title: Drowning in swimming pools: clinical features and safety recommendations based on a study of descriptive records by emergency medical services attending to 995 calls.
abstract: This study was a descriptive analysis of national ambulance case records and aimed to make practical safety recommendations in order to reduce the incidence of drowning in swimming pools.
  
  
  
  A search was performed of a national database of descriptive summaries by first-responder paramedics of all 995 calls made to the Singapore Civil Defence Force between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2014. We included all cases of submersion in both public and private pools for which emergency medical services were activated.
  
  
  
  The highest proportion of drowning cases occurred in the age group of 0-9 years. Males accounted for 57.0% (61/107) of cases. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed in 91.3% (21/23) and 68.6% (48/70) of cases of cardiac/respiratory arrest from drowning in public and private pools, respectively; the rate of bystander CPR was higher when a lifeguard was present (88.5%, 23/26 vs. 68.7%, 46/67). The majority (72.0%, 77/107) of drowning incidents occurred in private pools, most of which had no lifeguards present.
  
  
  
  To our knowledge, this study was the first in Singapore to examine data from emergency medical services. Since the majority of incidents occurred in private pools without lifeguards, it is recommended that a lifeguard be present at every pool. For pools that are too small to justify mandatory lifeguard presence, safety measures, such as guidelines for pool design and pool fencing with latched gates, may be considered. As strict enforcement may not be possible, public education and parental vigilance remain vital.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Joanna Shi-En
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, HQ Singapore Civil Defence Force, Singapore.
authors.forename: Marie Xin Ru
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, HQ Singapore Civil Defence Force, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yih Yng
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000552:Ambulances; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003657:Decision Making; D004332:Drowning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012846:Singapore; D013551:Swimming Pools; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: accident prevention; drowning; prehospital emergency care; public health; swimming pools