title: Iodine and Selenium Intakes of Postmenopausal Women in New Zealand.
abstract: Iodine and selenium are required for thyroid function. This study investigated iodine and selenium intakes in healthy, women aged 50-70 years (n= 97) from three cities in the North Island of New Zealand, after mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt. Iodine and selenium concentrations were determined in 24-h urine samples; daily intakes were extrapolated from amounts in urine (90% and 55% of daily intake, respectively). Three day diet diaries (3DDD) also estimated selenium and iodine (excluding iodised salt) intake. Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 57 (41, 78) µg/L, indicating mild iodine deficiency. Estimated median iodine intake based on urine was 138 (100, 172) µg/day, below Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) (150 µg/day) with 25% below Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (100 µg/day). Estimated median selenium intake was 50 (36, 71) µg/day based on urine and 45 (36, 68) µg/day using 3DDD, below RDI (60 µg/day) with 49%-55% below EAR (50 µg/day). Median bread intakes were low at 1.8 (1.1, 2.7) serves/day; 25% consumed ≤1 serve/day. Although population iodine intakes improved following mandatory fortification, some had low intakes. Selenium intakes remain low. Further research should investigate thyroid function of low consumers of iodine fortified bread and/or selenium in New Zealand.
authors.affiliation: Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. l.brough@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brough
authors.affiliation: Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. caroline.gunn@fonterra.com.|Fonterra Research & Development Centre, Private Bag 11029, Dairy Farm Road, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. caroline.gunn@fonterra.com.
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.affiliation: Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. j.l.weber@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. j.coad@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coad
authors.affiliation: Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. y.jin@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. j.a.thomson@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Jasmine S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. mathilde.mauze@etu.unilasalle.fr.
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mauze
authors.affiliation: Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. m.c.kruger@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Marlena C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kruger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001939:Bread; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000652:urine*; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine; D012643:Selenium
keywords: iodine; iodine fortification; postmenopausal women; selenium