title: CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY IN OKAPI (OKAPIA JOHNSTONI).
abstract: Acute signs associated with cardiovascular disease occurred in three pregnant okapi ( Okapia johnstoni ) during early to midgestation and progressed to congestive heart failure. Congestive heart failure was diagnosed antemortem using echocardiography and plasma cardiac troponin levels. Clinical signs included decreased activity, hyporexia, tachypnea, dyspnea, flared nostrils, and productive coughing with copious amounts of foamy nasal discharge. Parenteral and oral treatment with furosemide, enalapril, and spironolactone controlled clinical signs in the three okapi allowing each to carry out one pregnancy to term. Two okapi carried the first pregnancy to term after showing signs, while one okapi aborted the first calf and gave birth to a healthy calf in a subsequent pregnancy. Subsequent pregnancy in one okapi ended with abortion and associated dystocia and endometritis. Following parturition, clinical signs associated with heart failure resolved in all three individuals; serial echocardiography in two individuals showed improvement in fractional shortening and left atrial size and all three okapi showed markedly decreased pleural effusion and resolution of pulmonary edema. However, subsequent pregnancies in all three okapi induced respiratory distress and recurrence of congestive heart failure; one okapi died from congestive heart failure associated with subsequent pregnancy. This case series describes the clinical presentation and pathologic findings of congestive heart failure during pregnancy in adult okapi.
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Copper
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aitken-Palmer
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Weldon
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: Lauren L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Citino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000866:Antelopes; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
keywords: Cardiac troponin; Okapia johnstoni; cardiomyopathy; congestive heart failure; okapi; pregnancy