The Identification of Three Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations within Moderately Differentiated Lip Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
OBJECTIVE
To identify and characterize cancer stem cells (CSCs) in moderately differentiated lip squamous cell carcinoma (MDLSCC).


METHODS
MDLSCC samples underwent 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for squamous cell carcinoma marker EMA, CSC marker CD44 and embryonic stem cell markers NANOG, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), spalt-like transcription factor 4 (SALL4), sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3). Immunofluorescent IHC staining was performed on two MDLSCC samples. Western blotting (WB) was used to confirm the expression of the aforementioned proteins and their transcription activation was investigated using NanoString and RT-qPCR.


RESULTS
IHC staining demonstrated the presence of (1) an EMA+/CD44+/SALL4+/NANOG+/pSTAT3+/SOX2+/OCT4-CSC subpopulation within the tumor nests (TNs); (2) a CD44+/SALL4+/NANOG+/pSTAT3+/SOX2+/OCT4-CSC subpopulation; and (3) a CD44+/SALL4+/NANOG+/pSTAT3+/SOX2+/OCT4+CSC subpopulation within the stroma, between the TNs. NanoString and RT-qPCR confirmed the presence of mRNA for CD44, SALL4, STAT3, SOX2, and OCT4, and WB confirmed the presence of NANOG, pSTAT3, SOX2, and OCT4.


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates three putative CSC subpopulations within MDLSCC.
Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand.
Rachna
R
Ram
Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand.
Helen D
HD
Brasch
Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand.
Jonathan C
JC
Dunne
Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand.
Paul F
PF
Davis
Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.
Swee T
ST
Tan
Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand.
Tinte
T
Itinteang
cancer; cancer stem cell; carcinoma; lip; oral cavity; squamous cell