title: Nanomaterial scaffolds to regenerate musculoskeletal tissue: signals from within for neovessel formation.
abstract: Current treatments for musculoskeletal disease and injury are restricted with the usage of autografts and allografts. Tissue engineering that applies the principles of biology and engineering to develop functional substitutes has potential promise of therapeutic regeneration for musculoskeletal tissues. However, engineering sizable tissues needs a vascular network to supply cells with nutrients, oxygen and signals after implantation. For this purpose, recent developments on therapeutic nanomaterials have been explored in delivering different vessel-inductive growth factors, small biomolecules and ions for scalable engineering into vascularizable scaffolds. Here, we provide an overview on the current efforts, and propose future perspectives for precise regulation on vascularization processes and musculoskeletal tissue functionality.
authors.affiliation: College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117 576, Singapore.
authors.forename: Zuyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117 576, Singapore.
authors.forename: Poon Nian
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117 576, Singapore.
authors.forename: Qinyuan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117 576, Singapore; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117 576, Singapore.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
authors.forename: Swee Hin
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Teoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117 576, Singapore. Electronic address: mpetes@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Eng San
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Thian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D049329:Nanostructures; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds