title: Pressure injury prediction using diffusely scattered light.
abstract: Pressure injuries (PIs) originate beneath the surface of the skin at the interface between bone and soft tissue. We used diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) and diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy (DNIRS) to predict the development of PIs by measuring dermal and subcutaneous red cell motion and optical absorption and scattering properties in 11 spinal cord injury subjects with only nonbleachable redness in the sacrococcygeal area in a rehabilitation hospital and 20 healthy volunteers. A custom optical probe was developed to obtain continuous DCS and DNIRS data from sacrococcygeal tissue while the subjects were placed in supine and lateral positions to apply pressure from body weight and to release pressure, respectively. Rehabilitation patients were measured up to four times over a two-week period. Three rehabilitation patients developed open PIs (POs) within four weeks and eight patients did not (PNOs). Temporal correlation functions in the area of redness were significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) during both baseline and applied pressure stages for POs and PNOs. The results show that our optical method may be used for the early prediction of ulcer progression.
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Alec
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lafontant
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neidrauer
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Weingarten
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Rose Ann
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: DiMaria-Ghalili
authors.affiliation: Magee Rehabilitation Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Ericka
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scruggs
authors.affiliation: Magee Rehabilitation Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Julianne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rece
authors.affiliation: Magee Rehabilitation Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Guy W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.affiliation: St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Kuzmin
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zubkov
mesh_terms: D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D055805:Moving and Lifting Patients / Q000592:standards; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*