title: Periosteal distraction osteogenesis versus immediate periosteal elevation in a rat model: Histological and micro-CT analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to compare periosteal distraction osteogenesis (PDO) to immediate periosteal elevation (IPE) in terms of de novo bone formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals of PDO Group were subjected to a 7-day latency period and a 10-day distraction period. Distraction device in IPE Group were activated for 1 mm at placement. Both groups of animals were euthanized at 17, 31 and 45-day following surgery and the samples analyzed histologically and by micro-CT. Total gap region (TG) was divided in two subregions, less than 0.5 mm (LG) and over 0.5 mm of the gap height (HG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone formation in PDO Group was observed in the distal region of the distraction gap, whereas in IPE Group proximally and distally from the distraction gap. Bone volume increased in both groups in LG, HG and TG (p < 0.001), while bone mineral density only in HG (p = 0.001). More new bone was observed in PDO than in IPE Group in HG (p = 0.017) and in TG (p < 0.001), without differences found in bone mineral density.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The function of immediately elevated periosteum is limited to the distance to the underlying bone. PDO may be successfully applied to maintain the osteogenic capacity of elevated periosteum.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Research Center, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamauracho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan. Electronic address: kennakahara@ngt.ndu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamauracho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan. Electronic address: h-maiko@ngt.ndu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haga-Tsujimura
authors.affiliation: Advanced Research Center, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamauracho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan. Electronic address: sawada@ngt.ndu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kosaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: matthias.mottini@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mottini
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: benoit.schaller@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: nikola.saulacic@insel.ch.
authors.forename: Nikola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saulacic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008297:Male; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000379:methods*; D010521:Periosteum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
keywords: Animal model; Bone; Distraction osteogenesis; Periosteum