title: Screening for Anger and Sleep Difficulties.
abstract: Mental health screens are designed to detect individuals at risk of psychological disorders. In the military setting of this study, these disorders were post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use. This study extends the literature on deployment-related mental health screening by including measures of sleep difficulties and anger as predictors of postdeployment PTSD and alcohol abuse. Evidence that measures of anger and sleep difficulties contribute incremental validity to the prediction of postdeployment mental health problems, including substance abuse, would be helpful in designing interventions to assist the rehabilitation of returning personnel.
  
  
  
  A test battery containing the PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) to screen for PTSD, the Kessler 10 to screen for psychological distress, a Sleep Difficulties scale, an exposure to trauma scale, and an anger scale was administered to 212 personnel nearing completion of a deployment to the Middle East. A second battery containing the PCL-C, the Kessler 10, and a measure of alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT]) was administered to the same personnel 3 to 6 months after return to Australia. Hierarchical regression analyses assessed the predictive validity of measures of psychological distress (anxiety and depression), PTSD symptomatology, sleep disturbance, and anger in relation to postdeployment measures of PTSD symptomatology and alcohol use.
  
  
  
  Time 1 measures predicted 24.4% of the variance in postdeployment PCL-C scores and 13.1% of the variance in AUDIT scores, with the Sleep Difficulties scale contributing to the prediction of the PCL-C score and the anger scale helping to predict AUDIT scores.
  
  
  
  On the basis of these findings, we recommend the inclusion of improved measures of both anger and sleep difficulties in end-of-deployment mental health screens. A less behaviorally specific and more wide-ranging anger scale is recommended for future studies that aim to evaluate the role of anger in screening batteries. Our findings suggest that the Sleep Difficulties scale used in this study would be a worthwhile addition to mental health screening because it is moderately correlated with both Time 1 and Time 2 measures of PTSD symptomatology and psychological distress. Furthermore, there is minimal stigma associated with the experience of sleep difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Joint Health Command, Australian Government Department of Defence, CP3-7-156, Campbell Park Offices, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2600.
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Sustainable Business and Development, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia, 4350.
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fogarty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000786:Anger; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires