title: Effect of low-level CO2on innate inflammatory protein response to organic dust from swine confinement barns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Organic hog barn dust (HDE) exposure induces lung inflammation and long-term decreases in lung function in agricultural workers. While concentrations of common gasses in confined animal facilities are well characterized, few studies have been done addressing if exposure to elevated barn gasses impacts the lung immune response to organic dusts. Given the well documented effects of hypercapnia at much higher levels we hypothesized that CO2at 8 h exposure limit levels (5000 ppm) could alter innate immune responses to HDE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a mouse model, C57BL/6 mice were nasally instilled with defined barn dust extracts and then housed in an exposure box maintained at one of several CO2levels for six hours. Bronchiolar lavage (BAL) was tested for several cytokines while lung tissue was saved for mRNA purification and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to elevated CO2significantly increased the expression of pro-inflammatory markers, IL-6 and KC, in BAL fluid as compared to dust exposure alone. Expression of other pro-inflammatory markers, such as ICAM-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), were also tested and showed similar increased expression upon HDE + CO2exposure. A chemokine array analysis of BAL fluid revealed that MIP-1γ (CCL9) shows a similar increased response to HDE + CO2. Further testing showed CCL9 was significantly elevated by barn dust and further enhanced by CO2co-exposure in a dose-dependent manner that was noticeable at the protein and mRNA levels. In all cases, except for ICAM-1, increases in tested markers in the presence of elevated CO2were only significant in the presence of HDE as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that even at mandated safe exposure limits, CO2is capable of enhancing multiple markers of inflammation in response to HDE.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schneberger
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA.
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: DeVasure
authors.affiliation: Research Service, Veterans Administration Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105 USA.|Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA.
authors.forename: Kristina L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Research Service, Veterans Administration Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105 USA.|Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA.
authors.forename: Debra J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Romberger
authors.affiliation: Research Service, Veterans Administration Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105 USA.|Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA.|Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985910 The Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5910 USA.
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wyatt
keywords: Barn dust; Carbon dioxide; Hypercapnia