title: Behavioral inhibition system sensitivity enhances motor cortex suppression when watching fearful body expressions.
abstract: Influential theories suggest that a defensive behavioral inhibition system (BIS) supports the inhibition of action tendencies when facing potential threats. However, little is known about threat-related inhibitory mechanisms in humans and their relations to inter-individual differences in BIS sensitivity. To address this issue, we used paired-pulse TMS to investigate early human motor cortex (M1) responses to social signals of potential threats, like another's fearful body posture. In two experiments, participants observed pictures of fearful and happy postures, and neutral postures that were either dynamic (in Exp1) or static (in Exp2). To test suppression of M1 excitatory activity, we assessed intracortical facilitation (ICF) in an early phase of threat monitoring by administering TMS pulses at 100-125 ms from picture onset. We investigated the motor representation of hand and arm muscles that are differentially involved in flexion, extension, and abduction. As a control, we also assessed corticospinal excitability and short intracortical inhibition. In both experiments, and independently of the muscle, watching fearful bodies suppressed ICF relative to watching happy and non-emotional (dynamic or static) body expressions. Remarkably, greater fear-related ICF suppression was found in participants who scored higher on a self-report questionnaire assessing BIS sensitivity. These findings suggest that observing fearful body language activates a defensive suppression of M1 excitatory activity that is influenced by the personality disposition to experience fear and anxiety when facing potential threats. This BIS-related motor suppression may have the functional role of transiently suppressing action tendencies to promote threat monitoring and, ultimately, survival.
authors.affiliation: Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive and Dipartimento di Psicologia, Campus Cesena, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Viale Europa 980, 47521, Cesena, Italy.|IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Viale Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borgomaneri
authors.affiliation: Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive and Dipartimento di Psicologia, Campus Cesena, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Viale Europa 980, 47521, Cesena, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.affiliation: Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive and Dipartimento di Psicologia, Campus Cesena, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Viale Europa 980, 47521, Cesena, Italy. alessio.avenanti@unibo.it.|IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Viale Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy. alessio.avenanti@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1139-9996
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avenanti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007697:Kinesics; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011187:Posture; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Behavioral inhibition system (BIS); Emotional body; Fear perception; Intracortical facilitation (ICF); Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs); Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)