Epigenetic regulation of RET receptor tyrosine kinase and non-coding RNAs in MTC.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an aggressive and rare cancer with limited treatment options for metastatic disease. Due to this, there is a need for a better understanding of MTC biology in the hope of improved treatments. One area of improved understanding of cancer biology is epigenetics. Epigenetics is defined as cellular processes which alter gene expression independent of changes in the primary DNA sequence. These processes include modifications such as DNA methylation, microRNA deregulation and post-translational histone modifications, all of which have been implicated in tumorigenesis of MTC. Transcription of the main driver of MTC - the REarranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene can also be modulated by epigenetic alterations. This review will present a review of MTC and its epigenetic links with a particular focus on targeting epigenetic mechanisms as novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Lauren Jin Suk
LJS
Joo
Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Jing Ting
JT
Zhao
Sydney Medical School Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Matti L
ML
Gild
Sydney Medical School Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Anthony R
AR
Glover
Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney Endocrine Surgery Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: stanley.sidhu@sydney.edu.au.
Stan B
SB
Sidhu
D000818:Animals; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret
Epigenetics; Medullary thyroid carcinoma; MicroRNA; Noncoding RNA; RET