title: Ligature-associated bacterial profiles are linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus in a rat model and influenced by antibody treatment against TNF-α or RAGE.
abstract: There is a bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). T2D may lead to ecological perturbations in the oral environment, which may facilitate an altered microbiota. However, previous studies have been inconclusive in determining the effect of T2D on oral bacterial profiles. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the influence of T2D on the ligature-associated bacterial profile in a diabetic rat model with PD and investigated the impact of blocking inflammatory pathways with antibodies targeting either Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) or the receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). A total of 62 Zucker obese rats (45 T2D) and 17 lean (non-T2D) were divided into 4 treatment groups; lean with PD, obese with PD, obese with PD and anti-TNF-α treatment, and obese with PD with anti-RAGE treatment. Periodontal disease was ligature induced. Ligature-associated bacterial profiles were analyzed using Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM). Ligature-associated bacterial profiles differed between lean and obese rats. Furthermore, treatment with antibodies against TNF-α or RAGE had an impact on subgingival bacterial profiles. T2D phenotypes are associated with different ligature-associated bacterial profiles and influenced by treatment with antibodies against TNF-α or RAGE.
authors.affiliation: Section for Periodontology, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Grauballe
authors.affiliation: Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen N Denmark.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Belstrøm
authors.affiliation: The Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus C Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy Odense Denmark.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.affiliation: The Forsyth Institute Department of Microbiology Cambridge, MA USA; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection & Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston, MA USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Paster
authors.affiliation: Section for Oral Surgery and Oral Pathology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen N Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schou
authors.affiliation: The Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus C Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy Odense Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Aarhus University Hospital Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flyvbjerg
authors.affiliation: Section for Periodontology, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark; Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen N Denmark.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holmstrup
keywords: Periodontal disease; Periodontitis; anti‐RAGE; anti‐TNF‐α; diabetes mellitus; diabetes type 2; stages