Drug discovery for male subfertility using high-throughput screening: a new approach to an unsolved problem.
Can pharma drug discovery approaches be utilized to transform investigation into novel therapeutics for male infertility?



High-throughput screening (HTS) is a viable approach to much-needed drug discovery for male factor infertility.



There is both huge demand and a genuine clinical need for new treatment options for infertile men. However, the time, effort and resources required for drug discovery are currently exorbitant, due to the unique challenges of the cellular, physical and functional properties of human spermatozoa and a lack of appropriate assay platform.



Spermatozoa were obtained from healthy volunteer research donors and subfertile patients undergoing IVF/ICSI at a hospital-assisted reproductive techniques clinic between January 2012 and November 2016.



A HTS assay was developed and validated using intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) as a surrogate for motility in human spermatozoa. Calcium fluorescence was detected using a Flexstation microplate reader (384-well platform) and compared with responses evoked by progesterone, a compound known to modify a number of biologically relevant behaviours in human spermatozoa. Hit compounds identified following single point drug screen (10 μM) of an ion channel-focussed library assembled by the University of Dundee Drug Discovery Unit were rescreened to ensure potency using standard 10 point half-logarithm concentration curves, and tested for purity and integrity using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Hit compounds were grouped by structure activity relationships and five representative compounds then further investigated for direct effects on spermatozoa, using computer-assisted sperm assessment, sperm penetration assay and whole-cell patch clamping.



Of the 3242 ion channel library ligands screened, 384 compounds (11.8%) elicited a statistically significant increase in calcium fluorescence, with greater than 3× median absolute deviation above the baseline. Seventy-four compounds eliciting ≥50% increase in fluorescence in the primary screen were rescreened and evaluated further, resulting in 48 hit compounds that produced a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i. Sperm penetration studies confirmed in vitro exposure to two hit compounds (A and B) resulted in significant improvement in functional motility in spermatozoa from healthy volunteer donors (A: 1 cm penetration index 2.54, 2 cm penetration index 2.49; P < 0.005 and B: 1 cm penetration index 2.1, 2 cm penetration index 2.6; P < 0.005), but crucially, also in patient samples from those undergoing fertility treatment (A: 1 cm penetration index 2.4; P = 0.009, 2 cm penetration index 3.6; P = 0.02 and B: 1 cm penetration index 2.2; P = 0.0004, 2 cm penetration index 3.6; P = 0.002). This was primarily as a result of direct or indirect CatSper channel action, supported by evidence from electrophysiology studies of individual sperm.



Increase and fluxes in [Ca2+]i are fundamental to the regulation of sperm motility and function, including acrosome reaction. The use of calcium signalling as a surrogate for sperm motility is acknowledged as a potential limitation in this study.



We conclude that HTS can robustly, efficiently, identify novel compounds that increase [Ca2+]i in human spermatozoa and functionally modify motility, and propose its use as a cornerstone to build and transform much-needed drug discovery for male infertility.



The majority of the data were obtained using funding from TENOVUS Scotland and Chief Scientist Office NRS Fellowship. Additional funding was provided by NHS Tayside, MRC project grants (MR/K013343/1, MR/012492/1) and University of Abertay. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.



N/A.
Reproductive and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.|Assisted Conception Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
Sarah J
SJ
Martins da Silva
School of Science Engineering and Technology, University of Abertay, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK.
Sean G
SG
Brown
Reproductive and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
Keith
K
Sutton
Reproductive and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
Louise V
LV
King
Reproductive and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
Halil
H
Ruso
Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
David W
DW
Gray
Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
Paul G
PG
Wyatt
Reproductive and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
Mark C
MC
Kelly
Reproductive and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.|Assisted Conception Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
Christopher L R
CLR
Barratt
Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
Anthony G
AG
Hope
D020101:Acrosome Reaction / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D055101:Semen Analysis / Q000379:methods; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
D011374:Progesterone; D002118:Calcium
calcium; drug discovery; high-throughput screening; male infertility; sperm function