How to Get to the Distal Posterior Tibial Malleolus? A Cadaveric Anatomic Study Defining the Access Corridors Through 3 Different Approaches.
OBJECTIVE
Our objective is to review the anatomy and exposure of the posterior column and posterior tibial malleolus (the posterior tibial plafond) by defining the access corridors through 3 different approaches-posteromedial, posterolateral, and modified posteromedial.


METHODS
Cadaveric dissection with percentage of posterior tibial malleolus exposed, and strain gauge measurements to evaluate traction on the neurovascular bundle.


RESULTS
The 3 different approaches are applicable for exposure of different portions of the distal posterior tibial malleolus. Strain gauge measurements reveal the least traction on the flap containing the neurovascular bundle with the modified posteromedial approach (7.0 N) compared with the posteromedial (21.5 N) and posterolateral (16.8 N) approaches. Exposure of the posterior tibial malleolus was greater with the modified posteromedial approach (91%) compared with the other 2 approaches (posteromedial = 64%, posterolateral = 40%).


CONCLUSIONS
Depending on the location of the principal fracture fragments, particularly in high energy ankle and pilon fractures, each of the posterior approaches has its indication, with the modified posteromedial approach revealing more of the posterior anatomy than the other 2 approaches. The latter approach places the least traction on the flap containing the neurovascular bundle.
*Center for Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, Hirslanden Clinique La Colline, Geneva, Switzerland; †Faculté de Médecine, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland; ‡Laboratory of Arthroscopic and Surgical Anatomy, Human and Embryologic Anatomy Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; §Faculty of Health Sciences at Manresa, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Manresa, Barcelona, Spain; and ‖Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Mathieu
M
Assal
Miki
M
Dalmau-Pastor
Adrien
A
Ray
Richard
R
Stern
D064386:Ankle Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013639:Tarsal Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery*; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000601:surgery*