World reclassification of the Cardiophorinae (Coleoptera, Elateridae), based on phylogenetic analyses of morphological characters.
The prior genus-level classification of Cardiophorinae had never been assessed phylogenetically, and not revised since 1906. A phylogeny for Cardiophorinae and Negastriinae is inferred by Bayesian analyses of 163 adult morphological characters to revise the generic classification. Parsimony analysis is also performed to assess the sensitivity of the Bayesian results to the choice of optimality criterion. Bayesian hypothesis testing rejected monophyly for: Negastriinae; Cardiophorinae (but monophyletic after addition of four taxa); Cardiophorini; cardiophorine generaAphricusLeConte, 1853;AptopusEschscholtz, 1829;CardiophorusEschscholtz, 1829;CardiotarsusEschscholtz, 1836;ParacardiophorusSchwarz, 1895;PhorocardiusFleutiaux, 1931;DicronychussensuPlatia, 1994;DicronychussensuMéquignon, 1931;CraspedostethussensuSchwarz, 1906 (i.e., includingTropidiplusFleutiaux, 1903);ParacardiophorussensuCobos, 1970, although well-supported alternative classifications were available for only some. Based on taxonomic interpretation of phylogenetic results: Nyctorini issyn. n.of Cardiophorini;GlobothoraxFleutiaux, 1891 (Physodactylinae),MargogastriusSchwarz, 1903 (Physodactylinae), andPachyelaterLesne, 1897 (Dendrometrinae) are transferred to Cardiophorinae. The following changes are proposed for cardiophorine genera:AptopusEschscholtz, 1829 is redefined to excludeHoristonotus-like species;CoptostethusWollaston, 1854 is subgenus ofCardiophorus;DicronychusBrullé, 1832 andDiocarphusFleutiaux, 1947,MetacardiophorusGurjeva, 1966,PlatynychusMotschulsky, 1858, andZygocardiophorusIablokoff-Khnzorian and Mardjanian, 1981 are placed at genus rank;ParacardiophorusSchwarz, 1895 is redefined based on North American and Eurasian species only;HoristonotusCandèze, 1860 redefined to include species with multiple apices on each side of their tarsal claws;PatriciellaVan Zwaluwenburg, 1953 issyn. n.ofAphricusLeConte, 1853;TeslasenaFleutiaux, 1892 (Physodactylinae) issyn. n.ofGlobothoraxFleutiaux, 1891. The following new genera are described:Austrocardiophorus(type species:Cardiophorus humeralisFairmaire and Germain, 1860);Chileaphricus(type species:Aphricus chilensisFleutiaux, 1940);Floridelater(type species:Coptostethus americanusHorn, 1871, transferred from Negastriinae to Cardiophorinae).Paradicronychus(nomen nudum), issyn. n.ofCardiophorusEschscholtz, 1829. Generic reassignments to makeCardiodontulus,Cardiophorus,Cardiotarsus,Paracardiophorusconsistent with phylogenetically revised genus concepts resulted in 84 new combinations. Lectotypes are designated for 29 type species to fix generic concepts:Anelastes femoralisLucas, 1857;Aphricus chilensisFleutiaux, 1940;Athous argentatusAbeille de Perrin, 1894;Cardiophorus adjutorCandèze, 1875;Cardiophorus florentiniFleutiaux, 1895;Cardiophorus inflatusCandèze, 1882;Cardiophorus luridipesCandèze, 1860;Cardiophorus mirabilisCandèze, 1860;Cardiophorus musculusErichson, 1840;Cardiotarsus capensisCandèze, 1860;Cardiotarsus vitalisiFleutiaux, 1918;Craspedostethus rufiventrisSchwarz, 1898;Elater cinereusHerbst, 1784;Elater minutissimusGermar, 1817;Elater sputatorLinnaeus, 1758;Elater thoracicusFabricius, 1801;Eniconyx pullatusHorn, 1884;Esthesopus castaneusEschscholtz, 1829;Gastrimargus schneideriSchwarz, 1902;Globothorax chevrolatiFleutiaux, 1891;Horistonotus flavidusCandèze, 1860;Horistonotus simplexLeConte, 1863;Lesnelater madagascariensisFleutiaux, 1935;Oedostethus femoralisLeConte, 1853;Phorocardius solitariusFleutiaux, 1931;Platynychus indicusMotschulsky, 1858;Platynychus mixtusFleutiaux, 1931;Triplonychus acuminatusCandèze, 1860;Tropidiplus telliniiFleutiaux, 1903. A key to genera and diagnoses are provided for all genera and subgenera. A bibliographic synonymy includes references for all taxonomic changes to genera and new species through 2015.
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, KW Neatby Building, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, CANADA.
Hume B
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Douglas
Biogeography; Cardiophorinae; Negastriinae; Phylogeny; Physodactylinae