title: Thermal imaging of the pulp during residual adhesive removal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the temperature changes of the pulpal area during different adhesive clean-up procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 80 freshly extracted adult maxillary premolar teeth were divided into four groups. Adhesive clean-up was performed with 6- and 12-fluted tungsten carbide burs (TCB) using low- and high-speed handpieces with air or water cooling after bracket debonding. The temperature changes and cool down times were evaluated with a thermal camera. Paired t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison analysis were used for statistical analysis of the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All experimental groups, except the water cooling group, showed a significant temperature rise (p < 0.001) after residual adhesive removal. Only the 6-fluted TCB group with air cooling using a high-speed handpiece exceeded the critical 5.5 °C threshold value (5.91 ± 0.89 °C); this group also exhibited the longest cool down time to initial temperature (71.95 ± 13.68 s). The smallest temperature rise (0.48 ± 0.90 °C) and shortest cooling time value (11.90 ± 5.3 s) were measured in the 6-fluted TCB group with water cooling using a high-speed handpiece.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Appropriate cooling procedures and fine tungsten carbide burs should be used during the removal of remnant adhesives after bracket debonding in order to prevent adverse pulpal reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey. gokmenkurt@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gökmen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kurt
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gül
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özgür
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Er
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gülşen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Çakmak
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emre
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bendeş
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Veysel
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aslantaş
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017005:Dental Debonding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003754:Dental High-Speed Equipment; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D013817:Thermography
keywords: Adhesive removal; Orthodontic brackets; Pulp; Temperature rise; Thermal imaging