title: Serological and molecular prevalence of canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) in Korea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous surveys in dogs from Korea indicated that dogs are exposed to a variety of vector- borne pathogens, but perception for a nation-wide canine vector-borne disease (CVBD) occurrence has been missing. We report here results of both serological and molecular prevalence studies for major CVBDs of dogs from all over the South Korean Peninsula except for Jeju Island.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serological survey of 532 outdoor dogs revealed the highest prevalence for Dirofilaria immitis (25.2%), followed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum (15.6%), Ehrlichia canis (4.7%) whereas Borrelia burgdorferi showed the lowest prevalence (1.1%). The number of serologically positive dogs for any of the four pathogens was 216 (40.6%). Concurrent real-time PCR assay of 440 dogs in the study indicated that DNA of "Candidatus M. haematoparvum", Mycoplasma haemocanis, Babesia gibsoni, A. phagocytophilum, and Hepatozoon canis was identified in 190 (43.2%), 168 (38.2%), 23 (5.2%), 10 (2.3%) and 1 (0.2%) dogs, respectively. DNA of Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp., Leishmania spp., Rickettsia spp. and Neorickettsia risticii was not identified. Analysis of questionnaires collected from owners of 440 dogs showed that the number of dogs with heartworm preventive medication was 348 (79.1%) among which dogs still positive to D. immitis infection were 60 (17.2%), probably due to the mean months of heartworm preventive medication being only 6.5. The high prevalence rates of both "Ca. M. haematoparvum" and Mycoplasma haemocanis in dogs from Korea indicate that these organisms may be transmitted by vectors other than Rhipicephalus sanguineus because this tick species has rarely been found in Korea. This is the first nationwide survey for canine haemotropic mycoplasma infections in Korea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that the risk of exposure to major vector-borne diseases in dogs is quite high throughout all areas of South Korean Peninsula. Since achieving full elimination of many pathogens causing CVBDs from infected animals is often impossible even when they are clinically cured, dogs once exposed to CVBDs can remain as lifetime reservoirs of disease for both other animals and humans in the close vicinity, and should therefore be treated with preventative medications to minimise the risk of pathogen transmission by the competent vectors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Guk-Hyun
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Animal Medical Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Sung
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Animal Medical Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ha-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leutenegger
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Animal Medical Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea. sungshik@jnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: SungShik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors; D008297:Male; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
keywords: Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD); Haemotropic mycoplasma; Korea; Prevalence; Real-time PCR; Serology