title: Managing workplace stress in community pharmacy organisations: lessons from a review of the wider stress management and prevention literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Workplace stress in community pharmacy is increasing internationally due, in part, to pharmacists' expanding roles and escalating workloads. Whilst the business case for preventing and managing workplace stress by employers is strong, there is little evidence for the effectiveness of organisational stress management interventions in community pharmacy settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify and synthesise existing evidence for the effectiveness of organisational solutions to workplace stress from the wider organisational literature which may be adaptable to community pharmacies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary synthesis of existing reviews. Publications were identified through keyword searches of electronic databases and the internet; inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied; data about setting, intervention, method of evaluation, effectiveness and conclusions (including factors for success) were extracted and synthesised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen reviews of the stress management and prevention literature were identified. A comprehensive list of organisational interventions to prevent or manage workplace stress, ordered by prevalence of evidence of effectiveness, was produced, together with an ordered list of the benefits both to the individual and employing organisation. An evidence-based model of best practice was derived specifying eight factors for success: top management support, context-specific interventions, combined organisational and individual interventions, a participative approach, clearly delineated tasks and responsibilities, buy-in from middle management, change agents as facilitators and change in organisational culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This literature review provides community pharmacy organisations with evidence from which to develop effective and successful stress management strategies to support pharmacists and pharmacy staff. Well-designed trials of stress management interventions in community pharmacy organisations are still required.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6199-5748
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Sheena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hassell
mesh_terms: D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003376:Counseling / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D000073397:Occupational Stress / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology*; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology
keywords: community pharmacy; literature review; stress management; workplace stress