title: Therapeutic Algorithm for Congenital Ptosis Repair with Levator Resection and Frontalis Suspension: Results and Literature Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several treatments have been described for the treatment of congenital ptosis, but there are few studies that analyze the effectiveness of a therapeutic approach rather than a single technique.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of our therapeutic algorithm, which relies on levator muscle resection and frontalis suspension with silicone rods, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or autologous fascia lata.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed all patients affected by congenital ptosis who underwent corrective surgery at a single department between January 1998 and January 2016.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 116 procedures were performed in 86 patients, accounting for 35 levator resections, 67 frontalis suspensions, and 14 revisions. A satisfactory result was observed in 65 cases after one procedure (75.6%). Complications occurred in 13 cases after primary surgery (15.1%). Ptosis relapse was observed in 25 cases after primary procedure (21.5%). Frontalis suspension displayed a higher number of complications than levator resection (22.2% vs 3.1%, p=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our therapeutic algorithm was effective in 75.6% after one procedure. Frontalis suspension procedures encountered a higher rate of complication than levator resection. Fascia lata should be preferred to silicon rods whenever possible due to the lower recurrence rate. These issues confirm the therapeutic algorithm, although larger prospective studies are necessary to validate our approach.
authors.affiliation: a Plastic Surgery Department, Policlinico di Monza , Monza , Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gazzola
authors.affiliation: b Pediatric Ophtalmology Department , Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piozzi
authors.affiliation: c Plastic Surgery Department , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , San Donato Milanese , Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vaienti
authors.affiliation: d Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service , Ospedale San Raffaele , Milan , Italy.|e Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wilhelm Baruffaldi Preis
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Algorithm; frontalis suspension; levator resection; ptosis; treatment