title: The impact of preoperative epidural injections on postoperative infection in lumbar fusion surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Lumbar epidural steroid injections (LESIs) are performed for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes for a variety of indications, including low-back pain, the leading cause of disability and expense due to work-related conditions in the US. The steroid agent used in epidural injections is reported to relieve nerve root inflammation, local ischemia, and resultant pain, but the injection may also have an adverse impact on spinal surgery performed thereafter. In particular, the possibility that preoperative epidural injections may increase the risk of surgical site infection after lumbar spinal fusion has been reported but has not been studied in detail. The goal of the present study was to use a large national insurance database to analyze the association of preoperative LESIs with surgical site infection after lumbar spinal fusion. METHODS A nationwide insurance database of patient records was used for this retrospective analysis. Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to query the database for patients who had undergone LESI and 1- or 2-level lumbar posterior spinal fusion procedures. The rate of postoperative infection after 1- or 2-level posterior spinal fusion was analyzed. These study patients were then divided into 3 separate cohorts: 1) lumbar spinal fusion performed within 1 month after LESI, 2) fusion performed between 1 and 3 months after LESI, and 3) fusion performed between 3 and 6 months after LESI. The study patients were compared with a control cohort of patients who underwent lumbar fusion without previous LESI. RESULTS The overall 3-month infection rate after lumbar spinal fusion procedure was 1.6% (1411 of 88,540 patients). The infection risk increased in patients who received LESI within 1 month (OR 2.6, p < 0.0001) or 1-3 months (OR 1.4, p = 0.0002) prior to surgery compared with controls. The infection risk was not significantly different from controls in patients who underwent lumbar fusion more than 3 months after LESI. CONCLUSIONS Lumbar spinal fusion performed within 3 months after LESI may be associated with an increased rate of postoperative infection. This association was not found when lumbar fusion was performed more than 3 months after LESI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; and.
authors.forename: Anuj
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singla
authors.affiliation: Children's Orthopaedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; and.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; and.
authors.forename: Jourdan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cancienne
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; and.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nourbakhsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; and.
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shimer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; and.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hassanzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; and.
authors.forename: Francis H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids
keywords: CPT = Current Procedural Terminology; ICD-9 = International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision; LESI = lumbar epidural steroid injection; epidural injection; infection; lumbar fusion; postoperative complications; spine surgery