title: Radiation hazards to vascular surgeon and scrub nurse in mobile fluoroscopy equipped hybrid vascular room.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to identify the radiation hazards to vascular surgeons and scrub nurses working in mobile fluoroscopy equipped hybrid vascular operation rooms; additionally, to estimate cumulative cancer risk due to certain exposure dosages.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted prospectively in 71 patients (53 men and 18 women) who had undergone vascular intervention at our hybrid vascular theater for 6 months. OEC 9900 fluoroscopy was used as mobile C-arm. Exposure dose (ED) was measured by attaching optically stimulated luminescence at in and outside of the radiation protectors. To measure X-ray scatter with the anthropomorphic phantom model, the dose was measured at 3 distances (20, 50, 100 cm) and 3 angles (horizontal, upward 45°, downward 45°) using a personal gamma radiation dosimeter, Ecotest CARD DKG-21, for 1, 3, 5, 10 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime attributable risk of cancer was estimated using the approach of the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation report VII. The 6-month ED of vascular surgeons and scrub nurses were 3.85, 1.31 mSv, respectively. The attenuation rate of lead apron, neck protector and goggle were 74.6%, 60.6%, and 70.1%, respectively. All cancer incidences among surgeons and scrub nurses correspond to 2,355 and 795 per 100,000 persons. The 10-minute dose at 100-cm distance was 0.004 mSv at horizontal, 0.009 mSv at downward 45°, 0.003 mSv at upward 45°.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although yearly radiation hazards for vascular surgeons and scrub nurses are still within safety guidelines, protection principles can never be too stringent when aiming to minimize the cumulative harmful effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Bin
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Jaehoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Kihyuk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Fluoroscopy; Hybrid; Radiation; Vascular