title: Variation in Phenolic Profile, β-Carotene and Flavonoid Contents, Biological Activities of Two Tagetes Species from Pakistani Flora.
abstract: The objective of present study was to evaluate the variation in phenolic profile, β-carotene, flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula (T. erecta and T. patula) through different in vitro assays. Antioxidant activity was determined through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation assays and antibacterial and antifungal activities studied using the disc diffusion and resazurin microtiter-plate assays against bacterial and fungal strains. Moreover, total phenolics (TP), total carotenoids (TC) and total flavonoids (TF) were also determined. Highest (TP 35.8 mg GAE/g) and TF (16.9 mg CE/g) contents were found in MeOH extract of T. patula. T. erecta extract showed higher TC contents (6.45 mg/g) than T. patula extract (6.32 mg/g). T. erecta exhibited the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50) (5.73 μg/mL) and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (80.1%). RP-HPLC revealed the presence of caffeic acid, sinapic acid and ferulic acid in Tagetes extracts, m-coumaric acid in T. erecta whereas chlorogenic acid in T. patula extract only. Both extracts possessed promising antimicrobial activity compared to the ciprofloxacin and flumequine (+ve controls) against Bacillus subtilis and Alternaria alternate. Both extract were rich source of polyphenols exhibiting excellent biological activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.|Natural Product and Synthetic Chemistry Lab., Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Adnan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ayub
authors.affiliation: Natural Product and Synthetic Chemistry Lab., Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdullah Ijaz
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Asif
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hanif
authors.affiliation: Natural Product and Synthetic Chemistry Lab., Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shahzad Ali Shahid
authors.initials: SAS
authors.lastname: Chatha
authors.affiliation: Natural Product and Synthetic Chemistry Lab., Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.|Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ghulam Mustafa
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London, Tooting, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Janneh
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010154:Pakistan; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D031686:Tagetes / Q000737:chemistry*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D019207:beta Carotene
keywords: 
  Tagetes erecta
  ; Caffeic acid; DPPH Radical scavenging; Flavonoids; Phenolic acids