title: Comparison Between Urinalysis Results and Self-Reported Heroin Use Among Patients Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment in China.
abstract: The validity and concordance of two main measures of drug use behavior, self-report and urinalysis, has long been discussed. More understanding is needed about the underlying factors associated with discordance between these two methods.
  
  
  
  Describe the pattern and associated factors of discordance between self-reported heroin use and the urinalysis results of opiate use among methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) patients in China.
  
  
  
  A total of 2,448 MMT patients from 68 clinics in five provinces of China participated in a survey, which collected information on demographics, drug use and MMT-related factors, depressive symptoms, and drug avoidance self-efficacy. The most recent urine morphine test result was obtained from medical records and compared with self-reported heroin use. Participants who had urinalysis within 14 days of the survey were included in the analysis.
  
  
  
  Among the 1,092 participants, 70 (6.4%) self-reported heroin use and 195 (17.9%) had positive urinalysis results. The over-reporters group had significantly higher education, and the under-reporters had significantly higher level of drug-avoidance self-efficacy and lower level of depressive symptoms. Among the participants who either self-reported heroin use or had positive urinalysis results, being young, having higher education, and having lower level of depressive symptoms were associated with discordance between self-reports and urinalysis results.
  
  
  
  The combination of both measures in assessing drug use behavior seems necessary. The validity of self-report should be considered differently based on demographic and psychosocial characteristics.
authors.affiliation: a Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , USA.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , USA.
authors.forename: Li-Jung
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: a Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , USA.
authors.forename: Chunqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: a Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior , University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , USA.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: b National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention , Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Zunyou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000652:urine*; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D057566:Self Report; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine; D008691:Methadone
keywords: Heroin use; methadone maintenance therapy; self-report; urinalysis