title: Cancer stem cells: The potential role of autophagy, proteolysis, and cathepsins in glioblastoma stem cells.
abstract: One major obstacle in cancer therapy is chemoresistance leading to tumor recurrence and metastasis. Cancer stem cells, in particular glioblastoma stem cells, are highly resistant to chemotherapy, radiation, and immune recognition. In case of immune recognition, several survival mechanisms including, regulation of autophagy, proteases, and cell surface major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, are found in glioblastoma stem cells. In different pathways, cathepsins play a crucial role in processing functional proteins that are necessary for several processes and proper cell function. Consequently, strategies targeting these pathways in glioblastoma stem cells are promising approaches to interfere with tumor cell survival and will be discussed in this review.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.affiliation: 2 Department Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Mike-Andrew
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Westhoff
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Johanna Elisabeth
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc-Eric
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Halatsch
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trentmann
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Knippschild
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian Rainer
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D059748:Proteolysis
chemical_list: D002403:Cathepsins
keywords: Major histocompatibility complex class I; autophagy; cathepsin; glioblastoma