title: Racial and Ethnic Variation in Pediatric Cardiac Extracorporeal Life Support Survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have suggested an association between nonwhite race and poor outcomes in small subsets of cardiac surgery patients who require extracorporeal life support. This study aims to examine the association of race/ethnicity with mortality in pediatric patients who receive extracorporeal life support for cardiac support.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of registry data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively collected multi-institutional registry data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from all North American pediatric patients in the Extracorporeal Life Support International Registry who received extracorporeal life support for cardiac support between 1998 and 2012 were analyzed. Multivariate regression models were constructed to examine the association between race/ethnicity and hospital mortality, adjusting for demographics, diagnosis, pre-extracorporeal life support care, extracorporeal life support variables, and extracorporeal life support-related complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 7,106 patients undergoing cardiac extracorporeal life support, the majority of patients were of white race (56.9%) with black race (16.7%), Hispanic ethnicity (15.8%), and Asian race (2.8%) comprising the other major race/ethnic groups. The mortality rate was 53.9% (n = 3,831). After adjusting for covariates, multivariate analysis identified black race (relative risk = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.16) and Hispanic ethnicity (relative risk = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.02-1.14) as independent risk factors for mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Black race and Hispanic ethnicity are independently associated with mortality in children who require cardiac extracorporeal life support.
authors.affiliation: 1The Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.2Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.3Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Titus
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Di Gennaro
authors.forename: Reid W D
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Farris
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radman
authors.forename: David Michael
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McMullan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data