title: Comparison of different techniques for removal of calcium hydroxide from straight root canals: an in vitro study.
abstract: To compare four different techniques for removal of calcium hydroxide from straight root canals. The present study used the design suggested by Lee et al. (Int Endod J 37:607-612, 32) and van der Sluis et al. (Int Endod J 40:52-57, 17). One-hundred and ten extracted human teeth with straight root canals were prepared to ISO-size 50 and split longitudinally. Two lateral grooves were prepared, filled with calcium hydroxide and the root halves reassembled in a muffle. Calcium hydroxide was removed using one of five techniques: (1) passive ultrasonic irrigation, (2) hydrodynamic irrigation using RinsEndo®, (3) sonic irrigation using the EndoActivator®, (4) motor-driven plastic brush (CanalBrush™), and (5) manual irrigation with a syringe as the control group. Distilled water was used as irrigant. Cleanliness of the grooves was scored under a microscope with 40× magnification. For intraindividual reproducibility and interrater agreement, Cohens Kappa was calculated. Results of scoring were analyzed using a non-parametric test. Post hoc pairwise comparisons were used for irrigation techniques (α = 0.05). Passive ultrasonic irrigation performed significantly better than all other groups in the apical groove. Significant differences were found between RinsEndo and CanalBrush (P = 0.01855) and CanalBrush and syringe irrigation (P = 0.00021). In the coronal groove, passive ultrasonic irrigation performed significantly superior and hand irrigation performed significantly worse than all other groups. A statistically significant interaction was shown between irrigation technique and localization of the groove (P = 0.01358). The coronal grooves showed more remaining calcium hydroxide than the apical grooves. Complete removal of calcium hydroxide from the root canal could not be achieved with any of the techniques investigated. The highest degree of cleanliness resulted from the use of passive ultrasonic irrigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne-Kathrin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pabel
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. michael.huelsmann@med.uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8962-0449
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hülsmann
mesh_terms: D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D003762:Dental Instruments; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation; D013499:Surface Properties; D013594:Syringes; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D014867:Water; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide
keywords: Calcium hydroxide removal; EndoActivator; Passive ultrasonic irrigation; RinsEndo; RoekoBrush