title: Validation of rectal sparing throughout the course of proton therapy treatment in prostate cancer patients treated with SpaceOAR®.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the consistency of rectal sparing using multiple periodic quality assurance computerized tomography imaging scans (QACT) obtained during the course of proton therapy for patients with prostate cancer treated with a hydrogel spacer. Forty-one low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients treated with image-guided proton therapy with rectal spacer hydrogel were analyzed. To assess the reproducibility of rectal sparing with the hydrogel spacer, three to four QACTs were performed for each patient on day 1 and during weeks 1, 3, and 5 of treatment. The treatment plan was calculated on the QACT and the rectum V90%, V75%, V65%, V50%, and V40% were evaluated. For the retrospective analysis, we evaluated each QACT and compared it to the corresponding treatment planning CT (TPCT), to determine the average change in rectum DVH points. We were also interested in how many patients exceeded an upper rectum V90% threshold on a QACT. Finally, we were interested in a correlation between rectum volume and V90%. On each QACT, if the rectum V90% exceeded the upper threshold of 6%, the attending physician was notified and the patient was typically prescribed additional stool softeners or laxatives and reminded of dietary compliance. In all cases of the rectum V90% exceeding the threshold, the patient had increased gas and/or stool, compared to the TPCT. On average, the rectum V90% calculated on the QACT was 0.81% higher than that calculated on the TPCT. The average increase in V75%, V65%, V50%, and V40% on the QACT was 1.38%, 1.59%, 1.87%, and 2.17%, respectively. The rectum V90% was within ± 1% of the treatment planning dose in 71.2% of the QACTs, and within ± 5% in 93.2% of the QACTs. The 6% threshold for rectum V90% was exceeded in 7 out of 144 QACTs (4.8%), identified in 5 of the 41 patients. We evaluated the average rectum V90% across all QACTs for each of these patients, and it was found that the rectum V90% never exceeded 6%. 53% of the QACTs had a rectum volume within 5 cm3of the TPCT volume, 68% were within 10 cm3. We found that patients who exceeded the threshold on one or more QACTs had a lower TPCT rectal volume than the overall average. By extrapolating patient anatomy from three to four QACT scans, we have shown that the use of hydrogel in conjunction with our patient diet program and use of stool softeners is effective in achieving consistent rectal sparing in patients undergoing proton therapy.
authors.affiliation: Provision Center for Proton Therapy, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Samantha G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hedrick
authors.affiliation: Provision Center for Proton Therapy, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Marcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fagundes
authors.affiliation: Provision Center for Proton Therapy, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Case
authors.affiliation: Provision Center for Proton Therapy, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Jackson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Renegar
authors.affiliation: Provision Center for Proton Therapy, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blakey
authors.affiliation: Provision Center for Proton Therapy, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Artz
authors.affiliation: Provision Center for Proton Therapy, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Provision Center for Proton Therapy, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.affiliation: Provision Center for Proton Therapy, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Niek
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schreuder
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D059351:Organ Sparing Treatments / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000592:standards; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: 
  QACT
  ; SpaceOAR; hydrogel; prostate; proton therapy