Global trends in esophageal cancer.
OBJECTIVE
Esophageal Cancer (EC) is a lethal malignancy with poor prognosis and significant variations in the incidence, mortality, and histopathology based on geographic regions. The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze these variations to identify patterns and areas for further research.


METHODS
We utilized the GLOBOCAN 2012, and Cancer Incidence in five Continents, Volume X (CI5X) database to analyze variations in EC incidence and mortality.


RESULTS
We found the EC incidence and mortality is geographically varied with a particularly high burden in East Asia and Eastern/Southern Africa where esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) predominates over adenocarcinoma (AC). Interestingly, there is a dichotomy between the high incidence of esophageal SCC in East Africa and low incidence in West Africa. The global incidence and mortality from EC is expected to rise in the coming decades. Asia, and China in particular, will continue to be the areas most burdened by EC, while Africa is expected to surpass the incidence and mortality rates of Europe.


CONCLUSIONS
The global burden of EC is expected to rise in the coming years. Understanding the geographic, environmental, and genetic contributors to the development of EC will be essential in combating its prevalence.
Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
Gautam K
GK
Malhotra
Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
Ujwal
U
Yanala
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Advaitaa
A
Ravipati
Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
Matthew
M
Follet
Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India.
M
M
Vijayakumar
Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
Chandrakanth
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7822-8898
C
Are
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution
Asia; East Africa; adenocarcinoma; esophageal cancer; squamous cell carcinoma