title: Prevalence and genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance inStaphylococcusspecies: A multicentre report of the indian council of medical research antimicrobial resistance surveillance network.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Routine surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an essential component of measures aimed to tackle the growing threat of resistant microbes in public health. This study presents a 1-year multicentre report on AMR in Staphylococcus species as part of Indian Council of Medical Research-AMR surveillance network.
  
  
  METHODS
  Staphylococcus species was routinely collected in the nodal and regional centres of the network and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed against a panel of antimicrobials. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of vancomycin (VAN), daptomycin, tigecycline and linezolid (LNZ) against selected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) isolates were determined by E-test and MIC creep, if any, was determined. Resistant genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction for those isolates showing phenotypic resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of MRSA was found to be range from moderate (21%) to high (45%) among the centres with an overall prevalence of 37.3%. High prevalence of resistance was observed with commonly used antimicrobials such as ciprofloxacin and erythromycin in all the centres. Resistance to LNZ was not encountered except for a single case. Full-blown resistance to VAN in S. aureus was not observed; however, a few VAN-intermediate S. aureus isolates were documented. The most common species of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) identified was Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Resistance among CoNS was relatively higher than S. aureus. Most phenotypically resistant organisms possessed the corresponding resistance genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were localised differences in the prevalence of resistance between the centres. The efficacy of the anti-MRSA antimicrobials was very high; however, almost all these antimicrobials showed evidence of creeping MIC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Sunanda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajkumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Sujatha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sistla
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Meerabai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manoharan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Madhan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Niveditha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagasundaram
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Subhash Chandra
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Parija
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Pallab
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Yamuna Devi
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Bakthavatchalam
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Balaji
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Veeraraghavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Arti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kapil
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Kamini
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walia
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Ohri
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins