Loneliness in older adults is associated with diminished cortisol output.
Loneliness in older adults has been associated with increased mortality and health problems. One of the assumed underlying mechanisms is dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA-axis). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether loneliness in older adults is associated with HPA-axis dysregulation and whether this association differs between depressed and non-depressed persons.



Cross-sectional data of 426 lonely and non-lonely older adults in the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO) were used. Linear regression analyses and multinominal logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between loneliness and morning cortisol, cortisol awakening response, diurnal slope and dexamethasone suppression ratio. In all analyses, confounders were introduced. In order to examine whether the association between loneliness and cortisol measures is different in depressed versus non-depressed persons, an interaction term for loneliness x depression diagnosis was tested.



Cortisol output in the first hour after awakening and dexamethasone suppression ratio was lower in lonely participants. There were no significant interactions between loneliness and depression diagnosis in the association with the cortisol measures.



This study is the first to investigate the association between the HPA-axis and loneliness in a large group of older adults aged 60-93years. We found lower cortisol output in the first hour after awakening and lower dexamethasone suppression ratio in lonely older depressed and non-depressed adults. Whether diminished cortisol output is the underlying mechanism that leads to health problems in lonely older adults is an interesting object for further study.
Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Nieuwe Kerkstraat 156, 1018 VM Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: natasja.schutter@mentrum.nl.
N
N
Schutter
Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Nieuwe Kerkstraat 156, 1018 VM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
T J
TJ
Holwerda
GGZ InGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
M L
ML
Stek
Department of Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J J M
JJ
Dekker
GGZ InGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
D
D
Rhebergen
GGZ InGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
H C
HC
Comijs
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
D006854:Hydrocortisone
Cortisol; Depression; Loneliness; Older adults