title: Phase I and Phase II Therapies for Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Update on Currently Studied Drugs in Clinical Research.
abstract: Acute ischemic stroke is a devastating cause of death and disability, consequences of which depend on the time from ischemia onset to treatment, the affected brain region, and its size. The main targets of ischemic stroke therapy aim to restore tissue perfusion in the ischemic penumbra in order to decrease the total infarct area by maintaining blood flow. Advances in research of pathological process and pathways during acute ischemia have resulted in improvement of new treatment strategies apart from restoring perfusion. Additionally, limiting the injury severity by manipulating the molecular mechanisms during ischemia has become a promising approach, especially in animal research. The purpose of this article is to review completed and ongoing phases I and II trials for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, reviewing studies on antithrombotic, thrombolytic, neuroprotective, and antineuroinflammatory drugs that may translate into more effective treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Onat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akyol
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, 6020 Tyrol, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Wing Mann
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Applegate
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: John H
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4319-4285
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents