title: PAH emissions from old and new types of domestic hot water boilers.
abstract: Five different domestic heating boilers (automatic, over-fire, with down-draft combustion and gasification) and three types of fuel (lignite, wood and mixed fuel) were examined in 25 combustion tests and correlated with the emissions of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), total organic carbon (TOC) and 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs with MW = 178-278 g/mol) focusing on particle phase. However, the distribution of 12 PAHs in gas phase was considered as well due to the presence mainly of lighter PAHs in gas phase. The PAHs, as well as the CO and TOC, are the indicators of incomplete combustion, and in this study PAH emission increased significantly with increasing emissions of CO and TOC. The PAHs were mainly detected on PM2.5, their contents were increasing linearly with increasing PM2.5emissions. The highest emission factors of PAHs were measured for boilers of old construction, such as over-fire boiler (5.8-929 mg/kg) and boiler with down-draft combustion (3.1-54.1 mg/kg). Modern types of boilers produced much lower emissions of PAHs, in particular, automatic boiler (0.3-3.3 mg/kg) and gasification boilers (0.2-6.7 mg/kg). In general, the inefficient combustion at reduced output of boilers generated 1.4-17.7 times more emissions of PAHs than the combustion at nominal output of boilers. It is recommended to operate boilers at nominal output with sufficient air supply and to use the proper fuel to minimise PAHs emissions from domestic heating appliances.
authors.affiliation: Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic. Electronic address: jiri.horak2@vsb.cz.
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horak
authors.affiliation: Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kubonova
authors.affiliation: Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krpec
authors.affiliation: Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Frantisek
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hopan
authors.affiliation: Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kubesa
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Oldrich
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Motyka
authors.affiliation: Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vendula
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Laciok
authors.affiliation: Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dej
authors.affiliation: Energy Research Center, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tadeas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ochodek
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic; Centre Energy Units for Utilization of Non Traditional Energy Sources, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Placha
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D003031:Coal; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006361:Heating; D006358:Hot Temperature; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D002248:Carbon Monoxide
keywords: Benzo[a]pyrene; Domestic heating; Hot water boiler; PAHs; Particulate matter