title: A programmable smoke delivery device for PET imaging with cigarettes containing11C-nicotine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  PET imaging with11C-nicotine-loaded cigarettes is a valuable tool to directly assess fast nicotine kinetics and its neuropharmacological role in tobacco dependence. To eliminate variations among puffs inhaled by subjects, this work aimed to develop a programmable smoke delivery device (SDD) to produce highly reproducible and adjustable puffs of cigarette smoke for PET experiments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SDD was built around a programmable syringe pump as a smoking machine to draw a puff of smoke from a11C-nicotine-loaded cigarette and make it available for a subject to take the smoke into the mouth and then inhale it during PET data acquisition. Brain nicotine time activity curves and total body absorbed11C-nicotine doses (TAD) were measured in smokers who inhaled a single puff of smoke via the SDD from a11C-nicotine-loaded cigarette.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly identical brain nicotine kinetics were observed between participants who inhaled a puff of smoke through the SDD and those who inhaled directly from a cigarette.
  
  
  METHODS
  This new device minimizes puff variations that exist with earlier smoke delivery apparatuses which could introduce confounding factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SDD is effective in delivering11C-nicotine from the study cigarettes. Despite a 2-s increase in aging of smoke delivered through the SDD versus smoke taken directly from a cigarette, the difference in brain nicotine kinetics after11C-nicotine delivery with and without use of the SDD is negligible. This refined device may be useful for future research on the deposition and pharmacokinetics of nicotine inhaled with tobacco smoke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 201, Mail code 2701, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
authors.forename: Yantao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Pradeep K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Rachid
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nazih
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 201, Mail code 2701, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
authors.forename: Jed E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 201, Mail code 2701, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
authors.forename: Thangaraju
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murugesan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 201, Mail code 2701, Durham, NC 27705, USA. Electronic address: a.mukhin@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Alexey G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Mukhin
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000073865:Cigarette Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012906:Smoke; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012906:Smoke; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: (11)C-nicotine; Brain nicotine kinetics; PET; Smoke delivery device; Smoking