title: Exploiting fruit byproducts for eco-friendly nanosynthesis: Citrus × clementina peel extract mediated fabrication of silver nanoparticles with high efficacy against microbial pathogens and rat glial tumor C6 cells.
abstract: Process byproducts from the fruit industry may represent a cheap and reliable source of green reducing agents to be used in current bio-nanosynthesis. This study reports the use of orange (Citrus × clementina) peel aqueous extract (OPE) for one-pot green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with high effectiveness against various microbial pathogens as well as rat glial tumor C6 cells. The effects of various operational parameters on the synthesis of AgNPs were systematically investigated. The morphology, particle size, and properties of synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the nanoparticles are mostly spherical in shape and monodispersed, with an average particle size of 15-20 nm. Notably, the OPE-synthesized AgNPs were stable up to 6 months without change in their properties. Low doses of OPE-AgNPs inhibited the growth of human pathogens Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of AgNPs against selected pathogenic bacteria were determined. OPE-AgNPs exhibited strong antioxidant activity in terms of ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical scavenging (IC5049.6 μg/mL) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging (IC5063.4 μg/mL). OPE-AgNPs showed dose-dependent response against rat glial tumor C6 cells (LD5060 μg/mL) showing a promising potential as anticancer agents. Overall, the current investigation highlighted a cheap green technology route to synthesize AgNPs using OPE byproducts and could potentially be utilized in biomedical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Rijuta Ganesh
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Saratale
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Han-Seung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gopalakrishnan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gajanan S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ghodake
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yuan Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Su
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea. gdsaratale@dongguk.edu.
authors.forename: Ganesh Dattatraya
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Saratale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
keywords: ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging activity; Antimicrobial activity; Green synthesis; HR-TEM; In vitro cytotoxicity; Orange peel extract