title: Consecutive evaluation of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanoplatelets immunotoxicity on monocytes.
abstract: The biocompatibilities of graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) should be thoroughly evaluated before their application in drug delivery and anticancer therapy. The present study aimed to consecutively assess the immunotoxicity of graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GONPs) and reduced GONPs (rGONPs) on THP-1 cells, a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line. GONPs induced the expression of antioxidative enzymes and inflammatory factors, whereas rGONPs had substantially higher cellular uptake rate, higher levels of NF-κB expression. These distinct toxic mechanisms were observed because the two nanomaterials differ in their oxidation state, which imparts different affinities for the cell membrane. Because GONPs have a higher cell membrane affinity and higher impact on membrane proteins compared with rGONPs, macrophages (THP-1a) derived from GONPs treated THP-1cells showed a severer effect on phagocytosis. By consecutive evaluation the effects of GONPs and rGONPs on THP-1 and THP-1a, we demonstrated that their surface oxidation states may cause GFNs to behave differently and cause different immunotoxic effects.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Junyan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: The National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Instiute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China.
authors.forename: Liliang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Ching
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Chun Candice
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lung
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors.forename: Lingyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Cheng
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Hsiung
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China. Electronic address: glsuo2013@sinano.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Guangli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan. Electronic address: vicchlin@nfu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chia-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Graphene oxide; Immunotoxicity; Monocyte-derived macrophages; Monocytes; Surface oxidation state