title: Can galvanic skin conductance be used as an objective indicator of children's anxiety in the dental setting?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of procedural distress is essential at assisting children during invasive dental treatments. This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of galvanic skin response as a measure for assessment of dental anxiety in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  151 children, aged 5-7 years, participated in this study. Similar dental treatments were rendered to all subjects. At the beginning and end of the session, modified child dental anxiety scale (MCDAS), clinical anxiety rating scale (CARS) and galvanic skin response (GSR) were used to determine children's anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSR was significantly correlated with both MCDAS (rs=0.62,p=0.02) and CARS (rs=0.44,p=0.032). The correlation between MCDAS and CARS was also significant (rs = 0.9,P<0.001). Anxiety decreased during the session in both GSR (rs=0.52,p=0.001) and MCDAS scales (rs=0.77,p=0.001). CARS also showed a reduction between the initial and second assessment, but it was not statistically significant (rs=0.12,P=0.36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that GSR is a reliable and valid measure for assessment of children's dental anxiety in the clinical context. GSR may help to identify clinically anxious children before dental treatment to provide appropriate interventions.Key words:Dental anxiety, reliability, validity, galvanic skin response.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Najafpour
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Naser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Asl-Aminabadi
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nuroloyuni
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.affiliation: Research Fellow and Lecturer, Dental and Periodental Research Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Biotechnology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shirazi