title: Mutagenicity and oxidative damage induced by an organic extract of the particulate emissions from a simulation of the deepwater horizon surface oil burns.
abstract: Emissions from oil fires associated with the "Deepwater Horizon" explosion and oil discharge that began on April 20, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed chemically to only a limited extent at the time but were shown to induce oxidative damage in vitro and in mice. To extend this work, we burned oil floating on sea water and performed extensive chemical analyses of the emissions (Gullett et al., Marine Pollut Bull, in press, ). Here, we examine the ability of a dichloromethane extract of the particulate material with an aerodynamic size ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) from those emissions to induce oxidative damage in human lung cells in vitro and mutagenicity in 6 strains of Salmonella. The extract had a percentage of extractable organic material (EOM) of 7.0% and increased expression of the heme oxygenase (HMOX1) gene in BEAS-2B cells after exposure for 4 hr at 20 µg of EOM/ml. However, the extract did not alter mitochondrial respiration rate as measured by extracellular flux analysis. The extract was most mutagenic in TA100 +S9, indicative of a role for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), reflective of the high concentrations of PAHs in the emissions (1 g/kg of oil consumed). The extract had a mutagenicity emission factor of 1.8 ± 0.1 × 105revertants/megajoulethermalin TA98 +S9, which was greater than that of diesel exhaust and within an order of magnitude of open burning of wood and plastic. Thus, organics from PM2.5of burning oil can induce oxidative responses in human airway epithelial cells and are highly mutagenic. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:162-171, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: David M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8357-7988
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: DeMarini
authors.affiliation: National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Katelyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lavrich
authors.affiliation: Student Services Contractor, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flen
authors.affiliation: University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aurell
authors.affiliation: National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenwell
authors.affiliation: CSS-Dynamac, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.affiliation: National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.affiliation: National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Linak
authors.affiliation: National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.affiliation: National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Samet
authors.affiliation: National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Gullett
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005390:Fires; D060851:Gulf of America; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D009153:Mutagens / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1
keywords: Salmonella; extracellular flux analysis; mitochondrial respiration; mutagenicity; oil-burn emissions; oxidative damage