title: Kinematic analysis of the shoulder complex after anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: A cross-sectional study.
abstract: The movement of the arm relative to the trunk results from coordinated 3D glenohumeral and scapulothoracic movements. Changes in scapula kinematics may occur after total shoulder arthroplasty and could affect clinical and functional outcomes.
  
  
  
  To assess the 3D movement of the scapula during arm elevation after anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.
  
  
  
  This was a single-centre, non-randomized, controlled cross-sectional study. Patients with anatomic (n = 14) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (n = 9) were prospectively enrolled and were compared to age-matched asymptomatic controls (n = 23). 3D scapular kinematics were assessed by a non-invasive, electromagnetic method during arm abduction and flexion. 3D scapular rotations and 3D linear displacements of the barycentre (geometrical centre) at rest and at 30°, 60° and 90° arm elevation; as well as scapulohumeral rhythm were analysed. Participant groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc testing for normally distributed data, and Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data.
  
  
  
  Total range of scapular lateral rotation and barycentre displacement were increased, and scapulohumeral rhythm was reduced, in patients with anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty compared with age-matched controls; however, the global scapular kinematic pattern was preserved.
  
  
  
  For patients after total shoulder arthroplasty, the increased contribution of the scapula to arm elevation is consistent with a compensatory mechanism for the reduced glenohumeral mobility. The stability of the global scapula kinematic pattern reflects its mechanical and neuromotor strength.
authors.affiliation: Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roren
authors.affiliation: Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1124, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UFR des Saints-Pères, Paris, France. Electronic address: christelle.nguyen2@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1153, ECaMo Team, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. Electronic address: clemence.palazzo@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Clémence
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palazzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: fouadfayad@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Fouad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fayad
authors.affiliation: Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. Electronic address: michel.revel@dbmail.com.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Revel
authors.affiliation: Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. Electronic address: thomas.gregory@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.affiliation: Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1153, ECaMo Team, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche sur le Handicap, INSERM, Paris, France. Electronic address: serge.poiraudeau@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poiraudeau
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, Sorbonne University, Pierre et Marie Curie Université, CNRS, UMR 7222, Agathe Team, INSERM, U1150, Paris, France. Electronic address: agnes.roby-brami@isir.upmc.fr.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roby-Brami
authors.affiliation: Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1153, ECaMo Team, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. Electronic address: marie-martine.lefevre-colau@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Marie-Martine
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lefèvre-Colau
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000072228:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Shoulder / Q000379:methods*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: 3D kinematics; Rotation; Scapula; Total shoulder arthroplasty; Translation