title: Modeled responses of terrestrial ecosystems to elevated atmospheric CO2: a comparison of simulations by the biogeochemistry models of the Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP).
abstract: Although there is a great deal of information concerning responses to increases in atmospheric CO2at the tissue and plant levels, there are substantially fewer studies that have investigated ecosystem-level responses in the context of integrated carbon, water, and nutrient cycles. Because our understanding of ecosystem responses to elevated CO2is incomplete, modeling is a tool that can be used to investigate the role of plant and soil interactions in the response of terrestrial ecosystems to elevated CO2. In this study, we analyze the responses of net primary production (NPP) to doubled CO2from 355 to 710 ppmv among three biogeochemistry models in the Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP): BIOME-BGC (BioGeochemical Cycles), Century, and the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM). For the conterminous United States, doubled atmospheric CO2causes NPP to increase by 5% in Century, 8% in TEM, and 11% in BIOME-BGC. Multiple regression analyses between the NPP response to doubled CO2and the mean annual temperature and annual precipitation of biomes or grid cells indicate that there are negative relationships between precipitation and the response of NPP to doubled CO2for all three models. In contrast, there are different relationships between temperature and the response of NPP to doubled CO2for the three models: there is a negative relationship in the responses of BIOME-BGC, no relationship in the responses of Century, and a positive relationship in the responses of TEM. In BIOME-BGC, the NPP response to doubled CO2is controlled by the change in transpiration associated with reduced leaf conductance to water vapor. This change affects soil water, then leaf area development and, finally, NPP. In Century, the response of NPP to doubled CO2is controlled by changes in decomposition rates associated with increased soil moisture that results from reduced evapotranspiration. This change affects nitrogen availability for plants, which influences NPP. In TEM, the NPP response to doubled CO2is controlled by increased carboxylation which is modified by canopy conductance and the degree to which nitrogen constraints cause down-regulation of photosynthesis. The implementation of these different mechanisms has consequences for the spatial pattern of NPP responses, and represents, in part, conceptual uncertainty about controls over NPP responses. Progress in reducing these uncertainties requires research focused at the ecosystem level to understand how interactions between the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles influence the response of NPP to elevated atmospheric CO2.
authors.affiliation: The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Fax: +1-508-4571548; e-mail: yudepan@lupine.mbl.edu, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Yude
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Fax: +1-508-4571548; e-mail: yudepan@lupine.mbl.edu, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Jerry M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Melillo
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: A David
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.affiliation: The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Fax: +1-508-4571548; e-mail: yudepan@lupine.mbl.edu, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kicklighter
authors.affiliation: Appalachian Environmental Laboratory, University of Maryland, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Louis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Pitelka
authors.affiliation: School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hibbard
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Lars L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.affiliation: School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Running
authors.affiliation: Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ford Collins, CO 80523, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Dennis S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ojima
authors.affiliation: Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ford Collins, CO 80523, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Parton
authors.affiliation: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Schimel
keywords: Biogeochemistry; Carbon dioxide; Key words Global change; Net primary production (NPP); Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP)