Loss of luteotropic prostaglandin E plays an important role in the regulation of luteolysis in women.
Do intraluteal prostaglandins (PG) contribute to luteal regulation in women?



Prostaglandin E (PGE), which is produced in human granulosa-lutein cells stimulated with luteotropic hCG, exerts similar luteotropic effects to hCG, and the expression of PG synthetic and metabolic enzymes in the human CL is driven toward less PGE but more prostaglandin F (PGF) during luteolysis.



Uterine PGF is a major luteolysin in many non-primate species but not in women. Increases in the PGF synthase, aldo-ketoreductase family one member C3 (AKR1C3), have been observed in the CL of marmoset monkeys during luteolysis. PGE prevents spontaneous or induced luteolysis in domestic animals.



Human CL tissues staged as the early-luteal (n = 6), mid-luteal (n = 6), late-luteal (n = 5) and menstrual (n = 3) phases were obtained at the time of hysterectomy for benign gynecological conditions. Luteinized granulosa cells (LGCs) were purified from follicular fluids obtained from patients undergoing assisted conception.



Upon collection, one half of the CL was snap-frozen and the other was fixed with formalin and processed for immunohistochemical analysis of a PGE synthase (PTGES). Quantitative RT-PCR was employed to examine changes in the mRNA abundance of PG synthetic and metabolic enzymes, steroidogenic enzymes, and luteolytic molecules in the staged human CL and in human LGCs in vitro treated with hCG, PGE and PGF. A PGE withdrawal experiment was also conducted in order to reveal the effects of the loss of PGE in LGCs. Progesterone concentrations in the culture medium were measured.



The key enzyme for PGE synthesis, PTGES mRNA was abundant in the functional CL during the mid-luteal phase (P < 0.01), while mRNA abundance for genes involved in PGF synthesis (AKR1B1 and AKR1C1-3) increased in the CL during the late-luteal phase and menstruation (P < 0.05-0.001). PTGES mRNA expression positively correlated with that of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B1; r = 0.7836, P < 0.001), while AKR1C3 expression inversely correlated with that of HSD3B1 (r = -0.7514, P = 0.0012) and PTGES (r = -0.6923, P = 0.0042). PGE exerted similar effects to hCG-promoting genes, such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) and HSD3B1, to produce progesterone and luteotropic PGE, suppress PGF synthetic enzymes and down-regulate luteolytic molecules such as βA- and βB-inhibin subunits (INHBA and INHBB) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2, BMP4 and BMP6). PGE withdrawal resulted in reductions in the enzymes that produce progesterone (STAR; P < 0.001) and PGE (PTGES; P < 0.001), and the capacity to produce PGE decreased, while the capacity to produce PGF increased during the culture. The addition of PGF did not recapitulate the luteolytic effects of PGE withdrawal.



None.



Changes in mRNA expression of PG synthetic and metabolic enzymes may not represent actual increases in PGF during luteolysis in the CL. The effects of PGF on luteal cells currently remain unclear and the mechanisms responsible for decreases in the synthesis of PGE in vitro and at luteolysis have not been elucidated in detail.



The results obtained strongly support a luteotropic function of PGE in regulation of the human CL. They suggest that the main PG produced in human luteal tissue changes from PGE to PGF during the maturation and regression of the CL, and the loss of PGE is more important than the effects of PGF during luteolysis in women. This may be accompanied by reduced effects of LH/hCG in luteal cells, particularly decreased activation of cAMP/protein kinase A; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.



This study was supported by the Cunningham Trust to WCD, a Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research Abroad from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences to J.N.-K.; W.C.D. is supported by an MRC Centre Grant G1002033 and a Scottish Senior Clinical Fellowship. The authors have nothing to disclose.
Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15-Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
Junko
J
Nio-Kobayashi
Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15-Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
Masataka
M
Kudo
Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15-Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
Noriaki
N
Sakuragi
Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15-Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
Toshihiko
T
Iwanaga
MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EdinburghEH16 4TJ, UK.
W Colin
WC
Duncan
D015089:20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003338:Corpus Luteum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000502:physiology; D034461:Luteinization / Q000502:physiology*; D003341:Luteolysis / Q000235:genetics*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000502:physiology; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D011374:Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D011375:Progesterone Reductase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011458:Prostaglandins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013251:Steroid Isomerases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
C021425:3 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase-delta(5) 3-ketosteroid isomerase; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; C000608036:PGF protein, human; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011458:Prostaglandins E; C103008:inhibin beta A subunit; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D011374:Progesterone; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits; D015089:20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; C115140:3 alpha-beta, 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; D011375:Progesterone Reductase; C484670:AKR1B1 protein, human; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D013251:Steroid Isomerases; C000605862:PTGES protein, human; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases
corpus luteum; hCG; luteinized granulosa cell; luteolysis; prostaglandin