title: Lifetime Exposure to a Constant Environment Amplifies the Impact of a Fructose-Rich Diet on Glucose Homeostasis during Pregnancy.
abstract: The need to refine rodent models of human-related disease is now being recognized, in particular the rearing environment that can profoundly modulate metabolic regulation. Most studies on pregnancy and fetal development purchase and transport young females into the research facility, which after a short period of acclimation are investigated (Gen0). We demonstrate that female offspring (Gen1) show an exaggerated hyperinsulinemic response to pregnancy when fed a standard diet and with high fructose intake, which continues throughout pregnancy. Markers of maternal hepatic metabolism were differentially influenced, as the gene expression of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase was raised in Gen1 given fructose and controls, whereas glucose transporter 5 and fatty acid synthase expression were only raised with fructose. Gen1 rats weighed more than Gen0 throughout the study, although fructose feeding raised the percent body fat but not body weight. We show that long-term habituation to the living environment has a profound impact on the animal's metabolic responses to nutritional intervention and pregnancy. This has important implications for interpreting many studies investigating the influence of maternal consumption of fructose on pregnancy outcomes and offspring to date.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. aleida@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Aleida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. stuart.astbury@nottingham.ac.uk.|Early Life Research Group, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. stuart.astbury@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Astbury
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. abha@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Abha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoedl
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. banielse@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Early Life Research Group, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. michael.symonds@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Symonds
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. rhonda.bell@ualberta.ca.|Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. rhonda.bell@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Rhonda C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001823:Body Composition; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000097:blood*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2; C495683:Slc2a2 protein, rat; D005632:Fructose
keywords: development; fructose; metabolism; pregnancy; type II diabetes