title: Current status of stress myocardial perfusion imaging pharmaceuticals and radiation exposure in Japan: Results from a nationwide survey.
abstract: Ionizing radiation generated during medical imaging procedures is a matter of concern. However, the current status of radiopharmaceutical use in stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and the radiation exposure from these radiopharmaceuticals is unknown in Japan.
  
  
  
  A nationwide survey was conducted from June through July 2016. The questionnaires on the radiopharmaceuticals used and their administered doses during stress MPI were sent to 641 nuclear medicine facilities. The responses were collected from 431 facilities and the effective dose (ED) for an adult with standard body weight was calculated. Forty-three percent of the facilities used only201TlCl, 35% used only99mTc radiopharmaceuticals, and the remaining 22% used both. The two main reasons for using201TlCl instead of99mTc radiopharmaceuticals were "more familiarity with the usage of201TlCl than99mTc radiopharmaceuticals" and "apprehension about increasing the burden of physicians performing tracer injection twice." The mean ED was 14.0 ± 5.5 mSv (range, 3.9 to 25.2 mSv), which was higher than that reported in other countries.
  
  
  
  The ED of stress MPI radiopharmaceuticals in Japan is probably higher than the world standard because more than 50% of the facilities still use201TlCl. We recommend revising the routine stress MPI protocol to reduce the effects of ionizing radiation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Narumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Mio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takaesu
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. kfukuchi@ga2.so-net.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuchi
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
keywords: Japan; Myocardial perfusion imaging; SPECT; radiation dose