title: Novel calcified gum Arabic porous nano-composite scaffold for bone tissue regeneration.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the biomechanical and biological properties of a nanocomposite scaffold containing both mineral and polysaccharide constituents. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (n-HA) was synthesized from dead abra ovata shells using wet chemical methods and was used in different ratios in concert with gum Arabic, a branched plant polysaccharide. N-HA/gum nanocomposite was fabricated with freeze-drying process and characterized by FTIR and SEM for chemical structure and morphology. Porosity was estimated using liquid substitution method. The scaffold mechanical properties were evaluated by compressive test measurement. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed using alkaline phosphatase production and biomineralization was evaluated using Alizarin red assay. Results demonstrated that the hydroxyapatite/gum Arabic nanocomposite had favorable biocompatibility and a similar structure to natural bone matrix. Porous nanocomposite possessed macropore networks with a porosity 87-93% and mean pore size ranging between 164 and 230 μm. The gum/HA with a ratio of 50% w/w HA had the highest compressive modulus of ∼75.3 MPa Pa (MPa) and the ultimate compressive stress of ∼16.6 MPa. C2C12 cells cultured on a scaffold with higher percentage (40 and 50 w/w) of HA demonstrated increased ALP levels and calcium deposition. The data from the present study demonstrated significant changes to the biomechanical properties and osteoconductivity of the nanocomposite scaffold by modulating its mineral content. Nanocomposite scaffolds containing gum and n-HA of 40-50% exhibited highest mechanical properties, as well as supported increased biomineralization.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tehran, Iran; University of Guilan, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadavi
authors.affiliation: Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: hasannia1967@icloud.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasannia
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faghihi
authors.affiliation: University of Guilan, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mashayekhi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Tissue Engineering (LITE), Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Zadeh
authors.affiliation: East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Mostofi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006170:Gum Arabic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D013499:Surface Properties; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006170:Gum Arabic; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: C2C12; Gum Arabic; Mechanical properties; Osteoinduction; n-HA