title: Association between serum zinc and later development of metabolic syndrome in middle aged and older men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate associations of serum zinc with incident metabolic syndrome and its components in middle-aged and older Finnish men.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 11-y prospective follow-up study conducted among 683 men from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study who were 42 to 60 y old at baseline in 1984 to 1989. The main outcome was incident metabolic syndrome, defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria. Other outcomes were the individual components of the NCEP metabolic syndrome: Fasting blood glucose, serum triacylglycerols, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hypertension, and waist circumference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the average follow-up of 11 y, 139 men (20.4%) developed metabolic syndrome. Those in the highest tertile of serum zinc had 84% higher risk (95% confidence interval 12 to 201%, P trend across tertiles = 0.015) to develop metabolic syndrome compared with those in the lowest tertile, after adjustment for several potential confounders. The association between serum zinc and incident metabolic syndrome was attenuated by adjustment for waist circumference, serum HDL cholesterol, or hypertension. Serum zinc was also directly associated with higher waist circumference and hypertension and inversely associated with HDL cholesterol at the 11 y examinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a direct association between serum zinc and incidence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older eastern Finnish men. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Teymoor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yary
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jyrki K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruusunen
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tomi-Pekka
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Tuomainen
authors.affiliation: University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: sari.voutilainen@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voutilainen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D044465:White People; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Hypertension; Metabolic syndrome; Serum zinc; Triacylglycerols; Waist circumference