High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome of the Foot and Ankle.
BACKGROUND
Bone marrow edema syndrome (BMOS) is a phenomenon primarily affecting the lower extremity. It is characterized by a sudden onset of pain and an ill-defined osseous hyperintense signal in magnetic resonance imaging. The main cause of BMOS is still largely unknown. Its pathophysiology is presumably multifactorial and it has recently been demonstrated that it usually involves an increase in bone turnover and alterations within the bone microenvironment. Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in maintaining a healthy and well-balanced bone microenvironment. However, to date only limited information has been reported on vitamin D status in patients with BMOS. Moreover, it is still uncertain whether hypovitaminosis D is associated with the etiology and course of the disease. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determine serum vitamin D levels (25(OH)D) of patients diagnosed with BMOS of the foot and ankle.


METHODS
Patients were identified and laboratory results collected by retrospective review of the medical records between year 2011 and 2015. Diagnosis was based on clinical examination, the existence of prolonged foot pain, the presence of abnormal bone marrow signal intensity in T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and the patient's medical history. All patients who demonstrated other concomitant diagnoses were excluded from the study.


RESULTS
Overall, 31 patients were affected by BMOS with a mean age of 44.4 (range, 18-76) years. Notably, 84% of patients (26/31) had low vitamin D levels with a mean 25(OH)D level of 19.03 ng/mL. Specifically, 61% of patients (19/31) were vitamin D deficient, 23% (7/31) vitamin D insufficient, and only 5 patients (16%) had sufficient vitamin D levels. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference comparing vitamin D levels with patient age, sex, and time of diagnosis. Moreover, there was no correlation between vitamin D status and the number of bony foci or location of BMOS.


CONCLUSIONS
We found a widespread rate of vitamin D deficiency in patients presenting with BMOS of the foot and ankle. Comparing these data to the vitamin D status of the general population in Germany and to patients living in comparable latitudes, this raises the possibility that BMOS might be associated with low vitamin D status.


METHODS
Level IV, retrospective case series.
1 Department of Orthopedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Konstantin
K
Horas
1 Department of Orthopedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Lukas
L
Fraissler
2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pius-Hospital, Carl-von-Ossietzky-University, Oldenburg, Germany.
Gerrit
G
Maier
3 Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Franz
F
Jakob
1 Department of Orthopedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Lothar
L
Seefried
1 Department of Orthopedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Christian
C
Konrads
1 Department of Orthopedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Maximilian
M
Rudert
1 Department of Orthopedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Matthias
M
Walcher
D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications*
D014807:Vitamin D
ankle; bone marrow edema; foot; hypovitaminosis D; transient osteoporosis; vitamin D deficiency