title: Immunostimulated Arginase II Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Reduces Nitric Oxide Production and Apoptosis.
abstract: Increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent local cytotoxicity to mucosal epithelial cells has been proposed as a putative mechanism involved in the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) metabolize L-arginine to either nitric oxide (NO) by NO synthase (NOS) or to L-ornithine and urea by arginase. L-ornithine is the first step in polyamine synthesis important for cell proliferation, while NO production can lead to apoptosis. We hypothesized that in IECs immunostimulation increases both NOS and arginase expression, and that arginase activity mitigates NO production and apoptosis. Rat intestinal epithelial cells (rIEC-6) were immunostimulated by either incubation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone for 24 h or by incubation with conditioned media (CM) for 24 h. CM was obtained from RAW 264.7 cells (a macrophage cell line) treated with LPS (E. coli0127:B8; 1 μg/ml) for 4 h. The rIEC-6 stimulated with LPS or with CM had significantly higher levels of inducible NOS (iNOS) protein, NO production, and arginase II protein than did the control cells. Direct LPS stimulation of rIEC-6 produced a less robust increase in iNOS expression and NO (represented as nitrite percent of control) than did CM stimulation. Inhibition of arginase using Nωhydroxyl-L-arginine (NOHA) further increased stimulated NO production in rIEC-6. Viable cell numbers were significantly lower in CM stimulated cells after 24 h than in controls, and inhibition of arginase activity with NOHA resulted in a further significant decrease in viable cell numbers. We conclude that immunostimulated arginase expression of rIEC-6 cells tempers cytokine-induced iNOS-derived NO production and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Talavera
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Sushma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nuthakki
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Yusen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Leif D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Nelin
keywords: arginase; inducible nitric oxide synthase; inflammation; necrotizing enterocolitis