title: Sodide and Organic Halides Effect Covalent Functionalization of Single-Layer and Bilayer Graphene.
abstract: The covalent functionalization of single and bilayer graphene on SiO2(300 nm)/Si was effected through sequential treatment with the alkalide reductant [K(15-crown-5)2]Na and electrophilic aryl or alkyl halides, of which the iodides proved to be the most reactive. The condensation reactions proceeded at room temperature and afforded the corresponding aryl- or alkyl-appended graphenes. For each sample, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies were used to evaluate the degrees and uniformities of functionalization. Statistical analyses of the Raman data revealed that the introduction of the organic moieties was accompanied by sp3-rehybridization of the basal plane atoms. When bilayers consisting of13C and12C layers were treated, both the top and bottom sheets were decorated with organic groups. The reaction was followed using Raman spectroscopy, and the mechanism was studied by theoretical calculations. Indicative of its structure and reactivity, 4-pyridyl-decorated single-layer graphene was readily benzylated and appears to be an ideal platform to develop functional materials.
authors.affiliation: Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mandakini
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1295-1095
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biswal
authors.affiliation: Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7320-4360
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: David
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5720-6806
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schilter
authors.affiliation: School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Kyung
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Yeon
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Manav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Renmin University of China , Beijing, 100872, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.|School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Kyu
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0332-1534
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.|Department of Chemistry, UNIST , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.|Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0520-1982
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Bielawski
authors.affiliation: CEMES-CNRS and University of Toulouse , 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Wolfgang S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Bacsa
authors.affiliation: Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.|Department of Chemistry, UNIST , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.|School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Rodney S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ruoff