title: Positional Changes of the Ocular Organs During Craniofacial Development.
abstract: The present study aimed to describe the positional changes of the ocular organs during craniofacial development; moreover, we examined the relationships among the ocular organs and other internal structures. To do this, we traced the positions of the ocular organs in 56 human early fetal samples at different stages of development using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography. The eyes were located on the lateral side in the ventral view at Carnegie stage (CS) 16, and then changed their positions medially during development. The eyes remained in the neurocranium until CS17. However, the eyes changed their positions medially and caudally in the viscerocranium after CS18. The positional relationship between the eyes and pituitary gland changed in the lateral view as development progressed. Specifically, they were close to each other at CS17, but moved apart during the later stages of development. These positional changes were also demonstrated quantitatively with morphometric analyses. Based on the present data, the positional changes of the eyes can be categorized into phases, as follows: Phase 1, dramatic positional changes (early fetal period until CS23); and Phase 2, mild positional changes (stabilized; early fetal period after CS23). Notably, all absolute lengths measured in the present study linearly increased as the crown-rump length increased irrespective of the phase, while features of the measured angles and ratios differentially changed in Phases 1 and 2. The present data may help improve our understanding of both the normal and abnormal development of the ocular organs and craniofacial area. Anat Rec, 300:2107-2114, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osaka
authors.affiliation: Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Aoi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.|Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigehito
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Chigako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Uwabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Allied Health Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
authors.affiliation: Allied Health Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
authors.forename: Tohoru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takakuwa
mesh_terms: D005123:Eye / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology*; D005145:Face / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology*; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
keywords: differential growth; human early fetus; magnetic resonance imaging; ocular organs; phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography