title: Predators and mutualists influence the exclusion of aphid species from natural communities.
abstract: We investigated why two species of aphids (Aphis jacobaeae and Brachycaudus cardui) were very rare in a study site despite their abundance in the surrounding area. The study site contained many common species of aphid and we tested the hypothesis that the community of aphid predators in the field excluded the missing species. Colonies of the two aphid species were artificially initiated in the experimental site and allocated to one of four treatments: control; ground predator exclusion; total predator exclusion, and provision of mutualist ants. Two measures of colony performance were analysed: longevity and cumulative aphid density. Colonies decline naturally in late summer but control colonies disappeared very quickly while colonies protected from all predators survived the longest. The performance of colonies protected from just ground predators was intermediate. We failed to persuade ants to tend A. jacobaeae. Colonies of B. cardui attended by ants performed better than controls and those with ground predators excluded, but not as well as those with all predators excluded. We conclude that the absence of the two species of aphid in the study site is influenced by the resident predator community, and by the availability of mutualists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK e-mail: c.godfray@ic.ac.uk Tel.: +44-1344-294215, Fax: +44-1344-294339, , , , , , GB.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK e-mail: c.godfray@ic.ac.uk Tel.: +44-1344-294215, Fax: +44-1344-294339, , , , , , GB.
authors.forename: H C J
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Godfray
keywords: Aphids; Dynamic monophagy; Key words Establishment; Mutualists; Predator community