title: Regenerative and Antibacterial Properties of Acellular Fish Skin Grafts and Human Amnion/Chorion Membrane: Implications for Tissue Preservation in Combat Casualty Care.
abstract: Improvised explosive devices and new directed energy weapons are changing warfare injuries from penetrating wounds to large surface area thermal and blast injuries. Acellular fish skin is used for tissue repair and during manufacturing subjected to gentle processing compared to biologic materials derived from mammals. This is due to the absence of viral and prion disease transmission risk, preserving natural structure and composition of the fish skin graft.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to assess properties of acellular fish skin relevant for severe battlefield injuries and to compare those properties with those of dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane.
  
  
  
  We evaluated cell ingrowth capabilities of the biological materials with microscopy techniques. Bacterial barrier properties were tested with a 2-chamber model.
  
  
  
  The microstructure of the acellular fish skin is highly porous, whereas the microstructure of dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane is mostly nonporous. The fish skin grafts show superior ability to support 3-dimensional ingrowth of cells compared to dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane (p < 0.0001) and the fish skin is a bacterial barrier for 24 to 48 hours.
  
  
  
  The unique biomechanical properties of the acellular fish skin graft make it ideal to be used as a conformal cover for severe trauma and burn wounds in the battlefield.
authors.affiliation: Kerecis Limited, Eyrargata 2, 400 Isafjordur, Iceland.
authors.forename: Skuli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.affiliation: Kerecis Limited, Eyrargata 2, 400 Isafjordur, Iceland.
authors.forename: Baldur Tumi
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Baldursson
authors.affiliation: Kerecis Limited, Eyrargata 2, 400 Isafjordur, Iceland.
authors.forename: Hilmar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kjartansson
authors.affiliation: Center for Systems Biology, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Ottar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rolfsson
authors.affiliation: Kerecis Limited, Eyrargata 2, 400 Isafjordur, Iceland.
authors.forename: Gudmundur Fertram
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Sigurjonsson
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy; D002056:Burns / Q000188:drug therapy; D002823:Chorion / Q000473:pathology; D005396:Fish Products / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000379:methods; D000066450:Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions