Association between urinary metabolic profile and the intestinal effects of cocoa in rats.
The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the urinary metabolic fingerprint and the effects of cocoa and cocoa fibre on body weight, hormone metabolism, intestinal immunity and microbiota composition. To this effect, Wistar rats were fed, for 3 weeks, a diet containing 10 % cocoa (C10) or two other diets with same the proportion of fibres: one based on cocoa fibre (CF) and another containing inulin as a reference (REF) diet. The rats' 24 h urine samples were analysed by an untargeted 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabonomic approach. Concentrations of faecal IgA and plasma metabolic hormones were also quantified. The C10 diet decreased the intestinal IgA, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon concentrations and increased ghrelin levels compared with those in the REF group. Clear differences were observed between the metabolic profiles from the C10 group and those from the CF group. Urine metabolites derived from cocoa correlated with the cocoa effects on body weight, immunity and the gut microbiota. Overall, cocoa intake alters the host and bacterial metabolism concerning energy and amino acid pathways, leading to a metabolic signature that can be used as a marker for consumption. This metabolic profile correlates with body weight, metabolic hormones, intestinal immunity and microbiota composition.
1Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences,University of Barcelona,Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Building B, 3rd Floor,Barcelona08028,Spain.
Malen
M
Massot-Cladera
3Division of Computational and Systems Medicine,Imperial College London,London SW7 2AZ,UK.
Jordi
J
Mayneris-Perxachs
4Health Sciences Research Centre, Life Science Department,Whitelands College,University of Roehampton,Holybourne Avenue,LondonSW15 4JD,UK.
Adele
A
Costabile
3Division of Computational and Systems Medicine,Imperial College London,London SW7 2AZ,UK.
Jonathan R
JR
Swann
1Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences,University of Barcelona,Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Building B, 3rd Floor,Barcelona08028,Spain.
Àngels
À
Franch
1Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences,University of Barcelona,Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Building B, 3rd Floor,Barcelona08028,Spain.
Francisco J
FJ
Pérez-Cano
1Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences,University of Barcelona,Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Building B, 3rd Floor,Barcelona08028,Spain.
Margarida
M
Castell
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000502:physiology*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D055442:Metabolome / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
D000596:Amino Acids; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D054439:Ghrelin; D006728:Hormones; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D020738:Leptin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon
 3-IS 3-indoxyl-sulfate;  4-HPA 4-hydroxypropionic acid;  C10 10 % cocoa diet;  CF cocoa fibre diet;  IAA indole-3-acetic acid;  NMN nicotine mononucleotide;  NMND N-methylnicotinamide;  OPLS-DA orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis;  PAG phenylacetylglycine;  REF reference diet; Cocoa; Hormones; IgA; Metabonomics; Microbiota