title: Can activities of daily living contribute to EMG normalization for gait analysis?
abstract: This study aims to examine alternative methods of normalization that effectively reflect muscle activity as compared to Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC). EMG data recorded from knee flexion-extension muscles in 10 control subjects during the stance phase of the gait cycle were examined by adopting different approaches of normalization: MVC, Mean and Peak Dynamic during gait cycles, (MDM and PDM, respectively), Peak Dynamic during activities of daily living (ADLs), (*PDM), and a combination of ADLs and MVC(**PDM). Intra- and inter-individual variability were calculated to determine reliability and similarity to MCV. **PDM showed excellent reliability across subjects in comparison to MVC, where variance ratio ranged from 0.43-0.99 for **PDM and 0.79-1.08 for MVC. Coefficient of variability showed a similar trend to Variance Ratio, ranging from 0.60-1.25 for **PDM and 1.97-3.92 for MVC. Both MVC and **PDM, and to some extent *PDM, demonstrated good-to-excellent relative amplitude's matching; i.e. root mean square difference and absolute difference were both around 0.08 for Vastus medialis to about 4 for Medial gastrocnemius. It was concluded that **PDM and *PDM were reliable, **PDM mirrored MVC and thus could be used as an alternative to MVC for subjects who are unable to provide the required effort for MVC testing. Where MVC testing is not possible, *PDM is the next preferred option.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.|Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Aseel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghazwan
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.|Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.|Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cathy A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.|Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gemma M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Whatling
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*