Antiproliferative and apoptotic effect ofMorus nigraextract on human prostate cancer cells.
Background: Morus nigraL. belongs to the familyMoraceaeand is frequently used in traditional medicine. Numerous studies have investigated the antiproliferative effects of various extracts of differentMorusspecies, but studies involving thein vitrocytotoxic effect ofM. nigraextract are very limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of dimethyl sulfoxide extract ofM. nigra(DEM) and to investigate, for the first time, the probable cytotoxic effect in human prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3) cells together with the mechanism involved.Methods:Total polyphenolic contents (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and phenolic compounds of DEM were evaluated using spectrophotometric procedures and HPLC. The cytotoxic effect of DEM on PC-3 cells was revealed using the MTT assay. Mechanisms involved in the cytotoxic effect of DEM on PC-3 cells were then investigated in terms of apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential and cell cycle using flow cytometry, while caspase activity was investigated using luminometric analysis.Results:TPC and FRAP values were 20.7 ± 0.3 mg gallic acid equivalents and 48.8 ± 1.6 mg trolox equivalents per g sample, respectively. Ascorbic acid and chlorogenic acid were the major phenolic compounds detected at HPLC analysis. DEM arrested the cell cycle of PC-3 cells at the G1phase, induced apoptosis via increased caspase activity and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential.Conclusions:Our results indicate thatM. nigramay be a novel candidate for the development of new natural product based therapeutic agents against prostate cancer.
Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gumushane University, 29100 Gumushane, Turkey; Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine Practice and Research Center, Gumushane University, 29100 Gumushane, Turkey.
Ibrahim
I
Turan
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
Selim
S
Demir
Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gumushane University, 29100 Gumushane, Turkey.
Kagan
K
Kilinc
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Services, Gumushane University, 29100 Gumushane, Turkey.
Nesibe Arslan
NA
Burnaz
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
Serap Ozer
SO
Yaman
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
Kubra
K
Akbulut
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
Ahmet
A
Mentese
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
Yuksel
Y
Aliyazicioglu
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
Orhan
O
Deger
Apoptosis; Cell cycle; Cytotoxicity; Moraceae; Morus nigra L.; Prostate neoplasms