title: Community-wide patterns of parasitism of a host "generalist" brood-parasitic cowbird.
abstract: The brown-headed cowbird (Molothrusater) is a generalist obligate brood parasite. Despite intensive study and growing concern over the negative impact of cowbird parasitism on populations of many hosts, very little is known about the factors influencing community-wide patterns of cowbird parasitism. Using systematic nest searches, nest parasitism was studied over two breeding seasons at a study site in northeastern Illinois encompassing grassland, forest-edge, and forest habitat, supporting a diverse avian community. Parasitism was observed for 18 out of 34 altricial bird species found nesting at the study site. A total of 299 cowbird eggs and nestlings were found in 191 of a total of 593 nests. Analyses revealed several ecological and behavioral factors associated with frequency of parasitism and the resulting distribution of cowbird eggs. Much higher frequencies of parasitism were found in edge and forest habitats than in grassland. Within the edge habitat, open nests were parasitized significantly more often than cavity nests. Among open nests in the edge habitat, the two largest species were never parasitized. Host behavior, particularly egg-ejection behavior, was associated with a reduced observed frequency of parasitism, but at least three species known to eject cowbird eggs were sometimes parasitized. For six common hosts capable of rearing cowbirds, we found no correlation between level of parasitism and host nest-survivorship, suggesting that fine-grained assessments of host quality by female cowbirds do not influence patterns of parasitism among acceptable host species, or that differences in host quality are not great and/or predictable enough for such fine-grained assessments. Our results suggest that when a variety of possible nests are available, the level of parasitism on a particular species is a balance between a␣cowbird's preference for a particular species and the effectiveness of host species' defenses. A conceptual model was developed that incorporates the observed correlation of cowbird eggs or nestlings with habitat, nest-type, host species' body mass, and host behavioral defenses. Additional community-wide studies of cowbird parasitism will test if this model is applicable to other avian communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences (M/C 066), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA e-mail: bstraul@icarus.uic.edu; Fax: (773)-477-3689, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Bill M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Strausberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences (M/C 066), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA e-mail: bstraul@icarus.uic.edu; Fax: (773)-477-3689, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Mary V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Ashley
keywords: Brood parasitism; Host choice; Key words Brown-headed cowbird; Molothrusater