title: High salt-induced activation and expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultured astrocytes.
abstract: Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) accumulation in the brain is associated with various diseases of central nervous system (CNS). Activation of astrocytes is an important manifestation of pathophysiological processes in the CNS. However, the direct impact of high salt (HS) environment on astrocytes is unclear. In the current study, we found that high salt treatment can induce activation of astrocytes both in vivo and in vitro, manifested as morphological alteration coupled with increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Additionally, HS upregulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); however, its effects on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression were not evident. Furthermore, HS treatment induced increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator transcription 3 (STAT 3). Inhibition of Janus kinase 2 (JAK 2) by specific pharmacological antagonists, AG490, attenuated the activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway and induction of GFAP and other pro-inflammatory factors, respectively. The results suggest that the aforementioned multiple inflammatory cytokines and mediators that may be linked to the HS induced pathogenesis of CNS via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology , Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Zhezhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology , Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Yuge
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology , Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology , Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Yilong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology , Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology , Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology , Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Siyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology , Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Lisheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology , Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Zhengqi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D053614:Janus Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D053614:Janus Kinase 2
keywords: astrocytes; inflammatory cytokines; salt