title: Drivers and applications of integrated clean-up technologies for surfactant-enhanced remediation of environments contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
abstract: Surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) is considered as a promising and efficient remediation approach. This review summarizes and discusses main drivers on the application of SER in removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated soil and water. The effect of PAH-PAH interactions on SER efficiency is, for the first time, illustrated in an SER review. Interactions between mixed PAHs could enhance, decrease, or have no impact on surfactants' solubilization power towards PAHs, thus affecting the optimal usage of surfactants for SER. Although SER can transfer PAHs from soil/non-aqueous phase liquids to the aqueous phase, the harmful impact of PAHs still exists. To decrease the level of PAHs in SER solutions, a series of SER-based integrated cleanup technologies have been developed including surfactant-enhanced bioremediation (SEBR), surfactant-enhanced phytoremediation (SEPR) and SER-advanced oxidation processes (SER-AOPs). In this review, the general considerations and corresponding applications of the integrated cleanup technologies are summarized and discussed. Compared with SER-AOPs, SEBR and SEPR need less operation cost, yet require more treatment time. To successfully achieve the field application of surfactant-based technologies, massive production of the cost-effective green surfactants (i.e. biosurfactants) and comprehensive evaluation of the drivers and the global cost of SER-based cleanup technologies need to be performed in the future.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
authors.forename: Xujun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China.
authors.forename: Chuling
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic of Environmental Protection Engineering, Foshan 528216, China.
authors.forename: Changjun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
authors.forename: Shasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ. Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Lukas Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Wick
authors.affiliation: Department of Transportation and Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China.
authors.forename: Guining
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China. Electronic address: chzdang@scut.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dang
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012996:Solutions; D013501:Surface-Active Agents
keywords: Advanced oxidation processes; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); Surfactant; Surfactant-enhanced bioremediation; Surfactant-enhanced phytoremediation