title: Nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering.
abstract: Tissue engineering (TE) envisions the creation of functional substitutes for damaged tissues through integrated solutions, where medical, biological, and engineering principles are combined. Bone regeneration is one of the areas in which designing a model that mimics all tissue properties is still a challenge. The hierarchical structure and high vascularization of bone hampers a TE approach, especially in large bone defects. Nanotechnology can open up a new era for TE, allowing the creation of nanostructures that are comparable in size to those appearing in natural bone. Therefore, nanoengineered systems are now able to more closely mimic the structures observed in naturally occurring systems, and it is also possible to combine several approaches - such as drug delivery and cell labeling - within a single system. This review aims to cover the most recent developments on the use of different nanoparticles for bone TE, with emphasis on their application for scaffolds improvement; drug and gene delivery carriers, and labeling techniques. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:590-611, 2017.
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sílvia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6481-4500
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vial
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rui L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: J Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials
keywords: bone tissue engineering; drug and gene delivery; imaging; nanoparticles; scaffolds