title: Guidelines for patient-specific jawline definition with titanium implants in esthetic, deformity, and malformation surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asymmetry and unfavorable esthetics of the jawline have become possible to correct in three dimensions using computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to provide esthetic, technical, and operative guidelines for mandibular angle and border augmentation using patient-specific titanium implants made by selective laser melting.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital - prospective registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients and 17 implantation sites were documented and prospectively registered. Malformational, deformational, and purely esthetic indications were encountered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient satisfaction was high, probably because the patients had input into the planned dimensions and shape. A serious infection with implant removal occurred in one patient who had six previous surgeries at the same sites. Technical and surgical guidelines were developed including splitting implants into two segments when the mental nerve was at risk, using a three-dimensional (3D) puzzle connection, providing at least two screw holes per segment, using scaffolds at the bony contact side, using a "satin" finish at the periosteal side, referring to anatomical structures where possible, making provisions for transbuccal and transoral fixation, using a high vestibular incision, and using a double-layer closure. Esthetic guidelines are discussed but could not be upgraded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mirroring techniques and 3D print accuracy up to 0.1 mm allow precise planning of jaw angle implants. Patients are pleased when given preoperative renderings for their consideration. Infections can be managed using technical and operative recommendations and careful patient selection.
authors.affiliation: European Face Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Maurice Yves
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Mommaerts
keywords: Mandible; patient-specific modeling; prostheses and implants