title: Symbiotic Interplay of Fungi, Algae, and Bacteria within the Lung Lichen Lobaria pulmonaria L. Hoffm. as Assessed by State-of-the-Art Metaproteomics.
abstract: Lichens are recognized by macroscopic structures formed by a heterotrophic fungus, the mycobiont, which hosts internal autotrophic photosynthetic algal and/or cyanobacterial partners, referred to as the photobiont. We analyzed the structure and functionality of the entire lung lichen Lobaria pulmonaria L. Hoffm. collected from two different sites by state-of-the-art metaproteomics. In addition to the green algae and the ascomycetous fungus, a lichenicolous fungus as well as a complex prokaryotic community (different from the cyanobacteria) was found, the latter dominated by methanotrophic Rhizobiales. Various partner-specific proteins could be assigned to the different lichen symbionts, for example, fungal proteins involved in vesicle transport, algal proteins functioning in photosynthesis, cyanobacterial nitrogenase and GOGAT involved in nitrogen fixation, and bacterial enzymes responsible for methanol/C1-compound metabolism as well as CO-detoxification. Structural and functional information on proteins expressed by the lichen community complemented and extended our recent symbiosis model depicting the functional multiplayer network of single holobiont partners.1 Our new metaproteome analysis strongly supports the hypothesis (i) that interactions within the self-supporting association are multifaceted and (ii) that the strategy of functional diversification within the single lichen partners may support the longevity of L. pulmonaria under certain ecological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald , DE-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7371-6398
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eymann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald , DE-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lassek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald , DE-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald , DE-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald , DE-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Ole Arno
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Fritsch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald , DE-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald , DE-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald , DE-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.affiliation: Blücherstraße 71, DE-18055 Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schiefelbein
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology , A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cernava
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology , A-8010 Graz, Austria.|Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz , A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aschenbrenner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology , A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz , A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grube
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald , DE-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Riedel
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota; D044822:Biodiversity; D000460:Chlorophyta; D000458:Cyanobacteria; D008011:Lichens; D055432:Metabolomics; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D040901:Proteomics; D029685:Pulmonaria; D013559:Symbiosis
keywords: Lobaria pulmonaria; bacterial microbiome; lichens; metaproteomics; microbial ecology