Psychological and clinical correlates of posttraumatic growth in cancer: A systematic and critical review.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study is to describe major findings on posttraumatic growth (PTG) in cancer, by analyzing its various definitions, assessment tools, and examining its main psychological and clinical correlates.


METHODS
A search in relevant databases (PsycINFO, Pubmed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science) was performed using descriptors related to the positive reactions in cancer. Articles were screened by title, abstract, and full text.


RESULTS
Seventy-two met the inclusion criteria. Most articles (46%) focused on breast cancer, used the PTG inventory (76%), and had a cross-sectional design (68%). The PTG resulted inversely associated with depressive and anxious symptoms and directly related to hope, optimism, spirituality, and meaning. Illness-related variables have been poorly investigated compared to psychological ones. Articles found no relationship between cancer site, cancer surgery, cancer recurrence, and PTG. Some correlations emerged with the elapsed time since diagnosis, type of oncological treatment received, and cancer stage. Only few studies differentiated illness-related-life-threatening stressors from other forms of trauma, and the potentially different mechanisms connected with PTG outcome in cancer patients.


CONCLUSIONS
The evaluation of PTG in cancer patients is worthy, because it may promote a better adaption to the illness. However, many investigations do not explicitly refer to the medical nature of the trauma, and they may have not completely captured the full spectrum of positive reactions in cancer patients. Future research should better investigate issues such as health attitudes; the risks of future recurrences; and the type, quality, and efficacy of medical treatments received and their influence on PTG in cancer patients.
Hospital Duran i Reynals. Avinguda de la Gran Via, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain.
Anna
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2919-0509
A
Casellas-Grau
Hospital Duran i Reynals. Avinguda de la Gran Via, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain.|Facultat de Psicologia. Edifici Ponent - Planta baixa, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Cristian
C
Ochoa
Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna BO, Italy.
Chiara
C
Ruini
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000523:psychology*; D000067656:Optimism; D029181:Spirituality; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*
assessment tool; benefit finding; cancer; oncology; posttraumatic growth; review