Socioeconomic status and outcomes after sport-related concussion: a preliminary investigation.
OBJECTIVE A significant proportion of patients experience long-term symptoms after sport-related concussion (SRC), and several factors have been associated with this protracted recovery. Limited data exist on the role of socioeconomic status (SES) on SRC outcomes. The objective in this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation to determine the effect of SES on outcomes after SRC in student-athletes treated at a regional sports concussion center. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of 282 middle school, high school, and collegiate student-athletes was conducted. An attempt was made to contact all patients seen at a comprehensive SRC center between January 2012 and May 2015 for in-depth interviews. Subsequent demographic data were collected. The SES was defined as follows: cost of living percentile, median income percentile, percentage of college graduates, percentage of homeowners, county type, and insurance status. Outcomes after SRC were defined as follows: days of symptom duration, days of missed school, and days of missed practice. Statistically controlled covariates included sex, race, age, body mass index, concussion history, neuropsychiatric history, and type of sport. RESULTS A total of 282 student-athletes consented and were studied. The median age was 15.8 years (range 11.6-22.2 years) and 61.4% of student-athletes were male. A previous concussion was incurred by 34.0% of student-athletes. Football was the most common sport (32.3%), followed by soccer (16.3%), and basketball (15.6%). The median symptom duration was 21 days (range 1-365 days); the median missed school days was 2 (range 0-90 days); and median for days of missed practice was 10 (range 0-150 days). After multivariate Cox regression analysis, no relationship between any of the 6 SES variables and symptom duration or missed practice was seen. However, individuals with private insurance had more missed days of school than those with public insurance (hazard ratio 0.46, 95% CI 0.26-0.83, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS In a preliminary study of middle school, high school, and collegiate student-athletes, SES had no impact on the outcomes of symptom duration and missed practice. However, for individuals with private insurance, the return to school was slower than for those with public insurance. This pilot study reveals the complex relationship between SES and SRC recovery, which demands further study with more accurate and validated assessments of SES.
Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center and.|Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and.
Scott L
SL
Zuckerman
Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center and.
Brian Holt
BH
Zalneraitis
Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center and.
Douglas J
DJ
Totten
University of Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Kolin E
KE
Rubel
Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center and.
Andrew W
AW
Kuhn
Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center and.|Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and.
Aaron M
AM
Yengo-Kahn
Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center and.|Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and.
Christopher M
CM
Bonfield
Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center and.|Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and.
Allen K
AK
Sills
Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center and.|Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and.
Gary S
GS
Solomon
D000293:Adolescent; D001061:Appalachian Region; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D001490:Basketball / Q000293:injuries; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students; D013997:Time Factors; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
BMI = body mass index; EMR = electronic medical record; HR = hazard ratio; IQR = interquartile range; SES = socioeconomic status; SRC = sport-related concussion; TBI, mTBI = traumatic brain injury, mild TBI; VSCC = Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center; athletics; basketball; football; postconcussion syndrome; soccer; socioeconomic status; sports-related concussion; trauma; traumatic brain injury