Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis ofAviculariaLamarck, 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) with description of three new aviculariine genera.
The genusAviculariaLamarck, 1818 is revised and all species are rediagnosed. The type species, described asAranea aviculariaLinnaeus, 1758, is the oldest mygalomorph species described and its taxonomic history is extensive and confusing. Cladistic analyses using both equal and implied weights were carried out with a matrix of 46 taxa from seven theraphosid subfamilies, and 71 morphological and ecological characters. The optimal cladogram found with Piwe and concavity = 6 suggestsAviculariaand Aviculariinae are monophyletic. Subfamily Aviculariinae includesAviculariaLamarck, 1818,TyphochlaenaC. L. Koch, 1850,TapinaucheniusAusserer, 1871,StromatopelmaKarsch, 1881,EphebopusSimon, 1892,PsalmopoeusPocock, 1895,HeteroscodraPocock, 1899,IridopelmaPocock, 1901,PachistopelmaPocock, 1901,Ybyraporagen. n.,Caribenagen. n., andAntillenagen. n.The clade is supported by well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi, greatly extended laterally.Aviculariasynapomorphies are juveniles bearing black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles; spermathecae with an accentuated outwards curvature medially, and male palpal bulb with embolus medial portion and tegulum's margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view.Aviculariais composed of twelve species, including three new species:Avicularia avicularia(Linnaeus, 1818),Avicularia glaucaSimon, 1891,Avicularia variegata(F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n.,Avicularia minatrixPocock, 1903,Avicularia taunayi(Mello-Leitão, 1920),Avicularia juruensisMello-Leitão, 1923,Avicularia rufaSchiapelli & Gerschman, 1945,Avicularia purpureaKirk, 1990,Avicularia hirschiiBullmer et al. 2006,Avicularia merianaesp. n.,Avicularia lynnaesp. n., andAvicularia caeisp. n..Aviculariaspecies are distributed throughout Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Three new genera are erected to accommodate formerAviculariaspecies:Caribenagen. n., composed ofCaribena laeta(C. L. Koch, 1842),comb. n.andCaribena versicolor(Walckenaer, 1837),comb. n.;Antillenagen. n., with a single species,Antillena rickwesti(Bertani & Huff, 2013),comb. n., both from the Caribbean; andYbyraporagen. n., composed ofYbyrapora sooretama(Bertani & Fukushima, 2009),comb. n.,Ybyrapora gamba(Bertani & Fukushima, 2009),comb. n.andYbyrapora diversipes(C. L. Koch, 1842),comb. n.from Brazilian rainforest. The subspeciesAvicularia avicularia variegataF. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 is elevated to species status, resulting in the combinationAvicularia variegata(F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896)stat. n.. The following new synonymies are established:Avicularia velutinaSimon 1889,Avicularia exilisStrand, 1907,Avicularia ancylochyraMello-Leitão, 1923,Avicularia cuminamiMello-Leitão, 1930, andAvicularia nigrotaeniataMello-Leitão, 1940 are junior synonyms ofAvicularia avicularia; Avicularia bicegoiMello-Leitão, 1923 is a junior synonym ofAvicularia variegatastat. n., andAvicularia urticansSchmidt, 1994 is a junior synonym ofAvicularia juruensisMello-Leitão, 1923. Species transferred to other genera:Avicularia affinis(Nicolet, 1849) is transferred toEuathlusAusserer, 1875, making the new combinationEuathlus affinis(Nicolet, 1849),comb. n.;Avicularia subvulpinaStrand, 1906 is transferred toGrammostolaSimon, 1892, making the new combinationGrammostola subvulpina(Strand, 1906),comb. n.;Avicularia aymara(Chamberlin, 1916) is transferred toThrixopelmaSchmidt, 1994, making the new combinationThrixopelma aymara(Chamberlin, 1916),comb. n.;Avicularia leporina(C. L. Koch, 1841) andAvicularia plantaris(C. L. Koch, 1842) are transferred toIridopelmaPocock, 1901, making the new combinationsIridopelma leporina(C. L. Koch, 1841),comb. n.andIridopelma plantaris(C. L. Koch, 1842),comb. n.; the two last species are considerednomina dubia. The following species are considerednomina dubia:Avicularia hirsutissima(C. L. Koch, 1842)nomen dubium;Ischnocolus hirsutumAusserer, 1875nomen dubium;Ischnocolus gracilisKeyserling, 1891nomen dubium;Avicularia arabica(Strand, 1908)nomen dubium;Araneus hirtipes(Fabricius, 1787)nomen dubium;Avicularia ochracea(Perty, 1833)nomen dubium;Avicularia walckenaerii(Perty, 1833)nomen dubium;Avicularia testacea(C. L. Koch, 1841)nomen dubium;Avicularia detrita(C. L. Koch, 1842)nomen dubium;Ischnocolus doleschalliAusserer, 1871nomen dubium;Avicularia metallicaAusserer, 1875nomen dubium;Avicularia rapax(Ausserer, 1875)nomen dubium;Avicularia holmbergiThorell, 1890nomen dubium;Avicularia aurantiacaBauer, 1996nomen dubium;Avicularia azuraklaasiTesmoingt, 1996nomen dubium;Avicularia hurianaTesmoingt, 1996nomen dubium;Avicularia ulricheaTesmoingt, 1996nomen dubium;Avicularia braunshauseniTesmoingt, 1999nomen dubium;Avicularia geroldiTesmoingt, 1999nomen dubium;Avicularia sorataeStrand, 1907nomen dubium;Avicularia fasciculataStrand, 1907nomen dubium;Avicularia fasciculata claraStrand, 1907nomen dubium; andAvicularia surinamensisStrand, 1907nomen dubium.Avicularia vestiaria(De Geer, 1778) is considerednomen nudum. Keys are provided for identification of all aviculariine genera, as well as toAvicularia,Caribenagen. n.,Ybyraporagen. n.andAntillenagen. n.species. Maps with records and information on species habitat are also presented. Lectotypes are newly designed forAvicularia avicularia,Avicularia variegatastat. n.,Avicularia juruensis,Caribena laetacomb. n.,Euathlus affiniscomb. n.and a neotype is established forCaribena versicolorcomb. n.
Laboratório Especial de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500 CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
Caroline Sayuri
CS
Fukushima
Laboratório Especial de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500 CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
Rogério
R
Bertani
Birdspider; Linnaeus; Mygalomorphae; morphology; systematics; tarantula