Quantification of resistant alleles in the β-tubulin gene of field strains of gastrointestinal nematodes and their relation with the faecal egg count reduction test.
BACKGROUND
Benzimidazole (BZ) resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes is associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at codons 167, 198 and 200 in the isotype 1 of beta-tubulin gene although in some species these SNPs have also been associated with resistance to macrocyclic lactones. In the present study we compared the levels of resistance in Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis by means of the faecal egg reduction test (FECRT) and the percentage of resistant alleles obtained after pyrosequencing. The study was conducted in 10 naturally infected sheep flocks. Each flock was divided into three groups: i) group treated with albendazole (ABZ); ii) group treated with ivermectin (IVM); iii) untreated group. The number of eggs excreted per gram of faeces was estimated at day 0 and 14 post-treatment.


RESULTS
Resistance to ABZ was observed in 12.5% (1/8) of the flocks and to IVM in 44.4% (4/9) of them. One flock was resistant to both drugs according to FECRT. Coprocultures were performed at the same dates to collect L3 for DNA extraction from pooled larvae and to determine the resistant allele frequencies by pyrosequencing analysis. In T. circumcincta, SNPs were not found at any of the three codons before treatment; after the administration of ABZ, SNPs were present only in two different flocks, one of them with a frequency of 23.8% at SNP 167, and the other 13.2% % at SNP 198. In relation to T. colubriformis, we found the SNP200 before treatment in 33.3% (3/9) of the flocks with values between 48.5 and 87.8%. After treatment with ABZ and IVM, the prevalence of this SNP increased to 75 and 100% of the flocks, with a mean frequency of 95.1% and 82.6%, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The frequencies observed for SNP200 in T. colubriformis indicate that the presence of resistance is more common than revealed by the FECRT.
Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.|Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain.
Myriam
M
Esteban-Ballesteros
Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.|Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain.
Francisco A
FA
Rojo-Vázquez
Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, UK.
Philip J
PJ
Skuce
Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, UK.
Lynsey
L
Melville
Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain.
Camino
C
González-Lanza
Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain. mmarva@unileon.es.|Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain. mmarva@unileon.es.
María
M
Martínez-Valladares
D015766:Albendazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000469:parasitology*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010028:Ostertagia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep / Q000469:parasitology*; D014254:Trichostrongylus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics*
D000871:Anthelmintics; D014404:Tubulin; D007559:Ivermectin; D015766:Albendazole
Anthelmintic resistance; Beta-tubulin; FECRT; Pyrosequencing; Sheep; Single nucleotide polymorphism; Teladorsagia circumcincta; Trichostrongylus colubriformis