title: Digital image correlation-aided mechanical characterization of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament.
abstract: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most commonly injured soft tissue structures in the articular knee joint, often requiring invasive surgery for patients to restore pre-injury knee kinematics. There is a pressing need to understand the role of the ACL in knee function, in order to select proper replacements. Digital image correlation (DIC), a non-contact full field displacement measurement technique, is an established tool for evaluating non-biological materials. The application of DIC to soft tissues has been in the nascent stages, largely due to patterning challenges of such materials. The ACL is notoriously difficult to mechanically characterize, due to the complex geometry of its two bundles and their insertions. This paper examines the use of DIC to determine the tensile mechanical properties of the AM and PL bundles of ovine ACLs in a well-known loading state. Homogenous loading in the mid-substance of the bundles provides for accurate development of stress/strain curves using DIC. Animal to animal variability is reduced, and the bundles are stiffer than previously thought when tissue-level strains are accurately measured.
  
  
  
  The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), a major stabilizing ligament of the articular knee joint, is one of the most commonly injured soft tissue structures in the knee. Often, invasive surgery is required to restore pre-injury knee kinematics, and there are several long-term consequences of ACL reconstructions, including early-onset osteoarthritis. The role of the ACL in knee stability and motion has received much attention in the biomechanics community. This paper examines the use of a non-contact full-field displacement measurement technique, digital image correlation, to determine the tensile mechanical properties of the ACL. The focus of this work is to investigate the intrinsic mechanical properties of the ACL, as new knowledge in these areas will aid clinicians in selecting ACL replacements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States. Electronic address: kmallett@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Kaitlyn F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Mallett
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Program in Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States. Electronic address: arruda@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Ellen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Arruda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012756:Sheep
keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament; Biomechanics; Digital image correlation; Hyperelasticity; Orthopedics; Soft tissue characterization