title: An experimental investigation of interactions in snail-macrophyte-epiphyte systems.
abstract: An experimental investigation under field conditions of enclosures containing freshwater pulmonate snails, the macrophyteCeratophyllum demersum and epiphytes, produced evidence of beneficial interactions.Ceratophyllum growth, measured in terms of stem length, numbers of leaf-nodes and growing tips and leaf survival was significantly enhanced in the presence of snails. This effect was attributed to the increased availability of plant nutrients of snail origin, such as phosphates and ammonia, as well as to the snails' action as "cleaning symbionts" in reducing the density of bacterial and algal epiphyton potentially deleterious to macrophytes. Principal component analysis revealed both seasonal and treatment effects of snail grazing on algal epiphyton. Small adnate algal species (e.g.Cocconeis placentula) survived grazing and benefited from the removal of larger, competitor, species. Snail densities increased in all treatments, despite high (86%) juvenile mortality. It is concluded that freshwater pulmonate snails are strong interactors in lentic habitats, enhancing the growth ofCeratophyllum and producing characterisic epiphyte communities. This benefits not only the snails, but also the plants and epiphytes that are associated with them. Thus the interactions between these component parts of the community can be considered as mutualistic.
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG, Brighton, Sussex, UK.
authors.forename: G J C
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG, Brighton, Sussex, UK.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: N.E.R.C., Polaris House, North Star Avenue, SN2 1EU, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Baker
keywords: Epiphytes; Freshwater snails; Grazing; Macrophytes; Mutualism