title: Hypothermic stunning of green sea turtles in a western Gulf of Mexico foraging habitat.
abstract: Texas waters provide one of the most important developmental and foraging habitats for juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the western Gulf of Mexico, but hypothermic stunning is a significant threat and was the largest cause of green turtle strandings in Texas from 1980 through 2015; of the 8,107 green turtles found stranded, 4,529 (55.9%) were victims of hypothermic stunning. Additionally, during this time, 203 hypothermic stunned green turtles were found incidentally captured due to power plant water intake entrapment. Overall, 63.9% of 4,529 hypothermic stunned turtles were found alive, and 92.0% of those survived rehabilitation and were released. Numbers of green turtles recorded as stranded and as affected by hypothermic stunning increased over time, and were most numerous from 2007 through 2015. Large hypothermic stunning events (with more than 450 turtles documented) occurred during the winters of 2009-2010, 2010-2011, 2013-2014, and 2014-2015. Hypothermic stunning was documented between November and March, but peaked at various times depending on passage of severe weather systems. Hypothermic stunning occurred state-wide, but was most prevalent in South Texas, particularly the Laguna Madre. In the Laguna Madre, hypothermic stunning was associated with an abrupt drop in water temperatures strong northerly winds, and a threshold mean water temperature of 8.0°C predicted large turtle hypothermic stunning events. Knowledge of environmental parameters contributing to hypothermic stunning and the temporal and spatial distribution of turtles affected in the past, can aid with formulation of proactive, targeted search and rescue efforts that can ultimately save the lives of many affected individuals, and aid with recovery efforts for this bi-national stock. Such rescue efforts are required under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and respond to humanitarian concerns of the public.
authors.affiliation: National Park Service, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Donna J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1379-8974
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Shaver
authors.affiliation: Conrad Blucher Institute, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Philippe E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Tissot
authors.affiliation: National Park Service, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Streich
authors.affiliation: National Park Service, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer Shelby
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: National Park Service, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.affiliation: Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Amos
authors.affiliation: Sea Turtle, Inc., South Padre Island, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: National Park Service, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, Texas, United States of America.|Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michelle R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pasawicz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D060851:Gulf of America; D007035:Hypothermia; D014426:Turtles / Q000502:physiology*