title: Pediatric Spinal Ultrasound: Neonatal and Intraoperative Applications.
abstract: The purpose of this article is to review the use of ultrasound as a screening tool for spinal diseases in neonates and infants and its intraoperative value in selected pediatric neurosurgical disorders. A review of spinal embryology followed by a description of common spinal diseases in neonates assessed with ultrasound is presented. Indications for spinal ultrasound in neonates, commonly identified conditions, and the importance of magnetic resonance imaging in selected cases are emphasized. Additionally, the use of ultrasound in selected neurosurgical spinal diseases in pediatric patients is presented with magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative correlation. Technique, limitations, and pitfalls are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alvarado
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH. Electronic address: james.leach@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caré
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mangano
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O Hara
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*