title: Oxidative stress and immune system analysis after cycle ergometer use in critical patients.
abstract: The passive cycle ergometer aims to prevent hypotrophy and improve muscle strength, with a consequent reduction in hospitalization time in the intensive care unit and functional improvement. However, its effects on oxidative stress and immune system parameters remain unknown. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of a passive cycle ergometer on the immune system and oxidative stress in critical patients.
  This paper describes a randomized controlled trial in a sample of 19 patients of both genders who were on mechanical ventilation and hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the Hospital Agamenom Magalhães. The patients were divided into two groups: one group underwent cycle ergometer passive exercise for 30 cycles/min on the lower limbs for 20 minutes; the other group did not undergo any therapeutic intervention during the study and served as the control group. A total of 20 ml of blood was analysed, in which nitric oxide levels and some specific inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 10 (IL-10)) were evaluated before and after the study protocol.
  Regarding the demographic and clinical variables, the groups were homogeneous in the early phases of the study. The nitric oxide analysis revealed a reduction in nitric oxide variation in stimulated cells (p=0.0021) and those stimulated (p=0.0076) after passive cycle ergometer use compared to the control group. No differences in the evaluated inflammatory cytokines were observed between the two groups.
  We can conclude that the passive cycle ergometer promoted reduced levels of nitric oxide, showing beneficial effects on oxidative stress reduction. As assessed by inflammatory cytokines, the treatment was not associated with changes in the immune system. However, further research in a larger population is necessary for more conclusive results.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.|Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.|Hospital Agamenom Magalhães (HAM), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Eriko Tenório de
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: França
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.|Hospital Agamenom Magalhães (HAM), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luana Carneiro
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Hospital Agamenom Magalhães (HAM), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela Gomes
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Lamenha
authors.affiliation: Hospital Agamenom Magalhães (HAM), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela Kalline Fidelix
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.affiliation: Hospital Agamenom Magalhães (HAM), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thainá de Gomes
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marthley José Correia
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Hospital Agamenom Magalhães (HAM), UTI Geral, Medicina Intensiva, Recife/, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ubiracé Fernando
authors.initials: UF
authors.lastname: Elihimas
authors.affiliation: Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bárbara Luana
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Feitosa
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria do Amparo
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Aurélio Valois
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.affiliation: Hospital Agamenom Magalhães (HAM), Fisioterapia, Recife/PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francimar Ferrari
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Microbiologia, LIKA, Recife/PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Célia Maria Machado Barbosa de
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015915:Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive / Q000379:methods*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000517:prevention & control; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide