Cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes with high fat and low muscle mass: At baseline and in response to exercise.
To examine the interplay between high fat and low muscle mass on cardiometabolic risk factors at baseline and in response to exercise in type 2 diabetes.



Using baseline percent body fat and skeletal muscle mass index, 248 participants were divided into high fat versus low fat and low muscle versus high muscle. Linear mixed models were used to examine the main effects of fat mass and muscle mass and their interaction on baseline cardiometabolic risk factors and changes in risk factors in response to 6-month exercise training.



At baseline, there was a fat mass by muscle mass interaction effect on hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c; P = 0.009), suggesting that low muscle was associated with elevated HbA1cin those with high fat but not low fat. Significant interactions between baseline fat mass and muscle mass on the exercise-induced changes in visceral adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and triglyceride concentration indicated that low muscle attenuated the exercise responses in participants with high fat at baseline (all P < 0.05).



High fat and low muscle may be synergistically associated with higher HbA1cin type 2 diabetes. In participants with high fat mass, low muscle mass may attenuate exercise-induced improvements in some cardiometabolic risk factors.
Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Tasuku
T
Terada
Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Normand G
NG
Boulé
Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Mary
M
Forhan
Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Carla M
CM
Prado
School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Glen P
GP
Kenny
School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|Institut recherche, Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Denis
D
Prud'homme
Faculty of Tourism, Wakayama University, Wakayama, Japan.
Eiji
E
Ito
School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Ronald J
RJ
Sigal
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors