title: Segmentation and Quantitative Analysis of Apoptosis of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells from Fluorescence Microscopy Images.
abstract: Accurate and fast quantitative analysis of living cells from fluorescence microscopy images is useful for evaluating experimental outcomes and cell culture protocols. An algorithm is developed in this work to automatically segment and distinguish apoptotic cells from normal cells. The algorithm involves three steps consisting of two segmentation steps and a classification step. The segmentation steps are: (i) a coarse segmentation, combining a range filter with a marching square method, is used as a prefiltering step to provide the approximate positions of cells within a two-dimensional matrix used to store cells' images and the count of the number of cells for a given image; and (ii) a fine segmentation step using the Active Contours Without Edges method is applied to the boundaries of cells identified in the coarse segmentation step. Although this basic two-step approach provides accurate edges when the cells in a given image are sparsely distributed, the occurrence of clusters of cells in high cell density samples requires further processing. Hence, a novel algorithm for clusters is developed to identify the edges of cells within clusters and to approximate their morphological features. Based on the segmentation results, a support vector machine classifier that uses three morphological features: the mean value of pixel intensities in the cellular regions, the variance of pixel intensities in the vicinity of cell boundaries, and the lengths of the boundaries, is developed for distinguishing apoptotic cells from normal cells. The algorithm is shown to be efficient in terms of computational time, quantitative analysis, and differentiation accuracy, as compared with the use of the active contours method without the proposed preliminary coarse segmentation step.
authors.affiliation: 1Chemical Engineering,Clarkson University,8 Clarkson Ave,Potsdam,NY 13699-5805,USA.
authors.forename: Yuncheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: 2Chemical Engineering,University of Waterloo,200 University Ave,Waterloo,ON N2L 3G1,Canada.
authors.forename: Hector M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Budman
authors.affiliation: 3Chemical Engineering,Ryerson University,350 Victoria Street. Toronto,ON M5B 2K3,Canada.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Duever
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D016466:CHO Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D003584:Cytological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods
keywords: cell morphology; clusters of cells; level set function; living-cells imaging; supervised machine learning