title: Genotypic Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Derived from Antiretroviral Drug-Treated Individuals Residing in Earthquake-Affected Areas in Nepal.
abstract: Molecular epidemiological data on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are limited in Nepal and have not been available in areas affected by the April 2015 earthquake. Therefore, we conducted a genotypic study on HIV-1 genes derived from individuals on antiretroviral therapy residing in 14 districts in Nepal highly affected by the earthquake. HIV-1 genomic fragments were amplified from 40 blood samples of HIV treatment-failure individuals, and a sequencing analysis was performed on these genes. In the 40 samples, 29 protease, 32 reverse transcriptase, 25 gag, and 21 env genes were sequenced. HIV-1 subtyping revealed that subtype C (84.2%, 32/38) was the major subtype prevalent in the region, while CRF01_AE (7.9%, 3/38) and other recombinant forms (7.9%, 3/38) were also detected. In addition, major drug resistance mutations were identified in 21.9% (7/32) of samples, indicating the possible emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance in earthquake-affected areas in Nepal.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences , Hyogo, Japan .
authors.forename: Bharat Singh
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Negi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences , Hyogo, Japan .
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotaki
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College , Kathmandu, Nepal .
authors.forename: Sunil Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: 3 Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital , Kathmandu, Nepal .
authors.forename: Anup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bastola
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences , Hyogo, Japan .
authors.forename: Minato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences , Hyogo, Japan .
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kameoka
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D055866:Earthquakes; D015752:Genes, env / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology / Q000379:methods; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009390:Nepal
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease
keywords: HIV; Nepal; antiretroviral therapy; drug resistance; epidemiology