title: Early embryonic development of the dipteran insect Heteropeza pygmaea in the presence of cytoskeleton-affecting drugs.
abstract: Embryos of the paedogenetically reproducing gall midge Heteropeza pygmaea develop floating in the haemocoel of a so-called mother larva. The egg membranes remain permeable and the embryos increase in size during embryonic development by taking up nutrients from the haemolymph. Such embryos can be cultured in vitro, i.e. in haemolymph drops obtained from mother larvae. We tested the effects of several drugs known to interact with cytoskeletal elements on different stages of embryonic development, including cleavage and gastrulation. The drugs were added to the in vitro cultures and the effects were studied with time-lapse cine-micrography. Colchicine and vinblastine blocked cleaving eggs in metaphase stage and arrested yolk globule oscillation. In spite of such a block blastoderms once formed continued development through germ band formation and extension and also increased in size. Cytochalasin B did not affect the stage of cleavage; however, it inhibited gastrulation and subsequent morphogenetic processes and also prevented size increase. We conclude that (1) the functioning of microtubules is needed for yolk globule oscillation during cleavage interphases but not for the gastrulation processes subsequent to blastoderm formation and (2) microfilaments do not play an important role in cleavage, at least not for the orderly succession of the cleavage divisions, but are essential for the morphogenetic movements associated with gastrulation. We suggest that during cleavage a limited stock of microtubules and their precursors is responsible for both transport of chromosomes during mitoses and translocation of organelles during interphase. Yolk oscillation seems to be a secondary effect and of minor or no importance for the normal course of embryonic development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dirk F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Went
keywords: Colchicine; Cytochalasin B; Cytoskeleton; Dipteran insect; Embryogenesis