title: Optical probing of gastrocnemius in patients with peripheral artery disease characterizes myopathic biochemical alterations and correlates with stage of disease.
abstract: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a condition caused by atherosclerotic blockages in the arteries supplying the lower limbs and is characterized by ischemia of the leg, progressive myopathy, and increased risk of limb loss. The affected leg muscles undergo significant changes of their biochemistry and metabolism including variations in the levels of many key proteins, lipids, and nucleotides. The mechanisms behind these changes are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to correlate the severity of the PAD disease stage and associated hemodynamic limitation (determined by the ankle brachial index, ABI) in the legs of the patients with alterations in the biochemistry of chronically ischemic leg muscle as determined by ATR-Fourier transform infrared micro-spectroscopy. Muscle (gastrocnemius) biopsies were collected from 13 subjects including four control patients (ABI≥0.9), five claudicating patients (0.4 ≤ ABI<0.9), and four critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients (ABI<0.4). Slide mounted specimens were analyzed by ATR-Fourier transform infrared micro-spectroscopy. An analysis of variance and a partial least squares regression model were used to identify significant differences in spectral peaks and correlate them with the ABI The spectra revealed significant differences (P< 0.05) across control, claudicating, and CLI patients in the fingerprint and functional group regions. Infrared microspectroscopic probing of ischemic muscle biopsies demonstrates that PAD produces significant and unique changes to muscle biochemistry in comparison to control specimens. These distinctive biochemical profiles correlate with disease progression and may provide insight and direction for new targets in the diagnosis and therapy of muscle degeneration in PAD.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Department, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas.
authors.forename: Ryan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Department, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas kim.cluff@wichita.edu.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cluff
authors.affiliation: Industrial Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas.
authors.forename: Nithyanandhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duraisamy
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Department, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas.|Industrial Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas.
authors.forename: Hootan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mehraein
authors.affiliation: Heartland Cardiology, Wichita, Kansas.
authors.forename: Hussam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Farhoud
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Wichita, Kansas.
authors.forename: Tracie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Casale
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.|Department of Surgery and VA Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Iraklis I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Pipinos
authors.affiliation: Biological Systems Engineering and Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Jeyamkondan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Subbiah
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015591:Microspectrophotometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: ATR‐FTIR Spectroscopy; Atherosclerosis; ischemia; muscle damage; vascular disease