title: Indocyanine green applications in plastic surgery: A review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of indocyanine green (ICG) near-infrared fluorescence as a dye to assess tissue vascularization is now well standardized. The aim of this literature review was to review and resume the most recent recommendations for ICG use in its plastic surgery applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review was performed using Medline, EMBASE, and PubMed databases to obtain the latest recommendations for ICG in plastic surgery. Inclusion criteria were all articles written in English language that evaluated pre-, intra-, or postoperative ICG applications in surgical procedures usually performed by plastic surgeons. Case reports, reviews, meta-analyses, and experimental studies on animals or cadavers were excluded after title and abstract screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1389 article titles retrieved, 41 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria. ICG applications in plastic surgery were ICG lymphangiography used in sentinel lymph node mapping for breast cancer and melanoma and in microsurgery for the staging and treatment of secondary chronic lymphedema. The latest updates of ICG angiography in assessing free flaps, pedicled flaps, or large skin paddles were also retrieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large prospective studies suggest that ICG lymphography could be used as a single tracer to reliably perform sentinel lymph node biopsy. In the case of cutaneous melanoma, ICG lymphography increases node detection sensitivity and accuracy in conjunction with lymphoscintigraphy. In chronic lymphedema, it is useful for pre- and postoperative staging and intraoperative anatomical location of lymphatic pathways when lymphovenous bypass is indicated. ICG angiography is used intraoperatively to assess free flap anastomosis and design skin paddles and postoperatively to monitor buried flaps. In pedicled perforator flaps or for large skin paddles, intraoperative ICG angiography is strongly correlated with postoperative outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Créteil 94010, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burnier
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Créteil 94010, France. Electronic address: jeremy.niddam@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jérémy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niddam
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Créteil 94010, France.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bosc
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Créteil 94010, France.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hersant
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Créteil 94010, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Meningaud
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008220:Lymphography / Q000379:methods; D008545:Melanoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D000096142:Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green
keywords: Breast surgery; Chronic lymphedema; Free flaps; Indocyanine green; Microsurgery; Plastic surgery