Prevalence and Determinants of Suboptimal Vitamin D Levels in a Multiethnic Asian Population.
This population-based cross-sectional study examined the prevalence and risk factors of suboptimal vitamin D levels (assessed using circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D)) in a multi-ethnic sample of Asian adults. Plasma 25(OH)D concentration of 1139 Chinese, Malay and Indians (40-80 years) were stratified into normal (≥30 ng/mL), and suboptimal (including insufficiency and deficiency, <30 ng/mL) based on the 2011 Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. Logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of demographic, lifestyle and clinical risk factors with the outcome. Of the 1139 participants, 25(OH)D concentration was suboptimal in 76.1%. In multivariable models, age ≤65 years (compared to age >65 years), Malay and Indian ethnicities (compared to Chinese ethnicity), and higher body mass index, HbA1c, education and income levels were associated with suboptimal 25(OH)D concentration (p< 0.05). In a population-based sample of Asian adults, approximately 75% had suboptimal 25(OH)D concentration. Targeted interventions and stricter reinforcements of existing guidelines for vitamin D supplementation are needed for groups at risk of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency.
Singapore Eye Research Institute, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore. man.eyn.kidd.ryan@seri.com.sg.
Ryan Eyn Kidd
RE
Man
Singapore Eye Research Institute, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore. queenie.li.l.j@seri.com.sg.
Ling-Jun
LJ
Li
Singapore Eye Research Institute, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore. cheng.ching.yu@seri.com.sg.|Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore. cheng.ching.yu@seri.com.sg.|Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. cheng.ching.yu@seri.com.sg.
Ching-Yu
CY
Cheng
Singapore Eye Research Institute, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore. wong.tien.yin@singhealth.com.sg.|Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore. wong.tien.yin@singhealth.com.sg.|Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. wong.tien.yin@singhealth.com.sg.
Tien Yin
TY
Wong
Singapore Eye Research Institute, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore. ecosse.lamoureux@seri.com.sg.|Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore. ecosse.lamoureux@seri.com.sg.|Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. ecosse.lamoureux@seri.com.sg.
Ecosse
E
Lamoureux
Singapore Eye Research Institute, the Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore. charumathi.sabanayagam@seri.com.sg.|Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. charumathi.sabanayagam@seri.com.sg.|Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore. charumathi.sabanayagam@seri.com.sg.
Charumathi
C
Sabanayagam
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D016015:Logistic Models; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology*
D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014807:Vitamin D
ageing population; ethnicity; vitamin D; vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D insufficiency