title: Maternal labor force participation and differences by education in an urban birth cohort study - 1998-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal labor force participation has increased dramatically over the last 40 years, yet surprisingly little is known about longitudinal patterns of maternal labor force participation in the years after a birth, or how these patterns vary by education.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We document variation by maternal education in mothers' labor force participation (timing, intensity, non-standard work, multiple job-holding) over the first nine years after the birth of a child.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N~3000) to predict longitudinal labor force participation in a recent longitudinal sample of mothers who gave birth in large US cities between 1998 and 2000. Families were followed until children were age 9, through 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Labor force participation gradually increases in the years after birth for mothers with high school or less education, whereas for mothers with some college or more, participation increases between ages 1 and 3 and then remains mostly stable thereafter. Mothers with less than high school education have the highest rates of unemployment (actively seeking work), which remain high compared with all other education groups, whose unemployment declines over time. Compared with all other education groups, mothers with some college have the highest rates of labor force participation, but also high rates of part-time employment, non-standard work, and multiple job-holding.
  Simple conceptualizations of labor force participation do not fully capture the dynamics of labor force attachment for mothers in terms of intensity, timing of entry, and type of work hours, as well as differences by maternal education.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Ann Arbor, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pilkauskas
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waldfogel
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brooks-Gunn