title: Therapeutic plasma exchange for perioperative management of patients with congenital factor XI deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Factor XI (FXI) deficiency (hemophilia C [HEM-C]) is a bleeding disorder with unpredictable severity that correlates poorly with FXI coagulation activity (FXI:C). It poses a perioperative hemostatic management challenge. For US patients with severe disease, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or, in current use, thawed plasma is the most readily available option but comes with risk of volume overload. We report our experience of using therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) as an alternative perioperative management strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all HEM-C patients who underwent surgical procedures. Data were collected, including demographics, bleeding history, surgical site, perioperative hemostatic intervention, and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between July 1997 and September 2014, 28 HEM-C patients (12 men) were identified, 4 with severe disease (FXI:C <2% or excessive bleeding). Nineteen patients underwent 91 invasive procedures. For nearly 60% of the procedures, no periprocedural hemostatic intervention was provided; before 4 procedures (3 patients), 1 plasma volume TPE preoperatively with FFP was administered. Patient 1, a 28-year-old woman (FXI:C, 35%) with a history of excessive surgical bleeding, underwent 2 TPE procedures before laparoscopic pelvic biopsy and subsequent abdominal hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy that increased her FXI:C to 48%. Patient 2, a 79-year-old man (FXI:C, <2%), had TPE before total hip arthroplasty, increasing his FXI:C to 24%. Patient 3, a 59-year-old man (FXI:C, <2%), had TPE before prostate laser enucleation, increasing his FXI:C to 46%. Patients 1 and 3 had mild reactions during TPE; no patient had evidence of volume overload. All patients had adequate intraoperative surgical hemostatic outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TPE is an effective alternative presurgical hemostatic intervention in HEM-C with potentially lower risk of circulatory volume overload.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Mohamed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alsammak
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.|Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Aneel A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ashrani
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8654-3732
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.|Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Rajiv K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Pruthi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005172:Factor XI / Q000032:analysis; D005173:Factor XI Deficiency / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy; D006489:Hemostatic Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D010951:Plasma Exchange / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005172:Factor XI
keywords: FXI; hemophilia; hemophilia C; plasmapheresis; therapeutic plasma exchange