title: Value as the key concept in the health care system: how it has influenced medical practice and clinical decision-making processes.
abstract: In the last 10 years, value has played a key role in the health care system. In this concept, innovations in medical practice and the increasing importance of patient centeredness have contributed to draw the attention of the medical community. Nonetheless, a large consensus on the meaning of "value" is still lacking: patients, physicians, policy makers, and other health care professionals have different ideas on which component of value may play a prominent role. Yet, shared clinical decision-making and patient empowerment have been recognized as fundamental features of the concept of value. Different paradigms of health care system embrace different meanings of value, and the absence of common and widely accepted definition does not help to identify a unique model of care in health care system. Our aim is to provide an overview of those paradigms that have considered value as a key theoretical concept and to investigate how the presence of value can influence the medical practice. This article may contribute to draw attention toward patients and propose a possible link between health care system based on "value" and new paradigms such as patient-centered system (PCS), patient empowerment, and P5 medicine, in order to create a predictive, personalized, preventive, participatory, and psycho-cognitive model to treat patients. Indeed, patient empowerment, value-based system, and P5 medicine seem to shed light on different aspects of a PCS, and this allows a better understanding of people under care.
authors.affiliation: Foundations of the Life Sciences, Bioethics and Cognitive Science, European School of Molecular Medicine (SEMM); Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marzorati
authors.affiliation: Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pravettoni
keywords: clinical decision-making; health care system; patient centeredness; patient empowerment; value; value-based medicine