Different DNA damage response of cis and trans isomers of commonly used UV filter after the exposure on adult human liver stem cells and human lymphoblastoid cells.
2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), used in many categories of personal care products (PCPs), is one of the most discussed ultraviolet filters because of its endocrine-disrupting effects. EHMC is unstable in sunlight and can be transformed from trans-EHMC to emergent cis-EHMC. Toxicological studies are focusing only on trans-EHMC; thus the toxicological data for cis-EHMC are missing. In this study, the in vitro genotoxic effects of trans- and cis-EHMC on adult human liver stem cells HL1-hT1 and human-derived lymphoblastoid cells TK-6 using a high-throughput comet assay were studied. TK-6 cells treated with cis-EHMC showed a high level of DNA damage when compared to untreated cells in concentrations 1.56 to 25μgmL-1. trans-EHMC showed genotoxicity after exposure to the two highest concentrations 12.5 and 25μgmL-1. The increase in DNA damage on HL1-hT1 cells induced by cis-EHMC and trans-EHMC was detected at the concentration 25μgmL-1. The No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL, mg kg-1bwday-1) was determined using a Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) approach: NOAELtrans-EHMC=3.07, NOAELcis-EHMC=0.30 for TK-6 and NOAELtrans-EHMC=26.46, NOAELcis-EHMC=20.36 for HL1-hT1. The hazard index (HI) was evaluated by comparing the reference dose (RfD, mgkg-1bwday-1) obtained from our experimental data with the chronic daily intake (CDI) of the female population. Using comet assay experimental data with the more sensitive TK-6 cells, HIcis-EHMCwas 7 times higher than HItrans-EHMC. In terms of CDI, relative contributions were; dermal exposure route>oral>inhalation. According to our results we recommend the RfDtrans-EHMC=0.20 and RfDcis-EHMC=0.02 for trans-EHMC and cis-EHMC, respectively, to use for human health risk assessment. The significant difference in trans-EHMC and cis-EHMC response points to the need for toxicological reevaluation and application reassessment of both isomers in PCPs.
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
Anežka
A
Sharma
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
Katarína
K
Bányiová
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
Pavel
P
Babica
Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Health Effect Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway.
Naouale
N
El Yamani
Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
Andrew Richard
AR
Collins
Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: cupr@recetox.muni.cz.
Pavel
P
Čupr
D002460:Cell Line; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000009:adverse effects; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D013472:Sunlight; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
D002934:Cinnamates; D003358:Cosmetics; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; C531364:ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate
Adult human liver stem cells; Genotoxicity; High-throughput comet assay; Human risk assessment; Isomerization; trans/cis-EHMC