title: Serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor concentrations correlate with prognosis of traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a well-known pro-inflammatory cytokine. Serum MIF concentrations are associated with the severity and prognosis of ischemic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, observational study, white blood cell (WBC) count and serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and MIF among 108 severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients and 108 controls were measured. We determined whether serum MIF concentrations are associated with inflammation, severity, in-hospital major adverse events (IMAEs) (i.e., in-hospital mortality, acute lung injury, acute traumatic coagulopathy, progressive hemorrhagic injury and posttraumatic cerebral infarction) and long-term clinical outcome (i.e., 6-month functional outcome) after TBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared to the controls, serum CRP, IL-6, TNF-α and MIF concentrations were significantly increased. MIF concentrations correlated with WBC count, CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores. MIF in serum was independently associated with IMAEs and long-term clinical outcome. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve of MIF concentrations was similar to GCS scores'. Moreover, MIF concentrations markedly improved the predictive value of GCS scores for 6-month unfavorable outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased serum MIF concentrations have close relation to inflammation, trauma severity and clinical outcomes, substantializing MIF as a good prognostic biomarker after TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Tumor Hospital of Hangzhou City, 34 Yanguan Lane, Hangzhou 310002, China.
authors.forename: Ding-Bo
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China. Electronic address: dxqhyy@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qiao
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou 310007, China.
authors.forename: Zu-Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Hao
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Che
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors
keywords: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor; Prognosis; Traumatic brain injury