Epigenetic alterations and occupational exposure to benzene, fibers, and heavy metals associated with tumor development (Review).
The chronic occupational exposure to contaminants and carcinogens leads to the development of cancer. Over the past decades, many carcinogens have been found in the occupational environment and their presence is often associated with an increased incidence of cancer. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the majority of carcinogens are classified as 'probable' and 'possible' human carcinogens, while, direct evidence of carcinogenicity is provided in epidemiological and experimental studies. Additionally, accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic alterations may be early indicators of genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogen exposure. In the present review, the relationship between exposures to benzene, mineral fibers, metals and epigenetic alterations are discussed as the most important cancer risk factors during work activities.
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Functional Genomics, Section of General and Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy.
Rossella
R
Salemi
Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy.
Andrea
A
Marconi
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Functional Genomics, Section of General and Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy.
Valentina
V
Di Salvatore
Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technology Sciences 'G.F. Ingrassia', University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy.
Sabrina
S
Franco
Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy.
Venerando
V
Rapisarda
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Functional Genomics, Section of General and Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy.
Massimo
M
Libra
D001554:Benzene / Q000633:toxicity*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D057890:Epigenomics; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012307:Risk Factors
D002273:Carcinogens; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D035683:MicroRNAs; D001554:Benzene