Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke: Epidemiology, risk factors, and management.
Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is an uncommon but important cause of neurologic morbidity in neonates and children, with consequences including hemiparesis, intellectual disabilities, and epilepsy. The causes of pediatric AIS are unique to those typically associated with stroke in adults. Familiarity with the risk factors for AIS in children will help with efficient diagnosis, which is unfortunately frequently delayed. Here we review the epidemiology and risk factors for AIS in neonates and children. We also outline consensus-based practices in the evaluation and management of pediatric AIS. Finally we discuss the outcomes observed in this population. While much has been learned in recent decades, many uncertainties sill persist in regard to pediatric AIS. The ongoing development of specialized centers and investigators dedicated to pediatric stroke will continue to answer such questions and improve our ability to effectively care for these patients.
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States. Electronic address: rfelling@jhmi.edu.
Ryan J
RJ
Felling
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
Lisa R
LR
Sun
Department of Pediatrics, Section of Child Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
Emily C
EC
Maxwell
All Children's Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine, All Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Baltimore, MD, United States.
Neil
N
Goldenberg
Department of Pediatrics, Section of Child Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
Timothy
T
Bernard
D001158:Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010372:Pediatrics; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy
Brain injury; Children; Infarct; Neonates