Sewage sludge disposal strategies for sustainable development.
The main objective of the present review is to compare the existing sewage sludge management solutions in terms of their environmental sustainability. The most commonly used strategies, that include treatment and disposal has been favored within the present state-of-art, considering existing legislation (at European and national level), characterization, ecotoxicology, waste management and actual routs used currently in particular European countries. Selected decision making tools, namely End-of-waste criteria and Life Cycle Assessment has been proposed in order to appropriately assess the possible environmental, economic and technical evaluation of different systems. Therefore, some basic criteria for the best suitable option selection has been described, in the circular economy "from waste to resources" sense. The importance of sewage sludge as a valuable source of matter and energy has been appreciated, as well as a potential risk related to the application of those strategies.
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology (CUT), Czestochowa, Poland.
Małgorzata
M
Kacprzak
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology (CUT), Czestochowa, Poland.
Ewa
E
Neczaj
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology (CUT), Czestochowa, Poland.
Krzysztof
K
Fijałkowski
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology (CUT), Czestochowa, Poland.
Anna
A
Grobelak
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology (CUT), Czestochowa, Poland.
Anna
A
Grosser
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology (CUT), Czestochowa, Poland.
Małgorzata
M
Worwag
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology (CUT), Czestochowa, Poland. Electronic address: agnieszkarorat@gmail.com.
Agnieszka
A
Rorat
Industrial Ecology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
Helge
H
Brattebo
Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway.
Åsgeir
Å
Almås
Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Aas, Norway.
Bal Ram
BR
Singh
D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005060:Europe; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
D012722:Sewage
LCA; Sewage sludge; Waste management; Wastewater treatment plants