title: Enzymatic Detection of Traumatic Brain Injury Related Biomarkers.
abstract: Electrochemical detection methods have been popular in the medical diagnostics field. Several well-known devices such as the self-monitoring blood glucose meter have relied on electrochemical techniques for their sensitivity, and ability to make direct measurements without optical labels. Currently, no point-of-care or handheld diagnostic tool exists to quantify the severity of a traumatic brain injury (TBI). We have shown that enzymatic detection of norepinephrine (NE), a biomarker which can indicate TBI severity, using impedance-based electrochemical techniques can achieve the required sensitivity, ∼100 pg/mL. Furthermore, the first steps have been taken to quantify NE in whole blood solutions and to optimize the technique for a handheld device.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Brittney A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cardinell
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. Jeffrey.LaBelle@asu.edu.|School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. Jeffrey.LaBelle@asu.edu.
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: La Belle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology*; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D000067716:Point-of-Care Testing; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009638:Norepinephrine
keywords: Biomarker; Biosensor; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Enzyme; Impedance time; Norepinephrine; Point-of-care technology; Traumatic brain injury