title: Worldwide trends in volume and quality of published protocols of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: Publishing protocols of randomized controlled trials (RCT) facilitates a more detailed description of study rational, design, and related ethical and safety issues, which should promote transparency. Little is known about how the practice of publishing protocols developed over time. Therefore, this study describes the worldwide trends in volume and methodological quality of published RCT protocols.
  
  
  
  A systematic search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE, identifying RCT protocols published over a decade from 1 September 2001. Data were extracted on quality characteristics of RCT protocols. The primary outcome, methodological quality, was assessed by individual methodological characteristics (adequate generation of allocation, concealment of allocation and intention-to-treat analysis). A comparison was made by publication period (First, September 2001- December 2004; Second, January 2005-May 2008; Third, June 2008-September 2011), geographical region and medical specialty.
  
  
  
  The number of published RCT protocols increased from 69 in the first, to 390 in the third period (p<0.0001). Internal medicine and paediatrics were the most common specialty topics. Whereas most published RCT protocols in the first period originated from North America (n = 30, 44%), in the second and third period this was Europe (respectively, n = 65, 47% and n = 190, 48%, p = 0.02). Quality of RCT protocols was higher in Europe and Australasia, compared to North America (OR = 0.63, CI = 0.40-0.99, p = 0.04). Adequate generation of allocation improved with time (44%, 58%, 67%, p = 0.001), as did concealment of allocation (38%, 53%, 55%, p = 0.03). Surgical protocols had the highest quality among the three specialty topics used in this study (OR = 1.94, CI = 1.09-3.45, p = 0.02).
  
  
  
  Publishing RCT protocols has become popular, with a five-fold increase in the past decade. The quality of published RCT protocols also improved, although variation between geographical regions and across medical specialties was seen. This emphasizes the importance of international standards of comprehensive training in RCT methodology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Belle V
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4507-7189
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: van Rosmalen
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alldinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kasia P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cieslak
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roos
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wennink
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Network for Trials Methodology Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Usama
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ahmed Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marc G H
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Besselink
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D011642:Publications; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic