title: Accuracy of Heart Rate Measurement Using Smartphones During Treadmill Exercise in Male Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of a smartphone application measuring heart rates (HRs), during an exercise and discussed clinical potential of the smartphone application for cardiac rehabilitation exercise programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with heart disease (14 with myocardial infarction, 2 with angina pectoris) were recruited. Exercise protocol was comprised of a resting stage, Bruce stage II, Bruce stage III, and a recovery stage. To measure HR, subjects held smartphone in their hands and put the tip of their index finger on the built-in camera for 1 minute at each exercise stage such as resting stage, Bruce stage II, Bruce stage III, and recovery stage. The smartphones recorded photoplethysmography signal and HR was calculated every heart beat. HR data obtained from the smartphone during the exercise protocol was compared with the HR data obtained from a Holter electrocardiography monitor (control).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In each exercise protocol stage (resting stage, Bruce stage II, Bruce stage III, and the recovery stage), the HR averages obtained from a Holter monitor were 76.40±12.73, 113.09±14.52, 115.64±15.15, and 81.53±13.08 bpm, respectively. The simultaneously measured HR averages obtained from a smartphone were 76.41±12.82, 112.38±15.06, 115.83±15.36, and 81.53±13 bpm, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval) was 1.00 (1.00-1.00), 0.99 (0.98-0.99), 0.94 (0.83-0.98), and 1.00 (0.99-1.00) in resting stage, Bruce stage II, Bruce stage III, and recovery stage, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the HRs measured by either device at each stage (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accuracy of measured HR from a smartphone was almost overlapped with the measurement from the Holter monitor in resting stage and recovery stage. However, we observed that the measurement error increased as the exercise intensity increased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Sun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9859-2563
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Seok
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8580-490X
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea.
authors.forename: Min Cheol
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2778-4194
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hee
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2758-124X
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea.
authors.forename: Se Eung
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8846-3282
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Noh
keywords: Exercise; Heart diseases; Heart rate; Rehabilitation; Smartphone