title: Evaluation of toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of phytol and its nanoemulsion.
abstract: Phytol (PYT) is a diterpenoid having important biological activity. However, it is a water non-soluble compound. This study aims to prepare PYT nanoemulsion (PNE) and evaluation of toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of PYT and PNE. For this, the PNE was prepared by the phase inversion method. The cytotoxicity test was performed in Artemia salina, while toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Allium cepa at concentrations of 2, 4, 8 and 16 mM. Potassium dichromate and copper sulfate were used as positive controls for the tests of A. salina and A. cepa, respectively. In addition, an adaptation response was detected in A. cepa by using the comet assay. The results suggest that both PYT and PNE exhibited toxic and cytotoxic effects at 4-16 mM in either test system, while genotoxicity at 2-16 mM in A. cepa. PNE exhibited more toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects at 8 and 16 mM than the PYT. However, both PYT and PNE at 2 and 4 mM decreased the index and frequency of damage in A. cepa after 48 and 72 h, suggesting a possible adaptation response or DNA damage preventing capacity. Nanoemulsified PYT (PNE) may readily cross the biological membranes with an increase in bioavailability and produce more toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in the used test systems.
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64.049-550, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Mehedibag, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh. Electronic address: rbiotufpi.br@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad Torequl
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59012-570, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Streck
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64.049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcus Vinícius Oliveira Barros
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: de Alencar
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64.049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samara Wanessa
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cardoso Silva
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64.049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kátia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: da Conceição Machado
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64.049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Keylla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: da Conceição Machado
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64.049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Luiz
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gomes Júnior
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64.049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcia Fernanda Correia Jardim
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64.049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Maria Oliveira Ferreira
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: da Mata
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64.049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Marcelo
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Castro E Sousa
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute of Piauí (IFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joaquim Soares
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: da Costa Junior
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64.049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hercília Maria
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lins Rolim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Picos, PI, 64.600-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arnobio Antonio
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: da Silva-Junior
authors.affiliation: Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, 64.049-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Amélia
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D019697:Onions / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D010836:Phytol / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D010836:Phytol
keywords: Adaptive response; Phytol nanoemulsion; Toxicogenetic effect