title: High glucose induces alternative activation of macrophages via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been proved that lactate-4.25% dialysate could result in peritoneal fibrosis by inducing alternative activation of macrophages in our previous study, but the mechanism of high glucose-induced alternative activation has not been elucidated. This study was, therefore, to investigate the mechanism by high glucose stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, Raw264.7 (murine macrophage cell line) cells were cultured and stimulated by 4.25% glucose medium, and mannitol medium was used as osmotic pressure control. Cells were harvested at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 12 h to examine the expression of Arg-1, CD206, and p-Akt. After blocking PI3K by LY294002, the expression of Arg-1, CD206, and p-Akt was examined again.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of Arg-1 and CD206 was increased in a time-dependent manner induced by high glucose medium. On the contrary, there was mainly no Agr-1 or CD206 expressed in cells cultured in the mannitol medium with the same osmotic pressure. What's more, Akt was phosphorylated at the eighth hour stimulated by high glucose medium, and LY294002 inhibited the expression of Arg-1 and CD206 by blocking the phosphorylation of Akt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicated that high glucose rather than high osmotic pressure induced M2 phenotype via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Dermatology , Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Dermatology , Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Dermatology , Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China.
authors.forename: Yuying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Dermatology , Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China.
authors.forename: Minghui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Dermatology , Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: a Department of Dermatology , Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: a Department of Dermatology , Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: a Department of Dermatology , Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou , China.
authors.forename: Lihang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000235:genetics; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000633:toxicity*; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D056627:Peritoneal Fibrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001119:Arginase; D002867:Chromones; D005947:Glucose; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins; D009025:Morpholines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C544448:Arg1 protein, mouse
keywords: High glucose; PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; alternative activation of macrophages