title: Clinical features and natural history of cryptogenic cirrhosis compared to hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize natural history of cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC) and compare its clinical features and outcomes to those of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort of 102 consecutive patients at their first diagnosis of CC were enrolled in this study. The clinical data and outcomes were compared to an age- and Child-Pugh class-matched cohort of 110 patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. Diagnosis of cirrhosis was based on compatible clinical and laboratory parameters, ultrasound/endoscopic parameters and, whenever possible, on histological grounds and transient elastography. All cases of cirrhosis without a definite etiology were enrolled in the CC group. The parameters assessed were: (1) severity of liver disease at the time of first diagnosis; (2) liver decompensation during follow-up; (3) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); (4) orthotopic liver transplantation; and (5) death. The independent associated factors were evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis, and survival and its determinants by the Kaplan-Meier model, log-rank test and Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the first observation, median age was 66 and 65 years and male gender was 36% and 58% for CC and HCV cirrhosis, respectively. CC showed Child-Pugh class A/B/C of 47%/31%/22%, respectively. Compared to HCV cirrhosis, CC exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (12%vs54%, respectively), overweight/obesity, high BMI, impaired glucose tolerance, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, cardiovascular diseases, extrahepatic cancer, and gallstones. Over a median period of 42 mo of follow-up, liver decompensation, HCC development and death for CC and HCV-related cirrhosis were 60.8%, and 54.4%, 16.7% and 17.2%, 39.2% and 30%, respectively. The median survival was 60 mo for CC. Independent predictors of death were age and Child-Pugh class at diagnosis. CC showed an approximately twofold higher incidence of HCC in Child-Pugh class A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Undiagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has an etiologic role in CC that is associated with a poor prognosis, early HCC development, high risk of cardiovascular disease and extrahepatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nascimbeni
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Masetti
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guerrera
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amelia
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fascione
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ballestri
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Dante
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zampino
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nevola
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baldelli
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Natalina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iuliano
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rosato
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lonardo
authors.affiliation: Luca Rinaldi, Mauro Giordano, Barbara Guerrera, Annalisa Amelia, Maria Chiara Fascione, Rosa Zampino, Riccardo Nevola, Natalina Iuliano, Valerio Rosato, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital of Marcianise, Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi Elio
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Adinolfi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000150:complications; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000150:complications; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver cirrhosis; Metabolic syndrome; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease