Acoustic and hybrid 3D-printed electrochemical biosensors for the real-time immunodetection of liver cancer cells (HepG2).
This study presents an efficient acoustic and hybrid three-dimensional (3D)-printed electrochemical biosensors for the detection of liver cancer cells. The biosensors function by recognizing the highly expressed tumor marker CD133, which is located on the surface of liver cancer cells. Detection was achieved by recrystallizing a recombinant S-layer fusion protein (rSbpA/ZZ) on the surface of the sensors. The fused ZZ-domain enables immobilization of the anti-CD133 antibody in a defined manner. These highly accessible anti-CD133 antibodies were employed as a sensing layer, thereby enabling the efficient detection of liver cancer cells (HepG2). The recognition of HepG2 cells was investigated in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), which enabled the label-free, real-time detection of living cells on the modified sensor surface under controlled conditions. Furthermore, the hybrid 3D additive printing strategy for biosensors facilitates both rapid development and small-scale manufacturing. The hybrid strategy of combining 3D-printed parts and more traditionally fabricated parts enables the use of optimal materials: a ceramic substrate with noble metals for the sensing element and 3D-printed capillary channels to guide and constrain the clinical sample. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements confirmed the efficiency of the fabricated sensors. Most importantly, these sensors offer low-cost and disposable detection platforms for real-world applications. Thus, as demonstrated in this study, both fabricated acoustic and electrochemical sensing platforms can detect cancer cells and therefore may have further potential in other clinical applications and drug-screening studies.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: sdamiati@kau.edu.sa.
Samar
S
Damiati
Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
Seta
S
Küpcü
Zimmer and Peacock Ltd, United Kingdom.
Martin
M
Peacock
Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
Christoph
C
Eilenberger
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Mazin
M
Zamzami
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Ishtiaq
I
Qadri
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Hani
H
Choudhry
Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
Uwe B
UB
Sleytr
Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
Bernhard
B
Schuster
D000071916:AC133 Antigen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000162:Acoustics; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D058525:Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques
D000071916:AC133 Antigen
CD133 cancer biomarker; Electrochemistry; Hybrid 3D-printed biosensor; Liver cancer cells (HepG2); QCM-D; S-layer fusion protein