Osmotic indices and kidney concentrating activity: population-based data on correlates and prognostic power.
Research data are limited on indices of osmotic equilibrium and of kidney concentrating activity (KCA). This study investigated correlates and prognostic power of these indices in a sample of the general population.



Urine osmolality (U-osm), plasma osmolality (P-osm), plasma creatinine and other variables were measured by the Gubbio Study for the 1988-92 exam (baseline). Plasma creatinine and other variables were re-measured in the 2001-07 exam (follow-up). KCA was assessed as the U-osm/P-osm ratio and kidney function as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).



Baseline data were complete in 4220 adults, of whom 852 died before follow-up and 2795 participated in the follow-up. At baseline, the following independent cross-sectional associations were identified: female sex and higher urine flow with lower values of U-osm, P-osm and U-osm/P-osm ratio (P < 0.01); obesity with higher values of U-osm, P-osm and U-osm/P-osm ratio (P < 0.01); older age and lower eGFR with lower U-osm, lower U-osm/P-osm ratio and higher P-osm (P < 0.05); hypertension and smoking with lower U-osm and lower U-osm/P-osm ratio (P < 0.05) but not with P-osm. From baseline to follow-up, the annualized rate was 1.26% for mortality and -0.74 ± 0.76 mL/min × 1.73 m2 for eGFR change. Mortality was independently predicted by baseline U-osm and baseline U-osm/P-osm ratio (hazard ratio for one higher standard deviation was ≤0.91, 95% confidence interval was ≤0.97, P < 0.01), but not by baseline P-osm. The eGFR change was not independently predicted by baseline values of U-osm, P-osm and U-osm/P-osm ratio (P ≥ 0.4).



Sex, age, obesity, eGFR, urine flow, hypertension and smoking independently associated with U-osm and KCA. U-osm and KCA independently predicted mortality, but not kidney function change over time.
Department 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.|Unit of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital, Salerno, Italy.
Massimo
M
Cirillo
Department 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.|Unit of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital, Salerno, Italy.
Giancarlo
G
Bilancio
Rummo Hospital, Benevento, Italy.
Cinzia
C
Lombardi
Department of Physics, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy.
Pierpaolo
P
Cavallo
Centro Studi Epidemiologici di Gubbio, Gubbio, Italy.
Oscar
O
Terradura Vagnarelli
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Alberto
A
Zanchetti
Centro Studi Epidemiologici di Gubbio, Gubbio, Italy.
Martino
M
Laurenzi
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011379:Prognosis; D055815:Young Adult
kidney function; mortality; osmolality; urine concentration