title: Nasosorption as a Minimally Invasive Sampling Procedure: Mucosal Viral Load and Inflammation in Primary RSV Bronchiolitis.
abstract: Existing respiratory mucosal sampling methods are flawed, particularly in a pediatric bronchiolitis setting.
  
  
  
  Twenty-four infants with bronchiolitis were recruited: 12 were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-positive, 12 were RSV-negative. Infants were sampled by nasosorption and nasopharyngeal aspiration (NPA).
  
  
  
  Nasosorption was well tolerated and identified all RSV+ samples. RSV load measured by nasosorption (but not NPA) correlated with length of hospital stay (P = .04) and requirement for mechanical ventilation (P = .03). Nasosorption (but not NPA) levels of interferon γ, interleukin 1β, CCL5/RANTES, and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were elevated in RSV+ bronchiolitis (all P < .05), furthermore CCL5 and IL-10 correlated with RSV load (P < .05).
  
  
  
  Nasosorption allowed measurement of RSV load and the mucosal inflammatory response in infants.
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London.
authors.forename: Ryan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Thwaites
authors.affiliation: Pulmocide Ltd, and.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London.
authors.forename: Jasmine M S
authors.initials: JMS
authors.lastname: Chingono
authors.affiliation: Pulmocide Ltd, and.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London.
authors.forename: Hannah C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London.
authors.forename: Tanushree
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tunstall
authors.affiliation: Pulmocide Ltd, and.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anderson-Dring
authors.affiliation: Pulmocide Ltd, and.
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cass
authors.affiliation: Pulmocide Ltd, and.
authors.forename: Garth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rapeport
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Openshaw
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadel
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London.
authors.forename: Trevor T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Hansel
mesh_terms: D001990:Bronchiolitis, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007249:Inflammation / Q000821:virology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D018113:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; D019562:Viral Load / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C483024:CCL5 protein, human; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; C573415:IFNG protein, human; D007378:Interleukins; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: bronchiolitis; nasosorption; respiratory sampling.; respiratory syncytial virus; viral load