title: Interpretive time-frequency analysis of genomic sequences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Time-Frequency (TF) analysis has been extensively used for the analysis of non-stationary numeric signals in the past decade. At the same time, recent studies have statistically confirmed the non-stationarity of genomic non-numeric sequences and suggested the use of non-stationary analysis for these sequences. The conventional approach to analyze non-numeric genomic sequences using techniques specific to numerical data is to convert non-numerical data into numerical values in some way and then apply time or transform domain signal processing algorithms. Nevertheless, this approach raises questions regarding the relative magnitudes under numeric transforms, which can potentially lead to spurious patterns or misinterpretation of results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper, using the notion of interpretive signal processing (ISP) and by redefining correlation functions for non-numeric sequences, a general class of TF transforms are extended and applied to non-numerical genomic sequences. The technique has been successfully evaluated on synthetic and real DNA sequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed framework is fairly generic and is believed to be useful for extracting quantitative and visual information regarding local and global periodicity, symmetry, (non-) stationarity and spectral color of genomic sequences. The notion of interpretive time-frequency analysis introduced in this work can be considered as the first step towards the development of a rigorous mathematical construct for genomic signal processing.
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hassani Saadi
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sameni
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan. amin.zollanvari@nu.edu.kz.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zollanvari
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003386:Brachyura / Q000235:genetics*; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Genomic signal processing; Interpretive signal processing; Time-frequency analysis