title: Pleistocene refugia and genetic diversity patterns in West Africa: Insights from the liana Chasmanthera dependens (Menispermaceae).
abstract: Processes shaping the African Guineo-Congolian rain forest, especially in the West African part, are not well understood. Recent molecular studies, based mainly on forest tree species, confirmed the previously proposed division of the western African Guineo-Congolian rain forest into Upper Guinea (UG) and Lower Guinea (LG) separated by the Dahomey Gap (DG). Here we studied nine populations in the area of the DG and the borders of LG and UG of the widespread liana species, Chasmanthera dependens (Menispermaceae) by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), a chloroplast DNA sequence marker, and modelled the distribution based on current as well as paleoclimatic data (Holocene Climate Optimum, ca. 6 kyr BP and Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 22 kyr BP). Current population genetic structure and geographical pattern of cpDNA was related to present as well as historical modelled distributions. Results from this study show that past historical factors played an important role in shaping the distribution of C. dependens across West Africa. The Cameroon Volcanic Line seems to represent a barrier for gene flow in the present as well as in the past. Distribution modelling proposed refugia in the Dahomey Gap, supported also by higher genetic diversity. This is in contrast with the phylogeographic patterns observed in several rainforest tree species and could be explained by either diverging or more relaxed ecological requirements of this liana species.
authors.affiliation: Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrew Chibuzor
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5052-3430
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Iloh
authors.affiliation: Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.|Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.|Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium LZ, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, Leipzig, Germany.|German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexandra Nora
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Muellner-Riehl
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Molecular Systematics Laboratory, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oluwatoyin Temitayo
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Ogundipe
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Juraj
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paule
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western; D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D000818:Animals; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D029583:Menispermaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast