title: Heat tolerance of two Cladonia species and Campylopus praemorsus in a hot steam vent area of Hawaii.
abstract: Temperatures were measured in soil, Cladonia skottsbergii, Cl. oceanica, and Campylopus praemorsus growing in the almost barren geothermal area at Puhimau, Hawaii. The measurements were made in the early morning in winter when insolation and air temperatures were minimal and the geothermal effects were predominant. Measurements were made on healthy, dew moistened plants. Close to steam vents Campylopus praemorsus forms thick cushions on hot soil and temperatures up to 29.8°C are recorded in the active parts of the moss. Cladonia oceanica grows exclusively on moss in this area, but not as close to steam vents as the moss itself. Maximum temperatures were 27.2°C in stunted and 23°C in ramified growth forms. In this area Cl. skottsbergii normally colonizes tree stumps of Metrosideros only where the steam is already cool. Maximum temperatures were 23°C in normal thalli, through higher temperatures were measured in partly damaged or killed thalli overhanging the stump where they are immersed in hot steam. With respect to heat tolerance only Campylopus can be considered as adapted to the hot environment. Therefore it is able to colonize the hot dry soil while deriving its moisture from adjacent steam vents. The lichens, particularly Cl. skottsbergii, are not adapted and are as sensitive to heat as most other lichens. Therefore they can only survive where there is at most a small geothermal impact yet they are obviously dependent on moisture from the steam vents.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Botanik II der Universität Würzburg, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, D-8700, Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: Ludger
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kappen
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
authors.forename: Clifford W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Smith