title: Rhythmic components of photoperiodic time measurement in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii.
abstract: Photoperiodic time measurement regulating larval diapause in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, varies in a close relationship with latitude. The critical photoperiod mediating the maintenance and termination of diapause is positively correlated with latitude (r2= 0.977) among six populations from southern (30-31° N), intermediate (40° N), and northern (46-49° N) latitudes in North America. The developmental response to unnaturally short and to unnaturally long photoperiods declines with increasing latitude, so that longer critical photoperiods are associated with a downward rather than a lateral shift in the photoperiodic response curve. Exotic light and dark cycles of varying period (T) with a short (10 h) photophase and a scotophase ranging from 14 (T = 24) to 62 (T = 72) h, reveal two geographic patterns: a decline in perturbability of the photoperiodic clock with increasing latitude, and no change with latitude in the 21-h period of rising and falling development with increasing T. These results show (1) that there is a rhythmic component to photoperiodic time measurement in W. smithii, (2) that the period of this rhythm is about 21 h in all populations, and (3) that more northern populations show decreasing responsiveness to photoperiod and increasing stability against perturbation by exotic period lengths (T > 24). Previous studies on W.␣smithii indicate that this single temperate species of a tropical and subtropical genus has evolved from south to north. We therefore conclude that the evolution of increasing critical photoperiod in W. smithii during its adaptive radiation into North America has more likely involved the amplitude and not the period of the underlying circadian pacemaker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA fax: 541-346-2364; e-mail: bradshaw@darkwing.uoregon.edu, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wegis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA fax: 541-346-2364; e-mail: bradshaw@darkwing.uoregon.edu, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA fax: 541-346-2364; e-mail: bradshaw@darkwing.uoregon.edu, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA fax: 541-346-2364; e-mail: bradshaw@darkwing.uoregon.edu, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Holzapfel
keywords: Key words Evolution ;  Circadian ;  Diapause;  Phenology ;   Biogeography 