title: Osteoblast growth, after cleaning of biofilm-covered titanium discs with air-polishing and cold plasma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of a combined biofilm removal with an optimized air polishing and a cold plasma device on cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 7-day-old biofilm was removed from rough titanium discs with an air-polishing device with erythritol powder (AP) or with a cold atmospheric pressure argon plasma (CAP) device or in combination of both (AP + CAP). The removal efficacy was evaluated by subsequent cell seeding of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63). The cell spreading was analysed after 5 days of incubation by scanning electron microscopy. Separately, the surface hydrophilicity was analysed by measuring the water contact angle (WCA) of the disc for each treatment method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mechanical plaque removal with AP rendered specimen conducive for cell growth, 85% of the surface was covered with cells. An advantage of the combination of AP + CAP was not detectable compared to AP (cell coverage ranged from 57% up to 75%). After sole CAP treatment, microorganisms re-grew and destroyed all cells. The WCA was reduced by all treatment methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An AP treatment has the potential to remove biofilm from rough implant surfaces completely. In contrast to our hypothesis, the combination of plasma and AP treatment did not enhance osteoblast spreading.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Rutger
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4334-3164
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matthes
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Duske
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Tewodros Getachew
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kebede
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5950-2716
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pink
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Rabea
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schlüter
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Greifswald, Germany.|Department of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: von Woedtke
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus-Dieter
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Weltmann
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kocher
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.|Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jablonowski
mesh_terms: D020906:Air Abrasion, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015921:Dental Implants; D003773:Dental Plaque; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011208:Powders; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D058626:Plasma Gases; D011208:Powders; D014025:Titanium
keywords: air-polishing; biofilm; cold plasma; dental implant; osteoblasts; peri-implantitis; surface treatment; titanium