title: 3D vision accelerates laparoscopic proficiency and skills are transferable to 2D conditions: A randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopy is difficult to master, in part because surgeons operate in a three-dimensional (3D) space guided by two-dimensional (2D) images. This trial explores the effect of 3D vision during a laparoscopic training program, and examine whether it is possible to transfer skills acquired with 3D conditions to 2D conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a randomized controlled trial where residents (n = 34) were randomized to proficiency-based laparoscopic simulator training under either 3D or 2D conditions. Subsequently, participants completed a retention test under 2D conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean training time were reduced in the intervention group; 231 min versus 323 min; P = 0.012. There was no significant difference in the mean times to completion of the retention test; 92 min versus 95 min; P = 0.85.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D vision reduced time to proficiency on a virtual-reality laparoscopy simulator. Furthermore, skills learned with 3D vision can be transferred to 2D vision conditions. Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02361463).
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Copenhagen, Capital Region, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: stine.d.soerensen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Stine Maya Dreier
authors.initials: SMD
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Copenhagen, Capital Region, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: lars.konge@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Konge
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Gynecology, The Juliane Marie Center for Children, Women and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: fbjerrum@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Flemming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bjerrum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D008297:Male; D000066908:Simulation Training
keywords: Depth perception; Laparoscopic training; Psychomotor skills; Surgical skills; Three-dimensional imaging; Three-dimensional laparoscopy