title: The effect of magnesium on early osseointegration in osteoporotic bone: a histological and gene expression investigation.
abstract: Magnesium has a key role in osteoporosis and could enhance implant osseointegration in osteoporotic patients. Titanium implants impregnated with Mg ions were installed in the tibia of ovariectomized rats. The release of Mg induced a significant increase of bone formation and the expression of anabolic markers in the peri-implant bone.
  
  
  
  The success of endosseous implants is highly predictable in patients possessing normal bone status, but it may be impaired in patients with osteoporosis. Thus, the application of strategies that adjuvate implant healing in compromized sites is of great interest. Magnesium has a key role in osteoporosis prevention and it is an interesting candidate for this purpose. In this study, the cellular and molecular effects of magnesium release from implants were investigated at the early healing stages of implant integration.
  
  
  
  Osteoporosis was induced in 24 female rats by means of ovariectomy and low-calcium diet. Titanium mini-screws were coated with mesoporous titania films and were loaded with magnesium (test group) or left as native (control group). The implants were inserted in the tibia and femur of the rats. One, 2 and 7 days after implantation, the implants were retrieved and histologically examined. In addition, expression of genes was evaluated in the peri-implant bone tissue at day 7 by means of quantitative polymerase chain reactions with pathway-oriented arrays.
  
  
  
  The histological evaluation revealed that new bone formation started already during the first week of healing for both groups. However, around the test implants, new bone was significantly more abundant and spread along a larger surface of the implants. In addition, the release of magnesium induced a significantly higher expression of BMP6.
  
  
  
  These results provide evidence that the release of magnesium promoted rapid bone formation and the activation of osteogenic signals in the vicinity of implants placed in osteoporotic bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden. silvia.galli@mah.se.
authors.forename: S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7488-3588
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stocchero
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Research, ECole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons Alfort, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lilin
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wennerberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jimbo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001863:Bone Screws; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D014025:Titanium; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Implant surface; In vivo; Magnesium; Mesoporous titania; Osseointegration; Osteoporosis