title: Three-dimensional preservation of cellular and subcellular structures suggests 1.6 billion-year-old crown-group red algae.
abstract: The ~1.6 Ga Tirohan Dolomite of the Lower Vindhyan in central India contains phosphatized stromatolitic microbialites. We report from there uniquely well-preserved fossils interpreted as probable crown-group rhodophytes (red algae). The filamentous form Rafatazmia chitrakootensis n. gen, n. sp. has uniserial rows of large cells and grows through diffusely distributed septation. Each cell has a centrally suspended, conspicuous rhomboidal disk interpreted as a pyrenoid. The septa between the cells have central structures that may represent pit connections and pit plugs. Another filamentous form, Denaricion mendax n. gen., n. sp., has coin-like cells reminiscent of those in large sulfur-oxidizing bacteria but much more recalcitrant than the liquid-vacuole-filled cells of the latter. There are also resemblances with oscillatoriacean cyanobacteria, although cell volumes in the latter are much smaller. The wider affinities of Denaricion are uncertain. Ramathallus lobatus n. gen., n. sp. is a lobate sessile alga with pseudoparenchymatous thallus, "cell fountains," and apical growth, suggesting florideophycean affinity. If these inferences are correct, Rafatazmia and Ramathallus represent crown-group multicellular rhodophytes, antedating the oldest previously accepted red alga in the fossil record by about 400 million years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.|Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE), Odense, Denmark; Copenhagen, Denmark; Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bengtson
authors.affiliation: Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.|Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE), Odense, Denmark; Copenhagen, Denmark; Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sallstedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.|Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE), Odense, Denmark; Copenhagen, Denmark; Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Veneta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Belivanova
authors.affiliation: Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE), Odense, Denmark; Copenhagen, Denmark; Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whitehouse
mesh_terms: D005580:Fossils; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D007194:India; D010802:Phylogeny; D011874:Radiometry; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors