title: The Pharmacological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Activities of Hydroxychloroquine in Rheumatic and Related Diseases.
abstract: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is known as one of the most fascinating synthetic antimalarial drugs during the last 50 years. It is currently among the most commonly employed medicines for the clinical treatment of rheumatic diseases, especially systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. In related mechanism studies, it has been found that HCQ possesses various immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, the effects of HCQ on anti-platelet, metabolic pathways, and antineoplasticity have also been disclosed in more recent studies. These significant findings on HCQ suggest the potential therapeutic applications of HCQ for treatment of many diseases, such as cancers, skin disease, antiphospholipid syndrome, etc. This review focuses on recent in vitro and clinical trials on its pharmacological mechanisms, therapeutic activities, and potential adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou. China.
authors.forename: Changfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053. China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022. China.
authors.forename: Jie-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University. China.
authors.forename: Chengping
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine
keywords: Immunomodulatory activity; hydroxychloroquine; rheumatic disease; rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus