title: The Estimation and Inclusion of Presenteeism Costs in Applied Economic Evaluation: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Given the significant costs of reduced productivity (presenteeism) in comparison to absenteeism, and overall societal costs, presenteeism has a potentially important role to play in economic evaluations. However, these costs are often excluded. The objective of this study is to review applied cost of illness studies and economic evaluations to identify valuation methods used for, and impact of including presenteeism costs in practice.
  
  
  
  A structured systematic review was carried out to explore (i) the extent to which presenteeism has been applied in cost of illness studies and economic evaluations and (ii) the overall impact of including presenteeism on overall costs and outcomes. Potential articles were identified by searching Medline, PsycINFO and NHS EED databases. A standard template was developed and used to extract information from economic evaluations and cost of illness studies incorporating presenteeism costs.
  
  
  
  A total of 28 studies were included in the systematic review which also demonstrated that presenteeism costs are rarely included in full economic evaluations. Estimation and monetisation methods differed between the instruments. The impact of disease on presenteeism whilst in paid work is high.
  
  
  
  The potential impact of presenteeism costs needs to be highlighted and greater consideration should be given to including these in economic evaluations and cost of illness studies. The importance of including presenteeism costs when conducting economic evaluation from a societal perspective should be emphasised in national economic guidelines and more methodological work is required to improve the practical application of presenteeism instruments to generate productivity cost estimates.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. Electronic address: j.kigozi@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kigozi
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jowett
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Primary Care Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Pelham
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coast
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D004467:Economics; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D000069597:Presenteeism / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits / Q000191:economics; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000191:economics*
keywords: economic evaluation; presenteeism; productivity costs; reduced productivity