title: Structured Learning for 3-D Perivascular Space Segmentation Using Vascular Features.
abstract: The goal of this paper is to automatically segment perivascular spaces (PVSs) in brain from high-resolution 7T magnetic resonance (MR) images.
  
  
  
  We propose a structured-learning-based segmentation framework to extract the PVSs from high-resolution 7T MR images. Specifically, we integrate three types of vascular filter responses into a structured random forest for classifying voxels into two categories, i.e., PVS and background. In addition, we propose a novel entropy-based sampling strategy to extract informative samples in the background for training an explicit classification model. Since the vascular filters can extract various vascular features, even thin and low-contrast structures can be effectively extracted from noisy backgrounds. Moreover, continuous and smooth segmentation results can be obtained by utilizing patch-based structured labels.
  
  
  
  The performance of our proposed method is evaluated on 19 subjects with 7T MR images, with the Dice similarity coefficient reaching 66%.
  
  
  
  The joint use of entropy-based sampling strategy, vascular features, and structured learning can improve the segmentation accuracy.
  
  
  
  Instead of manual annotation, our method provides an automatic way for PVS segmentation. Moreover, our method can be potentially used for other vascular structure segmentation because of its data-driven property.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yaozong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Sang Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Xiaopeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zong
authors.forename: Weili
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Dinggang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003663:Decision Trees; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*