title: A dye-assisted paper-based point-of-care assay for fast and reliable blood grouping.
abstract: Fast and simultaneous forward and reverse blood grouping has long remained elusive. Forward blood grouping detects antigens on red blood cells, whereas reverse grouping identifies specific antibodies present in plasma. We developed a paper-based assay using immobilized antibodies and bromocresol green dye for rapid and reliable blood grouping, where dye-assisted color changes corresponding to distinct blood components provide a visual readout. ABO antigens and five major Rhesus antigens could be detected within 30 s, and simultaneous forward and reverse ABO blood grouping using small volumes (100 μl) of whole blood was achieved within 2 min through on-chip plasma separation without centrifugation. A machine-learning method was developed to classify the spectral plots corresponding to dye-based color changes, which enabled reproducible automatic grouping. Using optimized operating parameters, the dye-assisted paper assay exhibited comparable accuracy and reproducibility to the classical gel-card assays in grouping 3550 human blood samples. When translated to the assembly line and low-cost manufacturing, the proposed approach may be developed into a cost-effective and robust universal blood-grouping platform.
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanomedicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanomedicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaopei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanomedicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yurui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yanyao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Lingyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yuanfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yongjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanomedicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. luoyang@tmmu.edu.cn.|Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0166-9027
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000379:methods*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010209:Paper; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D019793:Fluorescein