title: Timing of PMMA cement application for pedicle screw augmentation affects screw anchorage.
abstract: Cement augmentation is an established method to increase the pedicle screw (PS) anchorage in osteoporotic vertebral bodies. The ideal timing for augmentation when a reposition maneuver is necessary is controversial. While augmentation of the PS before reposition maneuver may increase the force applied it on the vertebrae, it bears the risk to impair PS anchorage, whereas augmenting the PS after the maneuver may restore this anchorage and prevent early screw loosening. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cement application timing on PS anchorage in the osteoporotic vertebral body.
  
  
  
  Ten lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) were used for testing. The left and right pedicles of each vertebra were instrumented with the same PS size and used for pairwise comparison of the two timing points for augmentation. For the reposition maneuver, the left PS was loaded axially under displacement control (2 × ±2 mm, 3 × ±6 mm, 3 × ±10 mm) to simulate a reposition maneuver. Subsequently, both PS were augmented with 2 ml PMMA cement. The same force as measured during the left PS maneuver was applied to the previously augmented right hand side PS [2 × F (±2 mm), 3 × F (±6 mm), 3 × F (±10 mm)]. Both PS were cyclically loaded with initial forces of +50 and -50 N, while the lower force was increased by 5 N every 100 cycles until total failure of the PS. The PS motion was measured with a 3D motion analysis system. After cyclic loading stress, X-rays were taken to identify the PS loosening mechanism.
  
  
  
  In comparison with PS augmented prior to the reposition maneuver, PS augmented after the reposition maneuver showed a significant higher number of load cycles until failure (5930 ± 1899 vs 3830 ± 1706, p = 0.015). The predominant loosening mechanism for PS augmented after the reposition maneuver was PS toggling with the attached cement cloud within the trabecular bone. While PS augmented prior to the reposition, maneuver showed a motion of the screw within the cement cloud.
  
  
  
  The time of cement application has an effect on PS anchorage in the osteoporotic vertebral body if a reposition maneuver of the instrumented vertebrae is carried out. PS augmented after the reposition maneuver showed a significant higher number of load cycles until screw loosening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. werner.schmoelz@i-med.ac.at.
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmoelz
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Christian Heinz
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Heinrichs
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Spine Service, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Angel R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Piñera
authors.affiliation: Spine Service, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tome-Bermejo
authors.affiliation: Spine Service, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Duart
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Marlies
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Spine Service, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis Álvarez
authors.initials: LÁ
authors.lastname: Galovich
mesh_terms: D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008954:Models, Biological; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate
keywords: Augmentation; Biomechanics; Osteoporosis; Pedicle screws; Polymethylmethacrylate; Reposition maneuver