Duck virus enteritis (duck plague) - a comprehensive update.
Duck virus enteritis (DVE), also called duck plague, is one of the major contagious and fatal diseases of ducks, geese and swan. It is caused by duck enteritis virus (DEV)/Anatid herpesvirus-1 of the genus Mardivirus, family Herpesviridae, and subfamily Alpha-herpesvirinae. Of note, DVE has worldwide distribution, wherein migratory waterfowl plays a crucial role in its transmission within and between continents. Furthermore, horizontal and/ or vertical transmission plays a significant role in disease spread through oral-fecal discharges. Either of sexes from varying age groups of ducks is vulnerable to DVE. The disease is characterized by sudden death, vascular damage and subsequent internal hemorrhage, lesions in lymphoid organs, digestive mucosal eruptions, severe diarrhea and degenerative lesions in parenchymatous organs. Huge economic losses are connected with acute nature of the disease, increased morbidity and mortality (5%-100%), condemnations of carcasses, decreased egg production and hatchability. Although clinical manifestations and histopathology can provide preliminary diagnosis, the confirmatory diagnosis involves virus isolation and detection using serological and molecular tests. For prophylaxis, both live-attenuated and killed vaccines are being used in broiler and breeder ducks above 2 weeks of age. Since DEV is capable of becoming latent as well as shed intermittently, recombinant subunit and DNA vaccines either alone or in combination (polyvalent) are being targeted for its benign prevention. This review describes DEV, epidemiology, transmission, the disease (DVE), pathogenesis, and advances in diagnosis, vaccination and antiviral agents/therapies along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
a Division of Pathology , ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India.
Kuldeep
K
Dhama
b National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Center on Equines , Hisar , India.
Naveen
N
Kumar
a Division of Pathology , ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India.
Mani
M
Saminathan
c Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India.
Ruchi
R
Tiwari
d Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India.
Kumaragurubaran
K
Karthik
a Division of Pathology , ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India.
M Asok
MA
Kumar
a Division of Pathology , ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India.
M
M
Palanivelu
e Quality Operations Laboratory , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore , Pakistan.
Muhammad Zubair
MZ
Shabbir
f Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India.
Yashpal Singh
YS
Malik
g ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India.
Raj Kumar
RK
Singh
D000818:Animals; D046090:Anseriformes; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D004372:Ducks; D005777:Geese; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D025922:Mardivirus / Q000502:physiology*
Duck virus enteritis; control; diagnosis; duck plague; epidemiology; prevention; vaccine