White matter maturation is associated with the emergence of Theory of Mind in early childhood.
The ability to attribute mental states to other individuals is crucial for human cognition. A milestone of this ability is reached around the age of 4, when children start understanding that others can have false beliefs about the world. The neural basis supporting this critical step is currently unknown. Here, we relate this behavioural change to the maturation of white matter structure in 3- and 4-year-old children. Tract-based spatial statistics and probabilistic tractography show that the developmental breakthrough in false belief understanding is associated with age-related changes in local white matter structure in temporoparietal regions, the precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex, and with increased dorsal white matter connectivity between temporoparietal and inferior frontal regions. These effects are independent of co-developing cognitive abilities. Our findings show that the emergence of mental state representation is related to the maturation of core belief processing regions and their connection to the prefrontal cortex.
Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany.|Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
Charlotte
C
Grosse Wiesmann
Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
Jan
J
Schreiber
Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Social Neuroscience, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
Tania
0000-0002-4438-5374
T
Singer
Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Social Neuroscience, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany.|Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, Netherlands.
Nikolaus
N
Steinbeis
Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
Angela D
AD
Friederici
D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D056345:Theory of Mind / Q000502:physiology*; D066127:White Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*