title: Gender difference in the association and presentation of visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Visual hallucinations (VHs) are among the most striking features of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We investigated gender differences in the association and presentation of VHs in DLB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective, longitudinal study on dementia was performed. Cumulative frequency, 1-month frequency, and phenomenology of VHs were summarized and compared between female and male patients with DLB. Gender differences in the factors associated with VHs were investigated in patients with and without hallucinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 152 patients including 65 (42.8%) women and 87 (57.2%) men were analyzed. The cumulative and 1-month frequencies of VHs were 60% and 55.4%, respectively, in women and 44.8% and 41.4%, respectively, in men. Adjusting for age and disease severity resulted in the inclusion of more women in the VH group [odds ratio (OR) = 2.33, p = 0.028)] than in the non-VH group. In female participants, older age (OR = 9.16, p = 0.003) and higher neuropsychiatric inventory score (OR = 4.89, p = 0.009) were associated with VHs, whereas in male participants, more severe dementia stage (clinical dementia rating 2-3 versus clinical dementia rating 0.5, OR = 6.22, p = 0.008) and higher rates of using antipsychotics (OR = 9.64, p = 0.047) were associated with VHs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequencies of 1-month and cumulative VHs were high in DLB, which indicated a high prevalence as well as a high persistency of VHs in DLB. The patterns of factors associated with VHs differed between female and male patients. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pai-Yi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2552-4516
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Ren
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.|Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Lin-Shin Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chein-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Guidance and Counseling, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Tang
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D020961:Lewy Body Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: dementia with Lewy bodies; gender difference; visual hallucinations