title: Effects of larval age and prolonged simulated acid rain on the susceptibility of European pine sawfly to virus infection.
abstract: We studied the effect of simulated acid rain treatment of host trees on the susceptibility of the European pine sawfly larvae to virus, and possible differences when larvae of two different ages were infected. Older larvae were less susceptible to virus. Most larvae treated with virus 2 days after they started feeding on experimental foliage (group A) died rapidly within 10 days after the virus treatment, and survival to the end of the larval period was only 8-25%. Larvae treated with virus 1 week later (group B) were less affected by the virus and 36-49% survived. In group A the larval survival in the pH 3 treatment was higher than in other treatments; at the end of the larval period the difference was twofold. In group B there were no clear effects of acid rain on the susceptibility of larvae to virus. The study yielded the following new information: (1) the effect of prolonged acid rain treatment on reducing the efficacy of virus on young larvae was more distinct than in a previous study with shorter exposure to acid rain, and the difference was maintained to the end of larval period; (2) the susceptibility of older larvae to virus was not affected by acid rain treatments; (3) pH inside the needles did not explain the larval mortality caused by virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ecological Zoology, University of Turku, SF-20500, Turku, Finland.|Kevo Subarctic Research Institute, SF-20500, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Saikkonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ecological Zoology, University of Turku, SF-20500, Turku, Finland.|Kevo Subarctic Research Institute, SF-20500, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neuvonen
keywords: Age-related susceptibility to disease; Neodiprion sertifer; Nuclear polyhedrosis virus; Simulated acid rain; pH of needles