title: Hensen's node, but not other biological signallers, can induce supernumerary digits in the developing chick limb bud.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the organizer regions of early avian and amphibian embryos could induce supernumerary (SN) wing structures to develop when they were grafted to a slit in the anterior side of stage 19-23 chick wing buds. Supernumerary digits developed in 43% of the wings that received anterior grafts of Hensen's node from stage 4-6 quail or chick embryos; in addition, 16% of the wings had rods of SN cartilage, but not recognizable SN digits. The grafted quail tissue did not contribute to the SN structures. When tissue anterior or lateral to Hensen's node or lateral pieces of the area pellucida caudal to Hensen's node were grafted to anterior slits, the wings usually developed normally. No SN structures developed when Hensen's nodes were grafted to posterior slits in chick wing buds. Wings developed normally when pieces of the dorsal lip of the blastopore from stage 10-11.5 frog (Xenopus laevis and Rana pipiens) embryos were grafted to anterior slits. No SN digits developed when other tissues that have limb-inducing activity in adult urodele amphibians [chick otic vesicle, frog (Rana pipiens) lung and kidney] or that can act as heteroinductors in neural induction (rat kidney, lung, submaxillary gland and urinary bladder; mouse liver and submaxillary gland) were grafted to anterior slits in chick wing buds. SN digits also failed to develop following preaxial grafts of chick optic vesicles. These results suggest that although the anteroposterior polarity of the chick wing bud can be influenced by factors other than the ZPA (e.g., Hensen's node, retinoids), the wing is not so labile that it can respond to a wide variety of inductively-active tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Michigan, 48 109, Ann Arbor, MI.|Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, L215, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, 97201, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Kate Mary
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stocker
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Michigan, 48 109, Ann Arbor, MI.|Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Michigan, 48 109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce Martin
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Carlson
keywords: Chick embryo; Extremities (limbs); Morphogenesis