Skeletal development of the hand and wrist: digital bone age companion-a suitable alternative to the Greulich and Pyle atlas for bone age assessment?
OBJECTIVE
To assess reader performance and subjective workflow experience when reporting bone age studies with a digital bone age reference as compared to the Greulich and Pyle atlas (G&P). We hypothesized that pediatric radiologists would achieve equivalent results with each method while digital workflow would improve speed, experience, and reporting quality.


METHODS
IRB approval was obtained for this HIPAA-compliant study. Two pediatric radiologists performed research interpretations of bone age studies randomized to either the digital (Digital Bone Age Companion, Oxford University Press) or G&P method, generating reports to mimic clinical workflow. Bone age standard selection, interpretation-reporting time, and user preferences were recorded. Reports were reviewed for typographical or speech recognition errors. Comparisons of agreement were conducted by way of Fisher's exact tests. Interpretation-reporting times were analyzed on the natural logarithmic scale via a linear mixed model and transformed to the geometric mean. Subjective workflow experience was compared with an exact binomial test. Report errors were compared via a paired random permutation test.


RESULTS
There was no difference in bone age determination between atlases (p = 0.495). The interpretation-reporting time (p < 0.001) was significantly faster with the digital method. The faculty indicated preference for the digital atlas (p < 0.001). Signed reports had fewer errors with the digital atlas (p < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
Bone age study interpretations performed with the digital method were similar to those performed with the Greulich and Pyle atlas. The digital atlas saved time, improved workflow experience, and reduced reporting errors relative to the Greulich and Pyle atlas when integrated into electronic workflow.
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Paul M
PM
Bunch
Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
Talissa A
TA
Altes
Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800170, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
Joan
J
McIlhenny
Department of Health Evaluation Sciences, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800717, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
James
J
Patrie
Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800170, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. cree@virginia.edu.
Cree M
CM
Gaskin
D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014953:Wrist / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
Bone age; Children; Development; Radiography; Skeletal age; Skeletal maturity