title: Exposure of Students to Emotional and Physical Violence in the School Environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While peer abuse or physical violence in school is emphasized more, the physical and emotional violence caused by school staff has been emphasized less. The purpose of this study was to investigate the variables related to emotional and physical violence that students are exposed to in the school environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted by applying a questionnaire to 434 fifth-grade students receiving education in the primary schools in Konak district of Izmir province. Being prepared by the researchers of this study, the questionnaire consisted of questions about the socio-demographic features of the child and the family, the place where the child has been raised, family income, average grade, and the emotional and physical violence of teachers, parents, and peers s/he has been exposed to within the last year. The Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study group consisted of 214 (49.3%) female and 220 (50.7%) male students. Students reported that they were exposed to at least one type of emotional violence from 59.4% of teachers, 52.8% of parents, and 61.8% of children at school; they were exposed to at least one type of physical violence from 42.9% of teachers, 33.6% of parents, and 24.9% of children at school. While the rate of encountering with the beating of another child was 53%, the rate of watching this in television/cinema was 52.8%. Regarding exposure to at least one type of violence, males were found to be significantly more exposed to emotional and physical violence from male teachers, female teachers, and fathers and physical violence from children at school. The factors regarding the exposure to emotional and physical violence by teachers were evaluated using logistic regression analysis, and it was determined that the physical violence from teachers, emotional violence from children in school, and emotional violence from parents could predict the emotional violence from teachers. For males, physical violence from children in school and emotional violence from teachers could predict the physical violence from teachers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the determination of the tendency of togetherness of different types of violence applied to students from different people groups like teachers, parents, and children in school makes us think about the possibility of common risk factors in terms of violence exposure. The risk factors determined in this study may guide us in planning protective interventions aimed at violence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Şahbal
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Aras
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Training, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Özan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Training, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevgi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Timbil
authors.affiliation: Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Semih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Şemin
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kasapçi
keywords: Emotional violence; physical violence; student; teacher