title: Long-term Effects of Adolescent Sport Concussion Across the Age Spectrum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research in sport concussion has increased greatly over the previous decade due to increased scientific interest as well as the media and political spotlight that has been cast on this injury. However, a dearth of literature is available regarding the long-term (>1 year after concussion) effects of adolescent concussion on cognitive and motor performance of high school athletes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential for long-term effects of concussion sustained during high school on cognitive and motor performance across the lifespan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with (n = 30) and without (n = 53) a concussion history were recruited in 3 age groups: younger (18-30 years; n = 43), middle-aged (40-50 years; n = 18), and older (≥60 years; n = 22). Each participant completed a computerized neurocognitive assessment and continuous tracking and discrete temporal auditory tasks with the hand and foot. Root mean squared error and timing variability were derived from the tracking and temporal auditory tasks, respectively. Data were analyzed by regression analyses for each recorded variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis revealed significant age effects on neurocognitive task, continuous tracking task, and discrete auditory timing task performance ( P values < .05). No concussion history or interaction (concussion history by age) effects were found for performance on any task ( P values > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While longitudinal investigations are still needed, this cross-sectional study failed to identify any observable effect of adolescent concussion history on cognition or motor performance with age.
authors.affiliation: NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.affiliation: Michigan NeuroSport, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.|Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Eckner
authors.affiliation: Human Sensorimotor Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Sean K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.affiliation: NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Broglio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D000067009:Youth Sports / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: chronic; force control; high school; neurocognitive test; concussion