Unexpected walking perturbations: Reliability and validity of a new treadmill protocol to provoke muscular reflex activities at lower extremities and the trunk.
Instrumented treadmills offer the potential to generate standardized walking perturbations, which are particularly rapid and powerful. However, technical requirements to release adequate perturbations regarding timing, duration and amplitude are demanding. This study investigated the test-retest reliability and validity of a new treadmill perturbation protocol releasing rapid and unexpected belt perturbations to provoke muscular reflex responses at lower extremities and the trunk. Fourteen healthy participants underwent two identical treadmill walking protocols, consisting of 10 superimposed one-sided belt perturbations (100ms duration; 2m/s amplitude), triggered by a plantar pressure insole 200ms after heel contact. Delay, duration and amplitude of applied perturbations were recorded by 3D-motion capture. Muscular reflex responses (within 200ms) were measured at lower extremities and the trunk (10-lead EMG). Data was analyzed descriptively (mean±SD). Reliability was analyzed using test-retest variability (TRV%) and limits of agreement (LoA, bias±1.96∗SD). Perturbation delay was 202±14ms, duration was 102±4ms and amplitude was 2.1±0.01m/s. TRV for perturbation delay, duration and amplitude ranged from 5.0% to 5.7%. LoA reached 3±36ms for delay, 2±13ms for duration and 0.0±0.3m/s for amplitude. EMG amplitudes following perturbations ranged between 106±97% and 909±979% of unperturbed gait and EMG latencies between 82±14ms and 106±16ms. Minor differences between preset and observed perturbation characteristics and results of test-retest analysis prove a high validity with excellent reliability of the setup. Therefore, the protocol tested can be recommended to provoke muscular reflex responses at lower extremities and the trunk in perturbed walking.
University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Haus 12, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany. Electronic address: tiengel@uni-potsdam.de.
Tilman
T
Engel
University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Haus 12, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
Juliane
J
Mueller
University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Haus 12, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
Stephan
S
Kopinski
University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Haus 12, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
Antje
A
Reschke
University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Haus 12, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
Steffen
S
Mueller
University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Haus 12, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
Frank
F
Mayer
D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D060726:Torso / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
Gait; MiSpEx; Perturbation; Reliability; Stumbling; Treadmill