Histamine Release from Mast Cells and Basophils.
Mast cells and basophils represent the most relevant source of histamine in the immune system. Histamine is stored in cytoplasmic granules along with other amines (e.g., serotonin), proteases, proteoglycans, cytokines/chemokines, and angiogenic factors and rapidly released upon triggering with a variety of stimuli. Moreover, mast cell and basophil histamine release is regulated by several activating and inhibitory receptors. The engagement of different receptors can trigger different modalities of histamine release and degranulation. Histamine released from mast cells and basophils exerts its biological activities by activating four G protein-coupled receptors, namely H1R, H2R, H3R (expressed mainly in the brain), and the recently identified H4R. While H1R and H2R activation accounts mainly for some mast cell- and basophil-mediated allergic disorders, the selective expression of H4R on immune cells is uncovering new roles for histamine (possibly derived from mast cells and basophils) in allergic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. Thus, the in-depth knowledge of mast cell and basophil histamine release and its biologic effects is poised to uncover new therapeutic avenues for a wide spectrum of disorders.
Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.|Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
Francesco
F
Borriello
Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
Raffaella
R
Iannone
Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy. marone@unina.it.|Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy. marone@unina.it.
Gianni
G
Marone
D000818:Animals; D001491:Basophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006632:Histamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006636:Histamine Release / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000378:metabolism; D007107:Immune System / Q000378:metabolism; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism
D016207:Cytokines; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D006632:Histamine
Basophil; Degranulation; Histamine; Histamine receptors; Mast cell