title: A new approach for the estimation of phytoplankton cell counts associated with algal blooms.
abstract: This study proposes a method for estimating phytoplankton cell counts associated with an algal bloom, using satellite images coincident with in situ and meteorological parameters. Satellite images from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Operational Land Imager (OLI) and HJ-1 A/B Charge Couple Device (CCD) sensors were integrated with the meteorological observations to provide an estimate of phytoplankton cell counts. All images were atmospherically corrected using the Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) atmospheric correction method with a possible error of 1.2%, 2.6%, 1.4% and 2.3% for blue (450-520nm), green (520-600nm), red (630-690nm) and near infrared (NIR 760-900nm) wavelengths, respectively. Results showed that the developed Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model yields a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.95 with the in situ validation data with Sum of Squared Error (SSE) of 0.34cell/ml, Mean Relative Error (MRE) of 0.154cells/ml and a bias of -504.87. The integration of the meteorological parameters with remote sensing observations provided a promising estimation of the algal scum as compared to previous studies. The applicability of the ANN model was tested over Hong Kong as well as over Lake Kasumigaura, Japan and Lake Okeechobee, Florida USA, where algal blooms were also reported. Further, a 40-year (1975-2014) red tide occurrence map was developed and revealed that the eastern and southern waters of Hong Kong are more vulnerable to red tides. Over the 40 years, 66% of red tide incidents were associated with the Dinoflagellates group, while the remainder were associated with the Diatom group (14%) and several other minor groups (20%). The developed technology can be applied to other similar environments in an efficient and cost-saving manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Electronic address: majid.nazeer@connect.polyu.hk.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazeer
authors.affiliation: Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Electronic address: lswong@polyu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Man Sing
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Electronic address: lsjanet@polyu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Janet Elizabeth
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nichol
mesh_terms: D002452:Cell Count; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005068:Eutrophication; D005431:Florida; D006723:Hong Kong; D007564:Japan; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000166:cytology*; D063809:Satellite Imagery
keywords: Coastal water; Harmful algal blooms; Phytoplankton cells; Red tides; Remote sensing