title: International incidence and mortality trends of liver cancer: a global profile.
abstract: We examined the global incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer, and evaluated the association between incidence/mortality and socioeconomic development (Human Development Index [HDI] and Gross Domestic Product [GDP]) using linear regression analysis. The average annual percent change (AAPC) of the trends was evaluated from join-point regression analysis. The global incidence of liver cancer varied widely by nine-fold, and was negatively correlated with HDI (men: r = -0.232, p = 0.003; women: r = -0.369, p < 0.001) and GDP per capita (men: r = -0.164, p = 0.036; women: r = -0.212, p = 0.007). Its mortality showed a similarly negative correlation with both indices. The greatest incidence rise in men was observed in Poland (AAPC = 17.5, 95% C.I. = 5.6, 30.9) and Brazil (AAPC = 13.2, 95% C.I. = 5.9, 21.0), whereas Germany (AAPC = 6.6, 95% C.I = 2.0, 11.5) and Norway (AAPC = 6.5, 95% C.I. = 3.2, 10.0) had the greatest increase in women. The mortality rates paralleled the incidence rates in most countries. For mortality, Malta (AAPC = 11.5, 95% C.I. = 3.9, 19.8), Australia (AAPC = 6.8, 95% C.I. = 2.2, 11.5) and Norway (APCC = 5.6, 95% C.I. = 2.8, 8.5) reported the biggest increase among men; whilst Australia (AAPC = 13.4, 95% C.I. = 7.8, 19.4) and Singapore (AAPC = 7.7, 95% C.I. = 4.1, 11.5) showed the most prominent rise among women. These epidemiological data identified countries with potentially increasing trends of liver cancer for preventive actions.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.|Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Martin C S
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Peking Union School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China.
authors.forename: Johnny Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Goggins
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Miaoyin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Franklin D H
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Colette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China.|General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9LX, UK.
authors.forename: Harry H X
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.|Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.|State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Grace L H
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.|Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.|State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Vincent W S
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.|Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.|State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Henry L Y
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors