title: Modafinil Treatment of Cocaine Dependence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: Currently, there is none FDA-approved medication to treat cocaine dependency. Studies conducted with various medications, including antipsychotics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and others, revealed inconsistent results.
  
  
  
  To meta-analytically investigate the efficacy and safety of modafinil in the treatment of cocaine-dependent patients.
  
  
  
  Randomized controlled trials with ≥20 subjects comparing the numerical therapeutic outcomes of modafinil with placebo were identified in databases, such as PUBMED, psycINFO, EMBASE, and Clinicaltrials.gov. Relevant data on efficacy and safety were extracted. Relative risk (RR) and standardized mean difference were applied for reporting dichotomous and continuous outcomes respectively. Random effects, subgroup, and meta-regression analyses were conducted to further explore the results and evaluate for any moderators.
  
  
  
  In total, 11 studies (participants = 896, duration = 6.7 ± 1.9 weeks) comparing modafinil with placebo were systematically analyzed, which indicated that modafinil was not superior to placebo in improving the treatment retention rate (studies = 11, participants = 891, RR = 1.030, 95% CI = 0.918-1.156, p = .613). Similarly, data from 7/11 studies did not evidence superiority of modafinil in achieving cocaine abstinence (participants = 696, RR = 1.259, 95% CI = 0.813-1.949, p = .302). However, subgroup analysis of six studies conducted in the United States demonstrated superiority of modafinil in cocaine abstinence rate (studies = 6, participants = 669, 95% CI = 1.027-2.020, p = 0.035). In addition, no evidence suggested modafinil-related discontinuation or specific adverse events than placebo.
  
  
  
  Overall, there is no evidence to conclude superiority of modafinil in increasing cocaine abstinence and treatment retention rate. However, promising result in subgroup analysis of cocaine abstinence, secondary outcomes, and good safety profile urged the need of larger studies to derive more conclusive results.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Jamaica Hospital Medical Center , New York , New York , USA.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sangroula
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychiatric Research , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , New York , USA.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Motiwala
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biology , California State University , Hayward , California , USA.
authors.forename: Bivek
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wagle
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychiatry , Nassau University Medical Center , East Meadow , New York , USA.
authors.forename: Vivek C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: e Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd. , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hagi
authors.affiliation: f Department of Psychiatry , University of Louisville School of Medicine , Louisville , Kentucky , USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lippmann
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D000077408:Modafinil
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000077408:Modafinil
keywords: Modafinil; addiction; cocaine; crack; dependence; efficacy