title: Differences in the Reporting of Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities among Three Large National Databases for Breast Reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research derived from large-volume databases plays an increasing role in the development of clinical guidelines and health policy. In breast cancer research, the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results, National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, and Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases are widely used. This study aims to compare the trends in immediate breast reconstruction and identify the drawbacks and benefits of each database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ were identified from each database (2005-2012). Trends of immediate breast reconstruction over time were evaluated. Patient demographics and comorbidities were compared. Subgroup analysis of immediate breast reconstruction use per race was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the three databases, 1.2 million patients were studied. Immediate breast reconstruction in invasive breast cancer patients increased significantly over time in all databases. A similar significant upward trend was seen in ductal carcinoma in situ patients. Significant differences in immediate breast reconstruction rates were seen among races; and the disparity differed among the three databases. Rates of comorbidities were similar among the three databases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been a significant increase in immediate breast reconstruction; however, the extent of the reporting of overall immediate breast reconstruction rates and of racial disparities differs significantly among databases. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program report similar findings, with the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database reporting results significantly lower in several categories. These findings suggest that use of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database may not be universally generalizable to the entire U.S.
  
  
  METHODS
authors.affiliation: Boston, Mass.; Washington, D.C.; New Orleans, La.; and Enschede, The Netherlands.|From the Divisions of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; George Washington University Medical Center; the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente.
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.affiliation: Boston, Mass.; Washington, D.C.; New Orleans, La.; and Enschede, The Netherlands.|From the Divisions of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; George Washington University Medical Center; the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente.
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zettervall
authors.affiliation: Boston, Mass.; Washington, D.C.; New Orleans, La.; and Enschede, The Netherlands.|From the Divisions of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; George Washington University Medical Center; the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente.
authors.forename: Winona
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Boston, Mass.; Washington, D.C.; New Orleans, La.; and Enschede, The Netherlands.|From the Divisions of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; George Washington University Medical Center; the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente.
authors.forename: Ahmed M S
authors.initials: AMS
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Boston, Mass.; Washington, D.C.; New Orleans, La.; and Enschede, The Netherlands.|From the Divisions of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; George Washington University Medical Center; the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Medin
authors.affiliation: Boston, Mass.; Washington, D.C.; New Orleans, La.; and Enschede, The Netherlands.|From the Divisions of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; George Washington University Medical Center; the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente.
authors.forename: Hinne A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Rakhorst
authors.affiliation: Boston, Mass.; Washington, D.C.; New Orleans, La.; and Enschede, The Netherlands.|From the Divisions of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; George Washington University Medical Center; the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente.
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schermerhorn
authors.affiliation: Boston, Mass.; Washington, D.C.; New Orleans, La.; and Enschede, The Netherlands.|From the Divisions of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; George Washington University Medical Center; the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente.
authors.forename: Bernard T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Boston, Mass.; Washington, D.C.; New Orleans, La.; and Enschede, The Netherlands.|From the Divisions of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; George Washington University Medical Center; the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente.
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000601:surgery*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D044469:Racial Groups; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States