title: Recent progress in GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy.
abstract: Cancer immunotherapy is a growing field. GM-CSF, a potent cytokine promoting the differentiation of myeloid cells, can also be used as an immunostimulatory adjuvant to elicit antitumor immunity. Additionally, GM-CSF is essential for the differentiation of dendritic cells, which are responsible for processing and presenting tumor antigens for the priming of antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Some strategies have been developed for GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy in clinical practice: GM-CSF monotherapy, GM-CSF-secreting cancer cell vaccines, GM-CSF-fused tumor-associated antigen protein-based vaccines, GM-CSF-based DNA vaccines and GM-CSF combination therapy. GM-CSF also contributes to the regulation of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. This review provides recommendations regarding GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.|National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wan-Lun
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.|Graduate Instituteof Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuan-Yin
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.|National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Yuan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.affiliation: Graduate Instituteof Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.|National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Jen
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*; D019139:Tumor Escape; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment; D019444:Vaccines, DNA
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
keywords: GM-CSF; cancer immunotherapy; vaccine