title: Targeting TNF and TNF Receptor Pathway in HIV-1 Infection: from Immune Activation to Viral Reservoirs.
abstract: Several cellular functions such as apoptosis, cellular proliferation, inflammation, and immune regulation involve the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)/TNF receptor (TNFR) pathway. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) interacts with the TNF/TNFR pathway. The activation of the TNF/TNFR pathway impacts HIV-1 replication, and the TNF/TNFR pathway is the target of HIV-1 proteins. A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is immune activation and inflammation with increased levels of TNF in the plasma and the tissues. Therefore, the control of the TNF/TNFR pathway by new therapeutic approaches could participate in the control of immune activation and impact both viral replication and viral persistence. In this review, we will describe the intricate interplay between HIV-1 proteins and TNF/TNFR signaling and how TNF/TNFR activation modulates HIV-1 replication and discuss new therapeutic approaches, especially anti-TNF therapy, that could control this pathway and ultimately favor the clearance of infected cells to cure HIV-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comte, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC), CHRU Besançon, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France. sebastien.pasquereau@univ-fcomte.fr.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pasquereau
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comte, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC), CHRU Besançon, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France. amit.aiims2005@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comte, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC), CHRU Besançon, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France. georges.herbein@univ-fcomte.fr.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Herbein
mesh_terms: D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; C439524:TNF protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: HIV-1; TNF; TNF receptor; anti-TNF therapy; immune activation; reservoirs