title: Residential proximity to major roads, exposure to fine particulate matter and aortic calcium: the Framingham Heart Study, a cohort study.
abstract: Traffic and ambient air pollution exposure are positively associated with cardiovascular disease, potentially through atherosclerosis promotion. Few studies have assessed associations of these exposures with thoracic aortic calcium Agatston score (TAC) or abdominal aortic calcium Agatston score (AAC), systemic atherosclerosis correlates. We assessed whether living close to a major road and residential fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure were associated with TAC and AAC in a Northeastern US cohort.
  
  
  
  Cohort study.
  
  
  
  Framingham Offspring and Third Generation participants residing in the Northeastern USA.
  
  
  
  Among 3506 participants, mean age was 55.8 years; 50% female. TAC was measured from 2002 to 2005 and AAC up to two times (2002-2005; 2008-2011) among participants from the Framingham Offspring or Third Generation cohorts. We first assessed associations with detectable TAC (logistic regression) and AAC (generalised estimating equation regression, logit link). As aortic calcium scores were right skewed, we used linear regression models and mixed-effects models to assess associations with natural log-transformed TAC and AAC, respectively, among participants with detectable aortic calcium. We also assessed associations with AAC progression. Models were adjusted for demographic variables, socioeconomic position indicators and time.
  
  
  
  There were no consistent associations of major roadway proximity or PM2.5with the presence or extent of TAC or AAC, or with AAC progression. Some estimates were in the opposite direction than expected.
  
  
  
  In this cohort from a region with relatively low levels of and variation in PM2.5, there were no strong associations of proximity to a major road or PM2.5with the presence or extent of aortic calcification, or with AAC progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kirsten S
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3182-5633
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Dorans
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Elissa H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Wilker
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Wenyuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Mary B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Petter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ljungman
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Brent A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Coull
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Itai
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kloog
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koutrakis
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ralph B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.affiliation: Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.|Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Veteran's Administration Health System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittleman
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001011:Aorta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH