title: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of nasal obstruction symptom evaluation questionnaire in Slovenian language.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nasal obstruction is highly subjective perception with numerous efforts being made towards objective measuring. Many instruments in quality of life studies encompass subjective symptom of nasal obstruction, but only NOSE has been properly validated and is easy to use in every day practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter prospective instrument validation and cross-cultural adaptation cohort study was conducted on patients with deviated nasal septum, with or without inferior turbinate hypertrophy, to develop the Slovenian version of NOSE questionnaire. A cross-cultural adaptation of the original questionnaire was done in five steps, producing Slovenian NOSE-si, used on a pilot group to confirm the quality of adapted tools and, afterwards, on the main study and control group. Symptoms were lasting for more than 12 months and all had an indication for septal surgery. A control group was selected from a pool of healthy subjects, self-assessed as having no rhinological complaints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NOSE-si was used on 116 patients (58 from the study group vs. 58 from the control group). High degree of internal consistency - Cronbach's a 0.971 and reliability after retesting - Goodman-Kruskal gamma coefficient 0.984 was proven. Responsiveness was confirmed in the surgery subgroup with standardized response mean (SRM) 2.76 (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study produced a valid Slovenian version of NOSE questionnaire through rigorous and well defined five-phase effort to maintain scientifically comparable QoL instrument, and may be used by clinicians and researchers.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Jure
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Urbančič
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soklič Košak
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Klemen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jenko
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Božanić Urbančič
authors.affiliation: Novo mesto General Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Šmihelska cesta 1, 8000 Novo mesto, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hudoklin
authors.affiliation: Celje General Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Oblakova 5, 3000 Celje, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Matej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delakorda
authors.affiliation: Community Health Centre dr. Adolfa Drolca Maribor, Ulica talcev 9, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Ajda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Juvanec
authors.affiliation: Kemofarmacija d.d., Cesta na Brdo 100, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zupančič Urbančič
authors.affiliation: Zavod Zdravje d.o.o, Ulica padlih borcev 22, 6258 Prestranek, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vadnjal
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Daša
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gluvajić
keywords: cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires; nasal obstruction; quality of life instruments