title: Metal Concentrations in Newcomer Women and Environmental Exposures: A Scoping Review.
abstract: Newcomer women from developing countries are recognized to be at risk for elevated exposures to environmental contaminants and associated negative health effects. As such, data on exposure sources and contaminant body burden concentrations is critical in the development of effective public health policies and interventions in support of newcomer health. We conducted a scoping review to gather evidence on important toxic metals of health concern, lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd), and their concentrations and potential exposure sources among newcomer women. An initial 420 articles were identified through the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus, many reporting by ethnicity rather than newcomer/immigrant status. Several articles reported metal concentrations for other biomarkers but did not include blood, nor stratify results. From the remainder, we selected a total of 10 articles for full textual review, which reported blood Pb, Hg or Cd levels for newcomer women and/or stratified blood metal results according to foreign birth or country of origin. Three of the articles reported higher Pb, Hg and Cd concentrations in newcomer women compared to their native-borne counterparts. Exposures identified as contributing to elevated Pb, Hg and Cd blood concentrations included: pica behaviour, the use of lead-glazed cookware or eye cosmetics, and fish/shellfish consumption. The review revealed a limited availability of data on metal body burden concentrations, exposure sources and routes among newcomer women specifically. More research is needed to better understand the extent to which newcomer women are disproportionately at risk of elevated metal exposures due to either country of origin or current exposures and to inform relevant, multi-national risk management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada. shirleyx.chen@mail.utoronto.ca.|School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada. shirleyx.chen@mail.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Shirley X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada. clare.wiseman@utoronto.ca.|School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada. clare.wiseman@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Clare L S
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wiseman
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada. dolon.chakravartty@mail.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Dolon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chakravartty
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada. donald.cole@utoronto.ca.|School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada. donald.cole@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D001822:Body Burden; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008628:Mercury / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D008628:Mercury
keywords: environmental exposure; immigrant health; metals; review; women’s health