title: The Behavior Pain Assessment Tool for critically ill adults: a validation study in 28 countries.
abstract: Many critically ill adults are unable to communicate their pain through self-report. The study purpose was to validate the use of the 8-item Behavior Pain Assessment Tool (BPAT) in patients hospitalized in 192 intensive care units from 28 countries. A total of 4812 procedures in 3851 patients were included in data analysis. Patients were assessed with the BPAT before and during procedures by 2 different raters (mostly nurses and physicians). Those who were able to self-report were asked to rate their pain intensity and pain distress on 0 to 10 numeric rating scales. Interrater reliability of behavioral observations was supported by moderate (0.43-0.60) to excellent (>0.60) kappa coefficients. Mixed effects multilevel logistic regression models showed that most behaviors were more likely to be present during the procedure than before and in less sedated patients, demonstrating discriminant validation of the tool use. Regarding criterion validation, moderate positive correlations were found during procedures between the mean BPAT scores and the mean pain intensity (r = 0.54) and pain distress (r = 0.49) scores (P < 0.001). Regression models showed that all behaviors were significant predictors of pain intensity and pain distress, accounting for 35% and 29% of their total variance, respectively. A BPAT cut-point score >3.5 could classify patients with or without severe levels (≥8) of pain intensity and distress with sensitivity and specificity findings ranging from 61.8% to 75.1%. The BPAT was found to be reliable and valid. Its feasibility for use in practice and the effect of its clinical implementation on patient pain and intensive care unit outcomes need further research.
authors.affiliation: Ingram School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Centre for Nursing Research and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gélinas
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Puntillo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nursing Research and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.affiliation: Medical Intensive Care Unit, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Elie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azoulay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report