title: Localization and diagnosis framework for pediatric cataracts based on slit-lamp images using deep features of a convolutional neural network.
abstract: Slit-lamp images play an essential role for diagnosis of pediatric cataracts. We present a computer vision-based framework for the automatic localization and diagnosis of slit-lamp images by identifying the lens region of interest (ROI) and employing a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN). First, three grading degrees for slit-lamp images are proposed in conjunction with three leading ophthalmologists. The lens ROI is located in an automated manner in the original image using two successive applications of Candy detection and the Hough transform, which are cropped, resized to a fixed size and used to form pediatric cataract datasets. These datasets are fed into the CNN to extract high-level features and implement automatic classification and grading. To demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the deep features extracted in the CNN, we investigate the features combined with support vector machine (SVM) and softmax classifier and compare these with the traditional representative methods. The qualitative and quantitative experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method offers exceptional mean accuracy, sensitivity and specificity: classification (97.07%, 97.28%, and 96.83%) and a three-degree grading area (89.02%, 86.63%, and 90.75%), density (92.68%, 91.05%, and 93.94%) and location (89.28%, 82.70%, and 93.08%). Finally, we developed and deployed a potential automatic diagnostic software for ophthalmologists and patients in clinical applications to implement the validated model.
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China.|School of Software, Xidian University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Xiyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Jiewei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Erping
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Jiangtao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Mingmin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhenzhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhuoling
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Qianzhong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Dongni
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Haotian
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4672-9721
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D002386:Cataract / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D009415:Nerve Net