title: Climate change, allergy and asthma, and the role of tropical forests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tropical forests cover less than 10 per cent of all land area (1.8 × 107 km2) and over half of the tropical-forest area (1.1 × 107 Km2) is represented by humid tropical forests (also called tropical rainforests). The Amazon basin contains the largest rainforest on Earth, almost 5.8 million km2, and occupies about 40% of South America; more than 60% of the basin is located in Brazil and the rest in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. Over the past decade the positive role of tropical rainforests in capturing large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has been demonstrated. In response to the increase in atmospheric CO2concentration, tropical forests act as a global carbon sink.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accumulation of carbon in the tropical terrestrial biosphere strongly contributes to slowing the rate of increase of CO2into the atmosphere, thus resulting in the reduction of greenhouse gas effect. Tropical rainforests have been estimated to account for 32-36% of terrestrial Net Primary Productivity (NPP) that is the difference between total forest photosynthesis and plant respiration. Tropical rainforests have been acting as a strong carbon sink in this way for decades. However, over the past years, increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, and especially CO2, in the atmosphere have significantly affected the net carbon balance of tropical rainforests, and have warmed the planet substantially driving climate changes through more severe and prolonged heat waves, variability in temperature, increased air pollution, forest fires, droughts, and floods. The role of tropical forests in mitigating climate change is therefore critical. Over the past 30 years almost 600,000 km2have been deforested in Brazil alone due to the rapid development of Amazonia, this is the reason why currently the region is one of the 'hotspots' of global environmental change on the planet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deforestation represents the second largest anthropogenic source of CO2to the atmosphere, after fossil fuel combustion. There are many causes of deforestation, including socioeconomic and natural factors, such as clear-cutting for agriculture, ranching and development, unsustainable logging for timber, as well as droughts, fires and degradation due to climate change. About natural causes of forest degradation, in the context of the Amazon, the major agent of change in the forest ecosystem would most likely be decreased dry-season precipitation. Of the 23 global climate models employed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in their 2007 report, 50-70% predict a substantial (above 20%) reduction of dry-season rainfall in eastern Amazonia under mid-range greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, 40% in central Amazonia and 20% in the west. While annual carbon emissions from fossil-fuel combustion have been continually increasing since 1960s, historical trends of deforestation and associated carbon emissions have remained poorly understood.
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Department of Respiratory Diseases, High Specialty Hospital A. Cardarelli, Napoli, Italy.|School of Specialization in Respiratory Diseases, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Amato
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rosario
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Herberto Josè Chong
authors.initials: HJC
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Deborah Carla
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chong-Silva
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.affiliation: Board President of ASBAI-Brazilian Association of Allergy, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Josè
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perini
authors.affiliation: Allergist Presidente of Paranà ASBAI, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Loraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Landgraf
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dirceu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solé
authors.affiliation: Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Centro Médico Docente La Trinidad and Clínica El Avila, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Borges
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy & Immunology, Hospital Quirón Bizkaia, Carretera Leioa-Unbe 33 bis 48950, Erandio, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ansotegui
authors.affiliation: First Division of Pneumology, High Speciality Hospital "V. Monaldi" and University "Federico II" Medical School, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Amato
keywords: Air pollution and respiratory diseases; Anthropogenic emissions of CO2; Bronchial asthma; Climate change; Deforestation and climate change; Greenhouse gas emissions; Interaction between climate change and allergy; Respiratory allergy