title: Effects of simulated herbivory on tillering and reproduction in an annual ryegrass,Lolium remotum.
abstract: This study examined the overall impact of simulated herbivory on tillering and reproductive performance of an annual ryegrass,Lolium remotum. The interaction between herbivore damage and intraspecific competition and the effect of the timing of damage were also studied. The experimental plants were sown at two densities and were randomly assigned to eight different damage treatments consisting of artificial leaf area removal by clipping with scissors or removal of one-third of the ripening seeds. The treatments were executed at two flowering stages. The pattern of tiller development differed significantly among treatments and between densities. At the lower density, earlier treatments delayed tiller development more than the same treatments executed later. At the higher density, all treatments delayed tiller development. The density effect was significant for all reproductive traits measured. The reproductive output of plants grown at the higher density was lower and the negative treatment effects were stronger than at the lower density. The treatment effect was significant for seed dry weight per plant and individual seed weight but not for number of seeds per plant. There were no statistically significant interaction effects between the damage treatments and density, suggesting that the plants responded to the damage similarly, irrespective of the density. The plants did not totally compensate for losses due to damage at either density, even though they slightly increased their resource allocation to sexual reproduction at the higher density.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Turku, SF-20500, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mutikainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Turku, SF-20500, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walls
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Turku, SF-20500, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ojala
keywords: Graminoids; Reproduction; Simulated herbivory; Sinksource regulation; Tillering