title: Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis of the Default Mode and Salience Network for Target Identification in Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation of Alzheimer's Disease and Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Networks.
abstract: The accurate choice of the site of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is an important factor in trial design.
  
  
  
  Based on the observation that Alzheimer's disease (AD) and behavioral frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) affect specific large-scale networks, i.e., the default mode network (DMN) and the salience network (SN), respectively, we aimed to identify population-average coordinates of these networks that could be used as potential targets in NIBS trials aiming to modulate these circuits.
  
  
  
  A systematic literature search of resting-state functional MRI studies reporting DMN and SN stereotactic coordinates was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Coordinate-based meta-analyses were conducted to identify consistent nodes of the DMN and SN using GingerALE BrainMap software and the activation likelihood estimation method.
  
  
  
  DMN coordinates mapped primarily to mesial areas (posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus [Brodmann Area - BA 23/31] and medial prefrontal cortex [BA 9/10/32]). More superficial areas mapped to the bilateral parietal (angular gyrus [BA 39]), temporal (middle gyrus [BA 21]) and dorsolateral prefrontal (superior gyrus [BA 8]) cortex. SN coordinates mapped primarily to mesial and deep frontal areas (anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex [BA 24/32]), but more superficial areas mapped to the bilateral parietal (supramarginal gyrus [BA 40]) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal (middle gyrus [BA 9/10]) cortex.
  
  
  
  NIBS should target the bilateral angular, the middle temporal cortex, or superior frontal gyri in AD for DMN modulation, and the right middle frontal or supramarginal gyri in bvFTD for SN modulation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pievani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.|Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pini
authors.affiliation: Statistics Service, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Clarissa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostics and Pathology, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Pizzini
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boscolo Galazzo
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cobelli
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cotelli
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manenti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.|University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Giovanni B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Frisoni
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D057180:Frontotemporal Dementia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008959:Models, Neurological
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia; default mode network; meta-analysis; non-invasive brain stimulation; salience network