title: Paraclinical findings in Iranian veterans exposed to sulfur mustard gas: A literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sulfur mustard (SM) causes various systemic disturbances in human beings. This study aimed to assess paraclinical changes caused by exposure to SM gas in Iranian veterans during the war between Iraq and Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was carried out in international and national medical databases including ISI, Medline, Scopus, Iranmedex and Irandoc. Both Farsi and English literature were searched.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Search of the literature yielded 422 medical articles related to SM poisoning. Among them, 30 relevant articles were thoroughly reviewed. The most important reported complications were leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, increased bleeding time, positive C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), antinuclear antibody (ANA), decreased T helper cells, natural killer cells, IL6, and IL8 levels, elevation of serum immunoglobulins, decreased levels of T3, T4 and cortisol, increased level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), proteinuria, hematuria, and elevated liver enzymes. Also, there were some changes in chest assessments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SM causes profound systemic complications in victims, even years after exposure. The paraclinical changes can be observed in hematology, immune system, biochemistry, hormonal profile and some imaging studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Mansour
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.affiliation: Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saghafinia
authors.affiliation: Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: psalamati@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Payman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salamati
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000506:poisoning*; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000506:poisoning*; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging; D013147:Spirometry; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D006728:Hormones; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D009151:Mustard Gas
keywords: Chemical warfare; Iraq–Iran war, 1980–1988; Mustard gas