Indoor air quality of low and middle income urban households in Durban, South Africa.
Elevated levels of indoor air pollutants may cause cardiopulmonary disease such as lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive lung disease and lung cancer, but the association with tuberculosis (TB) is unclear. So far the risk estimates of TB infection or/and disease due to indoor air pollution (IAP) exposure are based on self-reported exposures rather than direct measurements of IAP, and these exposures have not been validated.



The aim of this paper was to characterize and develop predictive models for concentrations of three air pollutants (PM10, NO2and SO2) in homes of children participating in a childhood TB study.



Children younger than 15 years living within the eThekwini Municipality in South Africa were recruited for a childhood TB case control study. The homes of these children (n=246) were assessed using a walkthrough checklist, and in 114 of them monitoring of three indoor pollutants was also performed (sampling period: 24h for PM10, and 2-3 weeks for NO2and SO2). Linear regression models were used to predict PM10and NO2concentrations from household characteristics, and these models were validated using leave out one cross validation (LOOCV). SO2concentrations were not modeled as concentrations were very low.



Mean indoor concentrations of PM10(n=105),NO2(n=82) and SO2(n=82) were 64μg/m3(range 6.6-241); 19μg/m3(range 4.5-55) and 0.6μg/m3(range 0.005-3.4) respectively with the distributions for all three pollutants being skewed to the right. Spearman correlations showed weak positive correlations between the three pollutants. The largest contributors to the PM10predictive model were type of housing structure (formal or informal), number of smokers in the household, and type of primary fuel used in the household. The NO2predictive model was influenced mostly by the primary fuel type and by distance from the major roadway. The coefficients of determination (R2) for the models were 0.41 for PM10and 0.31 for NO2. Spearman correlations were significant between measured vs. predicted PM10and NO2with coefficients of 0.66 and 0.55 respectively.



Indoor PM10levels were relatively high in these households. Both PM10and NO2can be modeled with a reasonable validity and these predictive models can decrease the necessary number of direct measurements that are expensive and time consuming.
Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 321 George Campbell Building, Howard College Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa. Electronic address: jaftan@ukzn.ac.za.
Nkosana
N
Jafta
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Box 414, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
Lars
L
Barregard
Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X1, Congella, Durban 4013, South Africa.
Prakash M
PM
Jeena
Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 321 George Campbell Building, Howard College Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa.
Rajen N
RN
Naidoo
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa; D014505:Urban Population
D000393:Air Pollutants
Household characteristics; Indoor air pollution; Low socioeconomic status; Particulates; Passive smoke