title: Early reproductive failure increases nectar production and pollination success of late flowers in south Andean Alstroemeria aurea.
abstract: Fertile ramets of bumblebee-pollinated Alstroemeria aurea, a clonal perennial native to the temperate forests of the southern Andes, produce single terminal inflorescences that may bear two or more temporally non-overlapping whorls of flowers. While fruit set is commonly high (>80%) among early-opening flowers, it is usually low (<20%) among late-opening flowers within ramets. Using flowering ramets with two whorls of flowers, we examined experimentally the following related hypotheses. First, late flowers act as a reserve of ovaries, increasing their likelihood of setting seed when early fruits abort due to either pollen or resource limitation. Second, where early fruit abortion has occurred, plants may actively ensure pollination of late flowers by increasing their attractants and rewards. In a natural population, we simulated (1) lack of pollen deposition in early flowers, by excising their stigmas just before receptivity, and (2) resource limitation, by removing all the leaves from an experimental flowering ramet. Treatments were applied to individual ramets according to a 2 × 2 factorial design. We found that when early flowers failed to set fruit due to stigma excision, nectar secretion and particularly pollen receipt strongly increased in late flowers. Higher pollen deposition contributed significantly to the observed five-fold increase in seed output of late flowers. Fruit and seed set from early flowers were more negatively affected by defoliation than that from late flowers. Defoliation did not interfere with a ramet's capacity to increase late reproductive output when early reproduction failed. These results support the assertion that late flowers act as a reserve of ovaries helping a plant to cope with an unpredictable environment. These results also suggest that plants may actively increase pollinator visitation by opportunistically increasing flower rewards.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Centro Regional Bariloche, Unidad Postal Universidad, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina e-mail: marcito@crub.uncoma.edu.ar, Fax: +54-944-22111, , , , , , AR.
authors.forename: Ana H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ladio
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Centro Regional Bariloche, Unidad Postal Universidad, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina e-mail: marcito@crub.uncoma.edu.ar, Fax: +54-944-22111, , , , , , AR.
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aizen
keywords: Alstroemeria aurea; Key words Late-opening flowers; Nectar secretion; Ovary reserve; Pollination