title: Lenticular nucleus correlates of general self-efficacy in young adults.
abstract: General self-efficacy (GSE) is an important factor in education, social participation, and medical treatment. However, the only study that has investigated the direct association between GSE and a neural correlate did not identify specific brain regions, rather only assessed brain structures, and included older adult subjects. GSE is related to motivation, physical activity, learning, the willingness to initiate behaviour and expend effort, and adjustment. Thus, it was hypothesized in the present study that the neural correlates of GSE might be related to changes in the basal ganglia, which is a region related to the abovementioned self-efficacy factors. This study aimed to identify the brain structures associated with GSE in healthy young adults (n = 1204, 691 males and 513 females, age 20.7 ± 1.8 years) using regional grey matter density and volume (rGMD and rGMV), fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) analyses of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The findings showed that scores on the GSE Scale (GSES) were associated with a lower MD value in regions from the right putamen to the globus pallidum; however, there were no significant association between GSES scores and regional brain structures using the other analyses (rGMD, rGMV, and FA). Thus, the present findings indicated that the lenticular nucleus is a neural correlate of GSE.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan. seishu.nakagawa.e8@tohoku.ac.jp.|Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan. seishu.nakagawa.e8@tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Seishu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.|Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.|Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taki
authors.affiliation: Creative Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.|Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nouchi
authors.affiliation: Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kotozaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinada
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.|Department of Adult Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.|Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Sugiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanawa
authors.affiliation: Advantage Risk Management Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Carlos Makoto
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Miyauchi
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Leicester, UK.|The NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester, UK.|School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Magistro
authors.affiliation: Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.|Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hyeonjeong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukako
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Ageing and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.|Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawashima
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D001007:Anxiety / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007360:Intelligence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012733:Sex Differentiation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: General self-efficacy; Mean diffusivity; Pallidus; Putamen