title: Evaluation of the five-year Bloomberg Philanthropies Global Road Safety Program in the Russian Federation.
abstract: Road traffic injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In Russia, a road safety program was implemented in Lipetskaya and Ivanovskaya oblasts (regions) as part of a 10-country effort funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies. The program was focused on increasing seat belt and child restraint use and reducing speeding. The primary goals of this monitoring and evaluation study are to assess trends in seat belt use, child restraint use, and speed compliance in the two oblasts over the 5 years and to explore the overall impact of the program on road traffic injury and death rates. Primary data via roadside observations and interviews, and secondary data from official government sources were collected and analyzed for this study. Our results indicate significant improvements in seat belt wearing and child seat use rates and in prevalence of speeding in both intervention oblasts. The observations were consistent with the results from the roadside interviews. In Lipetskaya, restraint use by all occupants increased from 52.4% (baseline, October 2010) to 77.4% (final round, October 2014) and child restraint use increased from 20.9% to 54.1% during the same period. In Ivanovskaya, restraint use by all occupants increased from 48% (baseline, April 2012) to 88.7% (final round, October 2014) and child restraint use increased from 20.6% to 89.4% during the same period. In Lipetskaya, the overall prevalence of speeding (vehicles driving above speed limit) declined from 47.0% (baseline, July 2011) to 30.4% (final round, October 2014) and a similar pattern was observed in Ivanovskaya where the prevalence of speeding decreased from 54.6% (baseline, March 2012) to 46.6% (final round, October 2014). Through 2010-2014, the road traffic crash and injury rates per 100,000 population decreased in Lipetskaya oblast (191.5 and 246.9 in 2010 and 170.4 and 208.6 in 2014, respectively) and slightly increased in Ivanovskaya oblast (184.4 and 236.0 in 2010 and 186.7 and 243.4 in 2014, respectively). These road safety improvements are associated with the program that enabled a combined focus on policy reform, legislation, enforcement, advocacy, education, and data collection and use. However, the existence of other road safety efforts, lack of data from comparable regions, and unavailability of risk factor-specific data make it difficult to attribute these changes to the program.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, USA. Electronic address: sgupta23@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Suite E-8636, Baltimore, USA. Electronic address: npaicha1@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Paichadze
authors.affiliation: Department of Highway Transportation, Ivanovo State Polytechnic University, 20 8 March Street, Ivanovo 153037, Russian Federation. Electronic address: gritsenko.lena@yandex.ru.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gritsenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Transportation Management, Lipetsk State Technical University, 30 Moskovskaya Street, Lipetsk 398600, Russian Federation. Electronic address: vllk@list.ru.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Klyavin
authors.affiliation: WHO Office in the Russian Federation, 9 Leontyevsky pereulok, Moscow 125009, Russian Federation. Electronic address: yurasovae@who.int.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yurasova
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Suite E-8132, Baltimore, USA. Electronic address: ahyder1@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hyder
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012449:Safety; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Monitoring and evaluation; Road safety; Roadside interview; Roadside observation; Russia; Seat belt; Speeding