title: Highly porous regenerated cellulose hydrogel and aerogel prepared from hydrothermal synthesized cellulose carbamate.
abstract: Here, a stable derivative of cellulose, called cellulose carbamate (CC), was produced from Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) core pulp (KCP) and urea with the aid of a hydrothermal method. Further investigation was carried out for the amount of nitrogen yielded in CC as different urea concentrations were applied to react with cellulose. The effect of nitrogen concentration of CC on its solubility in a urea-alkaline system was also studied. Regenerated cellulose products (hydrogels and aerogels) were fabricated through the rapid dissolution of CC in a urea-alkaline system. The morphology of the regenerated cellulose products was viewed under Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The transformation of allomorphs in regenerated cellulose products was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The transparency of regenerated cellulose products was determined by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The degree of swelling (DS) of regenerated cellulose products was also evaluated. This investigation provides a simple and efficient procedure of CC determination which is useful in producing regenerated CC products.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sinyee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sarani
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5981-0986
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chin Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ruey Shan
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Amanda V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hatika
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaco
mesh_terms: D002219:Carbamates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016062:Porosity; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D020100:Hydrogels; D002482:Cellulose