title: Human Intestinal Enteroids: New Models to Study Gastrointestinal Virus Infections.
abstract: Human rotavirus (HRV) and human norovirus (HuNoV) infections are recognized as the most common causes of epidemic and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis worldwide. The study of these two human gastrointestinal viruses is important for understanding basic virus-host interactions and mechanisms of pathogenesis and to establish models to evaluate vaccines and treatments. Despite the introduction of live-attenuated vaccines to prevent life-threatening HRV-induced disease, the burden of HRV illness remains significant in low-income and less-industrialized countries, and small animal models or ex vivo models to study HRV infections efficiently are lacking. Similarly, HuNoVs remained non-cultivatable until recently. With the advent of non-transformed human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cultures, we are now able to culture and study both clinically relevant HRV and HuNoV in a biologically relevant human system. Methods described here will allow investigators to use these new culture techniques to grow HRV and HuNoV and analyze new aspects of virus replication and pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Winnie Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Blutt
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Sue E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ettayebi
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Xi-Lei
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Kapil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Sasirekha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramani
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Umesh C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Karandikar
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Zachos
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. mestes@bcm.edu.|Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. mestes@bcm.edu.
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Estes
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D029322:Norovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009940:Organoids / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D014779:Virus Replication
keywords: Gastrointestinal viral infections; HIEs; Human intestinal enteroids; Human norovirus; Human rotavirus