Maintenance therapy is associated with better long-term outcomes in adult patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system.
We aimed to analyse the effect of maintenance therapy after induction on the outcomes of adult patients with primary angiitis of the CNS (PACNS).



We analysed long-term outcomes (relapse, survival and functional status) of patients enrolled in the French multicentre PACNS cohort who achieved remission after induction treatment and with ⩾12 months' follow-up, according to whether or not they received maintenance therapy. Good outcome was defined as relapse-free survival and good functional status (modified Rankin scale ⩽ 2) at last follow-up.



Ninety-seven patients [46 (47%) female, median age: 46 (18-78) years at diagnosis] were followed up for a median of 55 (5-198) months. Induction treatment consisted of glucocorticoids in 95 (98%) patients, combined with an immunosuppressant in 80 (83%) patients, mostly CYC. Maintenance therapy was prescribed in 48 (49%) patients, following CYC in 42 of them. Maintenance therapy was started 4 (3-18) months after glucocorticoid initiation. At last follow-up, good outcomes were observed in 32 (67%) patients who had received maintenance therapy vs 10 (20%) who had not (P < 0.0001). Thirty-two (33%) patients experienced relapse [10 (22%) had received maintenance therapy while 22 (45%) had not, P = 0.01]; four subsequently died from relapse. In the multivariate analysis, maintenance therapy was the only independent predictor of good outcome [odds ratio (OR) = 7.8 (95% CI: 3.21, 20.36), P < 0.0001].



The results of this long-term follow-up study suggest that maintenance therapy in adults with PACNS is associated with better functional outcomes and lower relapse rates. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Department of Internal Medicine, Caen University Hospital, University of Caen-Basse Normandie.
Hubert
H
de Boysson
Biostatistics and Clinical Research Unit, Caen University Hospital, Caen.
Jean-Jacques
JJ
Parienti
Department of Neurology, Montpelier University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, INSERM UMR 894, Montpellier.
Caroline
C
Arquizan
Department of Neuroradiology, Sainte-Anne Hospital Center, AP-HP, University Paris-Descartes, INSERM UMR 894, Paris.
Grégoire
G
Boulouis
Department of Neurology, Montpelier University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, INSERM UMR 894, Montpellier.|Department of Neurology, Perpignan Hospital, Perpignan.
Nicolas
N
Gaillard
Department of Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital Center, AP-HP, Paris.
Alexis
A
Régent
Department of Internal Medicine, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes.
Antoine
A
Néel
Department of Neurology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble.
Olivier
O
Detante
Department of Neurology, Caen University Hospital, University of Caen-Basse Normandie, Caen.
Emanuel
E
Touzé
Department of Internal Medicine, Caen University Hospital, University of Caen-Basse Normandie.
Achille
A
Aouba
Department of Internal Medicine, Caen University Hospital, University of Caen-Basse Normandie.
Boris
B
Bienvenu
Department of Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital Center, AP-HP, Paris.
Loïc
L
Guillevin
Department of Neuroradiology, Sainte-Anne Hospital Center, AP-HP, University Paris-Descartes, INSERM UMR 894, Paris.
Olivier
O
Naggara
Department of Neurology, Saint-Joseph Hospital Center, AP-HP, Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM UMR S 919, Paris.
Mathieu
M
Zuber
Vasculitis Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto.
Christian
C
Pagnoux
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D060828:Induction Chemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D060046:Maintenance Chemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020293:Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
MRI; biopsy; large/medium-vessel; primary angiitis of the central nervous system; relapse; small-vessel