Competitive and cooperative arm rehabilitation games played by a patient and unimpaired person: effects on motivation and exercise intensity.
BACKGROUND
People with chronic arm impairment should exercise intensely to regain their abilities, but frequently lack motivation, leading to poor rehabilitation outcome. One promising way to increase motivation is through interpersonal rehabilitation games, which allow patients to compete or cooperate together with other people. However, such games have mainly been evaluated with unimpaired subjects, and little is known about how they affect motivation and exercise intensity in people with chronic arm impairment.


METHODS
We designed four different arm rehabilitation games that are played by a person with arm impairment and their unimpaired friend, relative or occupational therapist. One is a competitive game (both people compete against each other), two are cooperative games (both people work together against the computer) and one is a single-player game (played only by the impaired person against the computer). The games were played by 29 participants with chronic arm impairment, of which 19 were accompanied by their friend or relative and 10 were accompanied by their occupational therapist. Each participant played all four games within a single session. Participants' subjective experience was quantified using the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory questionnaire after each game, as well as a final questionnaire about game preferences. Their exercise intensity was quantified using wearable inertial sensors that measured hand velocity in each game.


RESULTS
Of the 29 impaired participants, 12 chose the competitive game as their favorite, 12 chose a cooperative game, and 5 preferred to exercise alone. Participants who chose the competitive game as their favorite showed increased motivation and exercise intensity in that game compared to other games. Participants who chose a cooperative game as their favorite also showed increased motivation in cooperative games, but not increased exercise intensity.


CONCLUSIONS
Since both motivation and intensity are positively correlated with rehabilitation outcome, competitive games have high potential to lead to functional improvement and increased quality of life for patients compared to conventional rehabilitation exercises. Cooperative games do not increase exercise intensity, but could still increase motivation of patients who do not enjoy competition. However, such games need to be tested in longer, multisession studies to determine whether the observed increases in motivation and exercise intensity persist over a longer period of time and whether they positively affect rehabilitation outcome.


BACKGROUND
The study is not a clinical trial. While human subjects are involved, they participate in a single-session evaluation of a rehabilitation game rather than a full rehabilitation intervention, and no health outcomes are examined.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
Maja
M
Goršič
University Rehabilitation Institute, Republic of Slovenia, Linhartova 51, SI, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Imre
I
Cikajlo
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA. dnovak1@uwyo.edu.
Domen
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9143-2682
D
Novak
D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018910:Video Games / Q000009:adverse effects*
Exercise intensity; Interpersonal rehabilitation games; Motivation; Multiplayer games; Rehabilitation; Social interaction; Virtual reality