title: The empowerment of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Managing life with the disease.
abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious health problem that has significant effects on the life status of elderly persons. Use of the empowerment approach is necessary for health promotion in older people with COPD, but little attention has so far been paid to all the dimensions of empowerment in the management of COPD, which would provide useful knowledge regarding elders with COPD. This article reports on a study exploring people's experiences of the empowerment of older people with COPD. This study adopted an exploratory qualitative design and was carried out using grounded theory methodology. Grounded theory was considered appropriate for this study because of its focus on how people respond to and act on the problems that they encounter. We collected data by conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews and taking field notes. Twenty-four participants were selected through purposive sampling. The results showed that in encountering the complexity of disease and in response to difficulties induced by COPD, three strategies were applied. Elderly persons with COPD, their family caregivers, and professional team members engaged in "managing life with COPD," "striving to keep abreast of life," "preparing for battle with disease," and "helping to stabilize the elder's life." The outcome of these strategies was "co-existence with disease." The potential of "managing life with COPD" was influenced by the following factors: "co-existence with ageing," "personal potential," "a challenged health system," and "weak social support." "Managing life with COPD" enables the elder to feel in control and live optimally. This is a fragile balance, however, and the unpredictability of COPD can tip the elder into "self-efficacy." Understanding the experiences of the empowerment process of older people with COPD can help health professionals provide more focused elderly care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Ramsar Nursing Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fotokian
authors.affiliation: Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farahnaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mohammadi Shahboulaghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fallahi-Khoshknab
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pourhabib
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012944:Social Support