title: Discharge Against Medical Advice in the United States, 2002-2011.
abstract: To describe the national frequency, prevalence, and trends of discharge against medical advice (DAMA) among inpatient hospitalizations in the United States and identify differences across patient- and hospital-level characteristics, overall and in clinically distinct diagnostic subgroups.
  
  
  
  We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of inpatient hospitalizations (≥18 years), discharged between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2011, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic, and joinpoint regression were used for statistical analyses.
  
  
  
  Between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2011, more than 338,000 inpatient hospitalizations were discharged against medical advice each year, with a 1.9% average annual increase in prevalence over the decade (95% CI, 0.8%-3.0%). Temporal trends in DAMA varied by principal diagnosis. Among patients hospitalized for mental health- or substance abuse-related disorders, there was a -2.3% (95% CI, -3.8% to -0.8%) average annual decrease in the rate of DAMA. A statistically significant temporal rate change was not observed among hospitalizations for pregnancy-related disorders. Multivariable regression revealed several patient and hospital characteristics as predictors of DAMA, including lack of health insurance (odds ratio [OR], 3.78; 95% CI, 3.62-3.94), male sex (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 2.36-2.45), and northeast region (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.72-2.11). Other predictors included age, race/ethnicity, income, primary diagnosis, severity of illness, and hospital location/type and size.
  
  
  
  Rates for DAMA have increased in the United States, and key differences exist across patient and hospital characteristics. Early identification of vulnerable patients and preventive measures such as improved patient-provider communication may reduce DAMA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. Electronic address: Kiara.Spooner@bcm.edu.
authors.forename: Kiara K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Salemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Hamisu M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Salihu
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Zoorob
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003376:Counseling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006761:Hospitals / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000639:trends*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016312:Treatment Refusal / Q000523:psychology / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States