title: The Enzymology of 2-Hydroxyglutarate, 2-Hydroxyglutaramate and 2-Hydroxysuccinamate and Their Relationship to Oncometabolites.
abstract: Many enzymes make "mistakes". Consequently, repair enzymes have evolved to correct these mistakes. For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) slowly catalyze the reduction of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) to the oncometabolite l-2-hydroxyglutarate (l-2-HG). l-2-HG dehydrogenase corrects this error by converting l-2-HG to 2-OG. LDH also catalyzes the reduction of the oxo group of 2-oxoglutaramate (2-OGM; transamination product of l-glutamine). We show here that human glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the amidation of the terminal carboxyl of both the l- and d- isomers of 2-HG. The reaction of 2-OGM with LDH and the reaction of l-2-HG with GS generate l-2-hydroxyglutaramate (l-2-HGM). We also show that l-2-HGM is a substrate of human ω-amidase. The product (l-2-HG) can then be converted to 2-OG by l-2-HG dehydrogenase. Previous work showed that 2-oxosuccinamate (2-OSM; transamination product of l-asparagine) is an excellent substrate of LDH. Finally, we also show that human ω-amidase converts the product of this reaction (i.e., l-2-hydroxysuccinamate; l-2-HSM) to l-malate. Thus, ω-amidase may act together with hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenases to repair certain "mistakes" of GS and LDH. The present findings suggest that non-productive pathways for nitrogen metabolism occur in mammalian tissues in vivo. Perturbations of these pathways may contribute to symptoms associated with hydroxyglutaric acidurias and to tumor progression. Finally, methods for the synthesis of l-2-HGM and l-2-HSM are described that should be useful in determining the roles of ω-amidase/4- and 5-C compounds in photorespiration in plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA. hariharanviv@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vivek A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Hariharan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA. travis.denton@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Travis T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Denton
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA. sparaszczak@umass.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paraszcszak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA. kyle_mcevoy@nymc.edu.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA. thomas_jeitner@nymc.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Jeitner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA. boris_krasnikov@nymc.edu.
authors.forename: Boris F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Krasnikov
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA. arthur_cooper@nymc.edu.
authors.forename: Arthur J L
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
keywords: 2-hydroxyglutaramate; 2-hydroxyglutarate; 2-hydroxysuccinamate; 2-oxoglutaramate; 2-oxoglutarate; asparagine transaminase; glutamine synthetase; glutamine transaminases; ω-Amidase