Prescription Opioid Exposures Among Children and Adolescents in the United States: 2000-2015.
OBJECTIVE
This study analyzes and compares exposures to prescription opioids among children and adolescents younger than 20 years old in the United States.


METHODS
Data from the National Poison Data System for 2000 through 2015 were analyzed.


RESULTS
Poison control centers received reports of 188 468 prescription opioid exposures among children aged <20 years old from 2000 through 2015. The annual number and rate of exposures increased early in the study period, but declined after 2009, except for buprenorphine exposures, which increased during the last 3 study years. Hydrocodone accounted for the largest proportion of exposures (28.7%), and 47.1% of children exposed to buprenorphine were admitted to a health care facility (HCF). The odds of being admitted to an HCF were higher for teenagers than for children aged 0 to 5 years (odds ratio [OR]: 2.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.78-2.94) or children aged 6 to 12 years (OR: 6.62; 95% CI: 6.06-7.02). Teenagers also had greater odds of serious medical outcomes than did children aged 0 to 5 years (OR: 3.03; 95% CI: 2.92-3.15) or children aged 6 to 12 years (OR: 4.59; 95% CI: 4.21-5.00). The rate of prescription opioid-related suspected suicides among teenagers increased by 52.7% during the study period.


CONCLUSIONS
Prescription opioid-related HCF admissions and serious medical outcomes were higher among teenagers. Contrary to trends for other prescription opioids, exposures to buprenorphine have increased in recent years; children aged 0 to 5 years accounted for almost 90% of buprenorphine exposures. These findings indicate that additional prevention efforts are needed.
Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
Jakob D
JD
Allen
Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.|Central Ohio Poison Center, Columbus, Ohio; and.|Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
Marcel J
MJ
Casavant
Central Ohio Poison Center, Columbus, Ohio; and.|Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
Henry A
HA
Spiller
Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
Thiphalak
T
Chounthirath
Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
Nichole L
NL
Hodges
Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; gary.smith@nationwidechildrens.org.|Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
Gary A
GA
Smith
D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011039:Poison Control Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055656:Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid