title: The probability and severity of decompression sickness.
abstract: Decompression sickness (DCS), which is caused by inert gas bubbles in tissues, is an injury of concern for scuba divers, compressed air workers, astronauts, and aviators. Case reports for 3322 air and N2-O2 dives, resulting in 190 DCS events, were retrospectively analyzed and the outcomes were scored as (1) serious neurological, (2) cardiopulmonary, (3) mild neurological, (4) pain, (5) lymphatic or skin, and (6) constitutional or nonspecific manifestations. Following standard U.S. Navy medical definitions, the data were grouped into mild-Type I (manifestations 4-6)-and serious-Type II (manifestations 1-3). Additionally, we considered an alternative grouping of mild-Type A (manifestations 3-6)-and serious-Type B (manifestations 1 and 2). The current U.S. Navy guidance allows for a 2% probability of mild DCS and a 0.1% probability of serious DCS. We developed a hierarchical trinomial (3-state) probabilistic DCS model that simultaneously predicts the probability of mild and serious DCS given a dive exposure. Both the Type I/II and Type A/B discriminations of mild and serious DCS resulted in a highly significant (p << 0.01) improvement in trinomial model fit over the binomial (2-state) model. With the Type I/II definition, we found that the predicted probability of 'mild' DCS resulted in a longer allowable bottom time for the same 2% limit. However, for the 0.1% serious DCS limit, we found a vastly decreased allowable bottom dive time for all dive depths. If the Type A/B scoring was assigned to outcome severity, the no decompression limits (NDL) for air dives were still controlled by the acceptable serious DCS risk limit rather than the acceptable mild DCS risk limit. However, in this case, longer NDL limits were allowed than with the Type I/II scoring. The trinomial model mild and serious probabilities agree reasonably well with the current air NDL only with the Type A/B scoring and when 0.2% risk of serious DCS is allowed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Hudson Hall, Research Drive, Duke University, Durham, NC United States of America.|Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC United States of America.|BelleQuant Engineering, PLLC, Mebane, NC United States of America.
authors.forename: Laurens E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1495-2788
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Howle
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Hudson Hall, Research Drive, Duke University, Durham, NC United States of America.|BelleQuant Engineering, PLLC, Mebane, NC United States of America.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC United States of America.
authors.forename: Ethan A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hada
authors.affiliation: Divers Alert Network, 6 West Colony Place, Durham, NC United States of America.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Vann
authors.affiliation: Divers Alert Network, 6 West Colony Place, Durham, NC United States of America.
authors.forename: Petar J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Denoble
mesh_terms: D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011336:Probability