title: Adolescent but not adult ethanol binge drinking modulates cocaine withdrawal symptoms in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethanol (EtOH) binge drinking is an increasingly common behavior among teenagers that induces long-lasting neurobehavioral alterations in adulthood. An early history of EtOH abuse during adolescence is highly correlated with cocaine addiction in adulthood. Abstinence of cocaine abuse can cause psychiatric symptoms, such as anxiety, psychosis, depression, and cognitive impairments. This study assessed the consequences of adolescent exposure to EtOH on the behavioral alterations promoted by cocaine withdrawal in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We pretreated juvenile (34-47 days old) or adult (68-81 days old) mice with EtOH (1.25 g/kg) following a binge-drinking pattern. Then, after a three-week period without drug delivery, they were subjected to a chronic cocaine treatment in adulthood and tested under cocaine withdrawal by the ensuing paradigms: open field, elevated plus maze, prepulse inhibition, tail suspension test, and object recognition. Another set of mice were treated with the same EtOH binge-drinking procedure during adolescence and were tested immediately afterwards under the same behavioral paradigms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescent EtOH pretreatment undermined the anxiogenic effects observed after cocaine abstinence, reduced prepulse inhibition, and increased immobility scores in the tail suspension test following cocaine withdrawal. Moreover, the memory deficits evoked by these substances when given separately were enhanced in cocaine-withdrawn mice exposed to EtOH during adolescence. EtOH binge drinking during adolescence also induced anxiety, depressive symptoms, and memory impairments when measured immediately afterwards. In contrast, neither EtOH nor cocaine alone or in combination altered any of these behaviors when given in adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EtOH binge drinking induces short- and long-term behavioral alterations and modulates cocaine withdrawal symptoms when given in adolescent mice.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Psicobiologia, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6372-2842
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ledesma
authors.affiliation: Departament de Psicobiologia, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.affiliation: Departament de Psicobiologia, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giménez-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Departament de Psicobiologia, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miñarro
authors.affiliation: Departament de Psicobiologia, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Arias
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine