title: Assessment of the risk of African swine fever introduction into Finland using NORA-a rapid tool for semiquantitative assessment of the risk.
abstract: The NORA rapid risk assessment tool was developed for situations where there is a change in the disease status of easily transmissible animal diseases in neighbouring countries or in countries with significant interactions with Finland. The goal was to develop a tool that is quick to use and will provide consistent results to support risk management decisions. The model contains 63 questions that define the potential for entry and exposure by nine different pathways. The magnitude of the consequences is defined by 23 statements. The weight of different pathways is defined according to the properties of the assessed disease. The model was built as an Excel spreadsheet and is intended for use by animal health control administrators. As an outcome, the model gives the possible pathways of disease entry into the country, an overall approximation for the probability of entry and the subsequent exposure, an overall estimate for the consequences and a combined overall risk estimate (probability multiplied by magnitude of consequences). Model validity was assessed by expert panels. Outside Africa, African swine fever is currently established in Russia and Sardinia. In addition, there have been cases in both wild boar and domestic pigs in Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Estonia. Finland has frequent contacts with Russia and Estonia, especially through passengers. The risk of African swine fever (ASF) introduction into Finland was tested with NORA for the situation in December 2015, when ASF was endemic in many parts of Russia, Africa and Sardinia and was present in Baltic countries and in Poland. African swine fever was assessed to have a high probability of entry into Finland, with high consequences and therefore a high overall risk.
authors.affiliation: Risk Assessment Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kyyrö
authors.affiliation: Risk Assessment Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sahlström
authors.affiliation: Risk Assessment Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0954-5085
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lyytikäinen
mesh_terms: D000357:African Swine Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D000358:African Swine Fever Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine
keywords: African swine fever; disease introduction; qualitative; rapid tool; risk assessment