title: Pyrithione inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication through interfering with NF-κB and heparanase.
abstract: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a continuous threat to the pig industry, causing high economic losses worldwide. Current vaccination strategies provide only limited protection against PRRSV infection. Consequently, there is a need to develop new antiviral strategies. Pyrithione (PT), a zinc ionophore, is used as an antibacterial and antifungal agent, and evidence has shown that PT inhibits the replication of various RNA viruses. However, there is no data regarding its effects against PRRSV infection until now. In this study, we showed that PT strongly inhibited PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells. Similar inhibitory effects were also found in porcine alveolar macrophages, the major target cell type of PRRSV infection in pigs in vivo. PT also attenuated virus-induced apoptosis during the late phase of infection. In addition, we provided evidence that PT caused a rapid import of extracellular zinc ions into cells, and imported Zn2+was responsible for its antiviral property. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of PT against PRRSV and found that PT inhibited NF-κB and heparanase, producing the increased heparan sulfate expression to block the release of virus and cytokines, thus decreasing viral replication. These findings suggest that PT has the potential to the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against PRRSV infection.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China. Electronic address: 419839537@qq.com.
authors.forename: Chunhe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China. Electronic address: 1119365266@qq.com.
authors.forename: Zhenbang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China. Electronic address: 715249562@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China. Electronic address: chyaosh@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yaosheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, North Third Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China. Electronic address: liuxh8@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000821:virology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019318:Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D019316:Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D013871:Thiones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D000099175:Heparanase
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D005966:Glucuronidase; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011725:Pyridines; D013871:Thiones; D000099175:Heparanase; C008704:pyrithione
keywords: Antiviral activity.; PRRSV; Pyrithione