title: Solid-State Electrolyte-Gated Graphene in Optical Modulators.
abstract: The gate-tunable wide-band absorption of graphene makes it suitable for light modulation from terahertz to visible light. The realization of graphene-based modulators, however, faces challenges connected with graphene's low absorption and the high electric fields necessary to change graphene's optical conductivity. Here, a solid-state supercapacitor effect with the high-k dielectric hafnium oxide is demonstrated that allows modulation from the near-infrared to shorter wavelengths close to the visible spectrum with remarkably low voltages (≈3 V). The electroabsorption modulators are based on a Fabry-Perot-resonator geometry that allows modulation depths over 30% for free-space beams.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Diana E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Aznakayeva
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Owen P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Vasyl G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Kravets
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Grigorenko
keywords: HfO2; Pauli blocking; double layers; field-effect transistors; graphene heterostructures