*Fabrication and Characterization of Biphasic Silk Fibroin Scaffolds for Tendon/Ligament-to-Bone Tissue Engineering.
Tissue engineering is an attractive strategy for tendon/ligament-to-bone interface repair. The structure and extracellular matrix composition of the interface are complex and allow for a gradual mechanical stress transfer between tendons/ligaments and bone. Thus, scaffolds mimicking the structural features of the native interface may be able to better support functional tissue regeneration. In this study, we fabricated biphasic silk fibroin scaffolds designed to mimic the gradient in collagen molecule alignment present at the interface. The scaffolds had two different pore alignments: anisotropic at the tendon/ligament side and isotropic at the bone side. Total porosity ranged from 50% to 80% and the majority of pores (80-90%) were <100-300 μm. Young's modulus varied from 689 to 1322 kPa depending on the type of construct. In addition, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on the scaffolds to evaluate the effect of pore morphology on cell proliferation and gene expression. Biphasic scaffolds supported cell attachment and influenced cytoskeleton organization depending on pore alignment. In addition, the gene expression of tendon/ligament, enthesis, and cartilage markers significantly changed depending on pore alignment in each region of the scaffolds. In conclusion, the biphasic scaffolds fabricated in this study show promising features for tendon/ligament-to-bone tissue engineering.
1 Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany .
Sònia
S
Font Tellado
2 Department of Industrial Engineering, BIOtech Research Center and European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Trento , Trento, Italy .|3 Trento Research Unit, INSTM-National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology , Trento, Italy .
Walter
W
Bonani
1 Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany .
Elizabeth R
ER
Balmayor
4 Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Orthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany .
Peter
P
Foehr
2 Department of Industrial Engineering, BIOtech Research Center and European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Trento , Trento, Italy .
Antonella
A
Motta
2 Department of Industrial Engineering, BIOtech Research Center and European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Trento , Trento, Italy .|3 Trento Research Unit, INSTM-National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology , Trento, Italy .
Claudio
C
Migliaresi
1 Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany .
Martijn
M
van Griensven
D016880:Anisotropy; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005349:Fibroins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016062:Porosity; D013710:Tendons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
D005349:Fibroins
biphasic scaffold; enthesis; interface tissue engineering; mesenchymal stem cells; silk fibroin; tendon/ligament