title: Engineered nano particles: Nature, behavior, and effect on the environment.
abstract: Increased application of engineered nano particles (ENPs) in production of various appliances and consumer items is increasing their presence in the natural environment. Although a wide variety of nano particles (NPs) are ubiquitously dispersed in ecosystems, risk assessment guidelines to describe their ageing, direct exposure, and long-term accumulation characteristics are poorly developed. In this review, we describe what is known about the life cycle of ENPs and their impact on natural systems and examine if there is a cohesive relationship between their transformation processes and bio-accessibility in various food chains. Different environmental stressors influence the fate of these particles in the environment. Composition of solid media, pore size, solution chemistry, mineral composition, presence of natural organic matter, and fluid velocity are some environmental stressors that influence the transformation, transport, and mobility of nano particles. Transformed nano particles can reduce cell viability, growth and morphology, enhance oxidative stress, and damage DNA in living organisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
authors.forename: Linee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, South Korea. Electronic address: kkim61@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ki-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30 C, Chandigarh, 160030, India.
authors.forename: Akash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deep
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
authors.forename: Pallabi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India. Electronic address: satya72@tezu.ernet.in.
authors.forename: Satya Sundar
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Earth and Mineral Science, The Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adedeji A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adelodun
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: Bioavailability; Distribution; Eco-toxicity; Engineered nano particles; Retention; Transformation