Genuine eye contact elicits self-referential processing.
The effect of eye contact on self-awareness was investigated with implicit measures based on the use of first-person singular pronouns in sentences. The measures were proposed to tap into self-referential processing, that is, information processing associated with self-awareness. In addition, participants filled in a questionnaire measuring explicit self-awareness. In Experiment 1, the stimulus was a video clip showing another person and, in Experiment 2, the stimulus was a live person. In both experiments, participants were divided into two groups and presented with the stimulus person either making eye contact or gazing downward, depending on the group assignment. During the task, the gaze stimulus was presented before each trial of the pronoun-selection task. Eye contact was found to increase the use of first-person pronouns, but only when participants were facing a real person, not when they were looking at a video of a person. No difference in self-reported self-awareness was found between the two gaze direction groups in either experiment. The results indicate that eye contact elicits self-referential processing, but the effect may be stronger, or possibly limited to, live interaction.
Human Information Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere, Finland.
Jonne O
JO
Hietanen
Human Information Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere, Finland. Electronic address: jari.hietanen@uta.fi.
Jari K
JK
Hietanen
D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D004532:Ego; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D012938:Social Perception; D055815:Young Adult
Direct gaze; Eye contact; Gaze direction; Self-awareness; Self-focused attention; Self-referential processing