title: Why should people with type 1 diabetes exercise regularly?
abstract: Plethoric evidence reminds of the protective effects of exercise against a number of health risks, across all ages, in the general population. The benefits of exercise for individuals with type 2 diabetes are indisputable. An in-depth understanding of energy metabolism has reasonably entailed exercise as a cornerstone in the lifestyle of almost all subjects with type 1 diabetes. Nevertheless, individuals with type 1 diabetes often fail in accomplishing exercise guidelines and they are less active than their peer without diabetes. Two major obstacles are feared by people with type 1 diabetes who wish to exercise regularly: management of blood glucose control and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, strategies, including glucose monitoring technology and insulin pump therapy, have significantly contributed to the participation in regular physical activity, and even in competitive sports, for people with type 1 diabetes. Novel modalities of training, like different intensity, interspersed exercise, are as well promising. The beneficial potential of exercise in type 1 diabetes is multi-faceted, and it has to be fully exploited because it goes beyond the insulin-mimetic action, possibly through immunomodulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy. roberto.codella@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1608-1899
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Codella
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Institute, Metabolism, Nutrigenomics and Cellular Differentiation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Ileana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Terruzzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy.|Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy.
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D000070497:Healthy Lifestyle / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Autoimmunity; Glucose monitoring; Hypoglycemia; Immunomodulation; Insulin pump