title: Mitochondrial DNA and trade data support multiple origins of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Brazil.
abstract: The Old World bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is now established in Brazil but efforts to identify incursion origin(s) and pathway(s) have met with limited success due to the patchiness of available data. Using international agricultural/horticultural commodity trade data and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene markers, we inferred the origins and incursion pathways into Brazil. We detected 20 mtDNA haplotypes from six Brazilian states, eight of which were new to our 97 global COI-Cyt b haplotype database. Direct sequence matches indicated five Brazilian haplotypes had Asian, African, and European origins. We identified 45 parsimoniously informative sites and multiple substitutions per site within the concatenated (945 bp) nucleotide dataset, implying that probabilistic phylogenetic analysis methods are needed. High diversity and signatures of uniquely shared haplotypes with diverse localities combined with the trade data suggested multiple incursions and introduction origins in Brazil. Increasing agricultural/horticultural trade activities between the Old and New Worlds represents a significant biosecurity risk factor. Identifying pest origins will enable resistance profiling that reflects countries of origin to be included when developing a resistance management strategy, while identifying incursion pathways will improve biosecurity protocols and risk analysis at biosecurity hotspots including national ports.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Wee Tek
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Myall Vale Laboratories, Kamilaroi Highway, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Downes
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia.|Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia.|Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Lars S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jermiin
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia.|Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Thomas K F
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia.|Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ester Silva
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia.|Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabella Barony
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Goiás, Escola de Agronomia, Goiânia, GO, 75804-020, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Czepak
authors.affiliation: Division of Crop Protection, ICAR Research Complex for North East Hill Region, Umroi Road, Umiam, Meghalaya, 793103, India.
authors.forename: Gajanan T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Behere
authors.affiliation: IRD, UMR EGCE, FR-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.|CIRAD, UPR AÏDA, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Silvie
authors.affiliation: Bayer S.A., Crop Science Division, São Paulo, SP, 04779-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Miguel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Soria
authors.affiliation: DGIMI, INRA, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frayssinet
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Karl H J
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000378:metabolism*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D045303:Cytochromes b; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV