title: The Neighborhood Social Environment and Objective Measures of Sleep in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
abstract: To investigate cross-sectional associations of neighborhood social environment (social cohesion, safety) with objective measures of sleep duration, timing, and disturbances.
  
  
  
  A racially/ethnically diverse population of men and women (N = 1949) aged 54 to 93 years participating in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Sleep and Neighborhood Ancillary studies. Participants underwent 1-week actigraphy between 2010 and 2013. Measures of sleep duration, timing, and disruption were averaged over all days. Neighborhood characteristics were assessed via questionnaires administered to participants and an independent sample within the same neighborhood and aggregated at the neighborhood (census tract, N = 783) level using empirical Bayes estimation. Multilevel linear regression models were used to assess the association between the neighborhood social environment and each sleep outcome.
  
  
  
  Neighborhood social environment characterized by higher levels of social cohesion and safety were associated with longer sleep duration and earlier sleep midpoint. Each 1 standard deviation higher neighborhood social environment score was associated with 6.1 minutes longer [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0, 10.2] sleep duration and 6.4 minutes earlier (CI: 2.2, 10.6) sleep midpoint after adjustment for age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and marital status. These associations persisted after adjustment for other risk factors. Neighborhood social factors were not associated with sleep efficiency or sleep fragmentation index.
  
  
  
  A more favorable neighborhood social environment is associated with longer objectively measured sleep duration and earlier sleep timing. Intervening on the neighborhood environment may improve sleep and subsequent health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.|Division of Sleep Medicine Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Dayna A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simonelli
authors.affiliation: Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University,Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: UW Medicine Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Billings
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
authors.forename: Mahasin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mujahid
authors.affiliation: Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rueschman
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.affiliation: Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.|Division of Sleep Medicine Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redline
authors.affiliation: UW Medicine Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Diez Roux
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Research performed at the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders at Brigham and Women's Hospital.
authors.forename: Sanjay R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000453:epidemiology; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Neighborhoods; actigraphy.; sleep duration; sleep timing