xavier Fernando
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Vela-Parada
authors.affiliation: National Health Institute (INS) and National Renal Health Research Coordinator, Ministry of Health (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Nephrology Institute, Havana, Cuba; Division of Clinical Research in Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's-West, New York, NY; and Division of Nephrology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Cuchillas
authors.affiliation: National Health Institute (INS) and National Renal Health Research Coordinator, Ministry of Health (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Nephrology Institute, Havana, Cuba; Division of Clinical Research in Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's-West, New York, NY; and Division of Nephrology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Lilly M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Barba
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D016573:Agrochemicals / Q000633:toxicity; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003681:Dehydration / Q000150:complications; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D009395:Nephritis, Interstitial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016272:Occupational Health
chemical_list: D016573:Agrochemicals
keywords: Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities; Chronic kidney disease of unknown causes (CKDu); Dehydration; Heat stress; Pesticides