title: Purity assessment of ginsenoside Rg1 using quantitative1H nuclear magnetic resonance.
abstract: Ginseng herbs comprise a group of the most popular herbs, including Panax ginseng, P. notoginseng and P. quinquefolius (Family Araliaceae), which are used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and are some of the best-selling natural products in the world. The accurate quantification of ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major aspects of its quality control. However, the purity of the commercial Rg1 chemical reference substance (CRS) is often measured with high-performance chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV), which is a selective detector with unequal responses to different compounds; thus, this detector introduces probable error to purity assessments. In the present study, quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR), due to its absolute quantification ability, was applied to accurately assess the purity of Rg1 CRS. Phenylmethyl phthalate was used as the internal standard (IS) to calibrate the purity of Rg1 CRS. The proton signal of Rg1 CRS in methanol-d4 at 4.37ppm was selected to avoid interfering signals, enabling accurate quantitative analysis. The relaxation delay, number of scans, and NMR windowing were optimized for data acquisition. For post-processing, the Lorentz/Gauss deconvolution method was employed to increase the signal accuracy by separating the impurities and noise in the integrated region of the quantitative proton. The method validation showed that the developed method has acceptable sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The purity of the commercial Rg1 CRS examined with the method developed in this research was 90.34±0.21%, which was obviously lower than that reported by the manufacturer (>98.0%, HPLC-UV). The cross-method validation shows that the commonly used HPLC-UV, HPLC-ELSD (evaporative light scattering detector) and even LC-MS (mass spectrometry) methods provide significantly higher purity values of Rg1 CRS compared with the qNMR method, and the accuracy of these LC-based methods largely depend on the amount of the sample that was loaded and the properties of the impurities.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China.
authors.forename: Bao-Ming
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China.
authors.forename: Ting-Bo
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China. Electronic address: lliu@must.edu.mo.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China. Electronic address: hzhou@must.edu.mo.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004340:Drug Contamination; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000032:analysis*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D011522:Protons; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D011522:Protons; C035054:ginsenoside Rg1
keywords: Ginsenoside Rg1; Purity assessment; Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance