title: A cryptic mitochondrial DNA link between North European and West African dogs.
abstract: Domestic dogs have an ancient origin and a long history in Africa. Nevertheless, the timing and sources of their introduction into Africa remain enigmatic. Herein, we analyse variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences from 345 Nigerian and 37 Kenyan village dogs plus 1530 published sequences of dogs from other parts of Africa, Europe and West Asia. All Kenyan dogs can be assigned to one of three haplogroups (matrilines; clades): A, B, and C, while Nigerian dogs can be assigned to one of four haplogroups A, B, C, and D. None of the African dogs exhibits a matrilineal contribution from the African wolf (Canis lupus lupaster). The genetic signal of a recent demographic expansion is detected in Nigerian dogs from West Africa. The analyses of mitochondrial genomes reveal a maternal genetic link between modern West African and North European dogs indicated by sub-haplogroup D1 (but not the entire haplogroup D) coalescing around 12,000 years ago. Incorporating molecular anthropological evidence, we propose that sub-haplogroup D1 in West African dogs could be traced back to the late-glacial dispersals, potentially associated with human hunter-gatherer migration from southwestern Europe.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
authors.forename: Adeniyi C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Adeola
authors.affiliation: Animal Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya.
authors.forename: Sheila C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ommeh
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
authors.forename: Jiao-Jiao
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria.
authors.forename: S Charles
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Olaogun
authors.affiliation: Taraba State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jalingo 660221, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oscar J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Sanke
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
authors.forename: Ting-Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Dong
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
authors.forename: Zhong-Yin
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
authors.forename: Jacqueline K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lichoti
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
authors.forename: Bernard R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Agwanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi 972261, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dawuda
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto M5S 2C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China. Electronic address: pengminsheng@mail.kiz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Min-Sheng
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China. Electronic address: zhangyp@mail.kiz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Ya-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western; D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004285:Dogs / Q000235:genetics*; D005060:Europe; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Africa; Dog; Haplogroup D; Hybridization; Late-glacial dispersal; Mitochondrial DNA