title: Longitudinal 10-year changes in dietary intake and associations with cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study.
abstract: Dietary risks today constitute the largest proportion of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globally and in Sweden. An increasing number of people today consume highly processed foods high in saturated fat, refined sugar and salt and low in dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. It is important that dietary trends over time are monitored to predict changes in disease risk.
  
  
  
  In total, 15,995 individuals with two visits 10 (±1) years apart in the population-based Västerbotten Intervention Programme 1996-2014 were included. Dietary intake was captured with a 64-item food frequency questionnaire. Percent changes in intake of dietary components, Healthy Diet Score and Dietary Inflammatory Index were calculated and related to body mass index (BMI), serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and blood pressure at the second visit in multivariable regression analyses.
  
  
  
  For both sexes, on group level, proportion of energy intake (E%) from carbohydrates and sucrose decreased (largest carbohydrate decrease among 40 year-olds) and E% protein and total fat as well as saturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (highest protein increase among 30 year-olds and highest fat increase among 60 year-olds) over the 10-year period. Also, E% trans-fatty acids decreased. On individual basis, for both sexes decreases in intake of cholesterol and trans-fatty acids were associated with lower BMI and serum cholesterol at second visit (all P < 0.05). For men, increases in intake of whole grain and Healthy Diet Score were associated with lower BMI and serum cholesterol at second visit (all P < 0.05). Also for men, decreases in intake of trans-fatty acids and increases in Healthy Diet Score were associated with lower systolic blood pressure at second visit (P = 0.002 and P < 0.000). For women, increases in intake of PUFA and Healthy Diet Score were associated with lower BMI at second visit (P = 0.01 and P < 0.05). Surprisingly, increases in intake of sucrose among women were associated with lower BMI at second visit (P = 0.02).
  
  
  
  In this large population-based sample, dietary changes over 10 years towards less carbohydrates and more protein and fat were noted. Individual changes towards the Nordic dietary recommendations were associated with healthier cardio-metabolic risk factor profile at second visit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. anna.winkvist@nutrition.gu.se.|Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 459, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. anna.winkvist@nutrition.gu.se.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winkvist
authors.affiliation: Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine (EPSO), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klingberg
authors.affiliation: Arcum, Arctic Research Centre at Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wennberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Frida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Renström
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.affiliation: Research Unit, Medicine-geriatric clinic Skellefteå, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boman
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Body mass index; Diet intake; Dietary Inflammatory Index; Healthy Diet Score; Northern Sweden Diet Database; Population-based; Serum lipids; Sweden