title: Change in Emiliania huxleyi Virus Assemblage Diversity but Not in Host Genetic Composition during an Ocean Acidification Mesocosm Experiment.
abstract: Effects of elevatedpCO₂ onEmiliania huxleyigenetic diversity and the viruses that infectE. huxleyi(EhVs) have been investigated in large volume enclosures in a Norwegian fjord. Triplicate enclosures were bubbled with air enriched with CO₂ to 760 ppmv whilst the other three enclosures were bubbled with air at ambientpCO₂; phytoplankton growth was initiated by the addition of nitrate and phosphate.E. huxleyiwas the dominant coccolithophore in all enclosures, but no difference in genetic diversity, based on DGGE analysis using primers specific to the calcium binding protein gene (gpa) were detected in any of the treatments. Chlorophyll concentrations and primary production were lower in the three elevatedpCO₂ treatments than in the ambient treatments. However, although coccolithophores numbers were reduced in two of the high-pCO₂ treatments; in the third, there was no suppression of coccolithophores numbers, which were very similar to the three ambient treatments. In contrast, there was considerable variation in genetic diversity in the EhVs, as determined by analysis of the major capsid protein (mcp) gene. EhV diversity was much lower in the high-pCO₂ treatment enclosure that did not show inhibition ofE. huxleyigrowth. Since virus infection is generally implicated as a major factor in terminating phytoplankton blooms, it is suggested that no study of the effect of ocean acidification in phytoplankton can be complete if it does not include an assessment of viruses.
authors.affiliation: The Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK. ancba@mba.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Highfield
authors.affiliation: The Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK. ianjoi@mba.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Joint
authors.affiliation: The Microbiome Centre, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. gilbertjack@uchicago.edu.|Division of Bioscience, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA. gilbertjack@uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Oceanography, NIOZ-Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands. kate.crawfurd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Katharine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Crawfurd
authors.affiliation: The Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK. dsch@mba.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Declan C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Schroeder
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000187:drug effects*; D058087:Haptophyta / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000821:virology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009664:Norway; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D017862:Phycodnaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D010710:Phosphates; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: CO2; Coccolithovirus; EhV; Emiliania huxleyi; climate change; ocean acidification