title: Enhanced activity of macrophage M1/M2 phenotypes in periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monocytes/macrophages play a key role in mobilizing host defense against microbial infection. The selectivity of gene expression can turn macrophages into M1- or M2-type and the plasticity and differentiation of both M1 and M2 macrophages may play important roles in the development of periodontal disease. Our research aimed to study the association between the ratio of M1/M2 macrophage and inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, MMP-9, and investigate the expressions of M1-and M2-type macrophages in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty specimens were collected from gingivitis individuals (n=20) and chronic periodontitis (n=20). Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. The expressions of M1- and M2-type macrophages are detected with immunohistochemical method and the relative expressions of M1-, M2-type macrophage, IL-1β and MMP-9 were assayed using real-time polymerase chain reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The M1 and M2 peptide were mainly observed in the cytoplasm of gingival connective tissue. The ratio of M1/M2 was significant higher in chronic periodontitis group compared with that in gingivitis one. In addition, the relative expressions of IL-1β and MMP-9 also increased in periodontitis group and was correlated with the ratios of M1/M2. Meanwhile, PD was positively correlated with ratios of M1/M2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal inflammation associates with an enhancement of ratio of M1/M2 phenotypes of macrophages. M1/M2 ratio could provide useful information on the periodontal tissue health status.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: yjm881222@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jingmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: yan2007zhu-hi@163.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Periodontology, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: dduan2016@163.com.
authors.forename: Dingyu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address: wpp0725@163.com.
authors.forename: Panpan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: dentistxin2016@163.com.
authors.forename: Yuejiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: bl96372@sina.cn.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: peachaaaaa@163.com.
authors.forename: Yiying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Periodontology, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: schuehih@sohu.com.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Cytokine; Macrophage; Periodontal disease