title: Association of socioeconomic stratification with plasmatic markers of lipoperoxidation and antioxidants in Venezuelan school-age children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish association between socioeconomic status and plasmatic markers of lipoperoxidation and antioxidants in Venezuelan school-age children from the middle-class and in critical poverty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study with a sample of 114 school-age children (aged 7-9). The socioeconomic status, dietary intake of macro and micro-nutrients, weight, height, lipid profile, indicators of lipid peroxidation and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The daily average intake of energy, carbohydrates and vitamin A, and the percentage of energy obtained from carbohydrates was significantly higher in middle-class children compared to critical poverty children (p<0.05). The circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein (p<0.001) and the susceptibility of low density lipoproteins and very low density lipoproteins to oxidationin vitro(p<0.05) were significantly higher in middle-class children, while the critical poverty children showed significantly lower levels of Vitamin C and E in plasma (p<0.05). Non-enzymatic antioxidant levels were frequently deficient in both strata. The concentrations of circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein (OR: 1.09, CI95%: 1.016-1.179;p= 0.017) and Vitamin C (OR: 3.21, CI95%: 1.104-9.938;p= 0.032) were associated to the socioeconomic status independently of gender, family history of premature coronary artery disease, triglicerides, Vitamin C and E dietary intake and count of white blood cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The socioeconomic status was associated to circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein and Vitamin C in Venezuelan school-age children, The results suggested the need to improve the dietary intake of antioxidants in both studied socioeconomic groups.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfofisiopatología, Escuela de Bioanálisis de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela. ; Instituto de Investigaciones en Nutrición (INVESNUT), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Nelina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Sección de Lipidología del Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Virgilio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.affiliation: Sección de Lipidología del Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Giacopini
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014687:Venezuela
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Oxidants; antioxidants; child; diet; nutritional status; oxidized low density lipoprotein; social class; socioeconomic factors