title: A mild thermomechanical process for the enzymatic conversion of radiata pine into fermentable sugars and lignin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conversion of softwoods into sustainable fuels and chemicals is important for parts of the world where softwoods are the dominant forest species. While they have high theoretical sugar yields, softwoods are amongst the most recalcitrant feedstocks for enzymatic processes, typically requiring both more severe pretreatment conditions and higher enzyme doses than needed for other lignocellulosic feedstocks. Although a number of processes have been proposed for converting softwoods into sugars suitable for fuel and chemical production, there is still a need for a high-yielding, industrially scalable and cost-effective conversion route.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We summarise work leading to the development of an efficient process for the enzymatic conversion of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) into wood sugars. The process involves initial pressurised steaming of wood chips under relatively mild conditions (173 °C for 3-72 min) without added acid catalyst. The steamed chips then pass through a compression screw to squeeze out a pressate rich in solubilised hemicelluloses. The pressed chips are disc-refined and wet ball-milled to produce a substrate which is rapidly saccharified using commercially available enzyme cocktails. Adding 0.1% polyethylene glycol during saccharification was found to be particularly effective with these substrates, reducing enzyme usage to acceptable levels, e.g. 5 FPU/g OD substrate. The pressate is separately hydrolysed using acid, providing additional hemicellulose-derived sugars, for an overall sugar yield of 535 kg/ODT chips (76% of theoretical). The total pretreatment energy input is comparable to other processes, with the additional energy for attrition being balanced by a lower thermal energy requirement. This pretreatment strategy produces substrates with low levels of fermentation inhibitors, so the glucose-rich mainline and pressate syrups can be fermented to ethanol without detoxification. The lignin from the process remains comparatively unmodified, as evident from the level of retained β-ether interunit linkages, providing an opportunity for conversion into saleable co-products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This process is an efficient route for the enzymatic conversion of radiata pine, and potentially other softwoods, into a sugar syrup suitable for conversion into fuels and chemicals. Furthermore, the process uses standard equipment that is largely proven at commercial scale, de-risking process scale-up.
authors.affiliation: Scion, 49 Sala St, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.affiliation: Scion, 49 Sala St, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand.|Department of Physics, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.affiliation: Scion, 49 Sala St, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.affiliation: Scion, 49 Sala St, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand.
authors.forename: Karl D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Murton
authors.affiliation: Scion, 49 Sala St, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand.
authors.forename: Roger H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: Scion, 49 Sala St, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand.|FP Innovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada.
authors.forename: Trevor R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Stuthridge
authors.affiliation: Scion, 49 Sala St, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kirk M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Torr
authors.affiliation: Scion, 49 Sala St, Rotorua, 3046 New Zealand.
authors.forename: Alankar A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vaidya
keywords: Ball-milling; Biofuels; Energy; Enzymatic conversion; Galactoglucomannans; Pine; Softwood; Sugar yield