title: Klotho-FGF23, Cardiovascular Disease, and Vascular Calcification: Black or White?
abstract: Patients affected by Chronic Kidney Disease and Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) have a high risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality that is poorly explained by traditional risk factors. The newest medical treatments for CKD-MBD have been associated with encouraging, but still inconsistent, improvement in CV disease complications and patient survival. A better understanding of the biomarkers and mechanisms of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), atherosclerosis, and vascular calcification (VC) may help with diagnosis and treatment of the organ damage that occurs secondary to CKD-MBD, thus improving survival. Recent insights about fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and its co-receptor, Klotho, have led to marked advancement in interpreting data on vascular aging and CKDMBD.
  
  
  
  This review will discuss the current experimental and clinical evidence regarding FGF23 and Klotho, with a particular focus on their roles in LVH, atherosclerosis, and VC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cianciolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Renal Unit, San Paolo Hospital Milan, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galassi
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Capelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schillaci
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Manna
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Renal Unit, San Paolo Hospital Milan, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cozzolino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D012080:Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090265:Klotho Proteins; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000717427:FGF23 protein, human; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005966:Glucuronidase; D000090265:Klotho Proteins
keywords: CKD; CV; Kidney disease; VC; bone disease; vascular calcification