title: "What Goes Around Comes Around": Antecedents, Mediators, and Consequences of Controlling vs. Need-Supportive Motivational Strategies Used by Exercise Professionals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research into the factors associated with the use of different motivational strategies by exercise professionals is of empirical and practical utility.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Grounded in self-determination theory, this study sought to analyze putative antecedents, mediators, and work-related well- and ill-being consequences of two types of motivational strategies reported by exercise professionals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 366 exercise professionals (193 males; experience = 7.7 ± 5.8 years). Questionnaires assessing psychological need satisfaction frustration, self-determined work motivation, motivational strategies (need-supportive vs. controlling), emotional exhaustion, and personal accomplishment were completed online. Path analysis was used to test the hypothesized model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Model with good fit [χ2(5) = 9.174, p> .05; CFI = .984; TLI = .936; RMSEA = .048; SRMR = .022] showed need satisfaction as positively associated with supportive strategies and personal accomplishment (β between .267 and .399) and negatively with emotional exhaustion (β = -.145). Need frustration was negatively associated with work motivation and personal accomplishment (β = -.315; -.176), and positively with controlling strategies and emotional exhaustion (β = .195; .226). Furthermore, supportive strategies and work motivation were positively associated with personal accomplishment (β = .134; .184), whereas controlling strategies were positively associated with emotional exhaustion (β = .178).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings have theoretical implications, providing evidence of need satisfaction and frustration as being differently associated with work-related motivation, type of strategies used, and work-related emotional outcomes. Practical implications convey the importance of these variables in relation to the standard of motivational strategies provided and their role on work-related well- and ill-being indicators.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. mnsilva@fmh.ulisboa.pt.|Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, ULHT, Lisbon, Portugal. mnsilva@fmh.ulisboa.pt.
authors.forename: Marlene N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.|Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Oliva
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.|Institut de Recherche de l'Hôpital Montfort (IRHM), Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Geoffrey C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.|Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, ULHT, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Antonio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Palmeira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005639:Frustration; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011582:Psychological Theory; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Burnout; Exercise contexts; Motivational style; Personal accomplishment; Work motivation