title: Discrimination among pinyon pine trees by Clark's Nutcrackers: effects of cone crop size and cone characters.
abstract: The influences of Colorado pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) cone crop size, cone and seed weight, cone length, number of seeds per cone, number of viable seeds, and percent viable seeds on the foraging behavior of avian seed dispersal agents were examined in field and laboratory settings. In the field, there was a significant positive relationship between cone number per tree and both the absolute number of cones and the percentage of the cone crop from which seeds were harvested. Cone weight and the number of viable seeds were also significantly related to seed harvest intensity. Laboratory experiments examined the relationship between crop size and cone characters on seed harvest by 18 Clark's Nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana). Nutcrackers were offered a choice of two tree types: one with 20 cones attached, and another with 10 cones attached. Significantly more birds chose to remove seeds first from the tree with 20 cones than the tree with 10 cones. In timed trials, they also harvested seeds from significantly more cones on the tree with the higher cone density. In the laboratory, cones chosen for seed removal by the nutcrackers had significantly more viable seeds, more seeds, and were longer compared to cones that were not chosen. Such discriminatory foraging behavior may increase avian foraging efficiency and result in differential reproductive success of pinyon pines. This behavior may therefore influence the evolution of pinyon pine reproductive traits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Box 5640, 86011, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Kerry M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Box 5640, 86011, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Whitham
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Box 5640, 86011, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Russell P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Balda
keywords: Clark's Nutcracker; Discriminatory foraging behavior; Nucifraga columbiana; Pinus edulis; Pinyon pine reproduction