title: Sox2 is dispensable for primary melanoma and metastasis formation.
abstract: Tumor initiation and metastasis formation in many cancers have been associated with emergence of a gene expression program normally active in embryonic or organ-specific stem cells. In particular, the stem cell transcription factor Sox2 is not only expressed in a variety of tumors, but is also required for their formation. Melanoma, the most aggressive skin tumor, derives from melanocytes that during development originate from neural crest stem cells. While neural crest stem cells do not express Sox2, expression of this transcription factor has been reported in melanoma. However, the role of Sox2 in melanoma is controversial. To study the requirement of Sox2 for melanoma formation, we therefore performed CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene inactivation in human melanoma cells. In addition, we conditionally inactivated Sox2 in a genetically engineered mouse model, in which melanoma spontaneously develops in the context of an intact stroma and immune system. Surprisingly, in both models, loss of Sox2 did neither affect melanoma initiation, nor growth, nor metastasis formation. The lack of a tumorigenic role of Sox2 in melanoma might reflect a distinct stem cell program active in neural crest stem cells and during melanoma formation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Segalada
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonalli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Parfejevs
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Levesque
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dummer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Nicolis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D051379:Mice; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C527782:SOX2 protein, human; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; C527783:Sox2 protein, mouse