Integrated local binary pattern texture features for classification of breast tissue imaged by optical coherence microscopy.
This paper proposes a texture analysis technique that can effectively classify different types of human breast tissue imaged by Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM). OCM is an emerging imaging modality for rapid tissue screening and has the potential to provide high resolution microscopic images that approach those of histology. OCM images, acquired without tissue staining, however, pose unique challenges to image analysis and pattern classification. We examined multiple types of texture features and found Local Binary Pattern (LBP) features to perform better in classifying tissues imaged by OCM. In order to improve classification accuracy, we propose novel variants of LBP features, namely average LBP (ALBP) and block based LBP (BLBP). Compared with the classic LBP feature, ALBP and BLBP features provide an enhanced encoding of the texture structure in a local neighborhood by looking at intensity differences among neighboring pixels and among certain blocks of pixels in the neighborhood. Fourty-six freshly excised human breast tissue samples, including 27 benign (e.g. fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease and usual ductal hyperplasia) and 19 breast carcinoma (e.g. invasive ductal carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma in situ) were imaged with large field OCM with an imaging area of 10 × 10 mm2(10, 000 × 10, 000 pixels) for each sample. Corresponding H&E histology was obtained for each sample and used to provide ground truth diagnosis. 4310 small OCM image blocks (500 × 500 pixels) each paired with corresponding H&E histology was extracted from large-field OCM images and labeled with one of the five different classes: adipose tissue (n = 347), fibrous stroma (n = 2,065), breast lobules (n = 199), carcinomas (pooled from all sub-types, n = 1,127), and background (regions outside of the specimens, n = 572). Our experiments show that by integrating a selected set of LBP and the two new variant (ALBP and BLBP) features at multiple scales, the classification accuracy increased from 81.7% (using LBP features alone) to 93.8% using a neural network classifier. The integrated feature was also used to classify large-field OCM images for tumor detection. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was obtained with an area under the curve value of 0.959. A sensitivity level of 100% and specificity level of 85.2% was achieved to differentiate benign from malignant samples. Several other experiments also demonstrate the complementary nature of LBP and the two variants (ALBP and BLBP features) and the significance of integrating these texture features for classification. Using features from multiple scales and performing feature selection are also effective mechanisms to improve accuracy while maintaining computational efficiency.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
Sunhua
S
Wan
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Hsiang-Chieh
HC
Lee
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA. Electronic address: xih206@lehigh.edu.
Xiaolei
X
Huang
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
Ting
T
Xu
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
Tao
T
Xu
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
Xianxu
X
Zeng
The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
Zhan
Z
Zhang
Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Yuri
Y
Sheikine
Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
James L
JL
Connolly
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
James G
JG
Fujimoto
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA; Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA; Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA. Electronic address: chaozhou@lehigh.edu.
Chao
C
Zhou
D000465:Algorithms; D001940:Breast / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*
Local binary patterns; Optical coherence microscopy; Texture features; Tissue classification