title: Effective behaviour change techniques for physical activity and healthy eating in overweight and obese adults; systematic review and meta-regression analyses.
abstract: This systematic review aims to explain the heterogeneity in results of interventions to promote physical activity and healthy eating for overweight and obese adults, by exploring the differential effects of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and other intervention characteristics.
  
  
  
  The inclusion criteria specified RCTs with ≥ 12 weeks' duration, from January 2007 to October 2014, for adults (mean age ≥ 40 years, mean BMI ≥ 30). Primary outcomes were measures of healthy diet or physical activity. Two reviewers rated study quality, coded the BCTs, and collected outcome results at short (≤6 months) and long term (≥12 months). Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were used to estimate effect sizes (ES), heterogeneity indices (I2) and regression coefficients.
  
  
  
  We included 48 studies containing a total of 82 outcome reports. The 32 long term reports had an overall ES = 0.24 with 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15 to 0.33 and I2= 59.4%. The 50 short term reports had an ES = 0.37 with 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.48, and I2= 71.3%. The number of BCTs unique to the intervention group, and the BCTs goal setting and self-monitoring of behaviour predicted the effect at short and long term. The total number of BCTs in both intervention arms and using the BCTs goal setting of outcome, feedback on outcome of behaviour, implementing graded tasks, and adding objects to the environment, e.g. using a step counter, significantly predicted the effect at long term. Setting a goal for change; and the presence of reporting bias independently explained 58.8% of inter-study variation at short term. Autonomy supportive and person-centred methods as in Motivational Interviewing, the BCTs goal setting of behaviour, and receiving feedback on the outcome of behaviour, explained all of the between study variations in effects at long term.
  
  
  
  There are similarities, but also differences in effective BCTs promoting change in healthy eating and physical activity and BCTs supporting maintenance of change. The results support the use of goal setting and self-monitoring of behaviour when counselling overweight and obese adults. Several other BCTs as well as the use of a person-centred and autonomy supportive counselling approach seem important in order to maintain behaviour over time.
  
  
  
  PROSPERO CRD42015020624.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway. gro.samdal@uib.no.
authors.forename: Gro Beate
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Samdal
authors.affiliation: Department for Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.|Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Geir Egil
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Eide
authors.affiliation: Member of Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers (MINT), Allasso, Norway.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Eivind
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D015444:Exercise; D005246:Feedback; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D050177:Overweight
keywords: Behaviour change techniques; Healthy eating; Heterogeneity; Meta-regression; Physical activity; Self-regulation; Systematic review