title: Low lifetime stress exposure is associated with reduced stimulus-response memory.
abstract: Exposure to stress throughout life can cumulatively influence later health, even among young adults. The negative effects of high cumulative stress exposure are well-known, and a shift from episodic to stimulus-response memory has been proposed to underlie forms of psychopathology that are related to high lifetime stress. At the other extreme, effects of very low stress exposure are mixed, with some studies reporting that low stress leads to better outcomes, while others demonstrate that low stress is associated with diminished resilience and negative outcomes. However, the influence of very low lifetime stress exposure on episodic and stimulus-response memory is unknown. Here we use a lifetime stress assessment system (STRAIN) to assess cumulative lifetime stress exposure and measure memory performance in young adults reporting very low and moderate levels of lifetime stress exposure. Relative to moderate levels of stress, very low levels of lifetime stress were associated with reduced use and retention (24 h later) of stimulus-response (SR) associations, and a higher likelihood of using context memory. Further, computational modeling revealed that participants with low levels of stress exhibited worse expression of memory for SR associations than those with moderate stress. These results demonstrate that very low levels of stress exposure can have negative effects on cognition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Grant S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.affiliation: Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.|Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
authors.forename: Nathaniel D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Daw
authors.affiliation: Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.|Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Slavich
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.|Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.|Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Phelps
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001245:Association Learning; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult