Comparison of periodontal and peri-implant inflammatory parameters among patients with prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic controls.
OBJECTIVE
The aim was to compare periodontal and periimplant inflammatory parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD] and marginal bone loss [MBL]) among patients with prediabetes, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-diabetic controls.


METHODS
Forty-five patients with prediabetes (Group-1), 43 patients with T2DM (Group-2) and 42 controls (Group-3) were included. Demographic data was recorded using a questionnaire. Full mouth and periimplant clinical (PI, BOP and PD) were assessed and the radiographic MBL were measured on digital radiographs. In all groups, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were also measured. p values less than .05 were considered statistically significant.


RESULTS
The mean HbA1c levels of participants in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 6.1%, 8.4% and 4.8%, respectively. The mean duration of prediabetes and T2DM among patients in groups 1 and 2 were 1.9 ± 0.3 and 3.1 ± 0.5 years, respectively. Periodontal and periimplant PI, BOP, PD and MBL were higher in groups 1 (p < .05) and 2 (p < .05) than group 3. There was no difference in these parameters in groups 1 and 2.


CONCLUSIONS
Periodontal and periimplant inflammatory parameters were worse among patients with prediabetes and T2DM compared with controls; however, these parameters were comparable among patients with prediabetes and T2DM.
a Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences , College of Dentistry, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
Tariq
T
Abduljabbar
b College of Dentistry, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
Faisal
F
Al-Sahaly
b College of Dentistry, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
Mohammed
M
Al-Kathami
c Prince Naif Centre for Immunology Research, College of Medicine, King Khaled University Hospital , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
Sibtain
S
Afzal
a Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences , College of Dentistry, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
Fahim
F
Vohra
D000328:Adult; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000378:metabolism; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000378:metabolism*
D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
Alveolar bone loss; diabetes mellitus type 2; gingival bleeding on probing; periodontal disease; prediabetic state