Predictive Properties of Biomarkers GDF-15, NTproBNP, and hs-TnT for Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With Nephropathy.
Although patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with nephropathy are at high risk for renal and cardiovascular complications, relevant biomarkers have been poorly identified. Because renal impairment may increase biomarker levels, this potentially confounds associations between biomarker levels and risk. To investigate the predictive value of a biomarker in such a setting, we examined baseline levels of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP), and high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) in relation to renal and cardiovascular risk in T2D patients with nephropathy.



Eight hundred sixty-one T2D patients from the sulodexide macroalbuminuria (Sun-MACRO) trial were included in our post hoc analysis. Prospective associations of baseline serum GDF-15, NTproBNP, and hs-TnT with renal and cardiovascular events were determined by Cox multiple regression and C-statistic analysis. Renal base models included albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), serum creatinine, hemoglobin, age, and sex. Cardiovascular base models included diastolic blood pressure, ACR, cholesterol, age, and sex.



The mean (±SD) estimated glomerular filtration rate was 33 ± 9 mL/min/1.73 m2, and the median serum concentration for GDF-15 was 3,228 pg/mL (interquartile range 2,345-4,310 pg/mL), for NTproBNP was 380 ng/L (155-989 ng/L), and for hs-TnT was 30 ng/L (20-47 ng/L). In multiple regression analysis, GDF-15 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.83,P= 0.04), NTproBNP (HR 2.34,P= 0.004), and hs-TnT (HR 2.09,P= 0.014) were associated with renal events, whereas NTproBNP (HR 3.45,P< 0.001) was associated with cardiovascular events. The C-statistic was improved by adding NTproBNP and hs-TNT to the renal model (0.793 vs. 0.741,P= 0.04). For cardiovascular events, the C-statistic was improved by adding NTproBNP alone (0.722 vs. 0.658,P= 0.018).



Biomarkers GDF-15, NTproBNP, and hs-TnT associate independently with renal risk, whereas NTproBNP independently predicts cardiovascular risk.
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Arash
A
Bidadkosh
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Sebastiaan P H
SPH
Lambooy
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Hiddo J
HJ
Heerspink
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Michelle J
MJ
Pena
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Robert H
RH
Henning
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Hendrik
H
Buikema
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands l.e.deelman@umcg.nl.
Leo E
0000-0003-1798-8353
LE
Deelman
D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000097:blood*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood*
D015415:Biomarkers; C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D006454:Hemoglobins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D020107:Troponin T; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D003404:Creatinine