title: Bacterial and Fungal Endophthalmitis.
abstract: Endophthalmitis is a severe eye infection that may result in permanent loss of useful vision in the affected eye. Most cases are exogenous and occur as a complication of cataract surgery, an intravitreal injection, or penetrating ocular trauma. Endogenous endophthalmitis results from hematogenous seeding of the eye by bacteria or fungi, but bacteremia or fungemia may be transient and patients may present without symptoms of systemic infection. Nearly all endophthalmitis patients present with decreased vision, and some also have eye pain. Eye examination usually reveals a hypopyon and intraocular inflammation. Diagnosis is clinical, supported by cultures of the vitreous and/or aqueous or by blood cultures in some endogenous cases. Molecular diagnostic techniques have been used in research laboratories for pathogen identification in endophthalmitis and offer the possibility of rapid diagnosis, including in culture-negative cases. Intravitreal injection of antibiotics is the most important component of treatment; some cases also benefit from surgical debridement of the vitreous by a vitrectomy. The visual outcome depends partly on the pathogen: coagulase-negative staphylococcal endophthalmitis has a better prognosis than does streptococcal endophthalmitis, for example. Endophthalmitis is a medical emergency, and prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for saving vision.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, and Infectious Disease Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA mdurand@partners.org.
authors.forename: Marlene L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Durand
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005658:Fungi; D006801:Humans; D009181:Mycoses / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents
keywords: Candida endophthalmitis; bacterial endophthalmitis; bleb-related endophthalmitis; endophthalmitis; endophthalmitis prophylaxis; fungal endophthalmitis; keratitis-related endophthalmitis; postoperative endophthalmitis; posttraumatic endophthalmitis