title: Nanosalina: A Tale of Saline-Loving Algae from the Lake's Agony to Cancer Therapy.
abstract: The nanoparticles (NPs) that contain the therapeutic agent within themselves without further modifications can be coined as "self-therapeutic" NPs. The development of these agents especially when derived from natural resources can lead to a paradigm shift in the field of cancer nanotechnology as they can immensely facilitate the complex chemistry procedures and the follow up biological complications. Herein, we demonstrate that inherently therapeutic NPs "integrating" β-carotene can be synthesized from Dunaliella salina microalgae in a single step without complicated chemistry. The facile synthesis involved microwave irradiation of aqueous suspension of algae which resulted in water dispersible NPs with hydrodynamic diameter of ∼80 nm. Subsequently, extensive physiochemical characterizations were performed to confirm the integrity of the particles. The pro-oxidant activities of the integrated β-carotene were triggered by photoexcitation under UV lamp (362 nm). It was demonstrated that after UV exposure, the C32 human melanoma cells incubated with NPs experienced extensive cell death as opposed to nonilluminated samples. Further cellular analysis revealed that the significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) and in particular singlet oxygen were responsible for the cells' damage while the mode of cell death was dominated by apoptosis. Moreover, detailed endocytic inhibition studies specified that UV exposure affected NPs' cellular uptake mechanism. These inherently therapeutic NPs can open new avenues for melanoma cancer treatment via ROS generation in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ostadhossein
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Santosh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Aaron S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Schwartz-Duval
authors.affiliation: Illinois Sustainability Technology Center, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Brajendra K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7035-9380
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering,, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Dipanjan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0175-4704
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D060106:Lakes; D058086:Microalgae; D053758:Nanoparticles; D036103:Nanotechnology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Dunaliella salina microalgae; apoptosis; carbon dot; inherently therapeutic nanoparticles; reactive oxygen species