title: Direct and indirect effects of predation by Saduria entomon (Isopoda) on the size-structure of Monoporeia affinis (Amphipoda).
abstract: We performed a 6-month laboratory experiment to investigate the direct and indirect effects of predation by the benthic invertebrate predator Saduria entomon on the growth and survival of Monopreia affinis prey individuals in different age-cohorts at low and high prey densities. The experimental results were compared with changes of growth and abundance in corresponding age-cohorts of M. affinis at sites with different S. entomon and M. affinis densities in the deep sublittoral zone of the Bothnian Sea during the same year. In the experiment, the presence of S. entomon reduced growth rate of M. affinis in the 1-year and 2-year age-cohorts at low amphipod density. Increased refuge use by M. affinis, expressed as a decrease in swimming activity in the presence of S. entomon, is suggested to have reduced feeding rate and therefore growth of the amphipods. The recruitment of M. affinis offspring was reduced in presence of S. entomon. In the field, the growth rate of amphipods in the 1-year cohort increased with increasing S. entomon density at low amphipod density. We found no corresponding increase of M. affinis growth in the 2-year cohort. The positive effect on 1-year amphipod growth indicated that predation reduced intra-cohort competition of M. affinis and increased growth of surviving prey at high predator density. In both the experiment and the field data we found indications of size-selective predation on smaller M. affinis specimens. This was because of the changed ratio between number of individuals in the juvenile age-cohorts and lower recruitment of amphipod offspring connected to S. entomon density. The experimental results and field data suggest that predation by S. entomon may have both direct and indirect effects on the size-structure of M. affinis populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden e-mail: Erik.Sparrevik@animecol.umu.se Tel.: +46-90-7865267; Fax: +46-90-7867665, , , , , , SE.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sparrevik
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden e-mail: Erik.Sparrevik@animecol.umu.se Tel.: +46-90-7865267; Fax: +46-90-7867665, , , , , , SE.
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leonardsson
keywords: Avoidance behaviour; Key wordsMonoporeia affinis; Predation; Saduria entomon; Size-structure