title: Cardiovascular disease in women with HIV-1 infection.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in women, nevertheless it is often underestimated in female patients without overt risk factors. The chronic infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is clearly associated, along with the use of certain antiretroviral drugs and traditional risk factors, with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this manuscript is to review the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, primary and secondary prevention strategies of cardiovascular disease in HIV-negative and HIV-positive female subjects. The ultimate goal is to promote knowledge and development of specific and appropriate clinical interventions and guidelines in this group of high-risk patients, mostly in view of the expected growth of ageing females with HIV.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, University of Rome Sapienza, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, IS, Italy. Electronic address: massimo.volpe@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.affiliation: Janssen-Cilag, Cologno Monzese, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uglietti
authors.affiliation: IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castagna
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mussini
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo and Carlo, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Spallanzani Institute, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellagamba
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo and Carlo, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bini
authors.affiliation: Janssen-Cilag, Cologno Monzese, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mancusi
authors.affiliation: Janssen-Cilag, Cologno Monzese, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Termini
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular prevention; HIV; Risk factors; Women