title: Raman Imaging in Cell Membranes, Lipid-Rich Organelles, and Lipid Bilayers.
abstract: Raman-based optical imaging is a promising analytical tool for noninvasive, label-free chemical imaging of lipid bilayers and cellular membranes. Imaging using spontaneous Raman scattering suffers from a low intensity that hinders its use in some cellular applications. However, developments in coherent Raman imaging, surface-enhanced Raman imaging, and tip-enhanced Raman imaging have enabled video-rate imaging, excellent detection limits, and nanometer spatial resolution, respectively. After a brief introduction to these commonly used Raman imaging techniques for cell membrane studies, this review discusses selected applications of these modalities for chemical imaging of membrane proteins and lipids. Finally, recent developments in chemical tags for Raman imaging and their applications in the analysis of selected cell membrane components are summarized. Ongoing developments toward improving the temporal and spatial resolution of Raman imaging and small-molecule tags with strong Raman scattering cross sections continue to expand the utility of Raman imaging for diverse cell membrane studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; email: wrtaleem@iastate.edu , esmith1@iastate.edu.|Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011.
authors.forename: Aleem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; email: wrtaleem@iastate.edu , esmith1@iastate.edu.|Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011.
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry*; D003857:Deoxyuridine / Q000737:chemistry; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry*; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D006108:Graphite; D003857:Deoxyuridine
keywords: alkyne tags; coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering; deuterium labeling; stimulated Raman scattering; surface-enhanced Raman scattering; tip-enhanced Raman scattering