Racial or Ethnic and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Adherence to National Dietary Guidance in a Large Cohort of US Pregnant Women.
BACKGROUND
The significance of periconceptional nutrition for optimizing offspring and maternal health and reducing social inequalities warrants greater understanding of diet quality among US women.


OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to evaluate racial or ethnic and education inequalities in periconceptional diet quality and sources of energy and micronutrients.


METHODS
Cross-sectional analysis of data from the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-Be cohort.


METHODS
Nulliparous women (N=7,511) were enrolled across eight US medical centers from 2010 to 2013.


METHODS
A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire assessing usual dietary intake during the 3 months around conception was self-administered during the first trimester. Diet quality, measured using the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), and sources of energy and micronutrients were the outcomes.


METHODS
Differences in diet quality were tested across maternal racial or ethnic and education groups using F tests associated with analysis of variance and χ2tests.


RESULTS
HEI-2010 score increased with higher education, but the increase among non-Hispanic black women was smaller than among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics (interaction P value <0.0001). For all groups, average scores for HEI-2010 components were below recommendations. Top sources of energy were sugar-sweetened beverages, pasta dishes, and grain desserts, but sources varied by race or ethnicity and education. Approximately 34% of energy consumed was from empty calories (the sum of energy from added sugars, solid fats, and alcohol beyond moderate levels). The primary sources of iron, folate, and vitamin C were juices and enriched breads.


CONCLUSIONS
Diet quality is suboptimal around conception, particularly among women who are non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, or who had less than a college degree. Diet quality could be improved by substituting intakes of refined grains and foods empty in calories with vegetables, peas and beans (legumes), seafood, and whole grains.
Lisa M
LM
Bodnar
Hyagriv N
HN
Simhan
Corette B
CB
Parker
Heather
H
Meier
Brian M
BM
Mercer
William A
WA
Grobman
David M
DM
Haas
Deborah A
DA
Wing
Matthew K
MK
Hoffman
Samuel
S
Parry
Robert M
RM
Silver
George R
GR
Saade
Ronald
R
Wapner
Jay D
JD
Iams
Pathik D
PD
Wadhwa
Michal
M
Elovitz
Alan M
AM
Peaceman
Sean
S
Esplin
Shannon
S
Barnes
Uma M
UM
Reddy
D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D063427:Food Quality; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
D018977:Micronutrients
Diet; Dietary guidance; Healthy Eating Index; Preconception; Pregnancy inequalities