Separation of 20 coumarin derivatives using the capillary electrophoresis method optimized by a series of Doehlert experimental designs.
The aim of this study was to develop the first CE-based method enabling separation of 20 structurally similar coumarin derivatives. To facilitate method optimization a series of three consequent Doehlert experimental designs with the response surface methodology was employed, using number of peaks and the adjusted time of analysis as the selected responses. Initially, three variables were examined: buffer pH, ionic strength and temperature (No. 1 Doehlert design). The optimal conditions provided only partial separation, on that account, several buffer additives were examined at the next step: organic cosolvents and cyclodextrin (No. 2 Doehlert design). The optimal cyclodextrin type was also selected experimentally. The most promising results were obtained for the buffers fortified with methanol, acetonitrile and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin. Since these additives may potentially affect acid-base equilibrium and ionization state of analytes, the third Doehlert design (No. 3) was used to reconcile concentration of these additives with optimal pH. Ultimately, the total separation of all 20 compounds was achieved using the borate buffer at basic pH 9.5 in the presence of 10mM cyclodextrin, 9% (v/v) acetonitrile and 36% (v/v) methanol. Identity of all compounds was confirmed using the in-lab build UV-VIS spectra library. The developed method succeeded in identification of coumarin derivatives in three real samples. It demonstrates a huge resolving power of CE assisted by addition of cyclodextrins and organic cosolvents. Our unique optimization approach, based on the three Doehlert designs, seems to be prospective for future applications of this technique.
Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: michal.wozniakiewicz@uj.edu.pl.
Michał
M
Woźniakiewicz
Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
Marta
M
Gładysz
Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
Paweł M
PM
Nowak
Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
Justyna
J
Kędzior
Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
Paweł
P
Kościelniak
D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D020843:Chamomile / Q000737:chemistry*; D003374:Coumarins / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D011042:Poisons / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D013696:Temperature; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins / Q000737:chemistry
D000097:Acetonitriles; D003374:Coumarins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011042:Poisons; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C000609658:heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin; D000432:Methanol; C032159:acetonitrile
Capillary electrophoresis; Coumarins; Doehlert experimental design; Optimization; Response surface methodology; Separation