title: Diagnosis and treatment of communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation: Report of two cases and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation (CBPFM) is a rare congenital malformation involving both the digestive and respiratory systems. To our best knowledge, most cases of CBPFM reported in the literature were in infancy or adulthood and CBPFM in infantile is even rarer with a high case-fatality rate partly due to misdiagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We presented 2 cases of neonatal CBPFM. A 11-hour male newborn was admitted because of moaning for 7 hours, and a 1-day male newborn was referred to us with profuse foams, choking on breast-milk feeding and facial cyanosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the assistance of upper gastrointestinal tract imaging and contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography (CT), the diagnosis was established according to the most recent diagnostic criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case one recieved a lower left pneumonectomy and surgical repair of esophageal fistula. The case two was performed with a surgical repair of esophageal atresia and esophageal tracheal fistula firstly, and then also received a repair of communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation two weeks after the first operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The case one was cured and discharged 2 weeks after admission. Unfortunately the case two died from respiratory failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric surgeons should therefore be aware that type I CBPMF is rare and preoperative diagnosis is usually difficult. Maldiagnosis is uncommon because clinicians often focus their attention on esophageal atresia and neglect pulmonary abnormalities. Other than upper gastrointestinal tract radiography and CT scan, bronchoscopy should be considered in pediatric patients with esophageal atresia complicated with pulmonary abnormalities, knowing that bronchoscopy may help confirm the diagnosis and select surgical strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Liqiong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Baohong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hongyi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Caixia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D000402:Airway Obstruction; D004065:Digestive System Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015619:Respiratory System Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016156:Respiratory Tract Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014132:Trachea / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery