title: Intraoperative Radiographic Determination of Ureteral Length as a Method of Determining Ideal Stent Length.
abstract: Accurate determination of ureteral length (UL) and appropriate stent length remains a challenge. The objective of this study was to describe an intraoperative technique to measure UL and determine appropriate stent length, and to compare this technique with other methods of determining appropriate stent length.
  
  
  
  Patients undergoing ureteroscopy requiring postoperative stenting and who had a preoperative CT were prospectively identified. Gender, age, height, body mass index, L1 to L5 lumbar height on CT, and surgeon's estimate of UL were recorded. UL was measured using four methods: direct measurement with a ureteral catheter, ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) to ureterovesical junction distance on axial and coronal CT, and using a novel intraoperative radiographic technique. Radiographic measurement was performed using a radiographic nipple marker affixed to the skin over the ureteral orifice (UO) and an angiographic catheter with radiopaque markings at 1 cm intervals. UL was the distance from the UPJ to the marker at the UO measured using the catheter markers. Correlation between direct measurement and the recorded variables and methods of ureteral measurement were calculated. Stent length was chosen based on radiographic measurement. Stents were deemed of appropriate length if they showed a proximal coil in the renal pelvis and a distal coil in the bladder without crossing midline.
  
  
  
  Twenty-five ureters from 23 patients were included. Radiographically measured UL was strongly correlated with direct measurement. (r = 0.873, p < 0.01). Coronal and axial CT ULs were significantly associated with direct measurement (p < 0.05). Height, lumbar height, and surgeon's estimate of UL were not. Stents were deemed of appropriate length in 23/25 cases (92%).
  
  
  
  This new method for radiographic UL measurement is strongly correlated with directly measured UL. A length of stent chosen based on radiographic UL resulted in an appropriate stent length.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghiculete
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sowerby
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farcas
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Kenneth T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Pace
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Richardson John D'Arcy
authors.initials: RJD
authors.lastname: Honey
mesh_terms: D057785:Catheters; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000601:surgery*; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D011859:Radiography; D015607:Stents; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology
keywords: measurement; stent length; symptoms; ureteroscopy