Assessment of dietary exposure to organohalogen contaminants, legacy and emerging flame retardants in a Norwegian cohort.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), emerging halogenated flame retardants (EHFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) were detected in 24h duplicate diet samples from a Norwegian cohort (n=61), with concentrations ranging from <method limit of quantification (MLQ)-0.64ng/g ww, <MLQ-0.70ng/g ww, <MLQ-0.93ng/g ww, <MLQ-0.14ng/g ww, and <MLQ-150ng/g ww, respectively. All studied contaminants were detected in the duplicate diet samples with detection frequencies (DF) ranging from 1.6 to 98%. The major contaminants were CB153 (median 0.042ng/g ww), α-HCH (median 0.22ng/g ww), BDE209 (median 0.45ng/g ww), ethyl hexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) (median 3.0ng/g ww) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEH-TEBP) (<MLQ-0.14ng/g ww). Human dietary exposure assessment was conducted for each participant based on individual body weight and contaminant concentrations in their collected duplicate diet samples. The estimated median (95th percentile) dietary exposures for ΣPFR, ΣPCB, ΣOCP, ΣPBDE, and ΣEHFR were 87 (340), 5.8 (27), 11 (31), 1.3 (14), and <0.01 (3.4) ng/kgbw/day, respectively. The median and 95th percentile dietary exposures of most of the target analytes did not exceed the reference dose (RfD), except for PCBs where 16% of the participants exceeded the RfD. However, a relatively short period of such high intake is not expected to result in any adverse health effects. Participants of this cohort were exposed to higher levels of EHDPHP than any other FRs. Fish was the major dietary route for PCB, OCP and PBDE exposure, while meat was the main dietary exposure route for PFRs.
Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
Fuchao
F
Xu
Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
Joo-Hui
JH
Tay
Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. Electronic address: adrian.covaci@uantwerpen.be.
Adrian
A
Covaci
Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo, Norway.
Juan Antonio
JA
Padilla-Sánchez
Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo, Norway.
Eleni
E
Papadopoulou
Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo, Norway.
Line Småstuen
LS
Haug
Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
Hugo
H
Neels
Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
Ulla
U
Sellström
Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Cynthia.deWit@aces.su.se.
Cynthia A
CA
de Wit
D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000074341:Dietary Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated
Dietary exposure; Duplicate diet samples; EHDPHP; Flame retardants; Organohalogen contaminants