The association between proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of adverse kidney outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Existing epidemiological studies illustrate that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may be related to adverse kidney outcomes. To date, no comprehensive meta-analysis has been conducted to evaluate and quantify this association.



We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies to assess the association between PPI use and the risk of adverse kidney outcomes. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, SCOPUS, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and grey literature with no language restrictions (through 31 October 2016). Adverse kidney outcomes were acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The risk ratios (RRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random effects model. The strength of evidence (SOE) for each outcome was assessed using the Grading of Recommended Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.



Of 2037 identified studies, four cohort and five case-control studies with ∼2.6 million patients were included. Of these, 534 003 (20.2%) were PPI users. Compared with non-PPI users, PPI users experienced a significantly higher risk of AKI [RR 1.44 (95% CI 1.08-1.91); P = 0.013; SOE, low] and CKD [RR 1.36 (95% CI 1.07-1.72); P = 0.012; SOE, low]. Moreover, PPIs increased the risk of AIN [RR 3.61 (95% CI 2.37-5.51); P < 0.001; SOE, insufficient] and ESRD [RR 1.42 (95% CI 1.28-1.58); P < 0.001; SOE, insufficient].



PPI usage was associated with adverse kidney outcomes; however, these findings were based on observational studies and low-quality evidence. Additional rigorous studies are needed for further clarification.
Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.|Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Clinics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Surapon
S
Nochaiwong
Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.|Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Clinics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Chidchanok
C
Ruengorn
Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.|Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Clinics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Ratanaporn
R
Awiphan
Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.|Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Clinics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Kiatkriangkrai
K
Koyratkoson
Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.|Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Clinics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Chayutthaphong
C
Chaisai
Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Kajohnsak
K
Noppakun
Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Wilaiwan
W
Chongruksut
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|Institute of Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, ICES@UOttawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Kednapa
K
Thavorn
D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012307:Risk Factors
D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors
acute interstitial nephritis; acute kidney injury; chronic kidney disease; meta-analysis; proton pump inhibitor