title: High cytotoxicity of vanadium(IV) complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline and related ligands is due to decomposition in cell culture medium.
abstract: Cytotoxic effects of Metvan (cis-[VIVO(OSO3)(Me2phen)2], where Me2phen = 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) and its analogues with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ligands in cultured human lung cancer (A549) cells have been re-investigated in conjunction with reactivity of the V(IV) complexes in neutral aerated aqueous solutions and in cell culture medium. All the V(IV) complexes underwent rapid oxidation to the corresponding V(V) species (cis-[VV(O)2L2]+), followed by release of free ligands (shown by electrospray mass spectrometry). Decomposition of V(IV) complexes in cell culture medium within minutes at 310 K was confirmed by UV-Vis and EPR spectroscopies. High cytotoxicities (low μM or sub-μM IC50range in 72 h assays) were observed for the phen and Me2phen complexes, but they were not different from that of the corresponding free ligands, which confirmed that the original V(IV) complexes played no significant role in the observed biological activities. The cytotoxicities of the ligands were most likely due to their complexation of redox-active essential metal ions, such as Cu(II) and Fe(II), in the medium, and their increased cellular uptake, leading to oxidative stress-related cell death. These results emphasize the need to assess the stability of metal-based drugs under the conditions of biological assays, particularly when biologically active ligands, such as 1,10-phenanthroline and its derivatives, are used. These ligands have high systemic toxicities in vivo and their release in the GI tract and blood makes the complexes unsuitable for use as anti-cancer drugs.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rathje
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Aviva
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7311-3263
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levina
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. peter.lay@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-2720
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lay
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010618:Phenanthrolines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014639:Vanadium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D008024:Ligands; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010618:Phenanthrolines; D014639:Vanadium; C025205:1,10-phenanthroline
keywords: Cell culture medium; Cytotoxicity; Metvan; Reactivity; Vanadium 1,10-phenanthroline