title: Responsiveness of cats (Felidae) to silver vine (Actinidia polygama), Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), valerian (Valeriana officinalis) and catnip (Nepeta cataria).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Olfactory stimulation is an often overlooked method of environmental enrichment for cats in captivity. The best known example of olfactory enrichment is the use of catnip, a plant that can cause an apparently euphoric reaction in domestic cats and most of the Pantherinae. It has long been known that some domestic cats and most tigers do not respond to catnip. Although many anecdotes exist of other plants with similar effects, data are lacking about the number of cats that respond to these plants, and if cats that do not respond to catnip respond to any of them. Furthermore, much is still unknown about which chemicals in these plants cause this response.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested catnip, silver vine, Tatarian honeysuckle and valerian root on 100 domestic cats and observed their response. Each cat was offered all four plant materials and a control, multiple times. Catnip and silver vine also were offered to nine tigers. The plant materials were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to quantify concentrations of compounds believed to exert stimulating effects on cats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly all domestic cats responded positively to olfactory enrichment. In agreement with previous studies, one out of every three cats did not respond to catnip. Almost 80% of the domestic cats responded to silver vine and about 50% to Tatarian honeysuckle and valerian root. Although cats predominantly responded to fruit galls of the silver vine plant, some also responded positively to its wood. Of the cats that did not respond to catnip, almost 75% did respond to silver vine and about one out of three to Tatarian honeysuckle. Unlike domestic cats, tigers were either not interested in silver vine or responded disapprovingly. The amount of nepetalactone was highest in catnip and only present at marginal levels in the other plants. Silver vine contained the highest concentrations of all other compounds tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Olfactory enrichment for cats may have great potential. Silver vine powder from dried fruit galls and catnip were most popular among domestic cats. Silver vine and Tatarian honeysuckle appear to be good alternatives to catnip for domestic cats that do not respond to catnip.
authors.affiliation: Cowboy Cat Ranch, Mico, TX, 78056, USA. bol@cowboycatranch.org.
authors.forename: Sebastiaan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3843-6657
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bol
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caspers
authors.affiliation: Big Cat Rescue, 12802 Easy Street, Tampa, FL, 33625, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Buckingham
authors.affiliation: Room 8 Memorial Cat Foundation, 8354 63rd Street, Riverside, CA, 92509, USA.
authors.forename: Gail Denise
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Anderson-Shelton
authors.affiliation: Mary S. Roberts Pet Adoption Center, 6165 Industrial Street, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ridgway
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: C A Tony
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Buffington
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Cowboy Cat Ranch, Mico, TX, 78056, USA.
authors.forename: Evelien M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bunnik
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia / Q000737:chemistry; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002415:Cats; D000081004:Cyclopentane Monoterpenes; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D045989:Felidae / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D031239:Lonicera / Q000737:chemistry; D046008:Lynx / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D027521:Nepeta / Q000737:chemistry; D010675:Pheromones; D011753:Pyrones; D012903:Smell; D046010:Tigers; D014632:Valerian / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000081004:Cyclopentane Monoterpenes; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D010675:Pheromones; D011753:Pyrones; C115644:nepetalactone
keywords: Actinidine; Behavior; Iridomyrmecin; Isodihydronepetalactone; Nepetalactone; Olfaction; Pheromones; Plants; Tigers