Choosing wisely - Preclinical test models in the era of precision medicine.
Through the introduction of a steadily growing variety of preclinical test models drug development and biomarker research has advanced. Next to classical used 2D cell line cultures, tissue-slice cultures, 3D organoid cell cultures, genetically engineered mouse models, cell line derived mouse models and patient derived xenografts may be selected for a specific question. All models harbor advantages and disadvantages. This review focuses on the available preclinical test models, novel developments such as humanized mice and discusses for which question a particular model should be employed.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: konrad.klinghammer@charite.de.
Konrad
K
Klinghammer
Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Wolfgang
W
Walther
Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
Jens
J
Hoffmann
D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D057285:Precision Medicine; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
CDX; GEMMs; PDX; Preclinical models; Tissue-slice cultures