Biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in clinical practice: an Italian intersocietal roadmap.
Biomarkers of brain amyloidosis and neurodegeneration/synaptic dysfunction are featured in recent diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Several gaps in our knowledge, however, need to be filled before they can be adopted clinically. The aim of this article is to describe a roadmap, developed by a multidisciplinary task force, to rationally implement biomarkers for Italian Memory Clinics. This roadmap is based on a framework comprising 5 sequential phases: identification of leads for potentially useful biomarkers; development of clinical assays for clinical disease; evaluation of detection of early stages; definition of operating characteristics in relevant populations; and estimation of reducing disease-associated mortality, morbidity, and disability. The roadmap was devised by identifying current evidence of validity, still missing evidence, and action needed to collect this missing evidence. With appropriate adaptation to local, country-specific circumstances, the roadmap can be translated to other countries.
IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic - Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: giovanni.frisoni@gmail.com.
Giovanni B
GB
Frisoni
Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Nuclear Medicine Unit San Raffaele Hospital, Division of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Italian Association of Nuclear Medicine (AIMN).
Daniela
D
Perani
Neuroradiology, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, IRCCS Casimiro Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Italian Association of Neuroradiology (AINR).
Stefano
S
Bastianello
UO Patologia clinica e Genetica medica, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy; Italian Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology (SIBioC).
Gaetano
G
Bernardi
IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Bioethics and Palliative Care Study Group of the Italian Society of Neurology.
Corinna
C
Porteri
IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Marina
M
Boccardi
IUSS Pavia and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Italian Neuropsychological Society (SINP).
Stefano F
SF
Cappa
Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy; Italian PsychogeriatricsAssociation (AIP).
Marco
M
Trabucchi
Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Italian Society of Neurology - Association for the Study of the Dementias (SINdem).
Alessandro
A
Padovani
D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*
D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D016875:tau Proteins
Alzheimer; Biomarkers; Diagnosis; Validation