title: The Effects of Trivialization of Workplace Violence on Its Victims: Profession and Sex Differences in a Cross-Sectional Study among Healthcare and Law Enforcement Workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Workers from the law enforcement and healthcare sectors tend to normalize or mute their victimization from workplace violence (WPV).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to assess the impact of the trivialization of WPV on psychological consequences for workers who have been affected by a WPV incident. The second aim is to assess the moderating effect of sex on the trivialization of WPV. The third and overarching aim is to assess the moderating effect of professional identity on the relations between individual and organizational factors and psychological consequences following a WPV incident.
  
  
  METHODS
  The findings are based on a convenience sample of 377 (204 female and 173 male) workers from the law enforcement and healthcare sectors. Individual factors (sex, age, professional identity, prior victimization, witnessing WPV, injuries, and trivialization of violence) and perceived support factors (colleagues' support and employer's support) were used as predictor variables of psychological consequences in hierarchical linear regression models. Sex was used as a moderator of trivialization while professional identity was used as a moderator of all predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When individual and social support factors were controlled for, normalizing violence was negatively associated with psychological consequences while perceiving a taboo associated with complaining about WPV was positively associated for all participants. When these relations were moderated by the sex of the participants and then by their professional identity, normalization was found to decrease psychological consequences only for male healthcare workers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To help employees cope with WPV, organizations should promote strategies adapted to profession and sex differences. For male healthcare workers, normalization as a cognitive coping strategy should be formally recognized. For both professions and sexes, organizational strategies that counter the perceived taboo of complaining about violence should be reinforced.
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geoffrion
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Université de Montréal, 7331 Rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Québec H1N 3V2, Canada.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goncalves
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Université de Montréal, 7331 Rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Québec H1N 3V2, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Université de Montréal, 7331 Rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Québec H1N 3V2, Canada.|Department of Psychology of Université du Québec à Montréal, 405 Rue Sainte-Catherine Est, Montréal, Québec H2L 2C4, Canada.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guay
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D019981:Health Care Sector; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015279:Organizational Culture; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*; D064450:Workplace Violence / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: healthcare workers; law enforcers; profession differences; professional identity; psychological consequences; sex differences; trivialization; workplace violence