Early Lance-Adams syndrome after cardiac arrest: Prevalence, time to return to awareness, and outcome in a large cohort.
Early myoclonus after cardiac arrest (CA) is traditionally viewed as a poor prognostic sign (status myoclonus). However, some patients may present early Lance-Adams syndrome (LAS): under appropriate treatment, they can reach a satisfactory functional outcome. Our aim was to describe their profile, focusing on pharmacologic management in the ICU, time to return of awareness, and long-term prognosis.



Adults with early LAS (defined as generalized myoclonus within 96h, with epileptiform EEG within 48h after CA) were retrospectively identified in our CA registry between 2006 and 2016. Functional outcome was assessed through cerebral performance categories (CPC) at 3 months, CPC 1-2 defined good outcome.



Among 458 consecutive patients, 7 (1.5%) developed early LAS (4 women, median age 59 years). Within 72h after CA, in normothemia and off sedation, all showed preserved brainstem reflexes and localized pain. All patients were initially treated with valproate, levetiracetam and clonazepam; additional agents, including propofol and midazolam, were prescribed in the majority. First signs of awareness occurred after 3-23 days (median 11.8); 3/7 reached a good outcome at 3 months.



Early after CA, myoclonus together with a reactive, epileptiform EEG, preserved evoked potentials and brainstem reflexes suggests LAS. This condition was managed with a combination of highly dosed, large spectrum antiepileptic agents including propofol and midazolam. Even if awakening was at times delayed, good outcome occurred in a substantial proportion of patients.
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Irene
I
Aicua Rapun
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Jan
J
Novy
Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Daria
D
Solari
Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Mauro
M
Oddo
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: andrea.rossetti@chuv.ch.
Andrea O
AO
Rossetti
D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002998:Clonazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009207:Myoclonus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010889:Piracetam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D013577:Syndrome; D013997:Time Factors; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D002998:Clonazepam; D014635:Valproic Acid; D010889:Piracetam
Antiepileptic drug; EEG; Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; Myoclonus; Prognosis