title: Impact of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on All-Cause and Disease-Specific Mortality: Advances Since 2009.
abstract: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been one of the most widely examined physiological variables, particularly as it relates to functional capacity and human performance. Over the past three decades, CRF has emerged as a strong, independent predictor of all-cause and disease-specific mortality. The evidence supporting the prognostic use of CRF is so powerful that the American Heart Association recently advocated for the routine assessment of CRF as a clinical vital sign. Interestingly, the continuity of evidence of the inverse relationship between CRF and mortality over the past decade exists despite a wide variation of methods used to assess CRF in these studies, ranging from the gold-standard method of directly measured maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing to estimation from exercise tests and non-exercise prediction equations. This review highlights new knowledge and the primary advances since 2009, with specific reference to the impact variations in CRF have on all-cause and disease-specific mortality.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Harber
authors.affiliation: Clinical Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States; Fisher Institute of Health and Well-Being, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States. Electronic address: kaminskyla@bsu.edu.
authors.forename: Leonard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kaminsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.affiliation: Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.affiliation: Preventive Cardiology/Cardiac Rehab, William Beaumont Hospital, Rochester, MI, United States; Internal Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States.
authors.forename: Barry A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ross
keywords: Aerobic capacity; Cardiovascular disease; Exercise; Physical activity; VO(2max)