title: Gradual escalation of use-of-force reduces police officer injury.
abstract: To examine how escalation through the force continuum predicts officer injury in the presence of citizen aggression, while controlling for extraneous factors, like citizen and officer characteristics.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional data were extracted from 2244 use-of-force reports from the Dallas Police Department in 2015. Multilevel, mixed logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between use of force and officer injury. Multilevel path analysis tested indirect and direct relationships between citizen aggression and officer injury.
  
  
  
  Results suggest that gradual escalation through the force continuum significantly decreases officer injury when a citizen is actively aggressive (β=-1.06, p value <0.001). Further, non-Hispanic black officers (β=-0.22, p value <0.001) and Hispanic officers (β=-0.08, p value <0.05) are less likely to gradually escalate through the force continuum, due to lower odds of verbal commands (black: OR=0.51, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.68; Hispanic: OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.99) and hard-empty hand control (black: OR=0.58, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.77) compared with white officers. Finally, officers with higher tenure (β=-0.01, p value <0.001) are less likely to gradually escalate through the force continuum.
  
  
  
  Escalation through the force continuum significantly reduces police officer injury. Future research should assess whether further environmental or situational factors contribute to the strong relationship between use of force and officer injury. Also, reliability and validity testing of use-of-force reports is an imperative direction for future research.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas School of Public Health, Dallas Regional Campus, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Katelyn K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Jetelina
authors.affiliation: University of Texas School of Public Health, Dallas Regional Campus, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reingle Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Caruth Police Institute, University of North Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bishopp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000378:Agonistic Behavior; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000069581:Exposure to Violence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016495:Police; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*