title: Ultrasonographic Validation of Anatomical Landmarks for Localization of the Tendon of the Long Head of Biceps Brachii.
abstract: Objectives. To establish anatomical landmarks for biceps tendon groove localization based on intrinsic anatomical relations and to validate the localization with ultrasonographic measurement.Design. Perspective, observational, single-blinded pilot study.Participants. 25 healthy male and female volunteers ages 24-50 years.Methods. We used two anatomical landmarks, the medial epicondyle vertical line related landmark and the coracoid process landmark. The distance from the groove skin mark to the medial epicondyle vertical line and the coracoid process was measured horizontally and was measured at 0° and 45° of shoulder external rotation, respectively.Results. Medial epicondyle vertical lines were 9.3 mm/21.5 mm medial to the groove at 0°/45° of shoulder external rotation, respectively. Correlation coefficients were 0.04/0.10, 0.32/0.42, and 0.26/0.37 for weight, height, and BMI in 0°/45° of shoulder external rotation, respectively. The distance between the coracoid process and the groove was 44.0 mm/62.2 mm in 0°/45° of shoulder external rotation, respectively. Correlation coefficients were 0.36/0.41, 0.36/0.54, and 0.18/0.12 for weight, height, and BMI in 0°/45° of shoulder external rotation, respectively.Conclusions. The medial epicondyle vertical line and the coracoid process landmark are both useful anatomical landmarks to localize the biceps groove. The anatomical landmark based localization is essentially not correlated with subject's weight, height, or BMI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Saiyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harrell
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0551-7442
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D000070597:Coracoid Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012782:Shoulder / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D014463:Ultrasonography