A systematic review of measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures for use in patients with foot or ankle diseases.
To identify currently available patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) used in patients with foot or ankle diseases; and to critically appraise, compare and synthesize the psychometric evidence for the identified PROMs.



Literature searches were performed in Medline and EMBASE from their inception to January 25th, 2016. Methodological quality was evaluated using the COSMIN checklist. The final rating of the methodological quality of each study for each property was the lowest rating among the items within that property. The psychometric evidence of the properties investigated in the included articles was assessed using the quality criteria established by Terwee et al. The methodological quality ratings and psychometric evidence assessments were synthesized using the method first proposed by Schellingerhout et al.



In total, 3077 articles were identified by the literature search, from which 115 studies investigating 50 PRO instruments were included in the review process. The Foot Function Index (FFI) was the most explored instrument, while the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) demonstrated the best properties.



Most PROMs on foot and ankle diseases have limited evidence for their psychometric properties. The MOXFQ, with the highest overall ratings, could be a useful PROM for evaluating patients with foot or ankle diseases, based on current available evidence. More research is needed to improve the quality of the standards used to assess PROMs and the studies making these assessments.
Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Yuanxi
Y
Jia
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Hsiaomin
H
Huang
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. jgagnier@med.umich.edu.|Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Lobby A, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. jgagnier@med.umich.edu.
Joel J
JJ
Gagnier
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000842:Ankle / Q000473:pathology*; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D000071066:Patient Reported Outcome Measures; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
Ankle disease; Foot disease; Methodology; Outcome measures; Psychometrics; Systematic review