title: Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), also known as autoimmune diabetes, is a chronic disease characterized by insulin deficiency due to pancreatic β-cell loss and leads to hyperglycaemia. Although the age of symptomatic onset is usually during childhood or adolescence, symptoms can sometimes develop much later. Although the aetiology of T1DM is not completely understood, the pathogenesis of the disease is thought to involve T cell-mediated destruction of β-cells. Islet-targeting autoantibodies that target insulin, 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase, insulinoma-associated protein 2 and zinc transporter 8 - all of which are proteins associated with secretory granules in β-cells - are biomarkers of T1DM-associated autoimmunity that are found months to years before symptom onset, and can be used to identify and study individuals who are at risk of developing T1DM. The type of autoantibody that appears first depends on the environmental trigger and on genetic factors. The pathogenesis of T1DM can be divided into three stages depending on the absence or presence of hyperglycaemia and hyperglycaemia-associated symptoms (such as polyuria and thirst). A cure is not available, and patients depend on lifelong insulin injections; novel approaches to insulin treatment, such as insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitoring and hybrid closed-loop systems, are in development. Although intensive glycaemic control has reduced the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications, the majority of patients with T1DM are still developing these complications. Major research efforts are needed to achieve early diagnosis, prevent β-cell loss and develop better treatment options to improve the quality of life and prognosis of those affected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katsarou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Sweden National Diabetes Register, Centre of Registers, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Soffia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gudbjörnsdottir
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Sweden National Diabetes Register, Centre of Registers, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Araz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rawshani
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dabelea
authors.affiliation: Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Ezio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonifacio
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine Education at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Desmond A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schatz
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Åke
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Lernmark
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000473:pathology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human