title: First Female-to-Male Facial Confirmation Surgery with Description of a New Procedure for Masculinization of the Thyroid Cartilage (Adam's Apple).
abstract: Although male-to-female transgender patients commonly seek facial feminization surgery, facial masculinization surgery in the female-to-male transgender population is unreported in the literature. This report documents the first known female-to-male facial masculinization surgery, including a new technique for creating an "Adam's apple" to enhance the facial masculine appearance of a natal female. The authors "reversed" the methods typically used to feminize male facial features, and modified the forehead, nose, and chin to masculinize the patient's natal female facial features. The authors devised a novel technique to augment the thyroid cartilage using autologous rib cartilage to create a visible Adam's apple. Initially, masculinization of the chin was accomplished with a multisegment chin osteotomy with grafts to vertically expand and widen the chin along with correcting pronounced microgenia. Subsequently, a second facial masculinization procedure was performed to masculinize the forehead, nose, and thyroid cartilage. Rib cartilage was harvested and carved into an appropriately shaped thyroid cartilage onlay graft and then attached and integrated with the native thyroid cartilage, creating a fully mobile cartilage that translocates up and down with swallowing and a visible Adam's apple. Previously described techniques to masculinize the facial features of natal male patients were adapted to masculinize the female-to-male patient. Those procedures were combined with the novel technique to create a visually perceptible and naturally mobile Adam's apple in the female-to-male transsexual patient. Collectively, these described procedures can now provide most female-to-male transsexual patients with a satisfying transformation of their facial features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic, V.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco, Calif.|From private practice, California Pacific Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, and the University of California, San Francisco Center for Craniofacial Anomalies.
authors.forename: Jordan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Deschamps-Braly
authors.affiliation: San Francisco, Calif.|From private practice, California Pacific Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, and the University of California, San Francisco Center for Craniofacial Anomalies.
authors.forename: Caitlin L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sacher
authors.affiliation: San Francisco, Calif.|From private practice, California Pacific Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, and the University of California, San Francisco Center for Craniofacial Anomalies.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fick
authors.affiliation: San Francisco, Calif.|From private practice, California Pacific Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, and the University of California, San Francisco Center for Craniofacial Anomalies.
authors.forename: Douglas K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ousterhout
mesh_terms: D066186:Costal Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation*; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D057830:Gender-Affirming Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D013957:Thyroid Cartilage / Q000601:surgery*