title: Cost of territory establishment in hummingbirds.
abstract: Time spent in territorial defense was measured during territory establishment for non-breeding Black-chinned (Archilochus alexandri) and Anna's (Calypte anna) hummingbirds. Newly established territory holders spent more time chasing intruders than neighboring established owners, which served as controls. This higher investment in defense by the new owners was due to 1) a longer time spent per each chase and 2) in some cases, a higher frequency of chases at the onset of territory ownership.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Utah, 84112, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Copenhaver
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, NJ-15, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Ewald