title: The Process and Regulatory Components of Inflammation in Brain Oncogenesis.
abstract: Central nervous system tumors comprising the primary cancers and brain metastases remain the most lethal neoplasms and challenging to treat. Substantial evidence points to a paramount role for inflammation in the pathology leading to gliomagenesis, malignant progression and tumor aggressiveness in the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment. This review summarizes the salient contributions of oxidative stress, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenases, and transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and the associated cross-talks to the inflammatory signaling in CNS cancers. The roles of reactive astrocytes, tumor associated microglia and macrophages, metabolic alterations, microsatellite instability,O⁶-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) DNA repair and epigenetic alterations mediated by the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations have been discussed. The inflammatory pathways with relevance to the brain cancer treatments have been highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1406 S. Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA. agm.mostofa@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: A G M
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Mostofa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1406 S. Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA. Surendra.r.punganuru@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Surendra R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Punganuru
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1406 S. Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA. hanumantharao.madala@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Hanumantha Rao
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Madala
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1406 S. Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA. Mohammad.al-obaide@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Obaide
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1406 S. Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA. Kalkunte.Srivenugopal@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Kalkunte S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Srivenugopal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: MGMT DNA repair; STAT3; epigenetic deregulation; gliomas; inflammation; interleukins