title: The social gradient in oral health: Is there a role for dental anxiety?
abstract: To evaluate the contribution of dental anxiety to social gradients in different oral health outcomes and whether social gradients in oral health persist once dental anxiety is removed from the population examined.
  
  
  
  Data from 9035 British adults were analysed. Participants' socioeconomic position (SEP) was measured through education and household income. Dental anxiety was measured with the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. Poor subjective oral health, oral impacts on quality of life and edentulism among all adults and the number of teeth, the number of decayed, missing and filled surfaces (DMFS) and sextants with pocketing among dentate adults were the oral health outcomes. The contribution of dental anxiety to absolute and relative social inequalities in each oral health outcome (measured with the Slope and Relative Index of Inequality [SII and RII], respectively) was estimated from regression models without and with adjustment for dental anxiety and quantified with the percentage attenuation. Interactions between each SEP indicator and dental anxiety were used to test what would happen if dental anxiety were removed from the whole population.
  
  
  
  The largest contribution of dental anxiety to explaining oral health inequalities was found for education gradients in perceived outcomes (11%-13%), but dental anxiety explained <4% of social gradients in edentulism. Among dentate adults, dental anxiety accounted for <5% and <7% of education and income gradients, respectively. Only four of the 24 interactions tested were statistically significant. Hence, the education- and income-based SII and RII for oral impacts were nonsignificant among anxiety-free adults but were significant at higher levels of dental anxiety.
  
  
  
  Little support was found for the role of dental anxiety in explaining social inequalities in various perceived and clinical oral health measures. Oral health inequalities were found among both nondentally anxious and anxious participants.
authors.affiliation: Division of Population and Patient Health, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bernabé
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Humphris
authors.affiliation: Dental Health Services Research Unit, School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004245:DMF Index; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009066:Mouth, Edentulous / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D009909:Oral Health / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anxiety; disparities; psychosocial aspects of oral health