title: Current Pharmacological Therapies in Heart Failure Patients.
abstract: Heart failure (HF) is a major problem of public health. More than 23 million patients worldwide are affected by heart failure. Despite incidence and prevalence of heart failure may vary according to real world or randomized trials database, advancing age is a major determinant of heart failure. Heart failure is also characterized by an elevated rate of morbidity and mortality and represents one of the leading causes of hospitalization. A major consequence of heart failure is the frequent hospital admissions and related costs. Guidelines have clearly indicated evidence-based treatments in patients with heart failure, and the adherence to these indications has translated in an improvement of patient's prognosis. Nevertheless, the use of recommended treatments at the recommended dosages is still lower than expected. In the last year in Europe new guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure and in USA an update on pharmacological treatment of heart failure were published, pointing the attention on the use of new available pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. HF syndrome reflects the interaction between hemodynamic dysregulation (alterations in myocardial preload, afterload, and contractility and a neurohormonal disarray those results in the development of symptoms and in the progression of the disease. Current treatment approaches target both hemodynamic alterations and the neurohumoral elements to slow disease progression as well as to improve symptoms and outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2ª Medicina, Spedali Civili, 25100, Brescia, Italy. marialorenza.muiesan@unibs.it.|Department of Medicine, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. marialorenza.muiesan@unibs.it.
authors.forename: Maria Lorenza
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Muiesan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2ª Medicina, Spedali Civili, 25100, Brescia, Italy.|Department of Medicine, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paini
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2ª Medicina, Spedali Civili, 25100, Brescia, Italy.|Department of Medicine, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agabiti Rosei
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2ª Medicina, Spedali Civili, 25100, Brescia, Italy.|Department of Medicine, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bertacchini
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2ª Medicina, Spedali Civili, 25100, Brescia, Italy.|Department of Medicine, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stassaldi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2ª Medicina, Spedali Civili, 25100, Brescia, Italy.|Department of Medicine, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvetti
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
keywords: Heart failure; Hypertension; Natriuretic peptides; Sacubitril/valsartan; Treatment