title: Systematic review of nonpharmacological analgesic interventions for common needle-related procedure in newborn infants and development of evidence-based clinical guidelines.
abstract: The aim of this literature review was to develop clinical guidelines for the prevention and control of needle-related pain in newborn infants. The guidelines were developed by the Italian Society of Neonatology, using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach, based on the assessment of 232 papers published between 1986 and 2015. The quality of the evidence was high or moderate for some behavioural and nonpharmacological interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was sufficient evidence to strongly support the use of nonpharmacological interventions for common needle-related procedures in newborn infants. Combined interventions seemed to be more effective in relieving procedural pain.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women's and Children's Health Department, Azienda Ospedaliera-University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lago
authors.affiliation: NICU, Women's and Children's Health Department, Azienda Ospedaliera-University of Modena, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garetti
authors.affiliation: NICU, 'Le Scotte' Hospital, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo Valerio
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Bellieni
authors.affiliation: NICU, Mother's and Infant's Department, Valduce Hospital, Como, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Merazzi
authors.affiliation: NICU, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Savant Levet
authors.affiliation: Women's and Children's Health Department, Infermi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera of Rimini, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ancora
authors.affiliation: NICU, MBBM Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pirelli
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018962:Phlebotomy
keywords: Analgesia; Heel prick; Newborn infants; Nonpharmacological interventions; Vascular punctures