title: Enhanced resistance against Vibrio harveyi infection by carvacrol and its association with the induction of heat shock protein 72 in gnotobiotic Artemia franciscana.
abstract: Induction of HSP72 is a natural response of stressed organisms that protects against many insults including bacterial diseases in farm (aquatic) animals. It would therefore be of great health benefit to search for natural compounds that are clinically safe yet able to induce HSP72 in animals. The phenolic compound carvacrol, an approved food component, had been shown in in vitro study to act as a co-inducer of HSP72, enhancing HSP72 production only in combination with a bona fide stress compared to the compound alone. However, in vitro model systems do not completely represent an in vivo physiology. Here, using the well-established gnotobiotic Artemia model system, we determined whether carvacrol could induce HSP72 in vivo, whether this putative effect could generate resistance in Artemia against biotic/abiotic stress and also unraveled the mechanism behind the possible HSP72-inducing effect of carvacrol. The gnotobiotic system is crucial for such studies because it avoids the interference of any extraneous factors on host-compound interaction. Here, carvacrol was shown to be a potent HSP72 inducer. Induction of HSP72 was associated with the generation of resistance in Artemia larvae against subsequent lethal heat stress or pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. Our results also provided new insight on the mode of HSP72 inducing action of carvacrol, in which the initial generation of reactive molecule H2O2by the compound plays a key role. Overall results add new information about the bioactivity of carvacrol and advance our knowledge of this compound as potential prophylactic agent for controlling Vibrio infection in aquaculture animals.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. SriKartik.Baruah@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Kartik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baruah
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.|Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Norouzitallab
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ho Phuong Pham Duy
authors.initials: HPPD
authors.lastname: Phong
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smagghe
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bossier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D000081007:Cymenes; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D005856:Germ-Free Life / Q000502:physiology; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D013696:Temperature; D014733:Vibrio / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000081007:Cymenes; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D039821:Monoterpenes; C073316:carvacrol
keywords: Carvacrol; Gnotobiotic Artemia; Heat shock protein; Stress; Vibrio harveyi