Comparison of multivariate analysis methods for extracting the paraffin component from the paraffin-embedded cancer tissue spectra for Raman imaging.
This study aimed to extract the paraffin component from paraffin-embedded oral cancer tissue spectra using three multivariate analysis (MVA) methods; Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Independent Component - Partial Least Square (IC-PLS). The estimated paraffin components were used for removing the contribution of paraffin from the tissue spectra. These three methods were compared in terms of the efficiency of paraffin removal and the ability to retain the tissue information. It was found that ICA, PLS and IC-PLS could remove the paraffin component from the spectra at almost the same level while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was incapable. In terms of retaining cancer tissue spectral integrity, effects of PLS and IC-PLS on the non-paraffin region were significantly less than that of ICA where cancer tissue spectral areas were deteriorated. The paraffin-removed spectra were used for constructing Raman images of oral cancer tissue and compared with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained tissues for verification. This study has demonstrated the capability of Raman spectroscopy together with multivariate analysis methods as a diagnostic tool for the paraffin-embedded tissue section.
School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
Phiranuphon
P
Meksiarun
School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
Mika
M
Ishigaki
Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Verena A C
VA
Huck-Pezzei
Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Christian W
CW
Huck
Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand.
Kanet
K
Wongravee
School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
Hidetoshi
H
Sato
School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
Yukihiro
Y
Ozaki
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003584:Cytological Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods