title: Sequencing of the Hepatitis D Virus RNA WHO International Standard.
abstract: Well-characterized, stable calibration materials are essential to standardize quantitative viral reporting. The preferred calibration materials are the WHO International Standards and secondary standards derived from them. In 2013, the 1st WHO International Standard for Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) RNA became available. During the course of assay development in our laboratory, differences between the published sequence (GenBank ID: HQ005371) and sequence we generated from the WHO HDV Standard were identified.
  
  
  
  We sought to sequence the entire genome of the WHO HDV Standard and compare the results to the published sequence.
  
  
  
  RNA extracted from the WHO HDV Standard was used to generate five overlapping PCR products, including one covering the entire HDV genome, which were Sanger sequenced using standard dye-terminator chemistry. Total RNA from the WHO HDV Standard was also converted to a cDNA library generating 2.1 million sequencing reads on a NextSeq500 instrument.
  
  
  
  Sanger sequencing produced 32 overlapping, partial sequences of the HDV genome. RNA-seq resulted in 8100 HDV sequences covering the viral genome an average of 645-fold. Sanger and RNA-seq consensus sequences had 100% agreement and showed 89.0% nucleotide identity with the published WHO HDV Standard sequence. BLAST analysis revealed HQ005369 as the closest match with 99.2% nucleotide identity.
  
  
  
  HQ005369 was deposited in GenBank along with HQ005371 and seven others from a study of nine Turkish patients. A sample mix-up or clerical error may have resulted in the incorrect association of identifier and sequence. The correct nucleic acid sequence for standards is critical for test accuracy, optimization, calibration, and troubleshooting.
authors.affiliation: ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Electronic address: michael.pyne@aruplab.com.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pyne
authors.affiliation: ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mallory
authors.affiliation: IDbyDNA, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: IDbyDNA, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schlaberg
authors.affiliation: ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hillyard
mesh_terms: D016679:Genome, Viral; D003698:Hepatitis Delta Virus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D012015:Reference Standards; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Calibration; HDV; Hepatitis D Virus; Sequencing; Standards; Viral hepatitis; WHO International Standard