title: Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence by Race/Ethnicity and Sex in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-2012.
abstract: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors associated with increased risk of multiple chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome overall, by race and sex, and to assess trends in prevalence from 1988 through 2012.
  
  
  
  We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 1988 through 2012. We defined metabolic syndrome as the presence of at least 3 of these components: elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, and elevated fasting blood glucose. Data were analyzed for 3 periods: 1988-1994, 1999-2006, and 2007-2012.
  
  
  
  Among US adults aged 18 years or older, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome rose by more than 35% from 1988-1994 to 2007-2012, increasing from 25.3% to 34.2%. During 2007-2012, non-Hispanic black men were less likely than non-Hispanic white men to have metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.89). However, non-Hispanic black women were more likely than non-Hispanic white women to have metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02-1.40). Low education level (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.32-1.84) and advanced age (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.67-1.80) were independently associated with increased likelihood of metabolic syndrome during 2007-2012.
  
  
  
  Metabolic syndrome prevalence increased from 1988 to 2012 for every sociodemographic group; by 2012, more than a third of all US adults met the definition and criteria for metabolic syndrome agreed to jointly by several international organizations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Alabama.|Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.|Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Justin Xavier
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Alabama.|Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Ninad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022. Email: tomiakin@uab.edu.|Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Tomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akinyemiju
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult