title: Vibration-related extrusion of capillary blood from the calf musculature depends upon directions of vibration of the leg and of the gravity vector.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we investigated the effects of vibration of the whole lower leg on the content and the oxygenation of hemoglobin in the unloaded relaxed lateral gastrocnemius muscle. Vibration was applied orthogonal to and in parallel with leg axis to examine whether the extrusion of blood depends on an alignment of main vessel direction, axis of vibration and gravity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The blood volume in the muscles was altered by horizontal and 30° upright body posture. Fifteen male subjects were exposed to 4 sets of experiments with both vibration directions and both tilt angles applied in permutated order. The absence of voluntary muscular activity and the potential occurrence of compound action potentials by stretch reflexes were monitored using electromyography. Total hemoglobin and tissue saturation index were measured with near infrared spectroscopy. Changes of lower leg circumference were measured with strain gauge system placed around the calf.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vibration caused decrease in tHb and increase in TSI indicating extrusion of predominantly venous blood from the muscle. In 30° tilted position, muscles contained more blood at baseline and vibration ejected more blood from the muscle compared with horizontal posture (p < 0.01). At 30° tilting deeper drop in tHb and steeper increase in TSI (p < 0.01) were observed when vibration was applied in parallel with the length axis of muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that the vibration extrudes more blood in 30° head up posture and the vibration applied in parallel with the length axis of the muscle is more effective than orthogonal vibration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey. hicakar@gmail.com.|Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany. hicakar@gmail.com.|Laboratoire d'Analyse des Signaux et des Processus Industriels, IUT de Roanne, Roanne, 42334, France. hicakar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Halil Ibrahim
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0336-4147
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Çakar
authors.affiliation: University of Koblenz, Rhein-Ahr-Campus Remagen, Remagen, Germany.
authors.forename: Serfiraz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doğan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sadık
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.|Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rittweger
authors.affiliation: Novotec Medical GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rawer
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zange
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D006112:Gravitation; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture; D012026:Reflex, Stretch; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Microcirculation; Near infrared spectroscopy; Tonic vibration reflex; Whole-body vibration