title: β2-glycoprotein I and its antibodies involve in the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome.
abstract: The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by venous or arterial thrombosis, and associated with dysfunctions of endothelial cells and monocytes. β2-glycoprotein I is a phospholipid-binding glycoprotein, and its antibodies have been reported to correlate strongly with thrombotic risk and play putative role in the pathogenesis of APS, whereas the biofunctions of anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies remain largely uncertain. It is noted that β2-glycoprotein I exhibits direct interaction with membrane Toll-like receptors, and through this interaction, the complex of β2-glycoprotein I and its antibodies induces intracellular signals via Toll-like receptors, resulting in activation of endothelial cells and monocytes, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In this review, we further discussed the recent findings of β2-glycoprotein I/antibody complex. Once activated by β2-glycoprotein I/antibody and their signals, endothelial cells release microparticle/extracellular vesicles which can further stimulate the surrounding rest cells with procoagulant and pro-inflammatory properties in a paracrine or/and autocrine manner. Novel evidence of β2-glycoprotein I/antibody complex bioactivities may provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that the complex regulates cell function and involves in APS pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China. Electronic address: baiap@163.com.
authors.forename: Aiping
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000378:metabolism; D003029:Coagulants / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D000067128:Extracellular Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D019899:Paracrine Communication; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex; D001323:Autoantibodies; D003029:Coagulants; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I
keywords: Antibody; Signaling; The antiphospholipid syndrome; β2-glycoprotein I