title: Anti-coagulative and gastrointestinal motility regulative activities of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and its effective fractions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (FAI) has been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years, which also has been found to have effects on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in recent years. The current study aimed at investigating the anti-coagulative and gastrointestinal motility regulative activities of different fractions isolated from FAI, which may have both effects on gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, in the manners of network pharmacology analysis and experiments in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained water decoction, volatile oils, alkaloids and flavonoids from FAI, which were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Network pharmacological analysis was used to explore the relationship between the various types of chemical constituents, gene target and biological pathways of FAI. Then, the effective fractions in terms of anti-coagulative and gastrointestinal motility regulative activities were investigated by the experiment of rabbit intestinal smooth muscles contraction, mice small intestine propulsion rate and blood-clotting time, and verified by the blood stasis model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the Network pharmacological analysis, the flavonoids were predicted to be the main active ingredients on gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. Experimental results also showed that flavonoids could significantly increase the small intestine propulsion rate and extend the blood-clotting time of mice. The Flavonoids could alleviate the increased fractional shortening (FS), left ventricular outflow, hematocrit and fibrinogen, and ameliorate the pathological changes of myocardial tissues caused by blood stasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicated that flavonoids in FAI might be the main effective fractions on gastrointestinal motility and anti-coagulation.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Wangxiao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Zhaojian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China. Electronic address: wxy@tjutcm.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006400:Hematocrit; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D005419:Flavonoids; C000611371:fructus aurantii immaturus; D005340:Fibrinogen
keywords: Anti-coagulative; Cardiovascular diseases; Flavonoids; Fructus Aurantii Immaturus; Gastrointestinal disorders