title: Supporting Evidence-Informed Teaching in Biomedical and Health Professions Education Through Knowledge Translation: An Interdisciplinary Literature Review.
abstract: Phenomenon: The purpose of "systematic" reviews/reviewers of medical and health professions educational research is to identify best practices. This qualitative article explores the question of whether systematic reviews can support "evidence informed" teaching and contrasts traditional systematic reviewing with a knowledge translation (KT) approach to this objective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Degrees of freedom analysis (DOFA) is used to examine the alignment of systematic review methods with educational research and the pedagogical strategies and approaches that might be considered with a decision-making framework developed to support valid assessment. This method is also used to explore how KT can be used to inform teaching and learning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nature of educational research is not compatible with most (11/14) methods for systematic review. The inconsistency of systematic reviewing with the nature of educational research impedes both the identification and implementation of "best-evidence" pedagogy and teaching. This is primarily because research questions that do support the purposes of review do not support educational decision making. By contrast to systematic reviews of the literature, both a DOFA and KT are fully compatible with informing teaching using evidence. A DOFA supports the translation of theory to a specific teaching or learning case, so could be considered a type of KT. The DOFA results in a test of alignment of decision options with relevant educational theory, and KT leads to interventions in teaching or learning that can be evaluated. Examples of how to structure evaluable interventions are derived from a KT approach that are simply not available from a systematic review. Insights: Systematic reviewing of current empirical educational research is not suitable for deriving or supporting best practices in education. However, both "evidence-informed" and scholarly approaches to teaching can be supported as KT projects, which are inherently evaluable and can generate actionable evidence about whether the decision or intervention worked for students, instructors, and the institution. A DOFA can also support evidence- and theory-informed teaching to develop an understanding of what works, why, and for whom. Thus KT, but not systematic reviewing, can support decision making around pedagogy (and pedagogical innovation) that can also inform new teaching and learning initiatives; it can also point to new avenues of empirical research in education that are informed by, and can inform, theory.
authors.affiliation: a Departments of Neurology; Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics; and Rehabilitation Medicine , Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA.
authors.forename: Rochelle E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tractenberg
authors.affiliation: b Welfare, Professionalism, Transition and Careers , University of Central Lancashire , Preston , Lancashire , UK.
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D004501:Education, Medical; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D006801:Humans; D058025:Interdisciplinary Studies; D013663:Teaching; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical
keywords: Knowledge translation; education research; evidence-informed teaching; systematic reviews