title: Separate and unequal: Structural racism and infant mortality in the US.
abstract: We examined associations between state-level measures of structural racism and infant mortality among black and white populations across the US. Overall and race-specific infant mortality rates in each state were calculated from national linked birth and infant death records from 2010 to 2013. Structural racism in each state was characterized by racial inequity (ratio of black to white population estimates) in educational attainment, median household income, employment, imprisonment, and juvenile custody. Poisson regression with robust standard errors estimated infant mortality rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) associated with an IQR increase in indicators of structural racism overall and separately within black and white populations. Across all states, increasing racial inequity in unemployment was associated with a 5% increase in black infant mortality (RR=1.05, 95% CI=1.01, 1.10). Decreasing racial inequity in education was associated with an almost 10% reduction in the black infant mortality rate (RR=0.92, 95% CI=0.85, 0.99). None of the structural racism measures were significantly associated with infant mortality among whites. Structural racism may contribute to the persisting racial inequity in infant mortality.
authors.affiliation: Mary Amelia Women's Community Health Education Center, Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St., Suite 2210, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; National Birth Equity Collaborative, 4747 Earhart Blvd, Suite I, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States. Electronic address: mwallace@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Maeve
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: National Birth Equity Collaborative, 4747 Earhart Blvd, Suite I, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States.
authors.forename: Joia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crear-Perry
authors.affiliation: National Birth Equity Collaborative, 4747 Earhart Blvd, Suite I, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States; Institute of Women and Ethnic Studies, 935 Gravier St., Suite 1140, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: National Birth Equity Collaborative, 4747 Earhart Blvd, Suite I, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States; H.E.R Institute, 2651 Poydras St., New Orleans, LA 70119, United States.
authors.forename: Meshawn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tarver
authors.affiliation: Mary Amelia Women's Community Health Education Center, Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St., Suite 2210, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; National Birth Equity Collaborative, 4747 Earhart Blvd, Suite I, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Theall
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D063505:Racism; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Infant mortality; Structural racism