title: In vitro effects of phthalate esters in human myometrial and leiomyoma cells and increased urinary level of phthalate metabolite in women with uterine leiomyoma.
abstract: To investigate the possible role of phthalate, a ubiquitous chemical used in consumer products, in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma.
  
  
  
  Experimental and prospective case-control study using human samples.
  
  
  
  University hospital.
  
  
  
  Fifty-three women with histologic evidence of uterine leiomyoma and 33 surgical controls without leiomyoma.
  
  
  
  Human myometrial and leiomyoma cells were treated with di-(2-thylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP).
  
  
  
  Cell viability assay and Western blot analyses after in vitro DEHP treatment; high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in cases and controls.
  
  
  
  In vitro treatment with DEHP led to an increased viability and increased expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, B-cell lymphoma 2 protein, and type I collagen in myometrial and leiomyoma cells. The urinary concentration of mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate was higher in women with leiomyoma compared with controls.
  
  
  
  These findings suggest that exposure to phthalate may play a role in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma by enhancing proliferative activity, exerting an antiapoptotic effect, and increasing collagen contents in myometrial and leiomyoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: kimsung@amc.seoul.kr.
authors.forename: Sung Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Sang
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ihm
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Chung-Hoon
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Moon
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009215:Myometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: C000595707:BCL2 protein, human; D015415:Biomarkers; D024042:Collagen Type I; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C051450:2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate
keywords: Endocrine disruptor; leiomyoma; myometrium; pathogenesis; phthalate