Dental plaque microbial profiles of children from Khartoum, Sudan, with congenital heart defects.
Few studies have focused on the bacterial species associated with the deterioration of the dental and gingival health of children with congenital heart defects (CHD). The aims of this study were (1) to examine the dental plaque of children with CHD in order to quantify bacterial load and altered bacterial composition compared with children without CHD; and (2) to investigate the correlation between the level of caries and gingivitis and dental biofilm bacteria among those children. In this cross-sectional study, participants were children (3-12 years) recruited in Khartoum State, Sudan. A total of 80 CHD cases from the Ahmed Gasim Cardiac Centre and 80 healthy controls from randomly selected schools and kindergartens were included. Participants underwent clinical oral examinations for caries (decayed, missing, and filled teeth indices [DMFT] for primary dentition, and DMFT for permanent dentition), and gingivitis (simplified gingival index [GI]). Pooled dental biofilm samples were obtained from four posterior teeth using paper points. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection and quantification ofStreptococcus mutans,Streptococcussanguinis, andLactobacillus acidophilus. Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization was used for the detection of 40 additional bacterial species. CHD cases had a significantly higher caries experience (DMFT = 4.1 vs. 2.3,p< 0.05; DMFT = 1.4 vs. 0.7,p< 0.05) and a higher mean number of examined teeth with gingivitis (4.2 vs. 2.0;p< 0.05) compared with controls.S. mutanscounts were significantly higher among the CHD cases (p< 0.05). Checkerboard results revealed that 18/40 bacterial species exhibited significantly higher mean counts among CHD cases (p< 0.01). Correlation analyses revealed that among CHD cases, the detection levels ofTannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Fusobacterium nucleatumsubsp.vincentii, F. nucleatumsubsp.nucleatum, andF. nucleatumsubsp.polymorphumwere highly positively correlated with GI. CHD cases harbor more cariogenic and periodontopathogenic bacterial species in their dental plaque, which correlated with higher levels of caries and gingivitis.
Departments of Clinical Dentistry and.
Hiba
H
Mohamed Ali
Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.
Ellen
E
Berggreen
Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute , Cambridge , MA , USA.
Daniel
D
Nguyen
Department of Periodontics, University of Science and Technology , Khartoum , Sudan.
Raouf
R
Wahab Ali
Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Thomas E
TE
Van Dyke
Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute , Cambridge , MA , USA.
Hatice
H
Hasturk
Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway , Hordaland , Bergen , Norway.
Manal
M
Mustafa
Children; checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization; congenital heart defects; dental biofilm; microbial profiles; real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction