Genotyping, Platelet Activation, and Cardiovascular Outcome in Patients after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Two Pieces of the Puzzle of Clopidogrel Resistance.
OBJECTIVE
Individual platelet responses to antiplatelet therapy depend on genetic, cellular, and clinical factors. CYP2C19 and P2Y12 receptor polymorphisms are implicated in platelet responses to antiplatelet treatment. We aimed to evaluate the impact of CYP2C19 and C34T P2Y12 genotyping on platelet reactivity and cardiovascular outcome in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on clopidogrel treatment.


METHODS
We enrolled 408 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) receiving aspirin and clopidogrel (75 mg/day) 1 month after PCI. High on-treatment platelet reactivity was evaluated using the VerifyNow Assay in a subset of patients. CYP2C19*2 and C34T P2Y12 genotyping was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The primary end point was the composite of death or hospitalization for cardiovascular causes, and patients were followed for a median time of 13 months.


RESULTS
In the total study population, 37% were carriers of at least 1 CYP2C19*2 loss-of-function allele, and 53% were carriers of at least 1 C34T loss-of-function allele. Interestingly, homozygotes of the CYP2C19*2 loss-of-function allele had significantly increased P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) (p = 0.007). However, PRU did not differ between carriers and noncarriers of the C34T loss-of-function allele (p = 0.41). Moreover, carriers of CYP2C19*2 had an increased hazard ratio (HR) for the occurrence of the primary end point (for carriers HR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.05-3.66, p = 0.03), whereas the C34T polymorphism had no impact on the cardiovascular outcome (p = 0.17). Finally, PRU was associated with cardiovascular outcome even after adjustment for the presence of any reduced function allele polymorphism.


CONCLUSIONS
We documented a different effect of CYP2C19 and P2Y12 receptor polymorphisms on platelet reactivity and cardiovascular outcome in CAD patients after PCI on clopidogrel treatment. Importantly, increased platelet reactivity adversely affects the cardiovascular outcome independently of the studied polymorphisms.
Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Gerasimos
G
Siasos
Evangelos
E
Oikonomou
Manolis
M
Vavuranakis
Eleni
E
Kokkou
Konstantinos
K
Mourouzis
Sotiris
S
Tsalamandris
Marina
M
Zaromitidou
Stamatios
S
Kioufis
Vasiliki
V
Tsigkou
Spyridon
S
Deftereos
Christodoulos
C
Stefanadis
Dimitris
D
Tousoulis
D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006115:Greece; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010979:Platelet Function Tests; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D058921:Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12 / Q000235:genetics; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
C548576:P2RY12 protein, human; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D058921:Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; D000077144:Clopidogrel; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin
Clopidogrel; Coronary artery disease; Genotyping; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Platelet function