Ethical problems in an era where disasters have become a part of daily life: A qualitative study of healthcare workers in Turkey.
BACKGROUND
Natural disasters, armed conflict, migration, and epidemics today occur more frequently, causing more death, displacement of people and economic loss. Their burden on health systems and healthcare workers (HCWs) is getting heavier accordingly. The ethical problems that arise in disaster settings may be different than the ones in daily practice, and can cause preventable harm or the violation of basic human rights. Understanding the types and the determinants of ethical challenges is crucial in order to find the most benevolent action while respecting the dignity of those affected people. Considering the limited scope of studies on ethical challenges within disaster settings, we set upon conducting a qualitative study among local HCWs.


METHODS
Our study was conducted in six cities of Turkey, a country where disasters are frequent, including armed conflict, terrorist attacks and a massive influx of refugees. In-depth interviews were carried out with a total of 31 HCWs working with various backgrounds and experience. Data analysis was done concurrently with ongoing interviews.


RESULTS
Several fundamental elements currently hinder ethics in relief work. Attitudes of public authorities, politicians and relief organizations, the mismanagement of impromptu humanitarian action and relief and the media's mindset create ethical problems on the macro-level such as discrimination, unjust resource allocation and violation of personal rights, and can also directly cause or facilitate the emergence of problems on the micro-level. An important component which prevents humanitarian action towards victims is insufficient competence. The duty to care during epidemics and armed conflicts becomes controversial. Many participants defend a paternalistic approach related to autonomy. Confidentiality and privacy are either neglected or cannot be secured.


CONCLUSIONS
Intervention in factors on the macro-level could have a significant effect in problem prevention. Improving guidelines and professional codes as well as educating HCWs are also areas for improvement. Also, ethical questions exposed within this study should be deliberated and actualized with universal consensus in order to guide HCWs and increase humane attitudes.
Department of Medical Ethics, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey.
M Murat
MM
Civaner
Department of Medical Education, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
Kevser
K
Vatansever
Department of Public Health, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey.
Kayihan
K
Pala
D000533:Altruism; D001290:Attitude; D032781:Codes of Ethics; D003146:Communications Media / Q000941:ethics; D003219:Confidentiality; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D028681:Moral Obligations; D009939:Organizations, Nonprofit / Q000941:ethics; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011057:Politics; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012066:Relief Work / Q000941:ethics*; D014218:Triage / Q000941:ethics; D014421:Turkey