title: The relationship of body size to survivorship of hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina): an evaluation of the "bigger is better" hypothesis.
abstract: In many organisms, body size is positively correlated with traits that are presumably related to fitness. If directional selection frequently favors larger offspring (the "bigger is better" hypothesis), the results of such selection should be detectable with field experiments. We tested the "bigger is better" hypothesis in hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) by conducting one long-term and three short-term experiments on the University of Michigan E.S. George Reserve in southeastern Michigan. In the fall of 1995 and 1996, we released hatchlings at artificial nests separated from the nearest wetland by fences. We recorded the proportion of hatchlings recaptured, the time it took hatchlings to move to fences from artificial nests 45, 55, and 80 m away, and dispersion along the fence. We determined whether the response variables and probability of recapture at fences were associated with hatchling body size. During 1995, average travel times of hatchlings from the experimental nests were not related to distance from the fence; however, time to recapture was positively correlated with dispersion from the zero point on the fence, and the maximum time to reach the fence was almost twice as long for hatchlings from the 80-m nest compared to those from the 45-m nest. Sixty-seven percent of the hatchlings reached the fence and the proportions doing so from each nest were not different. Body size was not significantly related to probability of recapture in either of the 1995 experiments. In 1996, 59% of released hatchlings were recaptured. Time to recapture was not related to dispersion from the zero point or to body size. Cubic spline analysis suggested stabilizing selection on body size. We also conducted a set of long-term hatchling release experiments between 1980-1993 to compare the survival of hatchlings released at nest sites to that of hatchlings released directly into marshes, and we looked for relationships between survivorship and hatchling body size. During 7 years in which more than 30 hatchlings were released, 413 hatchlings were released directly into the marsh and 262 were released at nests: their probability of survival did not differ. Over all years, for both release groups combined and for each group separately, survival was not related to body size. In 1983 alone, survival was also not related to body size for either group or for both groups combined. In our three short-term experiments and one long-term experiment, we found no evidence to support the "bigger is better" hypothesis. When selection on body size did occur, selection was stabilizing, not directional for larger size.
authors.affiliation: Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA e-mail: congdon@srel.edu, Tel.: +1-803-7255341, Fax: +1-803-7253309, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Justin D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Congdon
authors.affiliation: Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA e-mail: congdon@srel.edu, Tel.: +1-803-7255341, Fax: +1-803-7253309, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Roy D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Nagle
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Arthur E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Dunham
authors.affiliation: Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA e-mail: congdon@srel.edu, Tel.: +1-803-7255341, Fax: +1-803-7253309, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Chirstopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA e-mail: congdon@srel.edu, Tel.: +1-803-7255341, Fax: +1-803-7253309, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: Owen M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.affiliation: Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA e-mail: congdon@srel.edu, Tel.: +1-803-7255341, Fax: +1-803-7253309, , , , , , US.
authors.forename: S Rebecca
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yeomans
keywords: Hatchlings; Key words Body size; Nest emergence; Size-specific survivorship; Turtles