Mastectomy skin flap necrosis: challenges and solutions.
BACKGROUND
Mastectomy skin flap necrosis (MSFN) has a reported incidence of 5%-30% in the literature. It is often a significant and underappreciated problem. The aim of this article was to review the associated challenges and possible solutions.


METHODS
A MEDLINE search was performed using the search term "mastectomy skin flap necrosis". Titles and abstracts from peer-reviewed publications were screened for relevance.


RESULTS
MSFN is a common complication and may present as partial- or full-thickness necrosis. Predictive patient risk factors include smoking, diabetes, obesity, radiotherapy, previous scars and severe medical comorbidity. MSFN leads to a number of challenges, including wound management problems, delays to adjuvant therapy, esthetic compromise, implant extrusion, patient distress and financial loss. Careful preoperative planning and meticulous surgical technique may reduce the incidence of MSFN. A number of intraoperative techniques are available to try and predict skin flaps at risk of MSFN. MSFN may be managed operatively or nonoperatively. Early intervention may reduce the morbidity of MSFN in selected cases. Topical nitroglycerin ointment may be beneficial in reducing MSFN following immediate reconstruction, but the evidence base is still limited.


CONCLUSIONS
MSFN can result in considerable challenges for the patient and the health care service. This review discusses the management options for this problem.
Department of Surgery, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry.
Stuart A
SA
Robertson
Department of Breast Surgery, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Cosham, Portsmouth.
Johann A
JA
Jeevaratnam
Department of Breast Surgery, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Cosham, Portsmouth.
Avi
A
Agrawal
Department of Breast Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Princess Anne Hospital; Somers Cancer Research UK Centre, Southampton General Hospital Southampton, UK.
Ramsey I
RI
Cutress
breast surgery; complication; flap; mastectomy; necrosis