Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Allergies in the Anthropocene: Abundance, Interaction, and Modification of Allergens and Adjuvants.
Air pollution and climate change are potential drivers for the increasing burden of allergic diseases. The molecular mechanisms by which air pollutants and climate parameters may influence allergic diseases, however, are complex and elusive. This article provides an overview of physical, chemical and biological interactions between air pollution, climate change, allergens, adjuvants and the immune system, addressing how these interactions may promote the development of allergies. We reviewed and synthesized key findings from atmospheric, climate, and biomedical research. The current state of knowledge, open questions, and future research perspectives are outlined and discussed. The Anthropocene, as the present era of globally pervasive anthropogenic influence on planet Earth and, thus, on the human environment, is characterized by a strong increase of carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and combustion- or traffic-related particulate matter in the atmosphere. These environmental factors can enhance the abundance and induce chemical modifications of allergens, increase oxidative stress in the human body, and skew the immune system toward allergic reactions. In particular, air pollutants can act as adjuvants and alter the immunogenicity of allergenic proteins, while climate change affects the atmospheric abundance and human exposure to bioaerosols and aeroallergens. To fully understand and effectively mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution and climate change on allergic diseases, several challenges remain to be resolved. Among these are the identification and quantification of immunochemical reaction pathways involving allergens and adjuvants under relevant environmental and physiological conditions.
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Kathrin
0000-0001-7274-3848
K
Reinmuth-Selzle
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.|Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Christopher J
CJ
Kampf
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Kurt
K
Lucas
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Naama
N
Lang-Yona
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Janine
J
Fröhlich-Nowoisky
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.|Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States.
Manabu
M
Shiraiwa
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Pascale S J
PSJ
Lakey
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.|South China University of Technology , School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
Senchao
0000-0002-4990-3679
S
Lai
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Fobang
F
Liu
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Anna T
AT
Kunert
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Kira
K
Ziegler
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Fangxia
F
Shen
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Rossella
R
Sgarbanti
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Bettina
B
Weber
Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, 55131, Germany.
Iris
I
Bellinghausen
Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, 55131, Germany.
Joachim
J
Saloga
Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , Berlin, 12489, Germany.
Michael G
MG
Weller
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg , 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
Albert
0000-0002-7034-9860
A
Duschl
Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, 55131 Germany.|Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.
Detlef
D
Schuppan
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany.
Ulrich
U
Pöschl
D000393:Air Pollutants; D000397:Air Pollution; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D057231:Climate Change; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity
D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens