title: Ethnic Minorities with Diabetes Differ in Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms and Diabetes-Distress.
abstract: Objective. To determine the association between ethnicity, diabetes-distress, and depressive and anxiety symptoms in adult outpatients with diabetes.Research Design and Methods. Diabetes-distress (Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale, PAID5), depressive and anxiety symptoms (Extended Kessler-10, EK10), and quality of life (Short-Form 12, SF12) were assessed in an ethnic diverse diabetes outpatient population of a teaching hospital in Amsterdam. Descent of one's parents and self-classified ethnicity were obtained to define ethnicity. HbA1c, clinical data, and socioeconomic status were derived from the medical charts. Based on established cut-offs for PAID5- and EK10-scores, emotional distress was dichotomized for the purpose of logistic regression analyses.Results. Of 1007 consecutive patients approached, 575 participated. Forty-nine percent were of non-Dutch ethnicity and 24.7% had type 1 diabetes. Diabetes-distress was reported by 12.5% of the native Dutch patients and by 22.0%, 34.5%, and 42.6% of the Surinamese, Turkish, and Moroccan patients, respectively. Prevalence of depressive symptoms was 9.4% in native Dutch patients and 20.4%, 34.5%, and 27.3% in the other groups mentioned. Diabetes-distress and Moroccan origin were significantly associated (OR = 3.60,p< .01) as well as depressive symptoms and Turkish origin (OR = 4.23,p= .04).Conclusions. Different ethnic minorities with diabetes vary in their vulnerability for emotional distress, warranting clinical attention. Future research should elucidate explanatory factors and opportunities for tailored interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Charlotte B
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7852-4264
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bert Jan
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Potter van Loon
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Torensma
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Centre (VUMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Snoek
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, VU Medical Centre (VUmc), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adriaan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Honig
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco / Q000208:ethnology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology