title: Proinflammatory response induced by Newcastle disease virus in tumor and normal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the specific role of immune responses induced by lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) for its antitumor effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  NDV LaSota strain was used to infect the following human cells: non-small cell lung carcinoma (A549), glioblastoma (U87MG and T98G), mammary gland adenocarcinoma (MCF7 and MDA-MB-453), hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh7), transformed embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), primary monocytes, lung fibroblast (HF19), skin fibroblast (NB1RGB) and rat astroglia (RCR-1) at 0.001 multiplicity of infection. NDV-induced cytotoxicity and expression of proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor cells (A549, U87MG, T98G, Huh7, MDA-MB-453, and MCF7) showed viability of <44%, while normal cell lines HEK293, NB1RGB, and RCR-1 showed 84%, 73%, and 69% viability at 72 hours postinfection, respectively. Proinflammatory cytokine profiling showed that NDV mainly induced the secretion of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, and IFN-λ in tumor cells and only IFN-λ in normal cells. In addition, NDV infection induced the production of interleukin (IL)-6 in most cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest a new perspective regarding the role of IFN-λ and IL-6 in the mechanism of tumor selectivity and oncolysis of NDV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology and Medical Science Group, University of Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Teridah Ernala
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Ginting
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology and Medical Science Group, University of Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suryatenggara
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology and Medical Science Group, University of Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Salomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology and Medical Science Group, University of Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mathew
keywords: Newcastle disease virus; cytokines; interferons; oncolytic virus