title: Sexual dimorphism and fruit production in a dioecious understory tree, Ilex opaca Ait.
abstract: This study suggested that sexual selection is potentially an important factor in the maintenance of dioecy in the American holly, Ilex opaca (Aquifoliaceae). Sexual dimorphisms in flower production and phenology were highly significant in this understory tree. On average, individual males produced 7.4 times as many flowers as did female trees. Staminate flowers lasted only a single day, whereas pistillate flowers lasted 3-4 days, during which they showed no significant decline in their ability to produce fruit after pollination. Individual male trees opened their flower buds asynchronously during the season, maximizing the number of days they were in flower. Individual females opened their buds more synchronously, maximizing their floral display at one point in time. Females produced fruits in numbers that were somewhat less than proportional to their flower production. Fruit development was initiated from only 38.9% and 69.5% of pistillate flowers in 1987 and 1988, respectively. By the time of ripening, an average female had lost 62.3%, 24.3%, and 11.1% of its initial fruit crop in 1986, 1987, and 1988, respectively. The proportion of fruit lost in 1986 was independent of the number of fruit that initially began development. In 1988, artifically supplementing pollen to a large number of flowers failed to increase either fruit or seed production relative to control branches with unsupplemented flowers. This suggested that resource levels were likely more important than pollen availability in limiting female reproductive success. These observations on I. opaca were consistent with the expectations for a population in which male reproductive success continues to benefit from continued pollinator service and female reproductive success does not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Carr
keywords: Dioecy; Flowering phenology; Holly; Pollen limitation; Sexual selection