title: MRI in the evaluation of obstructive reproductive tract anomalies in paediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To outline the anatomical variations of obstructive reproductive tract anomalies (ORTA) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its role in preoperative evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRI and treatment of 21 paediatric patients with ORTA were reviewed and analysed. MRI findings were correlated with ultrasound and surgical findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients presented in two distinct ways: primary amenorrhoea with cyclic pelvic pain, or progressive dysmenorrhoea. MRI showed haematocolpos, haematocervix, haematometra, and/or haematosalpinx; it also provided detailed information regarding uterine morphology, ipsilateral kidney absence, and endometriosis. Diagnosis at MRI of the obstruction sites correlated completely (100%) with the surgical diagnosis. Obstruction occurred at different levels of the genital tract, and surgical treatment was given based on the obstruction sites. One patient underwent excision of the hymen tissue for imperforate hymen. Four cases of lower vaginal atresia were treated with vaginoplasty. Three patients with typical Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome underwent resection of the vaginal septum, and one patient with concurrent post-partum placenta increta was treated accordingly; one patient with atypical HWW syndrome had the left uterus resected. There were 11 cases of cervical agenesis or cervicovaginal dysgenesis, eight of which were complicated with uterine anomalies, and in all cases the uterus was removed. Among the 10 obstructive cervical anomalies, there were three cases of cervical agenesis and seven cases of cervical dysgenesis, including five obliterated cervical os (cervical obstruction), one cervical fibrous cord, and one cervical fragmentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ORTA can occur from the hymen to the lower segment of the uterus and requires surgical intervention. The preoperative evaluation is vital to guide proper surgery. MRI, with its imaging advantages, is the imaging technique of choice to assess the obstructed sites and complicated anomalies of ORTA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Sichuan, China. Electronic address: windowsqhb@126.com.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006924:Hymen / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014599:Uterus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery