title: Anticancer Properties and Pharmaceutical Applications of Plumbagin: A Review.
abstract: It has been shown that plumbagin, a bioactive naphthoquinone isolated from three major plant families viz. Plumbaginaceae, Ebenceae and Droseraceae, definitively exhibits anticancer potential in diverse cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Plumbagin shows antineoplastic effects via multi-channel molecular mechanisms, including the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, the disruption of the cell cycle, the inhibition of invasion and metastasis, and anti-angiogenesis. Plumbagin inhibits the growth of cancer cells mainly through the modulation of the signals of PI3K/Akt/mTOR, AMPK, Ras, and so on. The pharmaceutical applications of plumbagin combined with nanocarriers to achieve better therapeutic efficiency are discussed in this review Among them, liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, micelles, and nisosomes are used in cancer treatment. The anticancer study of plumbagin in vivo is also summarized in this review. On the whole, we aim to review the research progress of plumbagin both in pharmacological and pharmaceutical filed, which may provide some reference for further research of plumbagin.
authors.affiliation: * Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.|† State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yuling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: † State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yuee
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: † State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chengwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: † State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Meiwan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: * Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D031257:Droseraceae / Q000737:chemistry; D031262:Ebenaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D029606:Plumbaginaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; C014758:plumbagin
keywords: Anticancer Activities; Molecular Mechanisms; Pharmaceutical Applications; Plumbagin; Review