title: Modeling and optimization of nanoemulsion containing Sorafenib for cancer treatment by response surface methodology.
abstract: The aim of this study is the development of nanoemulsions for intravenous administration of Sorafenib, which is a poorly soluble drug with no parenteral treatment. The formulation was prepared by a high energy emulsification method and optimized by response surface methodology. The effects of overhead stirring time, high shear rate, high shear time, and cycles of high-pressure homogenizer were studied in the preparation of nanoemulsion loaded with Sorafenib. Most of the particles in nanoemulsion are spherical in shape, the smallest particle size being 82.14 nm. The results of the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole reveal that the optimum formulation does not affect normal cells significantly in low drug concentrations but could remove the cancer cells. Finally, a formulation containing Sorafenib retained its properties over a period of 90 days. With characterization, the study of the formulated nanoemulsion has the potential to be used as a parenteral nanoemulsion in the treatment of cancer. Graphical abstractSchematic figure of high pressure homogenizer device.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Izadiyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.|Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mahiran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basri
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.|Department of Biomaterials, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Fard Masoumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.
authors.forename: Roghayeh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abedi Karjiban
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.
authors.forename: Norazlinaliza
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salim
authors.affiliation: Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra (JalanSemarak), 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shameli
keywords: Anti-cancer; Nanoemulsion; Parenteral delivery; Response surface methodology; Sorafenib