title: Alcohol consumption and risk of upper-tract urothelial cancer.
abstract: Upper-tract urothelial cancer (UTUC), which includes renal pelvic cancer and ureter cancer, is a rare cancer and its prognosis is poor. Smoking and high-risk occupations (e.g., printing and dyestuff working which involves exposure to aniline dyes) are well-known risk factors for UTUC. However, the risk of alcohol consumption in UTUC remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether alcohol consumption is an independent risk factor for UTUC.
  
  
  
  The study was a case-control study which used the nationwide clinical inpatient database of the Rosai Hospital group in Japan. We identified 1569 cases and 506,797 controls between 1984 and 2014. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of alcohol consumption for UTUC - never, up to 15g/day, >15-30g/day, or >30g/day - using unconditional logistic regression. We adjusted for the following covariates: age, sex, study period, hospital, history of smoking, and high-risk occupation.
  
  
  
  The risk of UTUC was significantly higher in ever-drinkers compared with never-drinkers (OR=1.23, 95%CI, 1.08-1.40; P=0.001). Compared with never-drinkers, the risk threshold for UTUC was >15g of alcohol consumption per day (equivalent to 6 ounces of Japanese sake containing 23g of alcohol). A dose-response was observed (P<0.001).
  
  
  
  Alcohol consumption may be an independent risk factor for UTUC, with a low-risk threshold of 15g of alcohol per day.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 7th floor, Boston, MA, 02115 USA. Electronic address: m-zaitsu@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaitsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 7th floor, Boston, MA, 02115 USA.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kanto Rosai Hospital, 1-1 Kizukisumiyoshi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 211-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Alcohol consumption; Case–control study; Dose-response; Japanese; Occupation; Renal pelvis; Smoking; Splines; Upper tract urothelial cancer; Ureter