title: Microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of hierarchical TiO2microspheres for efficient electro-field-assisted-photocatalytic removal of tributyltin in tannery wastewater.
abstract: Organotin compounds have been widely used in recent decades, however, the residential tributyltin (TBT) in environment has potential harmful effects on human health due to the disruption of endocrine system even at trace level. Herein, this work reports on an effective electro-field-assisted-photocatalytic technique for removal of TBT by applying an electric field to photocatalysis of as-prepared hierarchical TiO2microspheres. The synthesis of catalytic materials is based on a self-assembly process induced by microwave-assisted solvothermal reaction. Hierarchical TiO2microspheres consisting of nanowires can be obtained in short time with this facile method and possess high surface area and superior optical properties. As the catalyst, it was found that the reaction rate constant of electro-field-assisted-photocatalytic removal (0.0488 min-1) of TBT exhibited almost a 9 fold improvement as compared to that of photocatalysis (0.0052 min-1). The proposed mechanism of electro-field-assisted-photocatalytic removal of TBT was verified by using117Sn-enriched TBT spike solution as an isotopic tracer. In addition, varying impacts from some key reaction conditions, such as voltage of potential, pH value and the presence of Cr and formaldehyde were also discussed. The overall satisfactory TBT removal performance of the proposed electro-field-assisted-photocatalysis procedure with hierarchical TiO2microspheres, which was validated using actual tannery wastewater samples from three different kinds of tanning procedures. These attributes suggest that this electro-field-assisted-photocatalysis may have broad applications for the treatment of tannery wastewater.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China; National Footwear Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Beijing), China Leather and Footwear Industry Research Institute, Beijing, 100015, PR China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: National Footwear Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Beijing), China Leather and Footwear Industry Research Institute, Beijing, 100015, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhiding
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: National Footwear Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Beijing), China Leather and Footwear Industry Research Institute, Beijing, 100015, PR China. Electronic address: wenkaichang@126.com.
authors.forename: Wenkai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, China, Beijing, 100013, PR China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: National Footwear Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Beijing), China Leather and Footwear Industry Research Institute, Beijing, 100015, PR China.
authors.forename: Xugen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: National Footwear Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Beijing), China Leather and Footwear Industry Research Institute, Beijing, 100015, PR China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: National Footwear Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Beijing), China Leather and Footwear Industry Research Institute, Beijing, 100015, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China. Electronic address: lizh@mail.buct.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zenghe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods; D008863:Microspheres; D008872:Microwaves; D013633:Tanning; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D062065:Wastewater; C009495:titanium dioxide; C011559:tributyltin
keywords: Electro-field-assisted-photocatalysis; Hierarchical TiO(2) microspheres; Microwave-assisted solvothermal process; Organotin; Tannery wastewater