title: Long T2 suppression in native lung 3-D imaging using k-space reordered inversion recovery dual-echo ultrashort echo time MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long T2 species can interfere with visualization of short T2 tissue imaging. For example, visualization of lung parenchyma can be hindered by breathing artifacts primarily from fat in the chest wall. The purpose of this work was to design and evaluate a scheme for long T2 species suppression in lung parenchyma imaging using 3-D inversion recovery double-echo ultrashort echo time imaging with a k-space reordering scheme for artifact suppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hyperbolic secant (HS) pulse was evaluated for different tissues (T1/T2). Bloch simulations were performed with the inversion pulse followed by segmented UTE acquisition. Point spread function (PSF) was simulated for a standard interleaved acquisition order and a modulo 2 forward-reverse acquisition order. Phantom and in vivo images (eight volunteers) were acquired with both acquisition orders. Contrast to noise ratio (CNR) was evaluated in in vivo images prior to and after introduction of the long T2 suppression scheme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PSF as well as phantom and in vivo images demonstrated reduction in artifacts arising from k-space modulation after using the reordering scheme. CNR measured between lung and fat and lung and muscle increased from -114 and -148.5 to +12.5 and 2.8 after use of the IR-DUTE sequence. Paired t test between the CNRs obtained from UTE and IR-DUTE showed significant positive change (p < 0.001 for lung-fat CNR and p = 0.03 for lung-muscle CNR).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Full 3-D lung parenchyma imaging with improved positive contrast between lung and other long T2 tissue types can be achieved robustly in a clinically feasible time using IR-DUTE with image subtraction when segmented radial acquisition with k-space reordering is employed.
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. Neville.Gai@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Neville D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Ashkan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Malayeri
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bluemke
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: 3D IR-DUTE; Fat suppression; Native lung contrast; Pulmonary MRI; k-Space reordering