title: Differential effects of antiretrovirals on microbial translocation and gut microbiota composition of HIV-infected patients.
abstract: Increased bacterial translocation and alterations to gut microbiota composition have been described in HIV infection and contribute to immune activation and inflammation. These effects persist despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, the contribution of different cART combinations has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to analyse the long-term effects of different combinations of cART on bacterial translocation and gut microbiota composition in HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  
  We carried out a cross-sectional study of 45 HIV-infected patients on cART, classified as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)+ protease inhibitors (PIs) (n = 15), NRTIs+ non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (n = 22), and NRTIs+ integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) (n = 8). Untreated HIV-infected patients (n = 5) and non-infected volunteers (n = 21) were also included. Soluble markers of bacterial translocation and inflammation were measured and gut microbiota composition was analysed using 16S rDNA pyrosequencing (Illumina MiSeq).
  
  
  
  The NRTIs+INSTIs regimen was associated with levels of systemic inflammation that were similar to uninfected controls. The reduction in faecal bacterial diversity induced by HIV infection was also restored by this regimen. HIV infection was more closely related to changes in lower taxonomic units and diversity rather than at the phylum level. The NRTIs+PIs regimen showed the highest reduction in bacterial species, whereas NRTIs+INSTIs induced a minor loss of bacterial species and a significant increase in others.
  
  
  
  Our study demonstrated that INSTI-based ART was associated with levels of systemic inflammation and microbial diversity similar to that of uninfected controls. The role of INSTIs other than raltegravir needs to be further investigated. Patients on the NRTIs+PIs regimen presented the highest reduction in bacterial species compared with other antiretrovirals and naive patients. Thus, different cART regimens are associated with diverse profiles in gut microbiota composition. Longitudinal and functional studies are needed to better understand these findings.
authors.affiliation: HIV and Associated Metabolic Alterations Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Villanueva-Millán
authors.affiliation: HIV and Associated Metabolic Alterations Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pérez-Matute
authors.affiliation: HIV and Associated Metabolic Alterations Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Recio-Fernández
authors.affiliation: HIV and Associated Metabolic Alterations Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lezana Rosales
authors.affiliation: HIV and Associated Metabolic Alterations Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.|Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Oteo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
keywords: HIV infection; antiretroviral therapy; bacterial diversity; gut microbiota; inflammation; microbial translocation