title: Development of induced glioblastoma by implantation of a human xenograft in Yucatan minipig as a large animal model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glioblastoma is the most common and deadliest primary brain tumor for humans. Despite many efforts toward the improvement of therapeutic methods, prognosis is poor and the disease remains incurable with a median survival of 12-14.5 months after an optimal treatment. To develop novel treatment modalities for this fatal disease, new devices must be tested on an ideal animal model before performing clinical trials in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new model of induced glioblastoma in Yucatan minipigs was developed. Nine immunosuppressed minipigs were implanted with the U87 human glioblastoma cell line in both the left and right hemispheres. Computed tomography (CT) acquisitions were performed once a week to monitor tumor growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 9 implanted animals, 8 minipigs showed significant macroscopic tumors on CT acquisitions. Histological examination of the brain after euthanasia confirmed the CT imaging findings with the presence of an undifferentiated glioma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Yucatan minipig, given its brain size and anatomy (gyrencephalic structure) which are comparable to humans, provides a reliable brain tumor model for preclinical studies of different therapeutic METHODS: in realistic conditions. Moreover, the short development time, the lower cyclosporine and caring cost and the compatibility with the size of commercialized stereotactic frames make it an affordable and practical animal model, especially in comparison with large breed pigs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This reproducible glioma model could simulate human anatomical conditions in preclinical studies and facilitate the improvement of novel therapeutic devices, designed at the human scale from the outset.
authors.affiliation: ICE (Interactions Cellules Environnement), UPSP 2016.A104, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon,1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France. Electronic address: mehrdad.khosh-nevis@vetagro-sup.fr.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khoshnevis
authors.affiliation: ICE (Interactions Cellules Environnement), UPSP 2016.A104, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon,1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carozzo
authors.affiliation: ICE (Interactions Cellules Environnement), UPSP 2016.A104, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon,1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonnefont-Rebeix
authors.affiliation: ICE (Interactions Cellules Environnement), UPSP 2016.A104, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon,1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belluco
authors.affiliation: BIOVIVO, Institut Claude Bourgelat, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon,1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Leveneur
authors.affiliation: Voxcan,1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chuzel
authors.affiliation: ICE (Interactions Cellules Environnement), UPSP 2016.A104, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon,1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pillet-Michelland
authors.affiliation: Grenoble Alpes University, Inserm Unit 1205, 17 rue des Martyrs-Bât. 4023, 38054 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dreyfus
authors.affiliation: ICE (Interactions Cellules Environnement), UPSP 2016.A104, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon,1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roger
authors.affiliation: Grenoble Alpes University, Inserm Unit 1205, 17 rue des Martyrs-Bât. 4023, 38054 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: ICE (Interactions Cellules Environnement), UPSP 2016.A104, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon,1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France; Clinical Oncology Unit, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon,1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ponce
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine
keywords: Animal model; Cyclosporine; Glioblastoma; Minipig; U87; Yucatan