title: Risk of Nonfatal Stroke in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Retrospective Comparison Between Disease Management Programs and Standard Care.
abstract: The present retrospective study examines the influence of disease management programs on nonfatal stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Germany.
  
  
  
  The evaluation is based on retrospective patient data from the Disease Analyzer (IMS Health). The analysis included 169 414 T2DM patients aged 40 years and older with an initial prescription of antihyperglycemic therapy between January 2004 and December 2014. A total of 86 713 patients participated in a disease management program (DMP) for T2DM and 82 701 patients received standard care. The main outcome measure of this study was nonfatal stroke. Kaplan-Meier curves of DMP and SC patients were compared using log rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to provide an adjusted estimate of the DMP effect.
  
  
  
  It is apparent from the baseline characteristics that the general health of patients receiving standard care was poorer than that of patients participating in a DMP. The baseline HbA1c value was 7.6% in the DMP group and 7.8% in the SC group. Furthermore, the SC group had a higher proportion of preexisting conditions, such as coronary heart disease (CHD), peripheral arterial occlusive disease (pAOD), and renal insufficiency. The proportion of patients who received insulin in first year therapy was higher in the SC group. Time to event analysis showed that DMP was associated with a delayed occurrence of stroke, because stroke occurred an average of 350 days later in DMP patients than in patients receiving SC (DMP: 1.216 days, RV: 866 days). The Cox model with covariable adjustment confirmed the significant association of DMPs with nonfatal stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (HR 0.71; 95% CI: 0.69-0.74).
  
  
  
  The present study indicates that DMPs are positively associated with stroke. The possible reasons for this must be verified in further studies.
authors.affiliation: 1 Business Analytics, MSD Sharp und Dohme, Haar, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiefarn
authors.affiliation: 2 Institut für Statistik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heumann
authors.affiliation: 3 Primary Care, MSD Sharp und Dohme, Haar, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rettelbach
authors.affiliation: 4 Epidemiology, IMS Health, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kostev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: DMP; diabetes; disease management program; stroke