title: Catecholamines in fetal pig plasma and the response to acute hypoxia and chronic fetal decapitation.
abstract: Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine were measured by radioenzymatic assay in blood plasma samples drawn from the umbilical arteries of 30 anaesthetised Landrace pig fetuses. Just prior to term, the concentrations of dopamine (0.46±0.14 ng·ml-1) and norepinephrine (1.74±0.60 ng·mg-1) were lower than earlier in gestation, whereas epinephrine concentrations at term (0.80±0.31 ng·ml-1) were similar to those at mid-gestation, intervening stages of gestation having higher levels of plasma epinephrine. Fetal hypoxia was induced by clamping the umbilical cord for 2 min and the catecholamines determined in arterial blood samples immediately thereafter, then again 3 min after removal of the clamp. Inconsistent effects of cord clamping on catecholamine levels were seen at 55 days, but thereafter, in all but one instance, the hormone levels were increased. Fetuses near term tended to respond less than fetuses at 75 and 96 days gestation (term=114±1 day). Catecholamines were also present in the circulation of fetuses decapitated at 42 days gestation and studied at 109±1 days. The average concentrations of dopamine (1.12±0.27 ng·ml-1) and norepinephrine (8.23±3.04 ng·ml-1) were greater than in intact fetuses, the plasma epinephrine levels being comparable to, or slightly higher than, those in intact fetuses. The results demonstrate that catecholamines are present in the circulation of the intact and decapitated pig fetus and that the actual concentrations and the type of response to umbilical cord clamping are dependent on gestation age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Anatomy, State University Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alastair A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Anatomy, State University Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Colenbrander
authors.affiliation: Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, State University Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dirk H G
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Versteeg
authors.affiliation: Institut für Tierzucht und Tierverhalten, 3057, Neustadt 1, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heilhecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Anatomy, State University Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cees J G
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wensing
keywords: Blood plasma; Catecholamines; Fetal development; Pig