title: Recommendations on the Implementation of Genetic Algorithms for the Directed Evolution of Enzymes for Industrial Purposes.
abstract: In directed evolution (DE) the assessment of candidate enzymes and their modification is essential. In this study we have investigated genetic algorithms (GAs) in this context and conducted a systematic study of the behavior of GAs on 20 fitness landscapes (FLs) of varying complexity. This has allowed the tuning of the GAs to be explored. On the basis of this study, recommendations for the best GA settings to use for a GA-directed high-throughput experimental program (in which populations and the number of generations is necessarily low) are reported. The FLs were based upon simple linear models and were characterized by the behavior of the GA on the landscape as demonstrated by stall plots and the footprints and adhesion of candidate solutions, which highlighted local optima (LOs). In order to maximize progress of the GA and to reduce the chances of becoming stuck in a LO it was best to use: 1) a large number of generations, 2) high populations, 3) removal of duplicate sequences (clones), 4) double mutation, and 5) high selection pressure (the two best individuals go to the next generation), and 6) to consider using a designed sequence as the starting point of the GA run. We believe that these recommendations might be appropriate starting points for studies employing GAs within DE experiments.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4696-4206
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Barley
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
authors.forename: Nicolas J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8708-0781
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
authors.forename: Royston
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2230-645X
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goodacre
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019020:Directed Molecular Evolution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004851:Epoxide Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D016014:Linear Models; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D025341:Principal Component Analysis
chemical_list: D004851:Epoxide Hydrolases
keywords: directed evolution; enzyme optimization; fitness landscapes; genetic algorithms; high-throughput screening