title: Preliminary results from direct-to-facility vaccine deliveries in Kano, Nigeria.
abstract: As part of its vaccine supply chain redesign efforts, Kano state now pushes vaccines directly from 6 state stores to primary health centers equipped with solar refrigerators. Our objective is to describe preliminary results from the first 20months of Kano's direct vaccine delivery operations.
  
  
  
  This is a retrospective review of Kano's direct vaccine delivery program. We analyzed trends in health facility vaccine stock levels, and examined the relationship between stock-out rates and each of cascade vaccine deliveries and timeliness of deliveries. Analysis of vaccination trends was based on administrative data from 27 sentinel health facilities. Costs for both the in-sourced and out-sourced approaches were estimated using a bottoms-up model-based approach.
  
  
  
  Overall stock adequacy increased from 54% in the first delivery cycle to 68% by cycle 33. Conversely, stock-out rates decreased from 41% to 10% over the same period. Similar trends were observed in the out-sourced and in-sourced programs. Stock-out rates rose incrementally with increasing number of cascade facilities, and delays in vaccine deliveries correlated strongly with stock-out rates. Recognizing that stock availability is one of many factors contributing to vaccinations, we nonetheless compared pre- and post- direct deliveries vaccinations in sentinel facilities, and found statistically significant upward trends for 4 out of 6 antigens. 1 antigen (measles) showed an upward trend that was not statistically significant. Hepatitis b vaccinations declined during the period. Overall, there appeared to be a one-year lag between commencement of direct deliveries and the increase in number of vaccinations. Weighted average cost per delivery is US$29.8 and cost per child immunized is US$0.7 per year.
  
  
  
  Direct vaccine delivery to health facilities in Kano, through a streamlined architecture, has resulted in decreased stock-outs and improved stock adequacy. Concurrent operation of insourced and outsourced programs has enabled Kano build in-house logistics capabilities.
authors.affiliation: Solina Center for International Development and Research, SCIDaR, Abuja, Nigeria. Electronic address: muyi.solina@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Muyi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aina
authors.affiliation: Solina Center for International Development and Research, SCIDaR, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Uchenna
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Igbokwe
authors.affiliation: Solina Center for International Development and Research, SCIDaR, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Leke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jegede
authors.affiliation: Kano State Primary Health Care Management Board, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Rabiu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fagge
authors.affiliation: eHealth Africa, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Kano State Primary Health Care Management Board, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Nasir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
mesh_terms: D004356:Drug Storage; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009549:Nigeria; D009934:Organization and Administration; D012034:Refrigeration / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014612:Vaccines / Q000600:supply & distribution*
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Immunization; Kano; Nigeria; Outsourcing costs; Vaccine delivery; Vaccine logistics; Vaccine supply chain