Ethanol concentration in 56 refillable electronic cigarettes liquid formulations determined by headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (HS-GC-FID).
Personal battery-powered vaporizers or electronic cigarettes were developed as an alternative to traditional cigarettes. The modern electronic cigarettes were patented in 2004 by Hon Lik in China. In May 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) imposed regulatory statutes on e-cigarettes and their liquid formulations (e-liquids); prior to that, they were unregulated. E-liquids are typically composed of propylene glycol and/or glycerin, flavouring component(s), and active ingredient(s), such as nicotine. Fifty-six commercially available e-liquids, purchased from various sources, contained a variety of flavours and active ingredients. A headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (HS-GC-FID) method was used to analyze these e-liquids for volatiles content. Only one of the e-liquids listed ethanol as a component. The chromatographic separation of volatiles was performed on a Restek BAC-1 column. A linear calibration was generated for ethanol with limits of detection and quantification (LOD/LOQ) of 0.05 mg/mL. Ethanol concentrations in the 56 e-liquids ranged from none detected to 206 mg/mL. The ethanol determined in these products may have been used in flavourants or a solvent; the reason for inclusion cannot be fully ascertained. The implications of vaporizing ethanol as an e-liquid component are unknown. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Room 754, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.
Justin L
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5470-5717
JL
Poklis
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 403 North 13th Street, Room 620, Richmond, VA, 23298-0165, USA.|Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 Floyd Avenue, Room 2015, Richmond, VA, 23284-3079, USA.
Carl E
CE
Wolf
Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1015 Floyd Avenue, Room 2015, Richmond, VA, 23284-3079, USA.
Michelle R
MR
Peace
D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis*; D005410:Flame Ionization / Q000379:methods; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000032:analysis; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis
D005421:Flavoring Agents; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D000431:Ethanol; D009538:Nicotine
e-liquids; electronic cigarettes; ethanol; headspace-GC-FID