title: How to measure energy and protein intake in a geriatric department - A comparison of three visual methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sufficient energy and protein intake are essential to treatment and recovery of hospitalized older adults. The food intake should be assessed in order to detect patients in need of nutritional intervention. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of three visual methods for assessing energy and protein intake as compared to weighing food items.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted assessment of 103 lunch meals served to geriatric inpatients. Lunch meals were assessed by the nursing staff using three visual methods: 1. Meal Portions (MP): Consumption of each meat/fish, vegetables, potatoes, and sauce 2. Plate Method (PM): Consumption of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, or 0% 3. Reduced Plate Method (RPM): All, half, quarter, or nothing Separate weighing of all food items pre- and post-serving was used as reference method. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used comparing the accuracy of the three visual methods. Bland-Altman analysis was used to test the degree of agreement. Results are given as median estimates [25%>, 75%> percentiles]. The Alpha level was set to 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total energy served pr. lunch meal was 893.6 kJ [830.4, 1034.3] and the weighed intake 676.6 kJ [421.4, 870.0]. The median intake was 663.0 kJ [389.0, 873.0] (p = 0.044), 636.0 kJ [436.5, 873.0] (p < 0.001), and 487.8 kJ [316.5, 873.0] (p < 0.001) assessed by MP, PM, and RPM respectively. The weighted protein content pr. served meal was 13.0 g [11.4, 15.4] with a weighted intake of 10.3 g [5.3, 13.1]. The median intake was 10.7 g [5.3, 11.7] (P = 0.045), 9.3 g [5.8, 11.7] (p < 0.001), and 8.0 g [4.8, 11.7] (p < 0.001) assessed by MP, PM, and RPM respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All visual methods underestimated energy intake. PM and RPM underestimated protein intake whereas MP overestimated protein intake. However, visual assessment by MP was found to be most accurate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark. Electronic address: mettehusted@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Mette M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Husted
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fournaise
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Matzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rudolf A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Scheller
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D005851:Geriatric Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D062409:Lunch; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: Energy intake; Malnutrition; Plate diagram sheet; Protein intake; Visual methods; Weighing food