PPAR Agonists for the Prevention and Treatment of Lung Cancer.
Lung cancer is the most common and most fatal of all malignancies worldwide. Furthermore, with more than half of all lung cancer patients presenting with distant metastases at the time of initial diagnosis, the overall prognosis for the disease is poor. There is thus a desperate need for new prevention and treatment strategies. Recently, a family of nuclear hormone receptors, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), has attracted significant attention for its role in various malignancies including lung cancer. Three PPARs, PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, display distinct biological activities and varied influences on lung cancer biology. PPARαactivation generally inhibits tumorigenesis through its antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Activated PPARγis also antitumorigenic and antimetastatic, regulating several functions of cancer cells and controlling the tumor microenvironment. Unlike PPARαand PPARγ, whether PPARβ/δactivation is anti- or protumorigenic or even inconsequential currently remains an open question that requires additional investigation. This review of current literature emphasizes the multifaceted effects of PPAR agonists in lung cancer and discusses how they may be applied as novel therapeutic strategies for the disease.
Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
Sowmya P
0000-0003-1708-9462
SP
Lakshmi
Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
Aravind T
0000-0001-8628-3467
AT
Reddy
Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Asoka
A
Banno
Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
Raju C
0000-0001-5136-817X
RC
Reddy