Multiple Types of Memory and Everyday Functional Assessment in Older Adults.
OBJECTIVE
Current proxy measures for assessing everyday functioning (e.g., questionnaires, performance-based measures, and direct observation) show discrepancies in their rating of functional status. The present study investigated the relationship between multiple proxy measures of functional status and content memory (i.e., memory for information), temporal order memory, and prospective memory in an older adult sample.


METHODS
A total of 197 community-dwelling older adults who did (n = 45) or did not meet (n = 152) criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), completed six different assessments of functional status (two questionnaires, two performance-based tasks, and two direct observation tasks) as well as experimental measures of content memory, prospective memory, and temporal order memory.


RESULTS
After controlling for demographics and content memory, the temporal order and prospective memory measures explained a significant amount of variance in all proxy functional status measures. When all variables were entered into the regression analyses, content memory and prospective memory were found to be significant predictors of all measures of functional status, whereas temporal order memory was a significant predictor for the questionnaire and direct observation measures, but not performance-based measures.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that direct observation and questionnaire measures may be able to capture components of everyday functioning that require context and temporal sequencing abilities, such as multi-tasking, that are not as well captured in many current laboratory performance-based measures of functional status. Future research should aim to inform the development and use of maximally effective and valid proxy measures of functional ability.
Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA , USA.
Jenna
J
Beaver
Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA , USA.
Maureen
M
Schmitter-Edgecombe
D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000145:classification* / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019370:Observation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
Activities of daily living; Functional ability; Mild cognitive impairment; Prospective memory; Temporal order memory