title: Regional inequalities in self-reported conditions and non-communicable diseases in European countries: Findings from the European Social Survey (2014) special module on the social determinants of health.
abstract: Within the European Union (EU), substantial efforts are being made to achieve economic and social cohesion, and the reduction of health inequalities between EU regions is integral to this process. This paper is the first to examine how self-reported conditions and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) vary spatially between and within countries.
  
  
  
  Using 2014 European Social Survey (ESS) data from 20 countries, this paper examines how regional inequalities in self-reported conditions and NCDs vary for men and women in 174 regions (levels 1 and 2 Nomenclature of Statistical Territorial Units, ‘NUTS’). We document absolute and relative inequalities across Europe in the prevalence of eight conditions: general health, overweight/obesity, mental health, heart or circulation problems, high blood pressure, back, neck, muscular or joint pain, diabetes and cancer.
  
  
  
  There is considerable inequality in self-reported conditions and NCDs between the regions of Europe, with rates highest in the regions of continental Europe, some Scandinavian regions and parts of the UK and lowest around regions bordering the Alps, in Ireland and France. However, for mental health and cancer, rates are highest in regions of Eastern European and lowest in some Nordic regions, Ireland and isolated regions in continental Europe. There are also widespread and consistent absolute and relative regional inequalities in all conditions within countries. These are largest in France, Germany and the UK, and smallest in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. There were higher inequalities amongst women.
  
  
  
  Using newly available harmonized morbidity data from across Europe, this paper shows that there are considerable regional inequalities within and between European countries in the distribution of self-reported conditions and NCDs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
authors.forename: Katie H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, University of Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ann-Christin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Renneberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Courtney L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.|Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus, Thornaby, UK.
authors.forename: Nasima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akhter
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Sciences, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reibling
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bambra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000073296:Noncommunicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D057566:Self Report; D064890:Social Determinants of Health