title: Reduced blood flow through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses during exercise in lowlanders acclimatizing to high altitude.
abstract: What is the central question of this study? The aim was to determine, using the technique of agitated saline contrast echocardiography, whether exercise after 4-7 days at 5050 m would affect blood flow through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (Q̇IPAVA) compared with exercise at sea level. What is the main finding and its importance? Despite a significant increase in both cardiac output and pulmonary pressure during exercise at high altitude, there is very little Q̇IPAVA at rest or during exercise after 4-7 days of acclimatization. Mathematical modelling suggests that bubble instability at high altitude is an unlikely explanation for the reduced Q̇IPAVA. Blood flow through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (Q̇IPAVA) is elevated during exercise at sea level (SL) and at rest in acute normobaric hypoxia. After high altitude (HA) acclimatization, resting Q̇IPAVA is similar to that at SL, but it is unknown whether this is true during exercise at HA. We reasoned that exercise at HA (5050 m) would exacerbate Q̇IPAVA as a result of heightened pulmonary arterial pressure. Using a supine cycle ergometer, seven healthy adults free from intracardiac shunts underwent an incremental exercise test at SL [25, 50 and 75% of SL peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2 peak )] and at HA (25 and 50% of SL V̇O2 peak ). Echocardiography was used to determine cardiac output (Q̇) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), and agitated saline contrast was used to determine Q̇IPAVA (bubble score; 0-5). The principal findings were as follows: (i) Q̇ was similar at SL rest (3.9 ± 0.47 l min-1) compared with HA rest (4.5 ± 0.49 l min-1; P = 0.382), but increased from rest during both SL and HA exercise (P < 0.001); (ii) PASP increased from SL rest (19.2 ± 0.7 mmHg) to HA rest (33.7 ± 2.8 mmHg; P = 0.001) and, compared with SL, PASP was further elevated during HA exercise (P = 0.003); (iii) Q̇IPAVA was increased from SL rest (0) to HA rest (median = 1; P = 0.04) and increased from resting values during SL exercise (P < 0.05), but was unchanged during HA exercise (P = 0.91), despite significant increases in Q̇ and PASP. Theoretical modelling of microbubble dissolution suggests that the lack of Q̇IPAVA in response to exercise at HA is unlikely to be caused by saline contrast instability.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Lindsey M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Boulet
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Lovering
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Tymko
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Trevor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stembridge
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Trang Anh
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Ainslie
authors.affiliation: Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Glen E
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4110-9574
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D001163:Arteriovenous Anastomosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000502:physiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology
keywords: contrast dissolution; exercise; high altitude; intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses