Burden of disease attributed to ambient PM2.5and PM10exposure in 190 cities in China.
Particulate air pollution is becoming a serious public health concern in urban cities of China. Association of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and economic loss with air pollution-related health effects demand quantitative analysis for correctional measures in air quality. This study applies an epidemiology-based exposure-response function to obtain the quantitative estimate of health impact of particulate matter PM2.5and PM10across 190 cities of China during years 2014-2015. The annual average concentration of PM2.5and PM10is 57 ± 18 μg/m3(ranging from 18 to 119 μg/m3) and 97.7 ± 34.2 μg/m3(ranging from 33.5 to 252.8 μg/m3), respectively. Based on the present study, the total estimated annual premature mortality due to PM2.5is 722,370 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 322,716-987,519], 79% of which accounts for adult cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and ischemic heart disease (IHD). The premature mortality in megacities is very high, such as Chongqing (25,162/year), Beijing (19,702/year), Shanghai (19,617/year), Tianjin (13,726/year), and Chengdu (12,356/year). PM10pollution has caused 1,491,774 (95% CI = 972,770-1,960,303) premature deaths (age >30) in China. Further, 3,614,064 cases of chronic bronchitis (CB); 13,759,894 cases of asthma attack among all ages; 191,709 COPD-related hospital admission (HA) cases; 499,048 respiratory-related HA; 357,816 cerebrovascular HA; and 308,129 cardiovascular-related HA due to PM10pollution have been estimated during 2014-2015. Chongqing, Beijing, Baoding, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang are the top five contributors to pollution-related mortality, accounting for 3.10, 2.71, 2.49, 2.20, and 2.02%, respectively, of the total deaths caused by PM10pollution. The total DALYs associated with PM2.5and PM10pollution in China is 7.2 and 20.66 million in 2014-2015, and mortality and chronic bronchitis shared about 93.3% of the total DALYs for PM10. During this period, the economic cost of health impact due to PM10is approximately US$304,122 million, which accounts for about 2.94% of China's gross domestic product (GDP). Megacities are expected to contribute relatively more to the total costs. The present methodology could be used as a tool to help policy makers and pollution control board authorities, to further analyze costs and benefits of air pollution management programs in China.
Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India. kamaljm@iitb.ac.in.
Kamal Jyoti
KJ
Maji
Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, Singapore.
Mohit
M
Arora
Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
Anil Kumar
AK
Dikshit
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000068476:Beijing; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D017281:Cost of Illness; D006801:Humans; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011634:Public Health
D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter
Disability-adjusted life years; Economic cost; Health endpoints; Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10); Premature mortality