Association of evening smartphone use with cardiac autonomic nervous activity after awakening in adolescents living in high school dormitories.
OBJECTIVE
Smartphones are prevalently used among adolescents; however, nighttime exposure to blue-enriched light, through electric devices, is known to induce delays of the circadian rhythm phases and poor morning somatic conditions. We therefore investigated whether evening smartphone use may affect sleep-wake cycle and cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity after awaking in dormitory students.


METHODS
The participants were high school students, living under dormitory rules regarding the curfew, study, meals, lights-out, and wake-up times. The students were forbidden from the use of both television and personal computer in their private rooms, and only the use of a smartphone was permitted. According to prior assessment of smartphone use, we chose age-, sex-, exercise time-matched long (n = 22, >120 min) and short (n = 14, ≤60 min) groups and compared sleep-wake cycle and physiological parameters, such as cardiac ANS activity, blood pressure, and intra-aural temperature. All measurements were performed during 6:30 to 7:00 a.m. in the dormitories.


RESULTS
Compared with the short group, the long group showed a significantly lower cardiac ANS activity (2727 ± 308 vs. 4455 ± 667 ms2, p = 0.030) with a tendency toward a high heart rate, in addition to later bedtimes during weekdays and more delayed wake-up times over the weekend. Blood pressure and intra-aural temperature did not differ between the groups.


CONCLUSIONS
In this population, evening smartphone use may be associated with altered sleep-wake cycle and a diminished cardiac ANS activity after awakening could be affecting daytime activities.
Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji-city, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan.
Yoko
Y
Nose
School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan.
Rina
R
Fujinaga
Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji-city, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan.
Maki
M
Suzuki
Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji-city, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan.
Ikuyo
I
Hayashi
Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, 6038555, Japan.
Toshio
T
Moritani
Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 3290498, Japan.
Kazuhiko
K
Kotani
Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji-city, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan. nagai@shse.u-hyogo.ac.jp.|School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, 6700092, Japan. nagai@shse.u-hyogo.ac.jp.
Narumi
N
Nagai
D000293:Adolescent; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D000068997:Smartphone; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
Autonomic nervous system; Light-emitting electronic devices; School dormitory; Sleep-wake cycle