title: The role of high-field magnetic resonance imaging in parkinsonian disorders: Pushing the boundaries forward.
abstract: Historically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has contributed little to the study of Parkinson's disease (PD), but modern MRI approaches have unveiled several complementary markers that are useful for research and clinical applications. Iron- and neuromelanin-sensitive MRI detect qualitative changes in the substantia nigra. Quantitative MRI markers can be derived from diffusion weighted and iron-sensitive imaging or volumetry. Functional brain alterations at rest or during task performance have been captured with functional and arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI. These markers are useful for the diagnosis of PD and atypical parkinsonism, to track disease progression from the premotor stages of these diseases and to better understand the neurobiological basis of clinical deficits. A current research goal using MRI is to generate time-dependent models of the evolution of PD biomarkers that can help understand neurodegeneration and provide reliable markers for therapeutic trials. This article reviews recent advances in MRI biomarker research at high-field (3T) and ultra high field-imaging (7T) in PD and atypical parkinsonism. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
authors.affiliation: Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR, Sorbonne Universités, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehericy
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Department of Neurology and Centre for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Vaillancourt
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria and Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seppi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Oury
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Monchi
authors.affiliation: First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brain and Mind Research Program, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rektorova
authors.affiliation: Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Hospital San Camillo, Venice and Department of Neurosciences (DNS), Padova University, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonini
authors.affiliation: Pacific Parkinson's Research Center, Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masellis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University, and Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon J G
authors.initials: SJG
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Williams-Gray
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tessitore
authors.affiliation: Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hartwig R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Siebner
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: 7T; MRI; Parkinson's disease; atypical parkinsonism; diffusion MRI; fMRI; iron; neuromelanin; resting state fMRI