title: Effects of hypothermia on skeletal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hypothermia (H) on skeletal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), nitric oxide (NO), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in muscle, and measureing immunohistochemical-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) staining of skeletal muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen Wistar Albino rats were divided randomly into three groups (sham, IR, hypothermia) (n=6). The sham group had all procedures without the IR period. The lower right extremity of rats in the IR and hypothermia groups was subjected to 2 hours of ischemia and 22 hours of reperfusion by applying a clamp on the common iliac artery and a rubber-band at the level of the lesser trochanter under general anesthesia. Rats in the hypothermia group underwent 4 hours of hypothermia during the first four hours of reperfusion in addition to a 2-hour ischemia and 22-hour reperfusion period. All rats were sacrificed at end of the IR period using a high dose of anesthesia. The tibialis anterior muscles were preserved. Immunohistochemical iNOS staining was performed, and MDA, SOD, GSH-Px, NO, and IL-1β were measured in the muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of MDA, NO, and IL-1β in muscle was increased in the IR group compared with that in the sham group, but these parameters were decreased in the hypothermia group compared with the IR group. The activities of SOD and GSH-Px in muscle were decreased in the IR group; however, these parameters were increased in the hypothermia group. The score and intensity of iNOS staining of skeletal muscle was dens in IR group, mild in hypothermia group, and weak in sham group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study has shown that hypothermia reduced IR injury in the skeletal muscle by decreasing the levels of MDA, NO, and IL-1β, and increasing the activities of SOD and GSH-Px. In addition, hypothermia attenuated the score and intensity of iNOS staining.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ağrı Military Hospital, Ağrı, Turkey.
authors.forename: Şafak
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Ekinci
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ümit
authors.initials: Ü
authors.lastname: Kaldırım
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Malatya Military Hospital, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akyıldız
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Haydarpaşa Military Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilgiç
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kenan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koca
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Mevki Military Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yavuz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Poyrazoğlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Yüzüncü Yıl Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozgür Selim
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Bursa Military Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Turğut
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Selim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Türkkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Erzurum Military Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ömer
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Erşen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Turgut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Topal
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozkan
keywords: GSH-Px; IL-1β; IR injury; MDA; NO; SOD; hypothermia; iNOS staining