title: Athletes and blood clots: individualized, intermittent anticoagulation management.
abstract: Essentials Athletes on anticoagulants are typically prohibited from participation in contact sports. Short-acting anticoagulants allow for reconsideration of this precedent. An individualized pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics study can aid patient-specific management. Many challenges and unresolved issues exist regarding such tailored intermittent dosing.
  
  
  
  Athletes with venous thromboembolism (VTE) are typically prohibited from participating in contact sports during anticoagulation therapy, but such mandatory removal from competition can cause psychological and financial detriments for athletes and overlooks patient autonomy. The precedent of compulsory removal developed when options for anticoagulation therapy were more limited, but medical advances now allow for rethinking of the management of athletes with VTE. We propose a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of athletes who participate in contact sports and require anticoagulation. A personalized pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics study of a direct oral anticoagulant can be performed for an athlete, which can inform the timing of medication dosing. Managed carefully, this can allow athletic participation when plasma drug concentration is minimal (minimizing bleeding risk) and prompt resumption of treatment after the risk of bleeding sufficiently normalizes (maximizing therapeutic time).
authors.affiliation: Departments of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: J N
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9662-7382
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moll
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D056352:Athletes; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D013178:Sports Medicine; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants
keywords: anticoagulants; athletes; exercise; sports medicine; venous thromboembolism