title: Arrhythmia risk and β-blocker therapy in pregnant women with long QT syndrome.
abstract: Pregnancy is one of the biggest concerns for women with long QT syndrome (LQTS).
  
  
  
  This study investigated pregnancy-related arrhythmic risk and the efficacy and safety of β-blocker therapy for lethal ventricular arrhythmias in pregnant women with LQTS (LQT-P) and their babies.
  
  
  
  136 pregnancies in 76 LQT-P (29±5 years old; 22 LQT1, 36 LQT2, one LQT3, and 17 genotype-unknown) were enrolled. We retrospectively analysed their clinical and electrophysiological characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in the presence (BB group: n=42) or absence of β-blocker therapy (non-BB group: n=94).
  
  
  
  All of the BB group had been diagnosed with LQTS with previous events, whereas 65% of the non-BB group had not been diagnosed at pregnancy. Pregnancy increased heart rate in the non-BB group; however, no significant difference was observed in QT and Tpeak-Tendintervals between the two groups. In the BB group, only two events occurred at postpartum, whereas 12 events occurred in the non-BB group during pregnancy (n=6) or postpartum period (n=6). The frequency of spontaneous abortion did not differ between the two groups. Fetal growth rate and proportion of infants with congenital malformation were similar between the two groups, but premature delivery and low birthweight infants were more common in those taking BB (OR 4.79, 95% CI 1.51 to 15.21 and OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.17 to 9.09, respectively).
  
  
  
  Early diagnosis and β-blocker therapy for high-risk patients with LQTS are important for prevention of cardiac events during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and β-blocker therapy may be tolerated for babies in LQT-P cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.|Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aiba
authors.affiliation: Department of Perinatal and Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Chizuko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Perinatal and Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Perinatal and Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Heima
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikutaro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Motomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobue
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yagihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Science, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Kanae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Training, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Iwate, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogino
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Health Science Center, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Sato
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imashiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Health Science Center, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Data Science, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Koko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.affiliation: Department of Perinatal and Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshimatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Perinatal and Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamakura
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akasaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.|Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Kengo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kusano
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists
keywords: Cardiac arrhythmias and resuscitation science; Clinical genetics; ECG/electrocardiogram; Pharmacology; Pregnancy