title: High-dose vitamin D after lung transplantation: A randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D may have innate immunomodulatory functions with potentially beneficial therapeutic effects in lung transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single-center, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, prevention trial of once-monthly oral vitamin D (cholecalciferol; 100,000 IU, n = 44) vs placebo (n = 43) during 2 years in adult lung transplant recipients enrolled from October 2010 to August 2013. Primary outcome was prevalence of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) 3 years after transplantation. Secondary outcomes included overall survival, prevalence of acute rejection, lymphocytic bronchiolitis and infection, lung function, pulmonary and systemic inflammation, and bone mineral density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All included patients underwent bilateral lung transplantation and were mostly middle-aged men with prior smoking-related emphysema. Levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D after 1 year (p < .001) and 2 years (p < .001) were significantly higher in the vitamin D group compared with the placebo group. No difference was observed for CLAD prevalence (p = 0.7) or CLAD-free survival between both groups (p = 0.7). Secondary outcomes were overall comparable between both groups (all p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Once-monthly oral vitamin D supplementation after lung transplantation fails to demonstrate a significant difference in CLAD prevalence, innate immunomodulatory, or a beneficial clinical effect compared with placebo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: robin.vos@uzleuven.be.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruttens
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stijn E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Verleden
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elly
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vandermeulen
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bellon
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Herck
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Annelore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sacreas
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heigl
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schaevers
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Thoracic Surgery, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dirk E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Van Raemdonck
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Eric K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Verbeken
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Arne P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Neyrinck
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lieven J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yserbyt
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bart M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Vanaudenaerde
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Geert M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Verleden
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055031:Primary Graft Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: chronic lung allograft dysfunction; lung transplantation; outcome; prevention; vitamin D