title: An early life hypoxia event has a long-term impact on protein digestion and growth in juvenile European sea bass.
abstract: Ocean warming, eutrophication and the consequent decrease in oxygen lead to smaller average fish size. Although such responses are well known in an evolutionary context, involving multiple generations, this appears to be incompatible with current rapid environmental change. Instead, phenotypic plasticity could provide a means for marine fish to cope with rapid environmental changes. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying plastic responses to environmental conditions that favour small phenotypes. Our aim was to investigate how and why European sea bass that had experienced a short episode of moderate hypoxia during their larval stage subsequently exhibited a growth depression at the juvenile stage compared with the control group. We examined whether energy was used to cover higher costs for maintenance, digestion or activity metabolisms, as a result of differing metabolic rate. The lower growth was not a consequence of lower food intake. We measured several respirometry parameters and we only found a higher specific dynamic action (SDA) duration and lower SDA amplitude in a fish phenotype with lower growth; this phenotype was also associated with a lower protein digestive capacity in the intestine. Our results contribute to the understanding of the observed decrease in growth in response to climate change. They demonstrate that the reduced growth of juvenile fishes as a consequence of an early life hypoxia event was not due to a change of fish aerobic scope but to a specific change in the efficiency of protein digestive functions. The question remains of whether this effect is epigenetic and could be reversible in the offspring.
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France jlzambon@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: José L
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8436-4773
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zambonino-Infante
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mazurais
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France.
authors.forename: Alexia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubuc
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1150-0559
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quéau
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France.
authors.forename: Gwenaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vanderplancke
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Servili
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cahu
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Le Bayon
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Unité de Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, LEMAR UMR 6539, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huelvan
authors.affiliation: Université de Bretagne Occidentale; Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, LEMAR UMR 6539, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané 29280, France.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Claireaux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D001492:Bass / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology; D057231:Climate Change; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D059748:Proteolysis
keywords: Climate change; Dicentrarchus labrax; Digestive enzymes; Growth; Hypoxia; Respirometry