Antihyperglycaemic activity of the methanol extract from leaves of Eremophila maculata (Scrophulariaceae) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
OBJECTIVE
This study was designed to evaluate the antihyperglycaemic activity of the methanol leaf extract of Eremophila maculata (EMM) both in vitro and in vivo.


METHODS
The antihyperglycaemic activity was assessed in vitro using differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, whereas in-vivo effect was evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chemical profiling of EMM was done using LC-ESI-MS techniques. Molecular modelling experiments of the identified compounds were performed using C-Docker protocol.


RESULTS
Eremophila maculata slightly enhanced cellular glucose uptake and utilization in vitro by 3.92% relative to the untreated control. A stronger in-vivo effect was observed for EMM and its dichloromethane fraction. A pronounced elevation in serum insulin by 88.89 and 66.67%, respectively, accompanied by an apparent decline in fasting blood glucose (FBG) level by 65.60 and 70.37% comparable to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was observed. This effect was stronger than that of the reference drug glibenclamide (GLB). Chemical profiling of EMM revealed that leucoseptoside A, verbascoside, syringaresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and pinoresinol-4-O-[6″-O-(E)-feruloyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside are the major compounds. Molecular modelling showed that martynoside, verbascoside and phillygenin exhibited the highest inhibition to human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA), maltase glucoamylase (MGAM) and aldose reductase (AR), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Eremophila maculata offers an interesting relatively safer antihyperglycaemic candidate comparable to synthetic analogues.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Fadia S
FS
Youssef
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.|Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
Mohamed L
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9270-6267
ML
Ashour
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Sherif S
SS
Ebada
Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
Mansour
M
Sobeh
Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sceinces, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Hesham A
HA
El-Beshbishy
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Abdel Nasser
AN
Singab
Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
Michael
M
Wink
D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D028083:Scrophulariaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D013311:Streptozocin / Q000494:pharmacology
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013311:Streptozocin; D000432:Methanol

Eremophila maculata
; Scrophulariaceae; antihyperglycaemic; molecular modelling; streptozotocin