Emerging Roles for MicroRNAs in Diabetic Microvascular Disease: Novel Targets for Therapy.
Chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation and impaired microvascular function are critical hallmarks in the development of insulin resistance. Accordingly, insulin resistance is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Accumulating studies demonstrate that restoration of impaired function of the diabetic macro- and microvasculature may ameliorate a range of cardiovascular disease states and diabetes-associated complications. In this review, we focus on the emerging role of microRNAs (miRNAs), noncoding RNAs that fine-tune target gene expression and signaling pathways, in insulin-responsive tissues and cell types important for maintaining optimal vascular homeostasis and preventing the sequelae of diabetes-induced end organ injury. We highlight current pathophysiological paradigms of miRNAs and their targets involved in regulating the diabetic microvasculature in a range of diabetes-associated complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, wound healing, and myocardial injury. We provide an update of the potential use of circulating miRNAs diagnostically in type I or type II diabetes. Finally, we discuss emerging delivery platforms for manipulating miRNA expression or function as the next frontier in therapeutic intervention to improve diabetes-associated microvascular dysfunction and its attendant clinical consequences.
Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.|Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China, and.
Yu
Y
Zhang
Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.|Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588.
Xinghui
X
Sun
Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
Basak
B
Icli
Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
Mark W
MW
Feinberg
D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use
D035683:MicroRNAs