title: Intensification of marrubiin concentration by optimization of microwave-assisted (low CO2yielding) extraction process for Marrubium vulgare using central composite design and antioxidant evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Marrubium vulgare Linn (Lamiaceae) was generally extracted by conventional methods with low yield of marrubiin; these processes were not considered environment friendly.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study extracts the whole plant of M. vulgare by microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and optimizes the effect of various extraction parameters on the marrubiin yield by using Central Composite Design (CCD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The selected medicinal plant was extracted using ethanol: water (1:1) as solvent by MAE. The plant material was also extracted using a Soxhlet and the various extracts were analyzed by HPTLC to quantify the marrubiin concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimized conditions for the microwave-assisted extraction of selected medicinal plant was microwave power of 539 W, irradiation time of 373 s and solvent to drug ratio, 32 mL per g of the drug. The marrubiin concentration in MAE almost doubled relative to the traditional method (0.69 ± 0.08 to 1.35 ± 0.04%). The IC50for DPPH was reduced to 66.28 ± 0.6 μg/mL as compared to conventional extract (84.14 ± 0.7 μg/mL). The scanning electron micrographs of the treated and untreated drug samples further support the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CCD can be successfully applied to optimize the extraction parameters (MAE) for M. vulgare. Moreover, in terms of environmental impact, the MAE technique could be assumed as a 'Green approach' because the MAE approach for extraction of plant released only 92.3 g of CO2as compared to 3207.6 g CO2using the Soxhlet method of extraction.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , India.
authors.forename: Vineet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , India.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nanda
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D027522:Marrubium; D008872:Microwaves; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004224:Diterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C105731:marrubiin
keywords: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; High performance thin layer chromatography; SEM; conventional; green approach