Ischemic optic neuropathy as a model of neurodegenerative disorder: A review of pathogenic mechanism of axonal degeneration and the role of neuroprotection.
Optic neuropathy is a neurodegenerative disease which involves optic nerve injury. It is caused by acute or intermittent insults leading to visual dysfunction. There are number of factors, responsible for optic neuropathy, and the optic nerve axon is affected in all type which causes the loss of retinal ganglion cells. In this review we will highlight various mechanisms involved in the cell loss cascades during axonal degeneration as well as ischemic optic neuropathy. These mechanisms include oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, angiogenesis, neuroinflammation and apoptosis following retinal ischemia. We will also discuss the effect of neuroprotective agents in attenuation of the negative effect of factors involve in the disease occurrence and progression.
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
Saba
S
Khalilpour
Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Shahrzad
S
Latifi
Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, USA.
Ghazaleh
G
Behnammanesh
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
Amin Malik Shah Abdul
AMSA
Majid
Centre for Natural Product and Angiogenesis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University, Malaysia.
Aman Shah Abdul
ASA
Majid
Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA. Electronic address: atamayol@partners.org.
Ali
A
Tamayol
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000066829:Neuroprotection / Q000502:physiology*; D018917:Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic / Q000150:complications*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology*
Angiogenesis; Excitotoxicity; Ischemic optic neuropathy; Neuroinflammation; Neuroprotection; Oxidative stress