title: Anatomy, histology, and ultrasonography of the normal adrenal gland in brown lemur: Eulemur fulvus.
abstract: The medical care currently to brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus) is limited by a lack of knowledge of their anatomy. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomy and histology and obtain ultrasonographic measurements of normal adrenal glands in these animals.
  
  
  
  The adrenal glands of four lemurs cadavers were used for the anatomical and histological studies, and those of 15 anesthetized lemurs were examined by ultrasonography.
  
  
  
  Anatomically, the adrenal glands of brown lemurs are comparable to those of other species. The histological findings showed that the cortex is organized into three distinct layers, whereas most domestic mammals have an additional zone. The surface area of the adrenal glands increased with body weight, and the area of the right adrenal was slightly larger than the left.
  
  
  
  We suggest using ultrasonography to aid the etiological diagnosis of behavioral abnormalities that might be due to dysfunctions of the adrenal gland.
authors.affiliation: Département d'Enseignement de Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Fidiniaina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raharison
authors.affiliation: INP, ENVT, Unité d'Anatomie Pathologique et Histologie, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bourges Abella
authors.affiliation: INP, ENVT, Unité d'Anatomie - Imagerie, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sautet
authors.affiliation: INP, ENVT, Unité d'Anatomie - Imagerie, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.|Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deviers
authors.affiliation: INP, ENVT, Unité d'Anatomie - Imagerie, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.|Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mogicato
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007900:Lemur / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007901:Lemuridae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: 
  Eulemur fulvus
  ; adrenal gland mensuration; anatomy; histology; ultrasonography