title: Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and associated factors in obese Spanish children.
abstract: Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to endocrine health and disease (diabetes, autoimmune thyroid diseases, polycystic ovarian syndrome, etc.). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and specific factors for hypovitaminosis D among children stratified by body mass index (BMI) in Northern Spain.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional clinical (sex, age, season of study visit, place of residence and BMI) and blood testing (calcium, phosphorous, calcidiol and parathyroid hormone (PTH)) were accomplished in 546 Caucasian individuals (aged 3.2-15.8 years). The BMI (Z-score) allowed establishing four groups: normal, overweight, obesity and severe obesity. The criteria of the US Endocrine Society were used for the definition of hypovitaminosis D.
  
  
  
  Calcidiol levels were significantly higher in normal and overweight groups (P=0.001), whereas PTH levels were significantly higher in obesity and severe obesity groups (P=0.001). Hypovitaminosis D prevalence was significantly higher in severe obesity (81.1%) and obesity (68.2%) groups, whereas was lowest in overweight (55%) and normal (58.1%) groups (P=0.001). There was a negative correlation between calcidiol and PTH levels (P<0.01). Female (90.9%), adolescent group (88,2%), winter (100%) and autumn (82.4%) time and urban residence (94.1%) imply a higher prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in subjects with severe obesity (P<0.001). Female, puberal age, autumn, winter and spring time, urban residence and severe obesity were found to be independent predictors for hypovitaminosis D.
  
  
  
  Severe obesity could be considered as an associated factor for vitamin D deficiency, and, owing to its high prevalence, the implementation of systematic screening and hypovitaminosis treatment programs would be particularly useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain.|Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Durá-Travé
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gallinas-Victoriano
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chueca-Guindulain
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berrade-Zubiri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010758:Phosphorus; D002112:Calcifediol; D002118:Calcium