Optimizing experimental parameters for the projection requirement in HAADF-STEM tomography.
Tomographic reconstruction algorithms offer a means by which a tilt-series of transmission images can be combined to yield a three dimensional model of the specimen. Conventional reconstruction algorithms assume that the measured signal is a linear projection of some property, typically the density, of the material. Here we report the use of multislice simulations to investigate the extent to which this assumption is met in HAADF-STEM imaging. The use of simulations allows for a systematic survey of a range of materials and microscope parameters to inform optimal experimental design. Using this approach it is demonstrated that the imaging of amorphous materials is in good agreement with the projection assumption in most cases. Images of crystalline specimens taken along zone-axes are found to be poorly suited for conventional linear reconstruction algorithms due to channelling effects which produce enhanced intensities compared with off-axis images, and poor compliance with the projection requirement. Off-axis images are found to be suitable for reconstruction, though they do not strictly meet the linearity requirement in most cases. It is demonstrated that microscope parameters can be selected to yield improved compliance with the projection requirement.
Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.a.aveyard@tudelft.nl.
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R
Aveyard
Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Science Park 123, NL-1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Z
Zhong
Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, Science Park 123, NL-1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
K J
KJ
Batenburg
Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands. Electronic address: b.rieger@tudelft.nl.
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B
Rieger
HAADF; Projection requirement; STEM; Simulation; Tomography