title: The role of estradiol metabolism in urogenital schistosomiasis-induced bladder cancer.
abstract: Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that can lead to bladder cancer. How urogenital schistosomiasis induces carcinogenesis remains unclear, although there is evidence that the human blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium, the infectious agent of urogenital schistosomiasis, releases estradiol-like metabolites. These kind of compounds have been implicated in other cancers. Aiming for enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of the urogenital schistosomiasis-induced bladder cancer, here we review, interpret, and discuss findings of estradiol-like metabolites detected in both the parasite and in the human urine during urogenital schistosomiasis. Moreover, we predict pathways and enzymes that are involved in the production of these metabolites emphasizing their potential effects on the dysregulation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 expression during urogenital schistosomiasis. Enhanced understanding of these potential carcinogens may not only shed light on urogenital schistosomiasis-induced neoplasia of the bladder, but would also facilitate development of interventions and biomarkers for this and other infection-associated cancers at large.
authors.affiliation: 1 UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.affiliation: 1 UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.|2 Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gouveia
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.|4 The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.affiliation: 5 Clínica da Sagrada Esperança, Luanda, Angola.|6 Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of Instituto Português de Oncologia, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Júlio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: 6 Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of Instituto Português de Oncologia, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Lúcio Lara
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Brindley
authors.affiliation: 2 Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.|7 Department of Infectious Diseases, R&D Unit, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: José M Correia
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: da Costa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology*; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000235:genetics; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000473:pathology*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: Schistosoma haematobium; bladder; estrogen-DNA adduct; estrogen-like metabolites; squamous cell carcinoma; urogenital schistosomiasis