title: Dependence of cancer risk from environmental exposures on underlying genetic susceptibility: an illustration with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies of environmental risk factors and breast cancer are conducted using average risk cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-albumin adducts in bloods from baseline and breast cancer risk in a prospective nested case-control study (New York site of the BCFR, 80 cases and 156 controls). We estimated the 10-year absolute breast cancer risk by a risk model that uses pedigree information (BOADICEA) and evaluated whether the increased risk from PAH differed by absolute risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with detectable levels of PAH had a twofold association with breast cancer risk (odds ratio (OR)=2.04; 95% CI=1.06-3.93) relative to women with non-detectable levels. The association increased with higher levels of PAH (⩾median) and by a higher level of absolute breast cancer risk (10-year risk ⩾3.4%: OR=4.09, 95% CI=1.38-12.13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support that family-based cohorts can be an efficient way to examine gene-environment interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Yuyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.|Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Regina M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Santella
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.|Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Terry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000097:blood*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000235:genetics; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012709:Serum Albumin; C095911:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-DNA adduct