title: PTSD and cognitive symptoms relate to inhibition-related prefrontal activation and functional connectivity.
abstract: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with reduced executive functioning and verbal memory performance, as well as abnormal task-specific activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior cingulate cortices (ACC). The current study examined how PTSD symptoms and neuropsychological performance in combat veterans relates to (1) medial PFC and ACC activity during cognitive inhibition, and (2) task-independent PFC functional connectivity.
  
  
  
  Thirty-nine male combat veterans with varying levels of PTSD symptoms completed the multisource interference task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Robust regression analyses were used to assess relationships between percent signal change (PSC: incongruent-congruent) and both PTSD severity and neuropsychological performance. Analyses were conducted voxel-wise and for PSC extracted from medial PFC and ACC regions of interest. Resting-state scans were available for veterans with PTSD. Regions identified via task-based analyses were used as seeds for resting-state connectivity analyses.
  
  
  
  Worse PTSD severity and neuropsychological performance related to less medial PFC and rostral ACC activity during interference processing, driven partly by increased activation to congruent trials. Worse PTSD severity related to reduced functional connectivity between these regions and bilateral, lateral PFC (Brodmann area 10). Worse neuropsychological performance related to reduced functional connectivity between these regions and the inferior frontal gyrus.
  
  
  
  PTSD and associated neuropsychological deficits may result from difficulties regulating medial PFC regions associated with "default mode," or self-referential processing. Further clarification of functional coupling deficits between default mode and executive control networks in PTSD may enhance understanding of neuropsychological and emotional symptoms and provide novel treatment targets.
authors.affiliation: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.|Departments of Psychology, University of Tulsa (Clausen, AN) and Community Medicine (Simmons, WK, and Aupperle, RL), University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Francisco
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thelen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDowd
authors.affiliation: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.|Departments of Psychology, University of Tulsa (Clausen, AN) and Community Medicine (Simmons, WK, and Aupperle, RL), University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.
authors.forename: W Kyle
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.affiliation: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.|Departments of Psychology, University of Tulsa (Clausen, AN) and Community Medicine (Simmons, WK, and Aupperle, RL), University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Aupperle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D063132:Connectome / Q000379:methods*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014728:Veterans; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cognition; fMRI; posttraumatic stress disorder; trauma