title: Echocardiographic analysis of the left ventricular function in young athletes: a focus on speckle tracking imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives were to assess the left ventricular (LV) structure and function in regularly trained young athletes, using 2 D conventional echocardiographic (echo) methods and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). An observational cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three footballers and 20 healthy untrained subjects were included in the study. The systolic and diastolic LV functions were evaluated by 2D conventional echo parameters, Doppler method and STE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the found values were within the normal range. The LV End Diastolic Diameter (LVED 37.24±2.08 mm/m2) and the LV Mass index (LVMi 97.93±15.58 g/m2) were significantly higher in young athletes as compared with controls. There was no difference regarding the LV systolic function assessed by conventional echo parameters in the 2 study groups. Regarding the diastolic function, the transmitral inflow velocities ratio was significantly higher in athletes (E/A = 2.10±0.49 versus 1.64±0.26, p< 0.001) but there was no difference in the filling pressure in the 2 groups. The STE demonstrated a different pattern of LV deformation in the different groups. A significant lower LV global longitudinal strain (GLS -20.68±2.05 versus -22.99±2.32 %, p<0.001) and higher radial and circumferential strains have been found in the young athletes as compared with controls. A significant relationship between the GLS values and LVED (r= 0.299, p = 0.03) and LVMi was also reported in athletes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While conventional morphological and functional echocardiographic parameters failed to distinguish the adaptations in the athlete's heart, deformation parameters showed a different pattern of LV mechanics in young footballers versus controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Salma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charfeddine
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Souad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mallek
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Faten
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Triki
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Rania
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hammami
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Dorra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abid
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abid
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kammoun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012916:Soccer; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Athletes´ heart; speckle tracking echocardiography; strain