title: Nesting mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) forecast brood-stage food limitation when selecting habitat: experimental evidence.
abstract: By combining and reanalysing data from two independent field experiments we explore whether food limitation at the brood stage affects habitat selection in nesting mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). In an introduction experiment we found that, independent of treatment, some study lakes remained empty of wild mallard pairs ("empty lakes"), whereas on other lakes introduced birds attracted wild mallards ("attractive lakes"). In the other experiment we used mallard ducklings to address brood-stage food limitation by studying mass change of ducklings. We found that ducklings foraging on lakes that did not attract wild mallard pairs in the introduction experiment gained much less mass than those foraging on attractive lakes. In most cases ducklings even lost mass in the empty-lake foraging trials, providing strong evidence for food limitation. Therefore, lakes that remained empty of wild mallard pairs in the introduction experiment proved to be inferior brood habitats, particularly in terms of food. Our results give insight into the mechanisms underlying the general habitat selection hypotheses, specifically the ideal preemptive and conspecific attraction rules. The results further support our earlier conclusion that mallards do not use the ideal preemptive rule when selecting nesting lakes. However, conspecific attraction may not be generally applicable either, because, independent of the presence of introduced conspecifics, wild mallards somehow anticipated the low quality of the empty lakes as brood-rearing habitats and made their habitat-selection decision accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Evo Game Research Station, Kaitalammintie 75, FIN-16970 Evo, Finland e-mail: hannu.poysa@rktl.fi Fax: +358-205-751459, , , , , , FI.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pöysä
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden, , , , , , SE.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elmberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden, , , , , , SE.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sjöberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Zoology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27 (Viikki C), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, , , , , , FI.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nummi
keywords: Brood stage; Food limitation; Habitat quality; Habitat selection; Key words  Anas platyrhynchos