title: Relationships Between Smoking and Sleep Problems in Black and White Adolescents.
abstract: The relationship between sleeping and smoking during adolescence remains unclear and is likely complex. We aim to evaluate the longitudinal reciprocal associations between sleep problems, sleep duration, and smoking among non-Hispanic white (NHW) and non-Hispanic black (NHB) youth.
  
  
  
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  
  NEXT Generation Health Study.
  
  
  
  A national sample (N = 1394) of NHB and NHW 10th graders were surveyed annually between 2009 (Wave 1) and 2012 (Wave 3).
  
  
  
  N/A.
  
  
  
  Past 30-day smoking, chronic difficulty falling asleep, recent difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and weekday and weekend sleep duration were measured at each wave. Using structural equation models, we observed significant autocorrelations over time for sleep problems and sleep duration. We found significant reciprocal, prospective relationships between smoking and sleep problems. The strengths of the relationships differed by race, with a stronger association between sleep problems and subsequent smoking for NHB than NHW youth. Conversely, a stronger association between smoking and subsequent sleep problems for NHW than NHB youth was observed. These association were independent of demographics, snoring or sleep apnea, body mass index, depressive symptoms, alcohol use, and soda consumption.
  
  
  
  Reciprocal and prospective relationships exist for youth smoking and sleep problems and duration in both NHW and NHB youth. Further research is needed to unravel the complex relationship between the direct effects of nicotine, lifestyle choices that may link smoking and sleep problems, and racial differences.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Betheseda, MD.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellatorre
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Betheseda, MD.
authors.forename: Kelvin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.affiliation: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, MD.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haynie
authors.affiliation: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, MD.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Simons-Morton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D001741:Black or African American; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012890:Sleep; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People
keywords: adolescent; longitudinal.; sleep duration; sleep problem; smoking