Thrombin Generation in Patients With Suspected Venous Thromboembolism.
Increasing number of patients with clinically suspected venous thromboembolism is referred to radiological departments for definitive diagnosis. A simple assay to exclude the diagnosis and avoid radiological examinations is needed. We have reported correlations between D-dimer and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 measured in plasma and urine. To further develop an analysis based on urine, more understanding of thrombin generation in these patients is needed. The aim of this study was to compare ex vivo thrombin generation with in vivo markers in plasma and urine in patients with and without venous thromboembolism. Urine and blood samples were collected from patients with suspected venous thromboembolism. Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to analyze the samples for in vivo thrombin generation. The ex vivo thrombogram parameters were measured by the calibrated automated thrombogram assay. Venous thromboembolism was verified with compression ultrasound of the lower extremity deep veins or with computer tomography of the pulmonary arteries. Venous thromboembolism was diagnosed in 117 of 591 patients, and they had significantly higher levels of urine and plasma prothromin fragment 1 + 2, D-dimer, lag time, time to peak, and endogenous thrombin potential when adjusted for covariates. The pattern of ex vivo and in vivo thrombin generation in patients with suspected venous thromboembolism was comparable when adjusted for covariates. Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 in plasma and urine reflects thrombin generation ex vivo in the same manner. This indicates that urine may be an alternative substrate to quantify a procoagulant state.
1 Department of Radiology, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.|2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Fredrik
F
Wexels
3 Centre of Medical Science, Education and Innovation, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway.|4 Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK.
Ola E
OE
Dahl
5 Oslo Centre of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Are H
AH
Pripp
2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|6 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Ingebjørg
I
Seljeflot
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000652:urine*; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*
D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; C036309:fibrin fragment D; C029733:prothrombin fragment 1; C044183:prothrombin fragment 2; D011516:Prothrombin
deep venous thrombosis; pulmonary embolism; thrombosis; venous thromboembolism