title: A comparison of generic drug prices in seven European countries: a methodological analysis.
abstract: Policymakers and researchers frequently compare the prices of medicines between countries. Such comparisons often serve as barometers of how pricing and reimbursement policies are performing. The aim of this study was to examine methodological challenges to comparing generic drug prices.
  
  
  
  We calculated all commonly used price indices based on 2013 IMS Health data on sales of 3156 generic drugs in seven European countries.
  
  
  
  There were large differences in generic drug prices between countries. However, the results varied depending on the choice of index, base country, unit of volume, method of currency conversion, and therapeutic category. The results also differed depending on whether one looked at the prices charged by manufacturers or those charged by pharmacists.
  
  
  
  Price indices are a useful statistical approach for comparing drug prices across countries, but researchers and policymakers should interpret price indices with caution given their limitations. Price-index results are highly sensitive to the choice of method and sample. More research is needed to determine the drivers of price differences between countries. The data suggest that some governments should aim to reduce distribution costs for generic drugs.
authors.affiliation: LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK. O.J.Wouters@lse.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Olivier J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.affiliation: LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK.
authors.forename: Panos G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kanavos
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics*; D005060:Europe; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D016568:Drugs, Generic
keywords: Expenditures; Generic drugs; Generic medicines; Pharmaceutical policy; Prices