title: The effect of NSAIDs on spinal fusion: a cross-disciplinary review of biochemical, animal, and human studies.
abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an important role in postoperative pain management. However, their use in the setting of spine fusion surgery setting has long been a topic of controversy. In this review we examined relevant research, including in vivo, animal, and clinical human studies, with the aim of understanding the effect of NSAIDs on spinal fusion.
  
  
  
  Systematic review of study designs of all types from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses to single-institution retrospective reviews.
  
  
  
  A search of PubMed and Embase was conducted using the keywords: "spine," "spinal fracture," NSAIDs, anti-inflammatory non-steroidal agents, bone, bone healing, fracture, fracture healing, yielding a total of 110 studies. Other 28 studies were identified by cross-referencing, resulting in total 138 studies.
  
  
  
  There is no level I evidence from human studies regarding the use of NSAIDs on spinal fusion rates. The overall tone of the spine literature in the early 2000s was that NSAIDs increased the rate of non-union; however, nearly all human studies published after 2005 suggest that short-term (<2 weeks) postoperative use have no such effect. The dose dependency that is seen with a 2-week postoperative course is not present when NSAIDs are only used for 48 h after surgery.
  
  
  
  NSAID appear to have dose-dependent and duration-dependent effects on fusion rates. The short-term use of low-dose NSAIDs around the time of spinal fusion surgery is reasonable. Spine surgeons can consider the incorporation of NSAIDs into pain control regimens for spinal fusion patients with the goal of improving pain control and reducing the costs and complications associated with opioids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. So., T4224 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232-2380, USA. ahilan.sivaganesan@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Ahilan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sivaganesan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. So., T4224 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232-2380, USA.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Silky
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chotai
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: White-Dzuro
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Carolina Neurosurgery and Spine Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McGirt
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. So., T4224 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232-2380, USA.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Clinton J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Devin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017102:Fracture Healing; D006801:Humans; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
keywords: Dose; Duration; Fusion; NSAID; Spine; Surgery