Mechanical and Biological Effects of Ultrasound: A Review of Present Knowledge.
Ultrasound is widely used for medical diagnosis and increasingly for therapeutic purposes. An understanding of the bio-effects of sonography is important for clinicians and scientists working in the field because permanent damage to biological tissues can occur at high levels of exposure. Here the underlying principles of thermal mechanisms and the physical interactions of ultrasound with biological tissues are reviewed. Adverse health effects derived from cellular studies, animal studies and clinical reports are reviewed to provide insight into the in vitro and in vivo bio-effects of ultrasound.
Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Electronic address: z.izadifar@gmail.com.
Zahra
Z
Izadifar
Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan and Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Paul
P
Babyn
Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Dean
D
Chapman
D000818:Animals; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D000074059:Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
Biological effect; Cavitation; Mechanical effect; Ultrasound