title: LOCALIZER: subcellular localization prediction of both plant and effector proteins in the plant cell.
abstract: Pathogens secrete effector proteins and many operate inside plant cells to enable infection. Some effectors have been found to enter subcellular compartments by mimicking host targeting sequences. Although many computational methods exist to predict plant protein subcellular localization, they perform poorly for effectors. We introduce LOCALIZER for predicting plant and effector protein localization to chloroplasts, mitochondria, and nuclei. LOCALIZER shows greater prediction accuracy for chloroplast and mitochondrial targeting compared to other methods for 652 plant proteins. For 107 eukaryotic effectors, LOCALIZER outperforms other methods and predicts a previously unrecognized chloroplast transit peptide for the ToxA effector, which we show translocates into tobacco chloroplasts. Secretome-wide predictions and confocal microscopy reveal that rust fungi might have evolved multiple effectors that target chloroplasts or nuclei. LOCALIZER is the first method for predicting effector localisation in plants and is a valuable tool for prioritizing effector candidates for functional investigations. LOCALIZER is available at http://localizer.csiro.au/.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sperschneider
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.
authors.forename: Ann-Maree
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Catanzariti
authors.affiliation: The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: DeBoer
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petre
authors.affiliation: Queensland Bioscience Precinct, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Karam B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Black Mountain Laboratories, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Dodds
authors.affiliation: Black Mountain Laboratories, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D009868:Oomycetes / Q000378:metabolism; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism; D059828:Plant Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D021381:Protein Transport; D012984:Software; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals