Candida albicansalters the bacterial microbiome of earlyin vitrooral biofilms.
The yeastCandida albicansis an oral commensal microorganism, occurring in the oral cavity of 50-70% of healthy individuals. Its effect on oral ecology has mostly been studied using dual-species models, which disregards the complex nature of oral biofilms. The aim of this study was to cultureC. albicansin a complex model to study its effect on oral biofilms. Biofilms, inoculated using pooled stimulated saliva with or without addition ofC. albicans, were grown under anaerobic, aerobic, or aerobic +5% CO2conditions. Red autofluorescence was quantified using a spectrophotometer and visualized in fluorescence photographs. The microbiome of 5 h biofilms was determined using 16S rDNA sequencing.C. albicanswas only able to proliferate in biofilms grown under aerobic conditions. After 48 h,C. albicansdid not induce differences in total biofilm formation, lactic acid accumulation (cariogenic phenotype) or protease activity (periodontitis phenotype).In vitro, anaerobically grown biofilms developed red autofluorescence, irrespective of inoculum. However, under aerobic conditions, onlyC. albicans-containing biofilms showed red autofluorescence. Facultative or strict anaerobicVeillonella, Prevotella, Leptotrichia, andFusobacteriumgenera were significantly more abundant in biofilms withC. albicans. Biofilms withoutC. albicanscontained more of the aerobic and facultative anaerobic generaNeisseria, Rothia, andStreptococcus. The presence ofC. albicansalters the bacterial microbiome in earlyin vitrooral biofilms, resulting in the presence of strictly anaerobic bacteria under oxygen-rich conditions. Thisin vitrostudy illustrates thatC. albicansshould not be disregarded in healthy oral ecosystems, as it has the potential to influence bacteria significantly.
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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MM
Janus
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Crielaard
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
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CM
Volgenant
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
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van der Veen
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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BW
Brandt
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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BP
Krom
Candida albicans; ecology; in vitro oral biofilms; oxygen depletion; red autofluorescence