title: Development of a genus-specific next generation sequencing approach for sensitive and quantitative determination of the Legionella microbiome in freshwater systems.
abstract: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the analysis of natural and man-made microbial communities by using universal primers for bacteria in a PCR based approach targeting the 16S rRNA gene. In our study we narrowed primer specificity to a single, monophyletic genus because for many questions in microbiology only a specific part of the whole microbiome is of interest. We have chosen the genus Legionella, comprising more than 20 pathogenic species, due to its high relevance for water-based respiratory infections.
  
  
  
  A new NGS-based approach was designed by sequencing 16S rRNA gene amplicons specific for the genus Legionella using the Illumina MiSeq technology. This approach was validated and applied to a set of representative freshwater samples.
  
  
  
  Our results revealed that the generated libraries presented a low average raw error rate per base (<0.5%); and substantiated the use of high-fidelity enzymes, such as KAPA HiFi, for increased sequence accuracy and quality. The approach also showed high in situ specificity (>95%) and very good repeatability. Only in samples in which the gammabacterial clade SAR86 was present more than 1% non-Legionella sequences were observed. Next-generation sequencing read counts did not reveal considerable amplification/sequencing biases and showed a sensitive as well as precise quantification of L. pneumophila along a dilution range using a spiked-in, certified genome standard. The genome standard and a mock community consisting of six different Legionella species demonstrated that the developed NGS approach was quantitative and specific at the level of individual species, including L. pneumophila. The sensitivity of our genus-specific approach was at least one order of magnitude higher compared to the universal NGS approach. Comparison of quantification by real-time PCR showed consistency with the NGS data. Overall, our NGS approach can determine the quantitative abundances of Legionella species, i. e. the complete Legionella microbiome, without the need for species-specific primers.
  
  
  
  The developed NGS approach provides a new molecular surveillance tool to monitor all Legionella species in qualitative and quantitative terms if a spiked-in genome standard is used to calibrate the method. Overall, the genus-specific NGS approach opens up a new avenue to massive parallel diagnostics in a quantitative, specific and sensitive way.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, RG Microbial Diagnostics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.|Present address: School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: Rui P A
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Ribocon GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peplies
authors.affiliation: Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, RG Microbial Diagnostics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brettar
authors.affiliation: Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, RG Microbial Diagnostics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany. manfred.hoefle@helmholtz-hzi.de.
authors.forename: Manfred G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Höfle
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D005858:Germany; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D007875:Legionella / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013045:Species Specificity; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Cooling tower; Drinking water; Molecular diagnostics; Patho-microbiome; Pathogen profiling