title: The effect of pomegranate fresh juice versus pomegranate seed powder on metabolic indices, lipid profile, inflammatory biomarkers, and the histopathology of pancreatic islets of Langerhans in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with hyperglycemia, inflammatory disorders and abnormal lipid profiles. Several functional foods have therapeutic potential to treat chronic diseases including diabetes. The therapeutic potential of pomegranate has been stated by multitudinous scientists. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of pomegranate juice and seed powder on the levels of plasma glucose and insulin, inflammatory biomarkers, lipid profiles, and health of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NAD) induced T2DM Sprague Dawley (SD) rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthy male SD rats were induced to diabetes with a single dose intra-peritoneal administration of STZ (60 mg/kg b.w.) - NAD (120 mg/kg b.w.). Diabetic rats were orally administered with 1 mL of pomegranate fresh juice (PJ) or 100 mg pomegranate seed powder in 1 mL distilled water (PS), or 5 mg/kg b.w. of glibenclamide every day for 21 days. Rats in all groups were sacrificed on day 22. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software (v: 22) using One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that PJ and PS treatment had slight but non-significant reduction of plasma glucose concentration, and no impact on plasma insulin compared to diabetic control (DC) group. PJ lowered the plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) significantly, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) non-significantly compared to DC group. In contrast, PS treatment significantly raised plasma TC, LDL, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels compared to the DC rats. Moreover, the administration of PJ and PS significantly reduced the levels of plasma inflammatory biomarkers, which were actively raised in diabetic rats. Only PJ treated group showed significant repairment and restoration signs in islets of Langerhans. Besides, PJ possessed preventative impact against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals almost 2.5 folds more than PS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that active constituents with high antioxidant properties present in PJ are responsible for its anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects, likewise the restoration effect on the damaged islets of Langerhans in experimental rats. Hence, the pharmacological, biochemical, and histopathological profiles of PJ treated rats obviously indicated its helpful effects in amelioration of diabetes-associated complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. taheri.ghazal87@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seyedeh Zeinab
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Taheri Rouhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lincoln University College, No. 2, Jalan Stadium SS 7/15, Kalana Jaya, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. moklesur2002@yahoo.com.|Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh. moklesur2002@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Md Moklesur Rahman
authors.initials: MMR
authors.lastname: Sarker
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Asmah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahmat
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacolgy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saad Ahmed
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Alkahtani
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fauziah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Othman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D009536:Niacinamide; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D013311:Streptozocin; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014280:Triglycerides; D009536:Niacinamide; D013311:Streptozocin; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Anti-hyperlipidemic; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidant; Diabetes mellitus; Pancreatic health; Plasma glucose; Pomegranate juice; Pomegranate seed powder