title: Do Patients with Pre-Existing Psychiatric Illness Have an Increased Risk of Infection after Injury?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trauma remains a leading cause of death and long term-morbidity. We have shown that patients who sustain traumatic injuries are at increased risk for the development of infectious complications. Psychiatric illnesses (PIs) are also noted to occur frequently among the general population. The presence of a PI has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of infections. Despite the prevalence of both traumatic injuries and psychiatric diseases, there are little data relating the impact of PI on the outcome of patients with trauma. We hypothesize that the presence of a PI will be associated with an increased risk of an infection developing after injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a five year retrospective chart review of all admitted patients with trauma age 18 years and older. Patients with and without a major psychiatric illness were compared. Demographic data, mechanism of injury and Injury Severity Score (ISS) were reviewed. Co-morbidities included diabetes mellitus, obesity, pre-injury steroid use, and International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, based psychiatric illness. All infections were diagnosed by microbiologic criteria (urinary tract infection [UTI], ventilator-associated pneumonia) or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for clinically evident infections (surgical site infection).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 11,147 admitted trauma patients, 14.5% had a pre-injury PI diagnosis. The PI patients were older (61.5 ± 0.5 vs. 54.3; p < 0.001), more often female (56% vs. 39.1%; p < 0.001), and had no difference in blunt mechanism rates (88.4% vs. 89.9%; p = 0.06) or median ISS (9 vs. 9; p = 0.06). There was no difference between PI and non-PI patients in pre-injury diabetes mellitus (13.4% vs. 12.7%; p = 0.4), steroid use (2.5% vs. 1.9%; p = 0.1), but patients with PI were more likely to be obese (15.7% vs. 13.6%; p = 0.03). Patients with PI were more likely to have an infection develop (10.4% vs. 7.5%; p < 0.001). The most common infection in both groups was UTI (6.9% vs. 4.2%; p < 0.001). Compared with non-PI patients, adjusting for age, gender, ISS, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, patients with PI were more likely to have an infection develop (odds ratio 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-1.5) Conclusions: Patients with an underlying PI are at increased risk of having a UTI after traumatic injury. This study identifies a previously unknown independent risk factor for UTIs in patients with trauma. This stresses the need for increased awareness and attention to this vulnerable population.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School at Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Karlin
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School at Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Hector R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Nunez
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School at Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Shiliang A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School at Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Daithi S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Heffernan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School at Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Sean F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Monaghan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School at Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Tareq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kheirbek
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School at Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School at Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Stephen
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*