Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: Recent advances and new therapeutic insights.
Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), also referred to as progressive ventricular dilatation, is caused by disturbances in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow or absorption following hemorrhage in the brain. As one of the most serious complications of neonatal/adult intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and traumatic brain injury (TBI), PHH is associated with increased morbidity and disability of these events. Common sequelae of PHH include neurocognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, and growth impairment. Non-surgical measures to reduce increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in PHH have shown little success and most patients will ultimately require surgical management, such as external ventricular drainage and shunting which mostly by inserting a CSF drainage shunt. Unfortunately, shunt complications are common and the optimum time for intervention is unclear. To date, there remains no comprehensive strategy for PHH management and it becomes imperative that to explore new therapeutic targets and methods for PHH. Over past decades, increasing evidence have indicated that hemorrhage-derived blood and subsequent metabolic products may play a key role in the development of IVH-, SAH- and TBI-associated PHH. Several intervention strategies have recently been evaluated and cross-referenced. In this review, we summarized and discussed the common aspects of hydrocephalus following IVH, SAH and TBI, relevant experimental animal models, clinical translation of in vivo experiments, and potential preventive and therapeutic targets for PHH.
Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
Qianwei
Q
Chen
Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
Zhou
Z
Feng
Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
Qiang
Q
Tan
Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The 211st Hospital of PLA, Harbin 150086, China.
Jing
J
Guo
Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
Jun
J
Tang
Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
Liang
L
Tan
Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China. Electronic address: fenghua8888@vip.163.com.
Hua
H
Feng
Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China. Electronic address: zhichen@tmmu.edu.cn.
Zhi
Z
Chen
D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*
D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents
Animal model; Interspecies translation; Intraventricular hemorrhage; Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus; Subarachnoid hemorrhage