title: The effect of extracellular ATP on rat uterine contraction from different gestational stages and its possible mechanisms of action.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms underlying the onset of labor are not fully understood. Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is known to cause uterine contractions in different species but the exact underlying mechanisms are poorly investigated to date. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of extracellular ATP on spontaneous uterine contractions from different gestational stages and to elucidate its possible underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal uterine strips were obtained from rats in different gestational stages (nonpregnant, late-pregnant, and term-pregnant). The effects of 1 mM ATP were examined on uterine contractions generated spontaneously, depolarized by high-KCl (60 mM), induced by oxytocin (5 nM), in the presence of high external Ca2+, or in the absence of external Ca2+.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Application of 1 mM extracellular ATP significantly increased the force of spontaneous contraction in uterine strips obtained from all gestational stages with prominent increase in term-pregnant rats compared to other gestations. ATP significantly increased the force induced by depolarization (122%, p=0.010, n=6), oxytocin (129%, p=0.001, n=7), high-Ca2+ (145%, p=0.005, n=6) and it was able to cause transient contraction in the absence of external Ca2+ (33%, p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extracellular ATP is able to increase the force and frequency of uterine contractions and its effect increases with the progression of pregnancy and it involves Ca2+ influx and release. These findings open a new window for clinicians to consider ATP as a therapeutic target to control the uterine activity during difficult labors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of.
authors.forename: Hind A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Zafrah
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Kingdom of.
authors.forename: Mohammed F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Alotaibi
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014590:Uterine Contraction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010121:Oxytocin; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002118:Calcium
keywords: ATP; contraction; oxytocin; term-pregnant; uterus