The Role of Peganum harmala Ethanolic Extract and Type II Toxin Antitoxin System in Biofilm Formation.
Toxin antitoxin system is a regulatory system that antitoxin inhibits the toxin. We aimed to determine the role of TA loci in biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae clinical and environmental isolates; also inhibition of biofilm formation by Peganum harmala. So, 40 K. pneumoniae clinical and environmental isolates were subjected for PCR to determine the frequency of mazEF, relEB, and mqsRA TA loci. Biofilm formation assay subjected for all isolates. Then, P. harmala was tested against positive biofilm formation strains. Our results demonstrated that relBE TA loci were dominant TA loci; whereas mqsRA TA loci were negative in all isolates. The most environmental isolates showed weak and no biofilm formation while strong and moderate biofilm formation observed in clinical isolates. Biofilm formations by K. pneumoniae in 9 ug/ml concentration were inhibited by P. harmala. In vivo study suggested to be performed to introduce Peganum harmala as anti-biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae.
Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Nasrin
N
Valizadeh
Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Firuzeh
F
Valian
Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Nourkhoda
N
Sadeghifard
Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Shahriar
S
Karami
Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Iraj
I
Pakzad
Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Hossein
H
Kazemian
Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.|Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
Sobhan
S
Ghafourian
D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000378:metabolism*; D032443:Peganum / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000075704:Toxin-Antitoxin Systems
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000431:Ethanol