title: Soil-transmitted helminths and plasmodium falciparum malaria among individuals living in different agroecosystems in two rural communities in the mount Cameroon area: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and Plasmodium falciparum infections remain public health problems in Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Mount Cameroon area to determine the prevalence and intensity of STHs and P. falciparum infections in individuals living in different agroecosystems; to assess the influence of these infections on haematological parameters; and to identify the risk factors associated with STH infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  STH and malaria parasites were detected using the Kato-Katz method and Giemsa staining of blood films, respectively. Complete blood count values were obtained using an automatic haematology analyser. Soil samples were analysed using the sucrose floatation sedimentation method. Categorical and continuous variables were compared as required and logistic regression models were used to assess the risk factors for STH infections and anaemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 450 participants examined, STHs, P. falciparum and mixed co-infections were detected in 14.0, 33.3 and 5.6% of participants, respectively. Significantly higher prevalences of Ascaris (18.8%) and Trichuris (7.9%) infections were observed in participants from tea plantation areas compared to those from banana and palm plantation areas, with similar trends in egg density. P. falciparum prevalence and parasite density were comparable between the different agroecosystems. The overall prevalence of anaemia was 64.2%. The prevalence of haematological manifestations such as moderate (48.0%) and severe (8.0%) anaemia, leucopenia (26.9%) and microcytosis (30.8%) was significantly higher among Plasmodium-STH co-infected participants. Soil samples from plantations showed the highest prevalences of STH eggs compared to soil samples from areas around pit toilets and public water taps. Living in a tea plantation area (OR = 3.07), age (AOR = 1.49) and lack of access to potable water (OR = 2.25) were identified as risk factors for STH infections, while the age groups 15-25 years (OR = 2.928) and 26-35 years (OR = 2.832), and being female (OR = 2.671) were significant risk factors for anaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  STHs, malaria and anaemia are still of public health concern in plantation communities. Co-infections negatively influence haematological parameters. The tea farming agroecosystem, age and lack of access to potable water were identified as significant risk factors for STH infections.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Not applicable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon. sumbelei@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Irene Ule Ngole
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Sumbele
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Gladys Belanka
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Nkemnji
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.|Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Helen Kuokuo
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kimbi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001196:Ascariasis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D017164:Ascaris lumbricoides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002163:Cameroon / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014257:Trichuriasis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D014258:Trichuris / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012987:Soil
keywords: Agroecosystem; Anaemia; Cameroon; Co-infection; Environmental contamination; Haematological values; Plasmodium falciparum malaria; Soil-transmitted helminths