title: Influence of Feeding Types during the First Months of Life on Calciuria Levels in Healthy Infants: A Secondary Analysis from a Randomized Clinical Trial.
abstract: Dietary factors can modify calciuria. We aim to investigate urinary calcium excretion in healthy infants according to their protein.
  
  
  
  Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial where healthy term infants were randomized after birth to a higher (HP) or lower (LP) protein content formula that was consumed until age 1 year. A non-randomized group of breastfed (BF) infants was used for reference. Anthropometry, dietary intakes and calciuria (calcium/creatinine ratios) from spot urine samples were assessed at ages 3 and 6 months. At 6 months, the kidney volumes were assessed using ultrasonography, and the serum urea and creatinine levels were determined.
  
  
  
  BF infants showed the highest calciuria levels, followed by the HP and the LP groups (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Either protein intakes or formula types modulated the calciuria in linear regression models adjusted for other influencing dietary factors. The usual cut-off values classified 37.8% (BF), 16.8% (HP) and 4.9% (LP) of the infants as hypercalciuric.
  
  
  
  Feeding types during the first months of life affect calciuria, with BF infants presenting the highest levels. We propose new cut-off values, based on feeding types, to prevent the overestimation in hypercalciuria diagnoses among BF infants.
authors.affiliation: Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferré
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rubio-Torrents
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Luque
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Closa-Monasterolo
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grote
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Socha
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gruszfeld
authors.forename: Jean Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Langhendries
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sengier
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verduci
authors.forename: Joaquin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escribano
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Calciuria; Feeding type; Infants; Protein intake