title: Reduce Adverse Effects of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Pulse Width Modulated LED Light (625 nm, 76 Hz, 23% Duty Cycle).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reducing adverse effects in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCE) is important to avoid complications. After removal, the porta hepatis and gallbladder bed of liver were treated with pulse width modulated (PWM) red LED light with parameters λ = 625 ± 5 nm, full width at half maximum 17 nm, 76 Hz, duty cycle 23%, 15-30 mW/cm2, and 0.9-1.8 J/cm2. The changes of eight blood parameters were studied: red blood cell, hemoglobin, white blood cell, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), bilirubin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and amylase.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Other current methods of reducing undesirable effects of LCE significantly affect surgery and are not commonly used in practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before LCE, 263 patients were randomized into the control and test groups. Patients in the test group were treated with light radiated for 2 min during the surgery on the bed of the removed gallbladder and porta hepatis. Blood samples were taken before surgery and on the third day after surgery, studied, and compared by nonparametric statistical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The test group revealed significant reduction in postsurgery gain of levels of ALT, AST, and ESR compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of the removed gallbladder bed and porta hepatis by red LED PWM radiation during LCE significantly reduces the adverse effects of surgery while increasing its time insignificantly and does not affect the surgical best practices deployed.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Imaging Diagnosis, Voronezh State Medical University , Voronezh, Russia .
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Redkin
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Surgery, Voronezh Railways Clinical Hospital , Voronezh, Russia .
authors.forename: Victor V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Vdovin
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Nuclear Physics, Voronezh State University , Voronezh, Russia .
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Vakhtel
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Mathematical Physics, Voronezh State University , Voronezh, Russia .
authors.forename: Pavel A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lukyanovich
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of General Surgery, Voronezh State Medical University , Voronezh, Russia .
authors.forename: Natalia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Malkina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: LLLT; aminotransferase; cholecystectomy; laparoscopy