title: Ginger Extract Suppresses Inflammatory Response and Maintains Barrier Function in Human Colonic Epithelial Caco-2 Cells Exposed to Inflammatory Mediators.
abstract: The beneficial effects of ginger in the management of gastrointestinal disturbances have been reported. In this study, the anti-inflammatory potential of ginger extract was assessed in a cellular model of gut inflammation. In addition, the effects of ginger extract and its major active compounds on intestinal barrier function were evaluated. The response of Caco-2 cells following exposure to a mixture of inflammatory mediators [interleukin [IL]-1β, 25 ng/mL; lipopolysaccharides [LPS], 10 ng/mL; tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, 50 ng/mL; and interferon [INF]-γ, 50 ng/mL] were assessed by measuring the levels of secreted IL-6 and IL-8. In addition, the mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase were measured. Moreover, the degree of nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibition was examined, and the intestinal barrier function was determined by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran transfer. It was observed that ginger extract and its constituents improved inflammatory responses by decreasing the levels of nitrite, PGE2, IL-6, and IL-8 via NF-κB inhibition. The ginger extract also increased the TEER and decreased the transfer of FITC-dextran from the apical side of the epithelium to the basolateral side. Taken together, these results show that ginger extract may be developed as a functional food for the maintenance of gastrointestinal health.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Natl. Univ. of Science and Technology, Seoul, 139-743, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yunyoung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Natl. Univ. of Science and Technology, Seoul, 139-743, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Min
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Natl. Univ. of Science and Technology, Seoul, 139-743, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003911:Dextrans; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000633:toxicity*; D015850:Interleukin-6; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D003911:Dextrans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
keywords: Caco-2; NF-κB; ginger extract; gut inflammation; intestinal barrier function