Ginsenoside Re Ameliorates Brain Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Dysfunction in High Fat Diet-Induced C57BL/6 Mice.
The ameliorating effects of ginsenoside Re (G Re) on high fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6 mice were investigated to assess its physiological function. In the results of behavioral tests, G Re improved cognitive dysfunction in diabetic mice using Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. G Re also significantly recovered hyperglycemia and fasting blood glucose level. In the results of serum analysis, G Re decreased triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCHO), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and increased the ratio of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC). G Re regulated acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and oxidized glutathione (GSH)/total GSH by regulating the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) pathway. These findings suggest that G Re could be used to improve HFD-induced insulin resistance condition by ameliorating hyperglycemia via protecting the cholinergic and antioxidant systems in the mouse brains.
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
Jong Min
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-4778
JM
Kim
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
Chang Hyeon
CH
Park
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
Seon Kyeong
SK
Park
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
Tae Wan
TW
Seung
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
Jin Yong
JY
Kang
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
Jeong Su
JS
Ha
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
Du Sang
DS
Lee
Division of Special Purpose Trees, National Institute of Forest Science , Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea.
Uk
U
Lee
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
Dae-Ok
DO
Kim
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
Ho Jin
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3560-2007
HJ
Heo
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
D036145:Ginsenosides; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; C049864:ginsenoside Re; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002784:Cholesterol
JNK pathway; cognitive impairment; diabetes mellitus; ginsenoside Re; high-fat diet