title: Incidence and predictors of vasoplegia after heart failure surgery.
abstract: Vasoplegia has been described as a complication after cardiac surgery, particularly in patients with a poor left ventricular ejection fraction. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, survival and predictors of vasoplegia in patients undergoing heart failure surgery and to propose a risk model.
  
  
  
  A retrospective study including heart failure patients who underwent surgical left ventricular restoration, CorCap implantation or left ventricular assist device implantation between 2006 and 2015. Patients were classified by the presence or absence of vasoplegia.
  
  
  
  Two hundred and twenty-five patients were included. The incidence of vasoplegia was 29%. The 90-day survival rate in vasoplegic patients was lower compared with non-vasoplegic patients (71% vs 91%, P  <   0.001). After adjusting for age, sex and surgical procedure, anaemia (OR 2.195; 95% CI 1.146, 4.204; P  =   0.018) and a higher thyroxine level (OR 1.140; 95% CI 1.033, 1.259; P  =   0.009) increased the risk of vasoplegia; a higher creatinine clearance (OR 0.980; 95% CI 0.965, 0.994; P  =   0.006) and beta-blocker use (OR 0.257; 95% CI 0.112, 0.589; P  =   0.001) decreased the risk. The risk model consisted of the same variables and could adequately identify patients at risk for vasoplegia.
  
  
  
  Vasoplegia after heart failure surgery is common and results in a lower survival rate. Anaemia and a higher thyroxine level are associated with an increased risk on vasoplegia. In contrast, a higher creatinine clearance and beta-blocker use decrease the risk on vasoplegia. These factors are used in the risk model that may guide treatment strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.|Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marieke E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: van Vessem
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Meindert
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palmen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lotte E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Couperus
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Remco R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Berendsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laurens F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Tops
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harriëtte F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Verwey
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Evert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Jonge
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Klautz
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schalij
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia L M A
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Beeres
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D056987:Vasoplegia / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D013974:Thyroxine
keywords: Heart failure; Risk model; Surgery; Vasoplegia; Vasoplegic syndrome