title: The role of competition by dominants and temperature in the foraging of subordinate species in Mediterranean ant communities.
abstract: In this paper we test the influence of temperature and interference competition by dominant species on the foraging of subordinate species in Mediterranean ant communities. We have analyzed the changes in resource use by subordinate species in plots with different abundances of dominant ants, and in different periods of the day and the year, i.e., at different temperatures. The expected effects of competition by dominant species on foraging of subordinates were only detected for two species in the number of baits occupied per day, and for one species in the number of foragers at pitfall traps. In all three cases, subordinate species were less represented at baits or in traps in plots with a high density of dominants than in plots with a medium or low density of dominants. The number of workers per bait, and the foraging efficiency of subordinate species did not differ in plots differing in dominant abundance. Daily activity rhythms and curves of temperature versus foraging activity of subordinate species were also similar in plots with different abundance of dominant species, indicating no effect of dominants on the foraging times of subordinates. Instead, temperature had a considerable effect on the foraging of subordinate species. A significant relationship was found between maximum daily temperature and several variables related to foraging (the number of foragers at pitfall traps, the number of baits occupied per day, and the number of workers per bait) of a number subordinate species, both in summer and autumn. These results suggest that the foraging of subordinate ant species in open Mediterranean habitats is influenced more by temperature than by competition of dominants, although an effect of dominants on subordinates has been shown in a few cases. In ant communities living in these severe and variable environments, thermal tolerance reduces the importance of competition, and the mutual exclusion usually found between dominant and subordinate species appears to be the result of physiological specialization to different temperature ranges.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Apdo. 1056, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain, , , , , , ES.
authors.forename: Xim
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cerdá
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Ecología y CREAF, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain Fax: +34-93-5911312, , , , , , ES.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Retana
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain, , , , , , ES.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manzaneda
keywords: Competition; Key words Ant; Mediterranean communities; Subordinate species; Temperature