Microglia activation due to obesity programs metabolic failure leading to type two diabetes.
Obesity is an energy metabolism disorder that increases susceptibility to the development of metabolic diseases. Recently, it has been described that obese subjects have a phenotype of chronic inflammation in organs that are metabolically relevant for glucose homeostasis and energy. Altered expression of immune system molecules such as interleukins IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), serum amyloid A (SAA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), among others, has been associated with the development of chronic inflammation in obesity. Chronic inflammation modulates the development of metabolic-related comorbidities like metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, hypertension and hyperlipidemia). Recent evidence suggests that microglia activation in the central nervous system (CNS) is a priority in the deregulation of energy homeostasis and promotes increased glucose levels. This review will cover the most significant advances that explore the molecular signals during microglia activation and inflammatory stage in the brain in the context of obesity, and its influence on the development of metabolic syndrome and type two diabetes.
Neuroscience Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Leon, Mexico.|Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Leon, Mexico.
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0000-0002-2093-0219
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Maldonado-Ruiz
Neuroscience Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Leon, Mexico.|Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Leon, Mexico.
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Montalvo-Martínez
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Leon, Mexico.
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Fuentes-Mera
Neuroscience Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Leon, Mexico.|Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Leon, Mexico.
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Camacho
D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*