The Role of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase in Inflammatory Disorders of Gastrointestinal Tract.
Over the past few years, the role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) as a crucial mucosal defence factor essential for maintaining gut homeostasis has been established. IAP is an important apical brush border enzyme expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and secreted both into the intestinal lumen and into the bloodstream. IAP exerts its effects through dephosphorylation of proinflammatory molecules including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from cells during stressful events. Diminished activity of IAP could increase the risk of disease through changes in the microbiome, intestinal inflammation, and intestinal permeability. Exogenous IAP exerts a protective effect against intestinal and systemic inflammation in a variety of diseases and represents a potential therapeutic agent in diseases driven by gut barrier dysfunction such as IBD. The intestinal protective mechanisms are impaired in IBD patients due to lower synthesis and activity of endogenous IAP, but the pathomechanism of this enzyme deficiency remains unclear. IAP has been safely administered to humans and the human recombinant form of IAP has been developed. This review was designed to provide an update in recent research on the involvement of IAP in intestinal inflammatory processes with focus on IBD in experimental animal models and human patients.
Department of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
Jan
0000-0002-2699-3798
J
Bilski
Department of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
Agnieszka
0000-0003-1056-8276
A
Mazur-Bialy
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
Dagmara
D
Wojcik
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic, The University Hospital, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
Janina
J
Zahradnik-Bilska
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic, The University Hospital, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
Bartosz
0000-0003-4207-9231
B
Brzozowski
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
Marcin
0000-0003-0175-5600
M
Magierowski
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic, The University Hospital, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
Tomasz
T
Mach
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
Katarzyna
0000-0002-4866-1102
K
Magierowska
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
Tomasz
0000-0002-5805-0065
T
Brzozowski
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000201:enzymology*
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase