title: The Evidence-based Practice Attitude Scale-36 (EBPAS-36): a brief and pragmatic measure of attitudes to evidence-based practice validated in US and Norwegian samples.
abstract: Short and valid instruments for measuring factors facilitating or hindering implementation efforts are called for. This article describes (1) the adaptation of a shorter version of the Evidence-based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS-50 items), and (2) the psychometric properties of the shortened version in both US and Norwegian data.
  
  
  
  The US participants were mental health service providers (N = 418) recruited from clinics providing mental health services in San Diego County, California. The Norwegian participants were psychologists, psychiatric nurses, and psychology students (N = 838) recruited from the Norwegian Psychological Association and the Norwegian Nurses Organization. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach was used.
  
  
  
  The reduction resulted in 36 items named EBPAS-36, and the original 12 factor model was maintained. The EBPAS-36 had acceptable model fit, as indicated by a low degree of misspecification errors in both the US (RMSEA = .045 (CI90%.040-.049); SRMR = .05) and the Norwegian data (RMSEA = .052 (CI90%.047-.056, SRMR = .07). Incremental model fit was fair in the US (CFI = .93, TLI = .91) and in the Norwegian samples (CFI = .91, TLI = .89). The internal consistency (Cronbach's α) in the US and the Norwegian samples were good for the total EBPAS-36 score (.79 and .86, respectively) and were ranged from adequate to excellent for the subscales (US .60-.91 and Norway .61-.92).
  
  
  
  The EBPAS-36 has adequate psychometric properties both in US and Norwegian samples, hence indicating cross-cultural validity. It is a brief, pragmatic, and more user-friendly instrument than the EBPAS-50, yet maintains a broad scope by retaining the original 12 measurement domains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway. marte.rye@uit.no.|Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway. marte.rye@uit.no.
authors.forename: Marte
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5253-4539
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rye
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elisa M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Oddgeir
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Friborg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.|Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Ingunn
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skre
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Aarons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002140:California; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000379:methods*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011584:Psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attitudes; Evidence-based practice; Evidence-based practice in psychology; Evidence-based treatments; Implementation; Interventions; Mental health; Therapists