Environmental analysis of typical antibiotic-resistant bacteria and ARGs in farmland soil chronically fertilized with chicken manure.
Antibiotics and the corresponding resistant bacteria and resistance genes (ARGs) are generally considered emerging pollutants. To assess the impacts of tetracycline (TC) and sulfonamide (SA) antibiotics that are eliminated with fecaluria as drug prototypes, farmland soil used to research long-term fertilization with chicken manure was collected at four sites in Shandong Province. In this study, the rates of bacterial drug resistance to the same antibiotic decreased with an increase in the concentration of that antibiotic, and the resistance rates to TCs were lower than those to SAs. PCR of ARGs revealed that the ARGs detected at the highest frequency were the TC resistance genes tetW and tetO and the SA resistance genes sul1 and sul2. Real-time qPCR showed that the quantities of ARGs in farmland soil fertilized with chicken manure were significantly greater compared with the control soil. Moreover, significant correlations (R2=0.9525, p<0.05) between the number of sul ARGs and the total SA concentration were observed in all of the soil samples. In summary, this study showed that SAs can induce the appearance of ARGs and pollute the soil environment.
College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China. Electronic address: zhaox0707@163.com.
Xiang
X
Zhao
College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China. Electronic address: wjh@sdau.edu.cn.
Jinhua
J
Wang
College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China. Electronic address: lushzhu@vip.163.com.
Lusheng
L
Zhu
College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China. Electronic address: geweililat@163.com.
Weili
W
Ge
College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China. Electronic address: jwang@sdau.edu.cn.
Jun
J
Wang
D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria; D002645:Chickens; D002681:China; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D000072480:Farms; D005308:Fertilizers; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil
ARGs; Antibiotic resistant bacteria; Correlation; Sulfonamides; Tetracyclines