title: Treatment of tungiasis with a two-component dimeticone: a comparison between moistening the whole foot and directly targeting the embedded sand fleas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tungiasis (sand flea disease) is caused by the penetration of female sand fleas (Tunga penetrans, Siphonaptera) into the skin. It belongs to the neglected tropical diseases and is prevalent in South America, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. Tungiasis predominantly affects marginalized populations and resource-poor communities in both urban and rural areas. In the endemic areas, patients do not have access to an effective and safe treatment. A proof-of-principle study in rural Kenya has shown that the application of a two-component dimeticone (NYDA®) which is a mixture of two low viscosity silicone oils caused almost 80% of the embedded sand fleas to lose their viability within 7 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we compared the efficacy of two distinct modes of application of NYDA®; one targeted application to the area where the parasite protrudes through the skin and one comprehensive application to the whole foot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of the two modes of application, the dimeticone caused more than 95% of embedded sand fleas to lose all signs of viability within 7 days. The targeted application killed embedded sand fleas more rapidly compared to when the whole foot was covered. The proportion of viable lesions at day two were 7.0 versus 23.4% (p< 0.01) and at day five 3.9 versus 12.5% (p< 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the dimeticone could provide a safe and effective treatment for tungiasis in areas with difficult access to health care.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN ISRCTN74306878.
authors.affiliation: The Skaraborg Institute for Research and Development, Stationsgatan 12, 541 30 Skövde, Sweden.|Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3816-9229
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thielecke
authors.affiliation: African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ngomi
authors.affiliation: Department of National Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: George Mukone
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mudanga
authors.affiliation: The Skaraborg Institute for Research and Development, Stationsgatan 12, 541 30 Skövde, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ingela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krantz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feldmeier
keywords: Dimeticone; Public health; Treatment; Tungiasis