Occurrence, profiles, and toxic equivalents of chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in E-waste open burning soils.
We conducted this study to assess the occurrence, profiles, and toxicity of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Br-PAHs) in e-waste open burning soils (EOBS). In this study, concentrations of 15 PAHs, 26 Cl-PAHs and 14 Br-PAHs were analyzed in EOBS samples. We found that e-waste open burning is an important emission source of Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs as well as PAHs. Concentrations of total Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs in e-waste open burning soil samples ranged from 21 to 2800 ng/g and from 5.8 to 520 ng/g, respectively. Compared with previous studies, the mean of total Cl-PAH concentrations of the EOBS samples in this study was higher than that of electronic shredder waste, that of bottom ash, and comparable to fly ash from waste incinerators in Korea and Japan. The mean of total Br-PAH concentrations of the EOBS samples was generally three to four orders of magnitude higher than those in incinerator bottom ash and comparable to incinerator fly ash, although the number of Br-PAH congeners measured differed among studies. We also found that the Cl-PAH and Br-PAH profiles were similar among all e-waste open burning soil samples but differed from those in waste incinerator fly ash. The profiles and principal component analysis results suggested a unique mechanism of Cl-PAH and Br-PAH formation in EOBS. In addition, the Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs showed high toxicities equivalent to PCDD/Fs measured in same EOBS samples when calculated based on their relative potencies to benzo[a]pyrene. Along with chlorinated and brominated dioxins and PAHs, Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs are important environmental pollutants to investigate in EOBS.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan.
Chiya
C
Nishimura
Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 347-0115, Saitama, Japan.
Yuichi
Y
Horii
Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Technology and Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan.
Shuhei
S
Tanaka
CSIR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana.
Kwadwo Ansong
KA
Asante
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Metro Manila, Philippines.
Florencio
F
Ballesteros
Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Pham Hung
PH
Viet
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 790-8577, Matsuyama, Japan.
Takaaki
T
Itai
Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 305-8506, Tsukuba, Japan.
Hidetaka
H
Takigami
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 790-8577, Matsuyama, Japan.
Shinsuke
S
Tanabe
Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan. Electronic address: fujimori.takashi.3e@kyoto-u.ac.jp.
Takashi
T
Fujimori
D060729:Coal Ash / Q000032:analysis; D059029:Electronic Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D054879:Halogenation; D017745:Incineration; D007564:Japan; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
D060729:Coal Ash; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
Brominated PAHs; Chlorinated PAHs; Electronic waste; Open burning soil; PAHs