title: Spatial molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant and New Delhi metallo beta-lactamase (blaNDM)-producing Escherichia coli in the piglets of organized farms in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 government-organized pig farms between 2014 and 2016 representing seven states of India to understand the epidemiology of carbapenem resistance in the Escherichia coli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, fecal sample (n = 673) from non-diarrheic (n = 501) and diarrheic (n = 172) piglets were processed for isolation of carbapenem resistant E. coli. Of 673, E. coli isolate (n = 112) was genotyped for confirming the carbapenem resistance and associated virulence factors. Of the 112 isolates, 23 were phenotypically resistant to carbapenem and 8 were carrying the New Delhi metallo beta-lactamase (blaNDM) gene. The carbapenem-resistant isolates also produced extended spectrum beta-lactamases and were multidrug resistant. The PCR-based pathotyping revealed the presence of stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA genes. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR dendrogram analysis of the isolates yielded three distinct clusters. The statistical analysis revealed no association between carriages of carbapenem-resistant E. coli in different breed of piglets however, location, sex, health status of piglets and age showed significant difference. The spatial analysis with SaTScan helped in identification of carbapenem-resistant clusters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of carbapenem resistant E. coli isolates with virulence genes in the piglet poses a potential public health risk through possible access and spread via the food chain and environment. Efflux pump may also play an important role in carbapenem resistance in piglet E. coli isolates. Furthermore, identification of risk factors in relation to spatial clusters will help in designing preventive strategies for reducing the risk of spread of carbapenem resistant bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. Piglets harbor carbapenem resistant E. coli and have great public health significance. 2. Apart from carbapenemase, efflux pump is also important for carbapenem resistance. 3. This is the first report of blaNDM in the piglets from India.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Pruthvishree
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Vinodh Kumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Y P S
authors.initials: YPS
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Z B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Dubal
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Desingu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Hassan, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shivakumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krishnaswamy
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D000072480:Farms; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015780:Carbapenems; D037521:Virulence Factors; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C552864:beta-lactamase NDM-1; C063912:carbapenemase
keywords: E. coli; India; blaNDM; carbapenemase; piglets; spatial epidemiological analysis