title: Workplace incivility in Japan: Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the modified Work Incivility Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although incivility is a common interpersonal mistreatment and associated with poor mental health, there are few studies about it in Asian countries. The aim of this study was to develop the Japanese version of the modified Work Incivility Scale (J-MWIS), investigate its reliability and validity, and reveal the prevalence of incivility among Japanese employees in comparison with data on Canadian employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,191 Japanese and 1,071 Canadian employees were surveyed, using either the J-MWIS or MWIS. Japanese employees additionally answered questions on civility, worksite social support, workplace bullying, psychological distress, intention to leave, and work engagement to investigate construct validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least one form of workplace incivility was experienced by both Japanese (52.3%) and Canadian (86.0%) employees in the previous month. Internal consistency reliability of the J-MWIS was acceptable (α=0.71-0.81), and correlation analyses also confirmed its construct validity as expected. Workplace incivility was associated with lower workgroup civility, lower supervisor and coworker support, higher workplace bullying, higher psychological distress, higher intention to leave, and lower work engagement. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the original three-factor model (supervisor incivility, coworker incivility, and instigated incivility) fitted moderately in both Japan and Canada data, though the privacy/overfamiliarity factor was additionally extracted from exploratory factor analysis for the J-MWIS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggested that the J-MWIS has moderate internal consistency reliability and good construct validity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University.
authors.forename: Kanami
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuno
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo.
authors.forename: Norito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo.
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimazu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sociology, Department of Social Psychology, Toyo University.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Akiomi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Center for Organizational Research and Development, Acadia University.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: P Leiter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058445:Bullying; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011594:Psychometrics; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aggression; Canada; Harassment; Incivility; Japan; Workers