title: Maternal education, empowerment, economic status and child polio vaccination uptake in Pakistan: a population based cross sectional study.
abstract: To explore the association of maternal education and empowerment with childhood polio vaccination using nationally representative data of Pakistani mothers in a reproductive age group.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  
  Secondary analysis of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS), 2012-2013 data was performed.
  
  
  
  Of the 13 558 mothers included in the survey sample, 6982 mothers were able to provide information regarding polio vaccinations.
  
  
  
  Polio vaccination coverage among children aged up to 5 years was categorised as complete vaccination (all four oral polio vaccine (OPV) doses), incomplete vaccination, and no vaccination (zero OPV dose received). Mothers' empowerment status was assessed using standard 'Measure DHS' questions regarding their involvement in decision-making related to health, household possessions and visits among family and friends. Education was categorised as no education, primary, secondary and higher education. Results of multinomial regression analyses were reported as adjusted OR with 95% CI. We adjusted for age, wealth index, urban/rural residence, place of delivery, and antenatal and postnatal visits.
  
  
  
  Only 56.4% (n=3936) of the children received complete polio vaccination. Women with no education had significantly higher odds of their child receiving no polio vaccination (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.05 to 5.18; p<0.01) and incomplete vaccination (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.87; p<0.01). Further, unempowered women also had significantly higher odds of not taking their child for any polio vaccination (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.12; p<0.01) and incomplete vaccination (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.41; p=0.04).
  
  
  
  Illiteracy, socioeconomic status and empowerment of women remained significant factors linked to poorer uptake of routine polio vaccination.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Tahir
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0281-7650
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sidra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaheer
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.|Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Kashif
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shafique
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000067576:Child Health; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D004522:Educational Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000067010:Literacy; D009035:Mothers; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010154:Pakistan; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011209:Power, Psychological; D012923:Social Class; D014611:Vaccination; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTIOUS DISEASES