title: Realistic phantoms to characterize dosimetry in pediatric CT.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The estimation of organ doses and effective doses for children receiving CT examinations is of high interest. Newer, more realistic anthropomorphic body models can provide information on individual organ doses and improved estimates of effective dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Previously developed body models representing 50th-percentile individuals at reference ages (newborn, 1, 5, 10 and 15 years) were modified to represent 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th height percentiles for both genders and an expanded range of ages (3, 8 and 13 years). We calculated doses for 80 pediatric reference phantoms from simulated chest-abdomen-pelvis exams on a model of a Philips Brilliance 64 CT scanner. Individual organ and effective doses were normalized to dose-length product (DLP) and fit as a function of body diameter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We calculated organ and effective doses for 80 reference phantoms and plotted them against body diameter. The data were well fit with an exponential function. We found DLP-normalized organ dose to correlate strongly with body diameter (R2>0.95 for most organs). Similarly, we found a very strong correlation with body diameter for DLP-normalized effective dose (R2>0.99). Our results were compared to other studies and we found average agreement of approximately 10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide organ and effective doses for a total of 80 reference phantoms representing normal-stature children ranging in age and body size. This information will be valuable in replacing the types of vendor-reported doses available. These data will also permit the recording and tracking of individual patient doses. Moreover, this comprehensive dose database will facilitate patient matching and the ability to predict patient-individualized dose prior to examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. diana.e.carver@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Diana E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Carver
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kost
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Duke University, Hock Plaza Suite 302, 2424 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
authors.forename: W Paul
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Segars
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Pickens
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Stabin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D049628:Body Size; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Children; Computed tomography; Effective dose; Monte Carlo; Organ dose; Patient size