Clinical heterogeneity of glycine encephalopathy in three Palestinian siblings: A novel mutation in the glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) gene.
BACKGROUND
Glycine encephalopathy (GE), also known as non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), is a rare inborn error of glycine metabolism caused by a defect in glycine cleavage system, a multi-enzyme complex located in mitochondrial membrane. This defect results in elevated glycine concentration in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Clinical manifestations vary from severe lethargy, hypoactivity and apneic episodes in the neonatal form, mild or moderate psychomotor delay and seizures in the infantile form, and abnormal behaviors, ataxia and choreoathetoid movements in late onset form. More than 50 GLDC mutations were found, reflecting large heterogeneity of the gene.


METHODS
We describe the clinical, biochemical and molecular characteristics of three Palestinian siblings who have distinct clinical phenotypes. Molecular study was performed utilizing standard Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification then direct DNA sequencing for the affected family members.


RESULTS
Their phenotypes included severe symptoms in neonatal period, infantile onset of seizure and psychomotor delay and a mild late-onset form with speech delay at age 20months. All siblings were homozygous for a novel mutation Y164H in exon 4 of GLDC gene. The described novel homozygous variant in our study is predicted deleterious and pathogenic.


CONCLUSIONS
This article further expands the genetic spectrum of glycine encephalopathy and adds an evidence of the clinical heterogeneity of glycine encephalopathy even in siblings with identical mutation.
Pediatric Department, Makassed Islamic Charitable Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
Waseem
W
Khraim
Genetic Department, Makassed Islamic Charitable Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
Bassam
B
Abu-Libdeh
Genetic Department, Makassed Islamic Charitable Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
Suhail
S
Ayesh
Metabolic Unit, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. Electronic address: i.dweikat@najah.edu.
Imad
I
Dweikat
D018912:Arabs; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D050841:Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating) / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020158:Hyperglycinemia, Nonketotic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D035781:Siblings
D015415:Biomarkers; D050841:Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating)
GLDC gene; Glycine encephalopathy; Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia; Psychomotor delay; Seizure