title: Risk and Protective Factors for Sudden Cardiac Death During Leisure Activities in the Mountains: An Update.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Annually, more than 100 million tourists with widely varying health and fitness status are attracted by the mountainous areas around the world. Whereas mountaineering activities may contribute to the well established beneficial effects of regular exercise, for certain individuals these activities are also associated with a relatively high risk of death.
  
  
  METHODS
  This manuscript presents an updated overview of risk and protective factors for sudden cardiac death during leisure activities in the mountains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sudden cardiac death (SCD) has been proven to be the most frequent cause of non traumatic death in males aged over 34 years, e.g. during mountain hiking, cross country skiing or downhill skiing. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and, in particular, prior myocardial infarction, are the most important risk factors for SCD, predominantly relevant in downhill skiers. The unusual physical exertion on the first day at altitude, the late morning hours and the prolonged abstinence from food and fluid intake during exercise at altitude are most important triggers. Acute hypoxia may represent a trigger for SCD on the one hand but might also evoke beneficial effects by preconditioning on the other hand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of high-risk subjects and SCD triggers, evidence-based therapy of treatable risk factors, the appropriate individual preparation by physical training, and considering behavioural aspects, especially at the beginning of the physically active altitude sojourn will help to prevent SCD and increase the health benefits generated by mountaineering activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Austrian Society for Alpine- and High-Altitude Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria. Electronic address: martin.burtscher@uibk.ac.at.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burtscher
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D009051:Mountaineering; D009203:Myocardial Infarction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Altitude; Exercise; Mountaineering; Prevention; Sudden cardiac death