title: Unintentional methadone and buprenorphine exposures in children: Developing prevention messages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop key messages for methadone and buprenorphine safety education material based on an analysis of calls to the NYC Poison Control Center (NYC PCC) and designed for distribution to caregivers of young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of all calls for children 5 years of age and younger involving methadone or buprenorphine from January 1, 2000, to June 15, 2014. A data abstraction form was completed for each case to capture patient demographics, exposure and caller sites, caller relation to patient, qualitative information regarding the exposure scenario, the product information, if naloxone was given, and the medical outcome of the case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 123 cases were identified. The ages of the children ranged from 4 days to 5 years; 55% were boys. All exposures occurred in a home environment. The majority of the calls were made to the NYC PCC by the doctor (74%) or nurse (2%) at a health care facility. Approximately one-fourth of the calls came from the home and were made by the parent (22%) or grandparent (2%). More than one-half of the exposures involved methadone (64%). Naloxone was administered in 28% of cases. Approximately one-fourth of the children did not experience any effect after the reported exposure, one-half (51%) experienced some effect (minor, moderate, or major), and there was 1 death (1%). More than one-half of the children were admitted to the hospital, with 40% admitted to critical care and 13% to noncritical care. Approximately 23% were treated and released from the hospital, and 20% were lost to follow-up or never arrived to the hospital. The remaining 4% were managed on site without a visit to the hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposures to methadone and buprenorphine are dangerous with some leading to serious health effects. Safe storage and disposal instructions are needed for homes where children may be present.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mercurio-Zappala
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Howland
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Mark K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000506:poisoning*; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000506:poisoning*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000506:poisoning*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011039:Poison Control Centers; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D002047:Buprenorphine; D008691:Methadone