title: Concept of an enhanced V2X pedestrian collision avoidance system with a cost function-based pedestrian model.
abstract: State-of-the-art collision avoidance and collision mitigation systems predict the behavior of pedestrians based on trivial models that assume a constant acceleration or velocity. New sources of sensor information-for example, smart devices such as smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, etc.-can support enhanced pedestrian behavior models. The objective of this article is the development and implementation of a V2Xpedestrian collision avoidance system that uses new information sources.
  
  
  
  A literature review of existing state-of-the-art pedestrian collision avoidance systems, pedestrian behavior models in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and traffic simulations is conducted together with an analysis of existing studies on typical pedestrian patterns in traffic. Based on this analysis, possible parameters for predicting pedestrian behavior were investigated. The results led to new requirements from which a concept was developed and implemented.
  
  
  
  The analysis of typical pedestrian behavior patterns in traffic situations showed the complexity of predicting pedestrian behavior. Requirements for an improved behavior prediction were derived. A concept for a V2X collision avoidance system, based on a cost function that predicts pedestrian near future presence, and its implementation is presented. The concept presented considers several challenges such as information privacy, inaccuracies of the localization, and inaccuracies of the prediction.
  
  
  
  A concept for an enhanced V2X pedestrian collision avoidance system was developed and introduced. The concept uses new information sources such as smart devices to improve the prediction of the pedestrian's presence in the near future and considers challenges that come along with the usage of these information sources.
authors.affiliation: a Forschungsgesellschaft Kraftfahrwesen mbH , Aachen , Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kotte
authors.affiliation: a Forschungsgesellschaft Kraftfahrwesen mbH , Aachen , Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmeichel
authors.affiliation: a Forschungsgesellschaft Kraftfahrwesen mbH , Aachen , Germany.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zlocki
authors.affiliation: b Institut für Kraftfahrzeuge (ika), RWTH Aachen University , Germany.
authors.forename: Hauke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gathmann
authors.affiliation: b Institut für Kraftfahrzeuge (ika), RWTH Aachen University , Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eckstein
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D000069636:Pedestrians / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011482:Protective Devices; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Active safety; crash avoidance; driver assistance systems; pedestrian protection; vehicle-to-vehicle communication