title: Are children's vitamin D levels and BMI associated with antibody titers produced in response to 2014-2015 influenza vaccine?
abstract: Vitamin D is an immunomodulating hormone, which has been associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases.
  
  
  
  Serum vitamin D levels in 135 children ages 3-17 y were measured at baseline and hemagglutinin influenza antibody titers were measured pre- and 21 d post influenza vaccination with live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) or inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV). Height and weight were derived from the electronic medical record and were used to calculate body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  
  Thirty-nine percent of children were ages 3-8 years; 75% were black, 34% were obese (BMI ≥ 95thpercentile); vitamin D levels were >20 ng/ml in 55%. In linear regression analyses, post vaccination antibody titers for LAIV B lineages (B Brisbane and B Massachusetts) were significantly higher among those with lower vitamin D levels and among younger participants (P < 0.05). No associations between vitamin D levels and responses to LAIV A strains (A/H1N1 and A/H3N2) or to any IIV strains or lineages were found.
  
  
  
  Low vitamin D levels were associated with higher response to LAIV B lineages in the 2014-2015 LAIV, but not related to LAIV A or any IIV strains.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Chyongchiou J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: c Department of Immunology and Center for Vaccine Research , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly Stefano
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: a Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.affiliation: a Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Susick
authors.affiliation: a Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Krissy K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Moehling
authors.affiliation: d Influenza Division , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Min Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: d Influenza Division , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA.|e Atlanta Research and Education Foundation , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: d Influenza Division , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.affiliation: a Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Mary Patricia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nowalk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D000917:Antibody Formation; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: antibodies; immunogenicity; influenza vaccine; obesity; vitamin D