title: Brainstem arteriovenous malformations: lesion characteristics and treatment outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Brainstem arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare lesions that are difficult to diagnose and treat. They are often more aggressive in their behavior when compared with their supratentorial counterparts. The consequence of a brainstem hemorrhage is often devastating, and many patients are in poor neurological status at presentation. The authors examine the factors associated with angiographically confirmed cure and those affecting management outcomes for these complex lesions. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of data gathered from the prospectively maintained Stanford AVM database. Lesions were grouped based on their location in the brainstem (medulla, pons, or midbrain) and the quadrant they occupied. Angiographic cure was dichotomized as completely obliterated or not, and functional outcome was dichotomized as either independent or not independent at last follow-up. RESULTS Over a 23-year period, 39 lesions were treated. Of these, 3 were located in the medulla, 14 in the pons, and 22 in the midbrain. At presentation, 92% of the patients had hemorrhage, and only 43.6% were functionally independent. Surgery resulted in the best radiographic cure rates, with a morbidity rate of 12.5%. In all, 53% of patients either improved or remained stable after surgery. Absence of residual nidus and female sex correlated with better outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Brainstem AVMs usually present with hemorrhage. Surgery offers the best chance of cure, either in isolation or in combination with other modalities as appropriate.
authors.forename: Venkatesh S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Madhugiri
authors.forename: Mario K C
authors.initials: MKC
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.forename: Joli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vavao
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bell-Stephens
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D001933:Brain Stem; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: AP = anteroposterior; BS AVM = brainstem arteriovenous malformation; EVT = endovascular therapy; FD = functionally dependent; FI = functionally independent; IGS = integrated grading score; IVH = intraventricular hemorrhage; SM = Spetzler-Martin; arteriovenous malformation; brainstem; hemorrhage; mRS = modified Rankin Scale; outcome; surgery; treatment modalities; vascular disorders