The Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome, Its Components, and Dry Eye: A Cross-Sectional Study.
The aim of this study was to evaluate tear osmolarity and tear film function and ocular surface changes in patients with metabolic syndrome.



108 eyes of 64 patients with metabolic syndrome (group 1) and 110 eyes of 55 healthy individuals (group 2) were included in this cross-sectional study. All participants were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer I test, tear film break-up time (TBUT), and tear osmolarity. Main outcome measures were Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer I test, tear film break-up time (TBUT), and tear osmolarity values.



Tear osmolarity values and OSDI scores were significantly higher in group 1 (314.4 ± 19.1 mOsm and 38.9 ± 1.1, respectively) compared with group 2 (295 ± 14.3 mOsm and 18.69 ± 17.2, respectively) (p = 0.01 for both). The Schirmer test values and TBUT in group 1 (10 ± 3.7 mm and 14.8 ± 3.6 sec, respectively) were significantly lower compared with group 2 (16.8 ± 2.6 mm and 18.1 ± 0.5 sec, respectively) (p < 0.001 for both). There was significant correlation between tear osmolarity versus waist circumference and fasting blood glucose in the study group (r = 0.364, p = 0.04; and r = 0.542, p ≤ 0.001, respectively).



This study showed that metabolic syndrome can influence tear osmolarity and tear film function. Patients with metabolic syndrome showed tear hyperosmolarity and tear film dysfunction.
a Medicine School, Department of Ophthalmology , Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey.
Sevil Karaman
SK
Erdur
a Medicine School, Department of Ophthalmology , Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey.
Rukiye
R
Aydin
a Medicine School, Department of Ophthalmology , Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey.
Mustafa
M
Ozsutcu
b Medicine School, Department of Internal Medicine , Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey.
Oktay
O
Olmuscelik
a Medicine School, Department of Ophthalmology , Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey.
Mustafa
M
Eliacik
a Medicine School, Department of Ophthalmology , Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey.
Goktug
G
Demirci
a Medicine School, Department of Ophthalmology , Istanbul Medipol University , Istanbul , Turkey.
Mehmet Selim
MS
Kocabora
D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*
Dry eye; Schirmer test; metabolic syndrome; tear film; tear osmolarity