GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Reveal the Metabolites and Biological Pathways Involved in the Developmental Stages and Tissue Response of Panax ginseng.
Ginsenosides, the major compounds present in ginseng, are known to have numerous physiological and pharmacological effects. The physiological processes, enzymes and genes involved in ginsenoside synthesis inP. ginsenghave been well characterized. However, relatively little information is known about the dynamic metabolic changes that occur during ginsenoside accumulation in ginseng. To explore this topic, we isolated metabolites from different tissues at different growth stages, and identified and characterized them by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that a total of 30, 16, 20, 36 and 31 metabolites were identified and involved in different developmental stages in leaf, stem, petiole, lateral root and main root, respectively. To investigate the contribution of tissue to the biosynthesis of ginsenosides, we examined the metabolic changes of leaf, stem, petiole, lateral root and main root during five development stages: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-years. The score plots of partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) showed clear discrimination between growth stages and tissue samples. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis in the same tissue at different growth stages indicated profound biochemical changes in several pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism and pentose phosphate metabolism, in addition, the tissues displayed significant variations in amino acid metabolism, sugar metabolism and energy metabolism. These results should facilitate further dissection of the metabolic flux regulation of ginsenoside accumulation in different developmental stages or different tissues of ginseng.
Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China. liujia19880906@163.com.
Jia
J
Liu
Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China. yangyang1990520@163.com.
Yang
Y
Liu
Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China. 18846034001@163.com.
Yu
Y
Wang
Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China. annabozeid@yahoo.com.|Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom 32511, Egypt. annabozeid@yahoo.com.
Ann
A
Abozeid
Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China. lpowerj@yeah.net.
Yuan-Gang
YG
Zu
Heilongjiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Harbin 150040, China. zhangxiaoning761204@126.com.
Xiao-Ning
XN
Zhang
Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China. tangzh@nefu.edu.cn.
Zhong-Hua
ZH
Tang
D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development*; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development
D036145:Ginsenosides
GC-MS metabolite profiling; developmental stages; ginsenoside; plant metabolism