Automated sugaring-out liquid-liquid extraction based on flow system coupled with HPLC-UV for the determination of procainamide in urine.
A fully automated sugaring-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction procedure was suggested. The procedure was based on the separation of the acetonitrile phase, containing a target analyte from the homogeneous sample solution after injection of sugaring-out reagent (glucose) into a mixing chamber of the flow system. Air bubbling was used to promote the extraction process and phase separation. After the fast phase separation in the mixing chamber, the acetonitrile phase containing the target analyte was transferred to an HPLC-UV system. Under the optimal conditions, the detector response of procainamide was linear in the concentration range of 6×10-7-4×10-5molL-1. The limit of detection, calculated from a blank test based on 3σ, was 2×10-7molL-1. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of procainamide in human urine samples and the analytical results agreed fairly well with the results obtained by reference CE method.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, RU-420015 Kazan, Russia.
Lawrence
L
Nugbienyo
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, RU-198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Yulia
Y
Malinina
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, RU-420015 Kazan, Russia.
Sergei
S
Garmonov
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, RU-198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Mikhail
M
Kamencev
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, RU-420015 Kazan, Russia.
Ilgiz
I
Salahov
Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of P.J. Šafárik, SK-04154 Košice, Slovakia.
Vasil
V
Andruch
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, RU-198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Leonid
L
Moskvin
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, RU-198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia. Electronic address: bulatov_andrey@mail.ru.
Andrey
A
Bulatov
D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001331:Automation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011342:Procainamide / Q000652:urine*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D055815:Young Adult
D000097:Acetonitriles; D005947:Glucose; D011342:Procainamide; C032159:acetonitrile
Automated sugaring-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction; Flow analysis; High-performance liquid chromatography; Procainamide; Urine