title: Antagonistic Activity and Mode of Action of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid, Produced by Marine BacteriumPseudomonas aeruginosaPA31x, AgainstVibrio anguillarum In vitroand in a ZebrafishIn vivoModel.
abstract: Phenazine and its derivatives are very important secondary metabolites produced fromPseudomonasspp. and have exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal and antibacterial activities. However, till date, there are few reports about marine derivedPseudomonasand its production of phenazine metabolites. In this study, we isolated a marinePseudomonas aeruginosastrain PA31x which produced natural product inhibiting the growth ofVibrio anguillarumC312, one of the most serious bacterial pathogens in marine aquaculture. Combining high-resolution electro-spray-ionization mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses, the functional compound againstV. anguillarumwas demonstrated to be phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), an important phenazine derivative. Molecular studies indicated that the production of PCA byP. aeruginosaPA31x was determined by gene clustersphz1andphz2in its genome. Electron microscopic results showed that treatment ofV. anguillarumwith PCA developed complete lysis of bacterial cells with fragmented cytoplasm being released to the surrounding environment. Additional evidence indicated that reactive oxygen species generation preceded PCA-induced microbe and cancer cell death. Notably, treatment with PCA gave highly significant protective activities against the development ofV. anguillarumC312 on zebrafish. Additionally, the marine derived PCA was further found to effectively inhibit the growth of agricultural pathogens,Acidovorax citrulliNP1 andPhytophthora nicotianaeJM1. Taken together, this study reveals that marinePseudomonasderived PCA carries antagonistic activities against both aquacultural and agricultural pathogens, which broadens the application fields of PCA.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.
authors.forename: Linlin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Pest Integrated Management Key Laboratory of China, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Xueying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Pest Integrated Management Key Laboratory of China, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Chengsheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China.
authors.forename: Chaomin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Vibrio anguillarum; antagonistic; marine; phenazine-1-carboxylic acid