title: Seven years of workplace drug testing in Italy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: In Italy, Workplace Drug Testing (WDT) has been compulsory by law for specific categories of workers since 2008, offering the opportunity to compare studies conducted within a single regulatory framework. The aims of this paper are to estimate the overall prevalence of WDT positivity (at screening survey) among Italian workers and evaluate the percentage of true and false positives at confirmation analysis. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the scientific literature on WDT in Italy from January 2008 to March 2015 was carried out, according to the MOOSE guidelines. A random effects model was utilized to calculate pooled prevalence. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored using sensitivity test and subgroup analysis. The overall meta-analytical prevalence of positivity at WDT among Italian workers was 1.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-1.7%]. It was significantly lower among workers screened with an on-site test (1%; 95% CI = 0.5-1.5%), compared with a bench-top test (1.7%; 95% CI = 1.3-2.1%). Nine studies provided data on false positives at the screening test, with a combined prevalence estimate - calculated on positive cases - of 30% (95% CI = 16-44%). In Italy, the number of true positives at first-level workplace drug testing is low, while the frequency of false positives is relatively high. A revision of the Italian legislation on the subject seems advisable. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Medical Emergency Service, A.S.L. CN1, Via Boggio, 12 - 12100, Cuneo, Italy.|Occupational Safety and Health, Medical Services, Se.M. s.r.l., Via Roma, 21 - 12100, Cuneo, Italy.|Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini, 12 - 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian Luca
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1315-8793
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Rosso
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini, 2 - 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montomoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini, 12 - 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morini
authors.affiliation: Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, & Maugeri Clinical Scientific Institutes Pavia, Via Maugeri, 10 - 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Candura
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence
keywords: drug testing; false positive; prevalence; review; workers