title: Wash or wipe? A comparative study of skin physiological changes between water washing and wiping after skin cleaning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Presently, skin-cleaning agents that claim to be removed by water or wiping alone are commercially available and have been used for the purpose of bed baths. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how water washing and wiping differently affect skin physiological functions or ceramide content. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of water washing and wiping on skin physiological functions and ceramide content.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three kinds of the cleaning agents with different removal techniques (ie, water washing and wiping) were used in this study. Skin physiological functions (ie, transepidermal water loss, skin hydration, and skin pH) and skin ceramide content were measured before and after seven consecutive days of the application of each cleaning agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in skin physiological functions or ceramide content were observed between water washing and wiping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cleaning agents that claim to be removed by water washing or wiping do not affect skin physiological functions or ceramide content by either removal method.
authors.affiliation: Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3462-9320
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogai
authors.affiliation: Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.|Department of Clinical Nursing, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.|Advanced Health Care Science Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (InFiniti), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sugama
mesh_terms: D002518:Ceramides / Q000032:analysis; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003902:Detergents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D006920:Hygiene; D000074267:Organism Hydration Status / Q000187:drug effects; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D017592:Skin Care; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D014867:Water; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D003902:Detergents; D014867:Water
keywords: ceramide; cleaning agent; skin hydration; skin pH; skin physiological function; transepidermal water loss; water washing; wiping