title: [Advances in basic and clinical research on liver cirrhosis in 2016].
abstract: Esophageal and gastric varices are common complications of liver cirrhosis and are seen in 50% of patients with liver cirrhosis. The annual incidence rate of esophagogastric variceal bleeding is 5%-15%, and even if the recommended treatment is used, the 6-week mortality rate is still as high as 15%-20%. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common complication of end-stage liver disease and has an incidence rate of 10%-30% in patients with severe liver damage. SBP refers to the bacterial infection of the peritoneum and/or ascites that occurs in the absence of any inflammation in adjacent tissues (e.g., intestinal perforation and intestinal abscess). Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is the clinical syndrome manifesting as cognitive impairment in patients with chronic liver disease, and its pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated and may be associated with ammonia poisoning theory, γ-aminobutyric acid and endogenous benzodiazepine complex receptor theory, and inflammatory pathway theory. This article introduces the advances in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis, SBP, and HE in 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China.
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China.
authors.forename: C Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001201:Ascites / Q000150:complications; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000150:complications*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000150:complications
keywords: Gastrointestinal bleeding; Hepatic encephalopathy; Liver cirrhosis; Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis