title: Medication adherence among cardiac patients in Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: Non-adherence to medication among cardiac patients is often the major risk factor for poor clinical outcomes, increased mortality rates and higher healthcare costs. The literature evaluating the prevalence of and reasons for non-adherence in resource-poor settings is extremely limited compared to resource-rich settings. There is a scarcity of data about medication adherence in Sudan hence this study was performed to identify prevalence, predictors and barriers of non-adherence to medication among cardiac patients in Khartoum State.
  
  
  
  A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was performed using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire on a sample of 433 randomly selected cardiac patients attending the largest three cardiac centres located in Khartoum State. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used for data analysis.
  
  
  
  The response rate was 89.1%. The mean (± SD) number of chronic diseases among respondents was 2.3 ( ± 1.3) and that of medication use was 4.2 ( ± 1.9). The mean ( ± SD) duration of medication use among participants was 6.4 ( ± 5.4) years. Optimal adherence was defined as having a score of greater than six on the eight-item Morisky medication adherence scale. Using this cut-off point, 49% (95% CI: 43.9-54.1) of respondents had optimal adherence and 51% (95% CI: 45.9-56.1) had poor adherence. Respondents with a high level of education, low and middle income levels, and those taking five or more medications daily were found to be significantly more non-adherent to medication use than those with low to intermediate education levels (p < 0.001), those with high income levels (p < 0.001), and those taking one to four medications daily (p = 0.039). The top four barriers for poor medication adherence among the study participants were the high cost of drugs, polypharmacy and lack of pharmacist and physician communication with patients about their drug therapy.
  
  
  
  The current findings highlight the need for urgent, multifaceted interventions, given the burden of cardiovascular diseases and the clinical and economic consequences of medication non-adherence. These interventions include affordable medications, easy-to-use medication regimens with fewer daily doses, ongoing communication between patients and healthcare providers, and improvement of the patient-provider partnership.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait. Email: amoneim@hsc.edu.kw.
authors.forename: Abdelmoneim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nahid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, National University, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Siham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altayib
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003142:Communication; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology; D019338:Polypharmacy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013397:Sudan; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents