title: Lisbon Emoji and Emoticon Database (LEED): Norms for emoji and emoticons in seven evaluative dimensions.
abstract: The use of emoticons and emoji is increasingly popular across a variety of new platforms of online communication. They have also become popular as stimulus materials in scientific research. However, the assumption that emoji/emoticon users' interpretations always correspond to the developers'/researchers' intended meanings might be misleading. This article presents subjective norms of emoji and emoticons provided by everyday users. The Lisbon Emoji and Emoticon Database (LEED) comprises 238 stimuli: 85 emoticons and 153 emoji (collected from iOS, Android, Facebook, and Emojipedia). The sample included 505 Portuguese participants recruited online. Each participant evaluated a random subset of 20 stimuli for seven dimensions: aesthetic appeal, familiarity, visual complexity, concreteness, valence, arousal, and meaningfulness. Participants were additionally asked to attribute a meaning to each stimulus. The norms obtained include quantitative descriptive results (means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals) and a meaning analysis for each stimulus. We also examined the correlations between the dimensions and tested for differences between emoticons and emoji, as well as between the two major operating systems-Android and iOS. The LEED constitutes a readily available normative database (available at www.osf.io/nua4x ) with potential applications to different research domains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Av. das Forças Armadas, Office AA121, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal. dflrs@iscte.pt.|Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK. dflrs@iscte.pt.
authors.forename: David
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5921-7819
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Av. das Forças Armadas, Office AA121, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marília
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prada
authors.affiliation: William James Center for Research, ISPA - Instituto Universitáriov, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Av. das Forças Armadas, Office AA121, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Margarida V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Av. das Forças Armadas, Office AA121, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Diniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal; D003142:Communication; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004954:Esthetics; D005149:Facial Expression; D000066499:Facial Recognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012904:Smiling; D012938:Social Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aesthetic appeal; Android; Arousal; Concreteness; Emoji; Emoticons; Facebook; Familiarity; ICTs; LEED; Meaning analysis; Meaningfulness; Normative ratings; Valence; Visual complexity; iOS