title: Inflammation boosts bacteriophage transfer betweenSalmonellaspp.
abstract: Bacteriophage transfer (lysogenic conversion) promotes bacterial virulence evolution. There is limited understanding of the factors that determine lysogenic conversion dynamics within infected hosts. A murineSalmonellaTyphimurium (STm) diarrhea model was used to study the transfer of SopEΦ, a prophage fromSTm SL1344, toSTm ATCC14028S. Gut inflammation and enteric disease triggered >55% lysogenic conversion of ATCC14028S within 3 days. Without inflammation, SopEΦ transfer was reduced by up to 105-fold. This was because inflammation (e.g., reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, hypochlorite) triggers the bacterial SOS response, boosts expression of the phage antirepressor Tum, and thereby promotes free phage production and subsequent transfer. Mucosal vaccination prevented a dense intestinalSTm population from inducing inflammation and consequently abolished SopEΦ transfer. Vaccination may be a general strategy for blocking pathogen evolution that requires disease-driven transfer of temperate bacteriophages.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. mederic.diard@micro.biol.ethz.ch wolf-dietrich.hardt@micro.biol.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Médéric
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0851-4391
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diard
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7970-7890
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bakkeren
authors.affiliation: Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France.
authors.forename: Jeffrey K
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8790-128X
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Cornuault
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2799-3837
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moor
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8852-3444
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hausmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.|Present address: Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mikael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sellin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Jean Perrin (UMR 8237), CNRS-UPMC, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0888-1717
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loverdo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Abram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aertsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, and Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.affiliation: Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1076-9433
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Paepe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2473-1145
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Slack
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. mederic.diard@micro.biol.ethz.ch wolf-dietrich.hardt@micro.biol.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Wolf-Dietrich
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9892-6420
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hardt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004751:Enteritis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007249:Inflammation / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D008242:Lysogeny; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013014:SOS Response, Genetics; D012483:Salmonella Phages / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000821:virology*; D014611:Vaccination; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins