title: Smoking was a Possible Negative Predictor of Incident Hypertension After a Five-Year Follow-up Among a General Japanese Population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between cigarette smoking and hypertension is controversial. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between smoking and incident hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a post-hoc five-year follow-up study in a general Japanese population. Logistic regressions were performed using incident hypertension as an outcome and smoking status as an independent predictor adjusting for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), drinking status, and diabetes in 1,297 subjects without hypertension at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of hypertension was 16.9% vs. 27.6% (smokers vs. nonsmokers, P = 0.01) in men and 0.0% vs. 16.9% (smokers vs. nonsmokers, P = 0.03) in women. The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of incident hypertension was 0.38 (0.19 - 0.76) (P = 0.006) for smokers at baseline, 0.33 (0.16 - 0.68) (P = 0.003) for continuing smokers, and 2.11 (0.33 - 13.45) (P = 0.4) for ex-smokers. Age (OR = 1.52, P < 0.0001), BMI (OR = 1.46, P < 0.0001), and FPG (OR = 1.23, P = 0.007) were other independent predictors of incident hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking was a possible significant negative predictor of incident hypertension in a general Japanese population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Tachikawa Medical Center, Kanda 3-2-11, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: Medical Check-up Center, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagachou 2-2-16, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachidoori 1-757, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kayamori
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachidoori 1-757, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Satomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachidoori 1-757, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of endocrinology and metabolism, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachidoori 1-757, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Department of endocrinology and metabolism, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachidoori 1-757, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of endocrinology and metabolism, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachidoori 1-757, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Kanda 3-2-11, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshifusa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aizawa
keywords: Hypertension; Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Smoking