title: Consequences of a mixed reproductive system in the hog peanut, Amphicarpaea bracteata, (Fabaceae).
abstract: The forest annual, Amphicarpaea bracteata L. can reproduce via aerial chasmogamous, aerial cleistogamous, and subterranean cleistogamous flowers. Both plant size and light intensity influenced the utilization of the three modes of reproduction. chasmogamous and aerial cleistogamous flower number and the ratio of chasmogamous flowers to the total number of aerial flowers increased with plant size. The latter demonstrated a shift to xenogamy and outbreeding in larger plants. Light intensity indirectly influenced reproductive modes through its infuence on plant size. Seed set by both types of aerial flowers was low and unrelated to plant size. Subterranean seed number and the total dry weight of subterranean seeds per plant increased with size. The subterranean seeds of Amphicarpaea bracteata are thirty-four times larger than the aerial seeds (fresh weight). Under field conditions, subterranean seeds had greater germination after one year than acrial seeds. The plants arising from subterranean seeds were significantly larger and more fecund than those from aerial seeds. Seeds produced by aerial cleistogamous, hand selfpollinated chasmogamous, and naturally pollinated chasmogamous flowers had equivalent germination rates and produced plants of equal size and fecundity. This suggests that the outbred progeny from chasmogamous flowers have no advantage over the inbred progeny from aerial cleistogamous flowers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Program in Evolutionary Ecology and Behavior, University of Iowa, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Joseph Trapp
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Program in Evolutionary Ecology and Behavior, University of Iowa, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hendrix
keywords: Amphicarpy; Cleistogamy; Inbreeding; Plant size; Reproduction