title: Link between healthy lifestyle and psychological well-being in Lithuanian adults aged 45-72: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: This study uses a cross-sectional study design to analyse the connection between psychological well-being (PWB) and components of a healthy lifestyle in the Lithuanian population aged 45-72. The purpose of our study is to establish the links between PWB and lifestyle factors such as physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and dietary patterns in people above the age of 44.
  
  
  
  A stratified sample of 10 940 urban citizens aged 45-72 years were randomly selected from the National Population Register. The response rate was 65%.
  
  
  
  PWB was evaluated by using a Control Autonomy Self-realization and Pleasure (CASP-12) questionnaire. The standard questionnaire included questions regarding the respondent's sociodemographic, socioeconomic and social status. The lifestyle questionnaire evaluated behavioural factors as smoking status, alcohol consumption, nutrition habits and physical activity. Objective measurements of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were taken.
  
  
  
  Adjusted for sociodemographic, socioeconomic, social and biological CVD risk factors, the probability of higher PWB increased for physically active men and women and male former smokers. Higher PWB was directly associated with consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits. Responders who consumed potatoes, meat, boiled vegetables and eggs less frequently than average were more likely to have higher PWB. A direct association was ascertained between PWB and consumption of chicken and fish, as well as an inverse association between PWB and consumption of sweets in women.
  
  
  
  Healthy lifestyle education efforts should focus on increasing physical activity, controlling smoking and improving diversity in healthy food consumption including the consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits, particularly among older adults with lower PWB.
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology Department, Institute of Cardiology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sapranaviciute-Zabazlajeva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luksiene
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Virviciute
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bobak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Abdonas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamosiunas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D000070497:Healthy Lifestyle; D006801:Humans; D008097:Lithuania / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D058992:Social Participation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; MENTAL HEALTH; NUTRITION & DIETETICS; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH