title: The electrically conductive pili ofGeobacter species are a recently evolved feature for extracellular electron transfer.
abstract: The electrically conductive pili (e-pili) ofGeobactersulfurreducenshave environmental and practical significance because they can facilitate electron transfer to insoluble Fe(III) oxides; to other microbial species; and through electrically conductive biofilms. E-pili conductivity has been attributed to the truncated PilA monomer, which permits tight packing of aromatic amino acids to form a conductive path along the length of e-pili. In order to better understand the evolution and distribution of e-pili in the microbial world, type IVa PilA proteins from various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were examined with a particular emphasis on Fe(III)-respiring bacteria. E-pilin genes are primarily restricted to a tight phylogenetic group in the order Desulfuromonadales. The downstream gene in all but one of the Desulfuromonadales that possess an e-pilin gene is a gene previously annotated as 'pilA-C' that has characteristics suggesting that it may encode an outer-membrane protein. Other genes associated with pilin function are clustered with e-pilin and 'pilA-C' genes in the Desulfuromonadales. In contrast, in the few bacteria outside the Desulfuromonadales that contain e-pilin genes, the other genes required for pilin function may have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Of the 95 known Fe(III)-reducing micro-organisms for which genomes are available, 80 % lack e-pilin genes, suggesting that e-pili are just one of several mechanisms involved in extracellular electron transport. These studies provide insight into where and when e-pili are likely to contribute to extracellular electron transport processes that are biogeochemically important and involved in bioenergy conversions.
authors.affiliation: 1​Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.|2​Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Dawn E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.affiliation: 1​Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: 1​Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David J F
authors.initials: DJF
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: 1​Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Derek R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lovley
mesh_terms: D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D004579:Electron Transport; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D036781:Fimbriae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D045302:Geobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D036781:Fimbriae Proteins
keywords: Geobacter; e-pilin; evolution; extracellular electron transfer; positive selection; type IVa PilA