title: The role of morbidity and mortality rounds in medical education: a scoping review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing focus on how health care professionals can be trained effectively in quality improvement and patient safety principles. The morbidity and mortality round (MMR) has often been used as a tool with which to examine and teach care quality, yet little is known of its implementation and educational outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this scoping review are to examine and summarise the literature on how the MMR is designed and delivered, and to identify how it is evaluated for effectiveness in addressing medical education outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of the PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycInfo and Cochrane Library databases was conducted for articles published from 1980 to 1 June 2016. Publications in English describing the design, implementation and evaluation of MMRs were included. A total of 67 studies were identified, including eight survey-based studies, four literature reviews, one ethnographic study, three opinion papers, two qualitative observation studies and 49 case studies of education programmes with or without formal evaluation. Study outcomes were categorised using Donald Moore's framework for the evaluation of continuing medical education (CME).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is much heterogeneity within the literature regarding the implementation, delivery and goals of the MMR. Common design components included explicit programme goals and objectives, the case selection process, case presentation models and some form of case analysis. Evaluation of CME outcomes for MMR were mainly limited to learner participation, satisfaction and self-assessed changes in knowledge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MMR is widely utilised as an educational tool to promote medical education, patient safety and quality improvement. Although evidence to guide the design and implementation of the MMR to achieve measurable CME outcomes remains limited, there are components associated with positive improvements to learning and performance outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benassi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: MacGillivray
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sockalingam
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D004501:Education, Medical; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D009017:Morbidity; D009026:Mortality; D061214:Patient Safety; D058996:Quality Improvement; D056164:Teaching Rounds