title: Establishing human heart chromium, cobalt and vanadium concentrations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chromium, cobalt, and vanadium are used in metallic joint prosthesis. Case studies have associated elevated heart tissue cobalt concentrations with myocardial injury. To document the long term heart metal ion concentrations, a validated inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) method was needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method utilized a closed-vessel microwave digestion system to digest the samples. An ICP-MS method utilizing Universal Cell Technology was used to determine our target analyte concentrations. Accuracy was verified using reference materials. Precision, sensitivity, recovery and linearity studies were performed. This method was used to establish a reference range for a non-implant containing cohort of 80 autopsy human heart tissues RESULTS: This method demonstrated an analytic measurement range of 0.5-100ng/mL for each element. Accuracy was within ±10% of target value for each element. Within-run precision for each element was below 20% CV. The chromium, vanadium and cobalt concentrations (mean±SD) were 0.1523±0.2157μg/g, 0.0094±0.0211μg/g and 0.1039±0.1305μg/g respectively in 80 non-implant containing human heart tissue samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method provides acceptable recovery of the chromium, cobalt and vanadium in heart tissue; allowing assessment of the effects of metallic joint prosthesis on myocardial health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: day.patrick@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: eckdahl.steven@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Eckdahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: maleszewski.joseph@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Maleszewski
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: tcarsonwright@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: murray.david@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D003035:Cobalt / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008872:Microwaves; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014639:Vanadium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014639:Vanadium; D002857:Chromium; D003035:Cobalt
keywords: Chromium; Cobalt; Heart tissue; ICP-MS; Reference ranges; Vanadium