title: Anticipated Negative Police-Youth Encounters and Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant African American Women: A Brief Report.
abstract: The widely publicized violent encounters between police and African American youth have unknown consequences for the emotional and mental health of pregnant African American women. Since studies document the hypervigilance black mothers exert to protect children from violence and racism and findings also reveal the association between racial and gendered stress (which includes parenting stressors) and depressive symptoms during pregnancy, an examination of the effects of stress from anticipated negative experiences between black youth and police on maternal mental health is warranted. Between July and August 2014, 100 mostly low income pregnant African American women who lived in metropolitan Atlanta and were in their first and second trimesters completed the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, selected items from the Jackson, Hogue, Phillips contextualized stress measure, and a demographic form. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted in response to questions that asked: (1) is the anticipation of negative encounters between black youth and police associated with antenatal depressive symptoms and (2) how does the presence of prior children, male or female, contribute to the association? For question 1, the results showed that anticipated negative African American youth-police experiences were significantly associated with antenatal depressive symptoms χ2(2, N = 87) = 12.62, p = .002. For question 2, the presence of a preschool-aged male child in the home was significantly associated with antenatal depression (p = .009, odds ratio = 13.23). The observed associations between antenatal depressive symptoms and anticipated negative police-youth encounters have implications for clinical- and community-based interventions responding to the unique psychosocial risks for pregnant African American women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA. fledamjackson@gmail.com.|Save 100 Babies, Atlanta, GA, 30311, USA. fledamjackson@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fleda Mask
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Department, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Sherman A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Morehouse College, 830 Westview Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy Curry
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.affiliation: Clayton County Board of Health, 1117 Battlecreek Road, Jonesboro, GA, 30236, USA.
authors.forename: Alpha F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Bryan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia; D006801:Humans; D008603:Mental Health / Q000208:ethnology; D016495:Police; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D063505:Racism / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology*; D014504:Urban Health
keywords: Antenatal depression; Culturally sensitive intervention; Policing; Psychosocial pregnancy risk; Racial and gendered stress