title: Associations of vitamin D status with dietary intakes and physical activity levels among adults from seven European countries: the Food4Me study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the vitamin D status in adults from seven European countries and to identify behavioural correlates.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 1075 eligible adult men and women from Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Greece, UK, Poland and Germany, were included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, defined as 25-hydroxy vitamin D3(25-OHD3) concentration of <30 and 30-49.9 nmol/L, respectively, were observed in 3.3 and 30.6% of the participants. The highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was found in the UK and the lowest in the Netherlands (8.2 vs. 1.1%, P < 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was higher in females compared with males (36.6 vs. 22.6%, P < 0.001), in winter compared with summer months (39.3 vs. 25.0%, P < 0.05) and in younger compared with older participants (36.0 vs. 24.4%, P < 0.05). Positive dose-response associations were also observed between 25-OHD3concentrations and dietary vitamin D intake from foods and supplements, as well as with physical activity (PA) levels. Vitamin D intakes of ≥5 μg/day from foods and ≥5 μg/day from supplements, as well as engagement in ≥30 min/day of moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA were associated with higher odds (P < 0.05) for maintaining sufficient (≥50 nmol/L) 25-OHD3concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varied considerably among European adults. Dietary intakes of ≥10 μg/day of vitamin D from foods and/or supplements and at least 30 min/day of moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA were the minimum thresholds associated with vitamin D sufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Heath Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. manios@hua.gr.|Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El Venizelou Ave, Kallithea, 176 71, Athens, Greece. manios@hua.gr.
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Heath Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moschonis
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Heath Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christina P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lambrinou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Heath Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mavrogianni
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Heath Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tsirigoti
authors.affiliation: Analytical Research Centre and Human Nutrition & Health, DSM Nutritional Products, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hoeller
authors.affiliation: Analytical Research Centre and Human Nutrition & Health, DSM Nutritional Products, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Franz F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.affiliation: Analytical Research Centre and Human Nutrition & Health, DSM Nutritional Products, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bendik
authors.affiliation: Analytical Research Centre and Human Nutrition & Health, DSM Nutritional Products, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eggersdorfer
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Celis-Morales
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cyril F M
authors.initials: CFM
authors.lastname: Marsaux
authors.affiliation: Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Macready
authors.affiliation: Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fallaize
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Clare B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: O'Donovan
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Woolhead
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Marianne C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Physiology, University of Navarra; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Navas-Carretero
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Physiology, University of Navarra; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: San-Cristobal
authors.affiliation: ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kolossa
authors.affiliation: ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallmann
authors.affiliation: National Food & Nutrition Institute (IZZ), Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Mirosław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jarosz
authors.affiliation: National Food & Nutrition Institute (IZZ), Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Surwiłło
authors.affiliation: National Food & Nutrition Institute (IZZ), Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Traczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Drevon
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, TNO, Zeist, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Ommen
authors.affiliation: Eurogenetica Ltd, 7 Salisbury Road, Burnham-on-Sea, UK.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: John N S
authors.initials: JNS
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Physiology, University of Navarra; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: J Alfredo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Eileen R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim H M
authors.initials: WHM
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mathers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005060:Europe; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; Adults Europe; Diet; Physical activity; Supplements; Vitamin D