title: ATVB Distinguished Scientist Award: How Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Pathways Shape Atherosclerosis.
abstract: Immune cells play a critical role in atherosclerosis. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and CD28 immunoglobulin superfamilies not only shape T-cell and B-cell responses but also have a major effect on antigen-presenting cells and nonimmune cells.
  
  
  
  Pharmacological inhibition or activation of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules and genetic deletion demonstrated their involvement in atherosclerosis. This review highlights recent advances in understanding how costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways shape the immune response in atherosclerosis.
  
  
  
  Insights gained from costimulatory and coinhibitory molecule function in atherosclerosis may inform future therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.). klaus@lji.org.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ley
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.).
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gerdes
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.).
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Winkels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001158:Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D061025:Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D061025:Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
keywords: B-lymphocytes; antigen-presenting cells; atherosclerosis; immunoglobulins; receptors, tumor necrosis factor