title: 4D Flow MR Imaging of Ophthalmic Artery Flow in Patients with Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the clinical feasibility of time-resolved 3D phase contrast (4D Flow) MRI assessment of the ophthalmic artery (OphA) flow in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis (ICS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one consecutive patients with unilateral ICS were recruited. 4D Flow MRI and acetazolamide-stress brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were performed. The flow direction on the affected-side OphA was categorized into native flow (anterograde or unclear) and non-native flow (retrograde flow) based on 4D Flow MRI. In the affected-side middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, the ratio of rest cerebral blood flow to normal control (RCBFMCA) and cerebral vascular reserve (CVRMCA) were calculated from SPECT dataset. High-risk patients were defined based on the previous large cohort study (RCBFMCA< 80% and CVRMCA < 10%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients had native OphA flow (4 anterograde, 7 unclear) and the remaining 10 had non-native OphA flow. RCBFMCAand CVRMCAeach were significantly lower in non-native flow group (84.9 ± 18.9% vs. 69.8 ± 7.3%, P < 0.05; 36.4 ± 20.6% vs. 17.0 ± 15.0%, P < 0.05). Four patients in the non-native flow group and none in the native flow group were confirmed as high-risk (Sensitivity/Specificity, 1.00/0.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 6 min standard 4D Flow MRI assessment of OphA in patients with ICS can predict intracranial hemodynamic impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Radiology, University Hospital Zurich.|Department of Radiology, Nippon Medical School.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nippon Medical School.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nippon Medical School.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Nippon Medical School.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murai
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nippon Medical School.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Orita
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nippon Medical School.
authors.forename: Yoshimitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nippon Medical School.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nippon Medical School.
authors.forename: Shin-Ichiro
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kumita
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
keywords: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography; atherosclerosis; magnetic resonance angiography; ophthalmic artery; time-resolved three-dimensional phase contrast