title: Schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders in psychometrically identified schizotypes at two-year follow-up.
abstract: Earlier (Bolinskey et al., 2015), we reported that psychometrically identified schizotypes displayed greater symptom levels and higher incidences of schizophrenia spectrum (schizotypal, schizoid, paranoid, and avoidant) personality disorders (PDs). In this study, 49 schizotypes and 39 matched controls participated in follow-up assessments after two years. Participants were previously identified as schizotypes or controls based on scores on the Chapman Psychosis Proneness Scales (CPPS), and were interviewed at baseline and follow-up with the Personality Disorder Interview for DSM-IV (PDI-IV). At follow-up, schizotypes displayed significantly higher symptom levels compared to controls, with medium to large effects, and appeared to meet criteria for diagnosis of each PD more often than controls, although significant differences were only observed for paranoid PD. Overall, schizotypes were more likely to have met criteria for a diagnosis at either baseline or follow-up. Finally, we observed a widening disparity over time between schizotypes and controls in avoidant and schizoid PDs. These results suggest that schizophrenia spectrum PDs, as well as subthreshold symptoms of these disorders, can represent a greater liability for schizophrenia in individuals identified as at-risk on the basis of psychometric means only. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that such differences persist, and in some cases increase, over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA. Electronic address: Kevin.Bolinskey@indstate.edu.
authors.forename: P Kevin
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Bolinskey
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Schuder
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Dianna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooper-Bolinskey
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Hudak
authors.affiliation: San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alison V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Helen K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Novi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Janice P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Guidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Yelena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Erin F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: McTiernan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Kaitlin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Carina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Iati
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Irving I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Gottesman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012557:Schizoid Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013997:Time Factors