Hair Testing for Drugs of Abuse and New Psychoactive Substances in a High-Risk Population.
Hundreds of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have emerged in the drug market over the last decade. Few drug surveys in the USA, however, ask about use of NPS, so prevalence and correlates of use are largely unknown. A large portion of NPS use is unintentional or unknown as NPS are common adulterants in drugs like ecstasy/Molly, and most NPS are rapidly eliminated from the body, limiting efficacy of urine, blood and saliva testing. We utilized a novel method of examining prevalence of NPS use in a high-risk population utilizing hair-testing. Hair samples from high-risk nightclub and dance music attendees were tested for 82 drugs and metabolites (including NPS) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eighty samples collected from different parts of the body were analyzed, 57 of which detected positive for at least one substance-either a traditional or new drug. Among these, 26 samples tested positive for at least one NPS-the most common being butylone (25 samples). Other new drugs detected include methylone, methoxetamine, 5/6-APB, α-PVP and 4-FA. Hair analysis proved a powerful tool to gain objective biological drug-prevalence information, free from possible biases of unintentional or unknown intake and untruthful reporting of use. Such testing can be used actively or retrospectively to validate survey responses and inform research on consumption patterns, including intentional and unknown use, polydrug-use, occasional NPS intake and frequent or heavy use.
Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
Alberto
A
Salomone
Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, USA.|Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA.
Joseph J
JJ
Palamar
Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
Enrico
E
Gerace
Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
Daniele
D
Di Corcia
Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano, Turin, Italy.|Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy.
Marco
M
Vincenti
D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000032:analysis; D003514:Cyclohexylamines / Q000032:analysis; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000032:analysis; D010422:Pentanones / Q000032:analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000032:analysis; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology
D003512:Cyclohexanones; D003514:Cyclohexylamines; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D010422:Pentanones; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D008694:Methamphetamine; C000592273:1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; C400939:methylone; C569113:2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone