title: Mussels as bioindicators of diclofenac contamination in coastal environments.
abstract: Diclofenac a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has been confirmed as an emerging contaminant in the aquatic environment. Toxicology studies have revealed that harmful effects may emerge from diclofenac presence not only for human health, but also for marine organisms, which implies its monitoring. To overcome the demanding challenges of diclofenac quantification in biotic aquatic species, a novel method for the determination of diclofenac in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus edulis) and macroalgae (Laminaria digitata) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated according to the EC Decision 2002/657/EC. Additionally, a study was done about diclofenac contamination in mussels collected from 8 sites along the 1115 miles of coastline in Portugal in 2015. The results suggested that levels in mussels are closely related to the environmental contamination. Therefore, mussels can be a potential bioindicator of diclofenac contamination in the coastal environment.
authors.affiliation: LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: sara.cunha@ff.up.pt.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: LAQV-REQUIMTE, Group of Bromatology, Pharmacognosy and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St(a) Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pena
authors.affiliation: LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011174:Portugal; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac
keywords: Contaminants; Diclofenac; LC-MS/MS; Macroalgae; Mussels