title: In vitro inhibition of phosphodiesterase-5 and arginase activities from rat penile tissue by two Nigerian herbs (Hunteria umbellata and Anogeissus leiocarpus).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anogeissus leiocarpus and Hunteria umbellata have been reportedly used in traditional medicine for the management of erectile dysfunction (ED). However, the scientific basis for their use has not been well established. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of water extractable phytochemicals of H. umbellata and A. leiocarpus on phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) and arginase as well as pro-oxidants induced lipid peroxidation in rat penile tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of the extracts on important enzymes (PDE-5 and arginase) linked with ED and pro-oxidants (Fe2+ and sodium nitroprusside) induced lipid peroxidation were investigated. Also, radicals scavenging and metal chelating abilities were determined. In addition, phenolic contents were determined and characterized using HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that both extracts inhibited PDE-5 and arginase activities in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibitory property of A. leiocarpus (IC50 - 174.19 μg/mL) was significantly better (p<0.05) than that of H. umbellata (IC50 - 537.72 μg/mL) in PDE-5 assay. The extracts were potent inhibitors of arginase than PDE-5, and these extracts were equally potent in inhibiting arginase. Furthermore, Fe2+ and sodium nitroprusside caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde content; however, both extracts reduced malondialdehyde level in concentration-dependent manner. It is noteworthy that both extracts scavenged radicals (OH* and ABTS*) and chelated Fe2+. HPLC analysis revealed abundance of rutin, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin, among others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of the extracts to inhibit PDE-5, arginase and pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidation, and chelate metal might suggest their folkloric use for the management of ED.
authors.affiliation: .
authors.forename: Ganiyu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oboh
authors.affiliation: .
authors.forename: Adeniyi Abiodun
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adebayo
authors.affiliation: .
authors.forename: Ayokunle Olubode
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ademosun
authors.affiliation: .
authors.forename: Aline August
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Boligon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D029062:Apocynaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001119:Arginase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D029764:Combretaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D054706:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010413:Penis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009599:Nitroprusside; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D054706:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5; D001119:Arginase
keywords: Anogeissus leiocarpus; Hunteria umbellata; arginase; phosphodiesterase-5