Alterations of Urinary Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Hypertension and/or Hyperlipidemia.
Evidence shows urine specimens from different women have different populations of bacteria. The co-occurrence of hypertension and hyperlipidemia in those with diabetes may alter the composition of urine and the microenviroment of the bladder in which bacteria live. The aim of this study was to characterize the urinary microbiota in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus only and those with diabetes plus hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia, and to explore whether the composition of the urinary microbiota is affected by fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipids. We enrolled 28 individuals with diabetes only, 24 with diabetes plus hypertension, 7 with diabetes plus hyperlipidemia, and 11 with diabetes plus both hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Modified midstream urine collection technique was designed to obtain urine specimens. Bacterial genomic DNA was isolated using magnetic beads and the urinary microbiota was analyzed using the Illumina MiSeq Sequencing System based on the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Among the four cohorts, the diabetes plus hypertension cohort had the highest relative abundance of Proteobacteria. In contrast, the diabetes plus hyperlipidemia cohort had the lowest relative abundance of Proteobacteria. In addition,EscherichiaandGardnerellawere not found in the diabetes plus hyperlipidemia cohort but they were found in all of the other cohorts.Cetobacteriumwas only present in the diabetes plus hypertension cohort. The most abundant bacteria in the diabetes only and diabetes plus hyperlipidemia cohorts wasLactobacillus, whilePrevotellawas the most abundant bacteria in the diabetes plus hypertension and diabetes plus hypertension and hyperlipidemia cohorts. Moreover, the relative abundance ofLactobacilluswas significantly lower in the diabetes plus hypertension cohort than in the diabetes only and diabetes plus hyperlipidemia cohorts. Several bacteria were correlated with the participants' fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipids. In conclusion, hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia and other patient factors can affect the composition of the urinary microbiota in those with diabetes. The insights from this study could be used to develop microbiota-based treatment for comorbid conditions, including urinary tract infections, in those with diabetes.
State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; Nursing School, Yancheng Medical CollegeYancheng, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.
Fengping
F
Liu
State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.
Zongxin
Z
Ling
State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.
Yonghong
Y
Xiao
Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China.
Qing
Q
Yang
State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.
Baohong
B
Wang
Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China.
Li
L
Zheng
Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China.
Ping
P
Jiang
State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.
Lanjuan
L
Li
Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China.
Wei
W
Wang
Lactobacillus; Proteobacteria; hyperlipidemia; hypertension; type 2 diabetes mellitus; urinary microbiota