title: Which Specialized Metabolites Does the Native Subantarctic Gastropod Notodiscus hookeri Extract from the Consumption of the Lichens Usnea taylorii and Pseudocyphellaria crocata?
abstract: Notodiscus hookeriis the only representative of terrestrial gastropods on Possession Island and exclusively feeds on lichens. The known toxicity of various lichen metabolites to plant-eating invertebrates led us to propose thatN. hookerievolved means to protect itself from their adverse effects. To validate this assumption, the current study focused on the consumption of two lichen species:Usnea tayloriiandPseudocyphellaria crocata. A controlled feeding experiment was designed to understand how the snail copes with the unpalatable and/or toxic compounds produced by these lichen species. The occurrence of two snail ecophenotypes, represented by a mineral shell and an organic shell, led to address the question of a metabolic response specific to the phenotype. Snails were fed for two months with one of these lichens and the chemical profiles of biological samples ofN. hookeri(i.e., crop, digestive gland, intestine, and feces) were established by HPLC-DAD-MS and compared to that of the lichens.N. hookeriappears as a generalist lichen feeder able to consume toxic metabolite-containing lichens, independently of the ecophenotype. The digestive gland did not sequester lichen metabolites. The snail metabolism might be based on four non-exclusive processes according to the concerned metabolites (avoidance, passive transport, hydrolysis, and excretion).
authors.affiliation: Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 (ECOBIO), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France. alice.gadea@univ-rennes1.fr.|Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France. alice.gadea@univ-rennes1.fr.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gadea
authors.affiliation: Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France. pierre.lepogam.alluard@gmail.com.|Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6164 (IETR), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France. pierre.lepogam.alluard@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Le Pogam
authors.affiliation: Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 (ECOBIO), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France. grichka.biver1@gmail.com.|Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France. grichka.biver1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Grichka
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biver
authors.affiliation: Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France. joel.boustie@univ-rennes1.fr.
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boustie
authors.affiliation: Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France. anne-cecile.le-lamer@univ-tlse3.fr.|Université Midi-Pyrénées, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX, France. anne-cecile.le-lamer@univ-tlse3.fr.
authors.forename: Anne-Cécile
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Le Lamer
authors.affiliation: Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226 (ISCR), 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France. francoise.le-devehat@univ-rennes1.fr.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Le Dévéhat
authors.affiliation: Université Bretagne-Loire, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 (ECOBIO), 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France. maryvonne.charrier@univ-rennes1.fr.
authors.forename: Maryvonne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charrier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000502:physiology*; D060434:Herbivory; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D064209:Phytochemicals
keywords: Crozet Archipelago; Notodiscus hookeri; Pseudocyphellaria crocata; Usnea taylorii; chemical ecology; lichens; snails