title: Task-induced Changes in Idiopathic Infantile Nystagmus Vary with Gaze.
abstract: Investigations of infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) at center or at the null position have reported that INS worsens when visual demand is combined with internal states, e.g. stress. Visual function and INS parameters such as foveation time, frequency, amplitude, and intensity can also be influenced by gaze position. We hypothesized that increases from baseline in visual demand and mental load would affect INS parameters at the null position differently than at other gaze positions.
  
  
  
  Eleven participants with idiopathic INS were asked to determine the direction of Tumbling-E targets, whose visual demand was varied through changes in size and contrast, using a staircase procedure. Targets appeared between ±25° in 5° steps. The task was repeated with both mental arithmetic and time restriction to impose higher mental load, confirmed through subjective ratings and concurrent physiological measurements.
  
  
  
  Within-subject comparisons were limited to the null and 15° away from it. No significant main effects of task on any INS parameters were found. At both locations, high mental load worsened task performance metrics, i.e. lowest contrast (P = .001) and smallest optotype size reached (P = .012). There was a significant interaction between mental load and gaze position for foveation time (P = .02) and for the smallest optotype reached (P = .028). The increase in threshold optotype size from the low to high mental load was greater at the null than away from it. During high visual demand, foveation time significantly decreased from baseline at the null as compared to away from it (mean difference ± SE: 14.19 ± 0.7 msec; P = .010).
  
  
  
  Under high visual demand, the effects of increased mental load on foveation time and visual task performance differed at the null as compared to 15° away from it. Assessment of these effects could be valuable when evaluating INS clinically and when considering its impact on patients' daily activities.
authors.affiliation: *MOptom †PhD Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (MSF, LAA); Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (ACB, SWH); and Department of Mathematics, Salzburg University, Salzburg, Austria (ACB).
authors.forename: Marzieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salehi Fadardi
authors.forename: Arne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bathke
authors.forename: Solomon W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Harrar
authors.forename: Larry Allen
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Abel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000503:physiopathology; D040181:Genetic Diseases, X-Linked / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020417:Nystagmus, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013577:Syndrome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult