title: Biomarkers in the evaluation and management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis.
abstract: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a group of multifactorial and heterogeneous disorders with a significant economic strain on society, likely made up of different endotypes, each with a unique pathomechanism. In addition to the traditional clinical measures, there is a recognized need for reliable biomarkers to provide predictive information regarding diagnosis, endotypes, treatment responses, and future risk of recurrence. Fueled by the advances in basic research, various biomarkers have been explored in recent years. Biomarkers of CRSwNP can originate from a variety of sources, including nasal secretions, nasal biopsies, exhaled breath, and peripheral blood. In this review, we aim to summarize the existing and emerging biomarkers available for the evaluation and management of CRSwNP. Currently, eosinophil count in nasal mucosa has proved particularly valuable for endotyping, assessing disease severity, and predicting steroid responsiveness and surgical outcomes. Blood eosinophilia may be used as a surrogate for tissue eosinophilic inflammation, whereas its utility remains limited. Type 2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and IgE have been identified as potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 is linked to healing quality after sinus surgery. Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) appears to fill the niche as a noninvasive measure for sinus ostial patency. In addition, recent data have shown some promising biomarkers involved in corticosteroid resistance and olfactory dysfunction. However, rigorous validation using large cohort studies is necessary before these biomarkers can be mainstreamed into clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.|Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.|Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Shumin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.|Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Chunguang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.|Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Jianhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.|Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Xuewen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. shjhaj@vip.163.com.|Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China. shjhaj@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Biomarkers; Chronic rhinosinusitis; Endotype; Nasal polyposis; Pathogenesis