Evaluation of pulmonary tuberculosis case detection improvement with the deployment of XpertMTB/Rif in the tuberculosis control program of cross River State, Nigeria.
Global indices show that Nigeria has the highest tuberculosis (TB)-related mortality rate. Overdependence on Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) smear microscopy for diagnosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS has limited control efforts. The new polymerase chain reaction-based XpertMTB/Rif (Cepheid Inc., CA, USA), which detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance, was introduced in Cross River State in 2014. We evaluated the increment in pulmonary TB case detection following introduction of XpertMTB/Rif into the Cross River State TB control program.



Data from three XpertMTB/Rif centers in Cross River were prospectively collected from June 2014 to December 2015. One spot specimen and one early morning sputum specimen were collected from each patient and tested using microscopy while one specimen was used for XpertMTB/Rif.



A total of 2326 patients comprising 47.4.0% (1103) males and 52.6% (1223) females were evaluated. Their mean age was 38.8 years (range 4-89 years); 42.6% (991) were HIV positive and 50.9% (1183) HIV negative, and for 6.5% (158) HIV status was unknown. XpertMTB/Rif detected M. tuberculosis in 22.9% (534) of patients, while 16.8% (391) were ZN smear positive. Smear microscopy missed 24.5% (131/534) of cases (P < 0.0001). When patients where categorized according to HIV status, XpertMTB/Rif detected 23.7% (280/1183) and ZN smear microscopy detected 18.5% (219/1183) of HIV-negative patients. XpertMTB/Rif detected 21.5% (213/991) and ZN smear 14.1% (140/991) of HIV-positive patients. TB case detection was significantly higher in HIV-negative patients than in HIV-positive patients when either XpertMTB/Rif and/or ZN was used (P = 0.018 and 0.012, respectively).



The use of XpertMTB/Rif has significantly increased TB case detection and data in Cross River State. Scale-up of additional strategies such as culture is still required to improve TB detection in HIV patients.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
Ernest Afu
EA
Ochang
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
Ubleni E
UE
Emanghe
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
Atana
A
Ewa
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
Akaninyene
A
Otu
Department of Tuberculosis, Buruli and Leprosy Control Programme, Cross River State Ministry of Health, Calabar, Nigeria.
Jonah B
JB
Offor
Family Health International 360, Calabar, Nigeria.
Micheal
M
Odo
Department of Community Medicine, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
Aniekan
A
Etokidem
Family Health International 360, Calabar, Nigeria.
Barinadaa
B
Afirima
Department of Tuberculosis, Buruli and Leprosy Control Programme, Cross River State Ministry of Health, Calabar, Nigeria.
Oju Eni
OE
Owuna
Department of Tuberculosis, Buruli and Leprosy Control Programme, Cross River State Ministry of Health, Calabar, Nigeria.
Sunday M
SM
Obeten
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar; Institute of Tropical Disease Research and Prevention, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria.
Martin M
MM
Meremikwu
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D012293:Rifampin