A Novel Modeling Approach for Estimating Patterns of Migration into and out of San Francisco by HIV Status and Race among Men Who Have Sex with Men.
In the early 1980s, men who have sex with men (MSM) in San Francisco were one of the first populations to be affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, and they continue to bear a heavy HIV burden. Once a rapidly fatal disease, survival with HIV improved drastically following the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996. As a result, the ability of HIV-positive persons to move into and out of San Francisco has increased due to lengthened survival. Although there is a high level of migration among the general US population and among HIV-positive persons in San Francisco, in- and out-migration patterns of MSM in San Francisco have, to our knowledge, never been described. Understanding migration patterns by HIV serostatus is crucial in determining how migration could influence both HIV transmission dynamics and estimates of the HIV prevalence and incidence. In this article, we describe methods, results, and implications of a novel approach for indirect estimation of in- and out-migration patterns, and consequently population size, of MSM by HIV serostatus and race in San Francisco. The results suggest that the overall MSM population and all the MSM subpopulations studied decreased in size from 2006 to 2014. Further, there were differences in migration patterns by race and by HIV serostatus. The modeling methods outlined can be applied by others to determine how migration patterns contribute to HIV-positive population size and output from these models can be used in a transmission model to better understand how migration can impact HIV transmission.
San Francisco Department of Public Health, Van Ness Ave., Suite 500, San Francisco, CA, 94102, USA. alison.hughes@sfdph.org.
Alison J
AJ
Hughes
San Francisco Department of Public Health, Van Ness Ave., Suite 500, San Francisco, CA, 94102, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Yea-Hung
YH
Chen
San Francisco Department of Public Health, Van Ness Ave., Suite 500, San Francisco, CA, 94102, USA.
Susan
S
Scheer
San Francisco Department of Public Health, Van Ness Ave., Suite 500, San Francisco, CA, 94102, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
H Fisher
HF
Raymond
D000328:Adult; D005544:Forecasting; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D063426:Human Migration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015995:Prevalence; D062486:Public Health Surveillance; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D000072339:Sexual and Gender Minorities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
HIV/AIDS; Men who have sex with men; Migration; Population size estimation