title: [Depression, anxiety and anger in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.]
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of negative emotions such as depression, anxiety and anger on clinical expression of type 1 diabetes, also assessing possible gender differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  75 subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus afferent to Diabetology Unit of the University Hospital in Messina underwent the following psychodiagnostic tests: Hamilton Rating Scale For Depression (HDRS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y (STAI-Y), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2). Continuous data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the comparison between groups was performed using T Student test; the data not continuous were expressed as a percentage and the differences between groups were evaluated using Chi-square test. We considered the results for values of p<0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of 75 subjects (49.3% males) was 41.0±11.4 years, age of disease onset was 21.1 ± 11.8 years and mean duration of disease was 19.9±11.9 years; 30.7% of subjects were treated with CSII (Subcutaneus Insulin Infusion). Mild levels of depression (HDRS= 10.71±7.9) and anxiety (STAI-Y= 52.37±6.11) were found, whereas STAXI-2 subscales scores were within the normal range. Statistical analysis did not show significant gender differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results, according to data from literature, confirm the association between negative emotions, particularly anxiety, and diabetes. No gender differences were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest the importance of investigating the association between diabetes and negative emotional states and the psychological and psychopathological dimensions which may have a potential role in the therapeutic management of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali, Università di Messina.
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria Anna
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Muscatello
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali, Università di Messina.
authors.forename: Giulia Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Troili
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali, Università di Messina.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pandolfo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali, Università di Messina.
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mento
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali, Università di Messina.
authors.forename: Giuseppa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali, Università di Messina.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Messina.
authors.forename: Basilio
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pintaudi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Messina.
authors.forename: Giacoma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Vieste
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Messina.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Benedetto
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali, Università di Messina.
authors.forename: Rocco Antonio
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zoccali
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali, Università di Messina.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bruno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin