title: Fitness consequences of egg-size variation in the lesser snow goose.
abstract: We investigated the relationship between eggsize variation and (a) egg hatching success, (b) chick survival to fledging and recruitment, and (c) adult female survival, over 12 years in the lesser snow goose (Anser caerulescens caerulescens). By comparing the means and variances of egg size for successful and unsuccessful eggs, our aim was to assess the relative fitness of eggs of different sizes and to determine the type of selection operating on egg size in this species. As both egg size and reproductive success vary with age in the lesser snow goose we controlled for the effects of female age. Egg-size variation is very marked in this population, varying by up to 52% for eggs hatching successfully. However, there was no relationship between egg size and post-hatching survival of goslings to fledging or recruitment, either within or between broods, pooling across years. Egg size varied significantly between successful and unsuccessful clutches in only 2 of 33 individual year comparisons. First-laid eggs surviving to onset of incubation, and eggs hatching successfully, were on average larger than unsuccessful eggs, but this was probably due to the confounding effects of female age-specific and sequence-specific egg survival. Variance of egg size differed significantly between successful and unsuccessful eggs in only 3 of 24, and 0 of 21, individual year comparisons for pre- and post-hatching survival respectively. We therefore found little evidence for a relationship between egg-size variation and offspring fitness, or for strong directional, normalising or diversifying selection operating on egg size, in the lesser snow goose. In addition, there was only weak support for the hypothesis that egg-size variation is maintained by temporal variation in selection pressure (sensu Ankney and Bisset 1973). It is likely that egg-size variation represents the pleiotropic expression of alleles affecting more general physiological or metabolic processes. While this does not rule out the existence of alleles with more direct effects on egg size we suggest that their contribution to heritable egg size is small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, PO Box 601, S10 2UQ, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Queen's University, K7L 3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Lank
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Queen's University, K7L 3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.affiliation: Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, 10024, New York, USA.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Rockwell
keywords: Egg size; Fitness consequences; Lesser snow goose; Offspring survival; Selection