title: Quantification of Methylenecyclopropyl Compounds and Acyl Conjugates by UPLC-MS/MS in the Study of the Biochemical Effects of the Ingestion of Canned Ackee (Blighia sapida) and Lychee (Litchi chinensis).
abstract: Consumption of ackee (Blighia sapida) and lychee (Litchi chinensis) fruit has led to severe poisoning. Considering their expanded agricultural production, toxicological evaluation has become important. Therefore, the biochemical effects of eating 1 g/kg canned ackee, containing 99.2 μmol/kg hypoglycin A, and 5 g/kg canned lychee, containing 1.3 μmol/kg hypoglycin A, were quantified in a self-experiment. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, hypoglycin A, methylenecyclopropylacetyl-glycine, and methylenecyclopropylformyl-glycine, as well as the respective carnitine conjugates, were found in urine after ingesting ackee. Hypoglycin A and its glycine derivative were also present in urine after eating lychee. Excretion of physiological acyl conjugates was significantly increased in the ackee experiment. Ingestion of ackee led to up to 15.1 nmol/L methylenecyclopropylacetyl-glycine and traces of methylenecyclopropylformyl-carnitine in the serum. These compounds were not found in the serum after eating lychee. Hypoglycin A accumulated in the serum in both experiments.
authors.affiliation: Screening-Labor Hannover, P.O. Box 91 10 09, 30430 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1645-8967
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: Screening-Labor Hannover, P.O. Box 91 10 09, 30430 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terhardt
authors.affiliation: Screening-Labor Hannover, P.O. Box 91 10 09, 30430 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: Screening-Labor Hannover, P.O. Box 91 10 09, 30430 Hannover, Germany.|Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School , Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Janzen
mesh_terms: D032124:Blighia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004435:Eating; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D018857:Food Packaging; D057141:Food, Preserved / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007005:Hypoglycins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D032125:Litchi / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D007005:Hypoglycins; C041757:hypoglycin
keywords: Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency; Jamaican vomiting disease; Litchi; Sapindaceae; ackee poisoning; hypoglycin A; inhibition of ß-oxidation; lychee; methylenecyclopropylacetyl-carnitine; methylenecyclopropylacetyl-glycine; methylenecyclopropylformyl-carnitine; methylenecyclopropylformyl-glycine; methylenecyclopropylglycine