title: Characterization of calcineurin from Cryptococcus humicola and the application of calcineurin in aluminum tolerance.
abstract: Calcineurin (CaN) is a Ca2+- and calmodulin (CaM)-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase. Previous studies have found that CaN is involved in the regulation of the stress responses.
  
  
  
  In this study, the growth of Cryptococcus humicola was inhibited by the CaN inhibitor tacrolimus (FK506) under aluminum (Al) stress. The expression of CNA encoding a catalytic subunit A (CNA) and its interaction with CaM were upregulated when the concentration of Al was increased. A CaM-binding domain and key amino acids responsible for interaction with CaM were identified. ∆CNAb with a deletion from S454 to A639 was detected to bind to CaM, while ∆CNAa with a deletion from R436 to A639 showed no binding to CaM. The binding affinities of CNA1 and CNA2, in which I439 or I443 were replaced by Ala, were decreased relative to wild-type CNA. The phosphatase activities of ∆CNAa, CNA1 and CNA2 were lower than the wild-type protein. These results suggest that the region between R436 and S454 is essential for the interaction with CaM and I439, I443 are key amino acids in this region. The ability of the CNA transgenic yeast to develop resistance to Al was significantly higher than that of control yeast. Residual Al in the CNA transgenic yeast culture media was significantly lower than the amount of Al originally added to the media or the residual Al remaining in the control yeast culture media. These findings suggest that CNA confers Al tolerance, and the mechanism of Al tolerance may involve absorption of active Al.
  
  
  
  Al stress up-regulated the expression of CNA. CaM-binding domain and key amino acids responsible for interaction with CaM were identified and both are required for phosphatase activities. CNA conferred yeast Al resistance indicating that the gene has a potential to improve Al-tolerance through gene engineering.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Jing
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China. hjnian@163.com.
authors.forename: Hong-Juan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Nian
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Li-Mei
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000378:metabolism*; D003454:Cryptococcus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000535:Aluminum; D019703:Calcineurin; D016559:Tacrolimus
keywords: Aluminum tolerance; Calcineurin; Calmodulin-binding domain; Cryptococcus humicola; Transgenic yeast