title: Maternal Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression and Child Nocturnal Awakenings at 6 and 18 Months.
abstract: We aim to estimate the pathways between maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression and child nocturnal awakenings via structural equation modeling using a sibling design.
  
  
  
  Structural equation modeling on data from 14,926 sibling dyads or triads from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.
  
  
  
  At 6 months, we estimated the association between maternal symptoms of anxiety and child nocturnal awakenings to be owing to several nonsignificant pathways. Child nocturnal awakenings at 18 months, however, were influenced by concurrent maternal symptoms of anxiety (β = .10) and depression (β = .12). Neither maternal symptoms of anxiety (β = .04) nor depression (β = -.00) was influenced by concurrent child nocturnal awakenings.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest that maternal mental health influences child sleep behavior at 18 months after birth, and not vice versa. This is in support of hypotheses on maternal mental health influencing child sleep during toddlerhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health.|Department of Psychology, University of Oslo.|PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo.
authors.forename: Eivind
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ystrom
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, UNI Research Health.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hysing
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torgersen
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescence Outpatient Clinic Oslo South, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ystrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo.
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reichborn-Kjennerud
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, UNI Research Health.|Public Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health.|Department of Psychiatry, Helse Fonna HF.
authors.forename: Børge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sivertsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003448:Crying / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009664:Norway; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D035781:Siblings; D012890:Sleep; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000523:psychology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: anxiety; depression; epidemiology; siblings; sleep