title: A review of general pain measurement tools and instruments for consideration of use in COPD clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The experience of pain can have a significant impact on the everyday life of individuals including those with COPD. Recently, pain has emerged as an area in COPD research. When considering pain measurement in COPD studies, it is important to consider the validity, reliability, responsiveness and interpretability of instruments and tools. This review sought to assess these domains of general pain instruments and tools using the consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments (COSMIN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three separate analyses were used to assess general pain measurement tools and instruments. These comprise COSMIN's, 1) methodological quality assessment with dichotomous responses, 2) the 4-point rating scale, and 3) overall quality criteria using an assessment scale for clinimetric properties by Terwee.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ) was found to have the highest rating in all domains of validity, reliability, responsiveness and interpretability. In the first analysis, PSQ and Geriatric Pain Measure (GPM) scored highest in four of the six domains. In the second analysis, using the 4-point rating, the PSQ scored highest in three of four domains. In the third analysis, the GPM scored the highest in all four domains. Overall the PSQ, GPM and Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale scores were consistently high in the three separate analyses in this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review found variability in the domains of validity, reliability, responsiveness and interpretability in general pain tools and instruments. The PSQ was found to be the most valid and reliable general pain measurement instrument for adult populations.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith.
authors.forename: Alisha Maree
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith; Respiratory, Sleep, and Environmental Health Research Academic Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Sheree Ms
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D058748:Pain Perception; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: COPD; interpretability; measurement; pain; reliability; responsiveness; validity