title: Characterization of Gas-Phase Organics Using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Aircraft Turbine Engines.
abstract: Nonmethane organic gas emissions (NMOGs) from in-service aircraft turbine engines were investigated using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) at an engine test facility at Zurich Airport, Switzerland. Experiments consisted of 60 exhaust samples for seven engine types (used in commercial aviation) from two manufacturers at thrust levels ranging from idle to takeoff. Emission indices (EIs) for more than 200 NMOGs were quantified, and the functional group fractions (including acids, carbonyls, aromatics, and aliphatics) were calculated to characterize the exhaust chemical composition at different engine operation modes. Total NMOG emissions were highest at idling with an average EI of 7.8 g/kg fuel and were a factor of ∼40 lower at takeoff thrust. The relative contribution of pure hydrocarbons (particularly aromatics and aliphatics) of the engine exhaust decreased with increasing thrust while the fraction of oxidized compounds, for example, acids and carbonyls increased. Exhaust chemical composition at idle was also affected by engine technology. Older engines emitted a higher fraction of nonoxidized NMOGs compared to newer ones. Idling conditions dominated ground level organic gas emissions. Based on the EI determined here, we estimate that reducing idle emissions could substantially improve air quality near airports.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dogushan
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4001-0177
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kilic
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.|Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Benjamin T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Brem
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3680-4735
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Imad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: El-Haddad
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.|Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3562-879X
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Durdina
authors.affiliation: Federal Office of Civil Aviation, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rindlisbacher
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.|Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Setyan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rujin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.|Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jay G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Slowik
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baltensperger
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andre S H
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Prevot
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000401:Aircraft; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011522:Protons; D011930:Reaction Time; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D011522:Protons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions