title: The Use of Plant Sterols and Stanols as Lipid-Lowering Agents in Cardiovascular Disease.
abstract: The prevalence of premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is constantly increasing worldwide. It has been proved that LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) plays causal role in the development of coronary atherosclerosis. The fact that atherosclerosis is a chronic and progressive disease which onsets during the first three decades of life bores questions what to do to maintain LDL-C at low levels throughout life and thus to delay and/or prevent the progress this disease. Currently, most of public health expenses are spared on treatment, but not on prophylaxis.
  
  
  
  This is a review article summarizing novel reports concerning the efficacy of sterols/stanols as lipidlowering agents, assessing their influence on cardiovascular risk and safety.
  
  
  
  It has been suggested that sterols and stanols are effective in the lowering of low-density cholesterol levels and diminishing cardiovascular risk. However, the results of other studies suggest that phytosterols may not exert positive effects during atherogenesis. Firstly, patients with phytosterolaemia (genetic disease in which high plant sterol plasma concentrations are observed) develop malignant premature atherosclerosis. Moreover, several epidemiological studies demonstrated the association between upper normal plasma concentrations of plant sterols and increased risk of cardiovascular events. Finally, the supplementation with plant stanols and plant sterols may be not beneficial due to their incorporation in various tissues and potentially resulting in adverse effects.
  
  
  
  Despite the worldwide promotion of sterols as health improving supplements, it seems that in some people responding with relatively high phytosterol serum levels after its consumption such additives may turn out to be as good as it has been believed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rysz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Military Medical Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olszewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banach
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, WAM University Hospital of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gluba-Brzozka
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D010840:Phytosterols; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Plant sterols; atherosclerosis; cardiovascular disease; lipid-lowering properties; stanols; steroid alkaloids