title: Temperature-mediated local adaptation alters the symbiotic function in arbuscular mycorrhiza.
abstract: Variation in the symbiotic function of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) has been demonstrated among distinct biotic and abiotic interactions. However, there is little knowledge on how local temperature conditions influence the functional divergence of AM symbionts in alpine ecosystems. Here, we conduct a reciprocal inoculation experiment to explore the three-way interactions among plants, AM fungal inoculum and temperature at sites of contrasting elevation. Evidence of local adaptation of plant growth was found only under low temperature conditions, with no consistent local versus foreign effect found in AM fungal performance. The origin of either the plant or the inoculum relative to the temperature was important in explaining symbiotic function. Specifically, when inoculum and temperature were sympatric but allopatric to the plant, poor adaptation by the plant to the novel environment was clearly found under both temperature conditions. Further analysis found that the symbiotic function was inversely related to fungal diversity under high temperature conditions. These results suggest that local adaptation represents a powerful factor in the establishment of novel combinations of plant, inoculum and temperature, and confirms the importance of taking into account both biotic and abiotic interactions in the prediction of the response of symbionts to global environmental change.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention, Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.|College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University, Linzhi, 860000, China.
authors.forename: Xiaobu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Junling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention, Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.|College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Jingping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gai
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D005658:Fungi / Q000502:physiology*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000502:physiology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology; D013559:Symbiosis; D013696:Temperature