A Longitudinal Study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in Late Nonagenarians and Its Relationship with Dementia, Mortality, and Education.
OBJECTIVE
To examine level of and change in cognitive status using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in relation to dementia, mortality, education, and sex in late nonagenarians.


METHODS
Three-year longitudinal study with examinations at ages 97, 99, and 100.


METHODS
Trained psychiatric research nurses examined participants at their place of living.


METHODS
A representative population-based sample of 97-year-old Swedes (N = 591; 107 men, 484 women) living in Gothenburg, Sweden.


METHODS
A Swedish version of the MMSE was used to measure cognitive status. Geriatric psychiatrists diagnosed dementia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised. Mixed models were fitted to the data to model the longitudinal relationship between MMSE score and explanatory variables.


RESULTS
Individuals with dementia between age 97 and 100 had lower mean MMSE scores than those without dementia. Those who died during the 3-year follow-up had lower MMSE scores than those who survived. MMSE scores at baseline did not differ between those without dementia and those who developed dementia during the 3-year follow-up. Participants with more education had higher MMSE scores, but there was no association between education and linear change.


CONCLUSIONS
MMSE score is associated with dementia and subsequent mortality even in very old individuals, although the preclinical phase of dementia may be short in older age. Level of education is positively associated with MMSE score but not rate of decline in individuals approaching age 100.
Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, Molndal, Sweden.|Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Johan
J
Skoog
Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, Molndal, Sweden.
Kristoffer
K
Backman
Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, Molndal, Sweden.
Mats
M
Ribbe
Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, Molndal, Sweden.
Hanna
H
Falk
Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, Molndal, Sweden.
Pia
P
Gudmundsson
Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Valgeir
V
Thorvaldsson
Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, Molndal, Sweden.
Anne
A
Borjesson-Hanson
Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, Molndal, Sweden.
Svante
S
Ostling
Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Boo
B
Johansson
Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, Molndal, Sweden.
Ingmar
I
Skoog
D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D009026:Mortality; D013548:Sweden
Mini-Mental State Examination; cognition; dementia; longitudinal; oldest-old