title: Lean Fish Consumption Is Associated with Beneficial Changes in the Metabolic Syndrome Components: A 13-Year Follow-Up Study from the Norwegian Tromsø Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fish consumption may have beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, limited information of such associations exists. This study investigated possible associations between fish consumption and changes in MetS components during a 13-year follow-up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included participants (26-69 years) from the Tromsø Study 4 (1994-1995,n= 23,907) and Tromsø Study 6 (2007-2008,n= 12,981). Data were collected using questionnaires including food frequency questions, non-fasting blood samples, and physical examinations. MetS was defined using the Joint Interim Societies (JIS) definition, in which one point was given for each MetS criteria fulfilled (metabolic score). Longitudinal analyses were performed using Linear mixed models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both genders, lean fish consumption once a week or more was significantly associated with decreased future metabolic score, decreased triglycerides, and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, whereas decreased waist circumference and blood pressure was identified only for men (age adjusted models). Fatty fish consumption was significantly associated with increased waist circumference for both genders and increased HDL-cholesterol levels in men.Conclusion: The results suggest that fatty and lean fish consumption may influence MetS differently and that lean fish consumption in particular seems to be associated with beneficial changes in the MetS components.
authors.affiliation: Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway. Christine.Torris@hioa.no.|Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway. Christine.Torris@hioa.no.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tørris
authors.affiliation: Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway. Marianne.Molin@hioa.no.|Bjorknes University College, NO-0456 Oslo, Norway. Marianne.Molin@hioa.no.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molin
authors.affiliation: Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway. Milada-Cvancarova.Smastuen@hioa.no.
authors.forename: Milada Cvancarova
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Småstuen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: diet; fatty fish; fish consumption; insulin resistance; lean fish; metabolic syndrome; processed fish