Effects of carbon nanotube and biochar on bioavailability of Pb, Cu and Sb in multi-metal contaminated soil.
This study examined the effects of carbon nanotube and biochar on the bioavailability of Pb, Cu and Sb in the shooting range soils for developing low-cost remediation technology. Commercially available multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and biochar pyrolyzed from soybean stover at 300 °C (BC) at 0.5, 1 and 2.5% (w w-1) were used to remediate the contaminated soil in an incubation experiment. Both DTPA (bioavailable) and TCLP (leaching) extraction procedures were used to compare the metal/loid availability and leaching by the amendments in soil. The addition of BC was more effective in immobilizing mobile Pb and Cu in the soil than that in MWCNT. The BC reduced the concentrations of Pb and Cu in the soil by 17.6 and 16.2%, respectively. However, both MWCNTs and BC increased Sb bioavailability by 1.4-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively, in DTPA extraction, compared to the control. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test showed that the leachability of Pb in the soil amended with 2.5% MWCNT was 1.3-fold higher than that the unamended soil, whereas the BC at 2.5% decreased the TCLP-extractable Pb by 19.2%. Precipitation and adsorption via electrostatic and π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions were postulated to be involved in the interactions of Pb and Cu with surfaces of the BC in the amended soils, whereas ion exchange mechanisms might be involved in the immobilization of Cu in the MWCNT-amended soils. The application of BC derived from soybean stover can be a low-cost technology for simultaneously immobilizing bioavailable Pb and Cu in the shooting range soils; however, neither of amendments was effective in Sb immobilization.
Korea Biochar Research Center and School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.|Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, 20000, Sri Lanka.
Meththika
M
Vithanage
Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, 20000, Sri Lanka.
Indika
I
Herath
Korea Biochar Research Center and School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
Yaser A
YA
Almaroai
Korea Biochar Research Center and School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
Anushka Upamali
AU
Rajapaksha
Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation (CMLR), Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
Longbin
L
Huang
Soil and Fertilizer Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 54875, Republic of Korea.
Jwa-Kyung
JK
Sung
Korea Biochar Research Center and School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea. sslee97@kangwon.ac.kr.
Sang Soo
SS
Lee
Korea Biochar Research Center and School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea. soilok@kangwon.ac.kr.
Yong Sik
YS
Ok
D000327:Adsorption; D000965:Antimony / Q000378:metabolism*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002606:Charcoal; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007854:Lead / Q000378:metabolism*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D000965:Antimony
Bioavailability; Black carbon; Charcoal; Multi-walled carbon nanotube; Soil remediation