title: The effect of radiation dose on the onset and progression of radiation-induced brain necrosis in the rat model.
abstract: To provide a comprehensive understanding of how the selection of radiation dose affects the temporal and spatial progression of radiation-induced necrosis in the rat model.
  
  
  
  Necrosis was induced with a single fraction of radiation exposure, at doses ranging between 20 and 60 Gy, to the right hemisphere of 8-week-old Fischer rats from a linear accelerator. The development and progression of necrosis in the rats was monitored and quantified every other week with T1- and T2-weighted gadolinium contrast-enhanced MRI studies.
  
  
  
  The time to onset of necrosis was found to be dose-dependent, but after the initial onset, the necrosis progression rate and total volume generated was constant across different doses ranging between 30 and 60 Gy. Radiation doses less than 30 Gy did not develop necrosis within 33 weeks after treatment, indicating a dose threshold existing between 20 and 30 Gy.
  
  
  
  The highest dose used in this study led to the shortest time to onset of radiation-induced necrosis, while producing comparable disease progression dynamics after the onset. Therefore, for the radiation-induced necrosis rat model using a linear accelerator, the most optimum results were generated from a dose of 60 Gy.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Brad A
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4252-4745
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hartl
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Htet S W
authors.initials: HSW
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences , University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Katherine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: c Department of Radiation Oncology , University of California Davis School of Medicine , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perks
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences , University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.affiliation: c Department of Radiation Oncology , University of California Davis School of Medicine , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Ruben C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Fragoso
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marcu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344
keywords: Radiation; animal model; brain; necrosis