title: Long-Lived Species Enhance Summertime Attribution of North American Ozone to Upwind Sources.
abstract: Ground-level ozone (O3), harmful to most living things, is produced from both domestic and foreign emissions of anthropogenic precursors. Previous estimates of the linkage from distant sources rely on the sensitivity approach (i.e., modeling the change of ozone concentrations that result from modifying precursor emissions) as well as the tagging approach (i.e., tracking ozone produced from specific O3precursors emitted from one region). Here, for the first time, we tag all O3precursors (i.e., nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) from East Asia and explicitly track their physicochemical evolution without perturbing the nonlinear O3chemistry. We show that, even in summer, when intercontinental influence on ozone has typically been found to be weakest, nearly 3 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) seasonal average surface O3over North America can be attributed to East Asian anthropogenic emissions, compared with 0.7 ppbv using the sensitivity approach and 0.5 ppbv by tagging reactive nitrogen oxides. Considering the acute effects of O3exposure, approximately 670 cardiovascular and 300 respiratory premature mortalities within North America could be attributed to East Asia. CO and longer-lived VOCs, largely overlooked in previous studies, extend the influence of regional ozone precursors emissions and, thus, greatly enhance O3attribution to source region.
authors.forename: Yixin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4958-7044
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Denise L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3479-1798
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mauzerall
authors.forename: Xiaoyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory , Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States.
authors.forename: Larry W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Shu
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-7063
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons; D014481:United States; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D010126:Ozone