title: Access to high-volume surgeons and the opportunity cost of performing radical prostatectomy by low-volume providers.
abstract: Evidence suggests that redirecting surgeries to high-volume providers may be associated with better outcomes and significant societal savings. Whether such referrals are feasible remains unanswered.
  
  
  
  Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data, SEER 18, and US Incidence data were used to determine the geographic distribution and radical prostatectomy volume for providers. Access was defined as availability of a high-volume provider within driving distance of 100 miles. The opportunity cost was defined as the value of benefits achievable by performing the surgery by a high-volume provider that was forgone by not making a referral. The savings per referral were derived from a published Markov model for radical prostatectomy.
  
  
  
  A total of 14% of providers performed>27% of the radical prostatectomies with>30 cases per year and were designated high-volume providers. Providers with below-median volume (≤16 prostatectomies per year) performed>32% of radical prostatectomies. At least 47% of these were within a 100-mile driving distance (median = 22 miles), and therefore had access to a high-volume provider (>30 prostatectomies per year). This translated into a discounted savings of more than $24 million per year, representing the opportunity cost of not making a referral. The average volume for high- and low-volume providers was 55 and 13, respectively, resulting in an annual experience gap of 43 and a cumulative gap of 125 surgeries over 3 years. In 2014, the number of surgeons performing radical prostatectomy decreased by 5% while the number of high- and low-volume providers decreased by 25% and 11% showing a faster decline in the number of high-volume providers compared with low-volume surgeons.
  
  
  
  About half of prostatectomies performed by surgeons with below-median annual volume were within a 100-mile driving distance (median of 22 miles) of a high-volume surgeon. Such a referral may result in minimal additional costs and substantially improved outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Afsaneh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barzi
authors.affiliation: Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daneshmand
authors.affiliation: Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Inderbir
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Electronic address: Sarmad.Sadeghi@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Sarmad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery; D066231:Surgeons / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Access; High-volume providers; Oncologic outcomes; Opportunity cost; Radical prostatectomy