title: Cytokine polymorphisms are associated with daytime napping in adults living with HIV.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Daytime napping longer than one hour has been associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality. Associations between cytokine polymorphisms and daytime napping in chronic illnesses such as HIV, however, have not been well described. The purpose of this study was to examine cytokine polymorphisms associated with long daytime napping in adults living with HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using a convenience sample of 257 adults living with HIV. Daytime napping was assessed with wrist actigraphy data collected over three days. Participants categorized as long nappers (≥60 min) were compared to short nappers and non-nappers (<60 min). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for 15 candidate genes involved in cytokine signaling were analyzed. Genes included: interferon-gamma (IFNG), IFNG receptor 1 (IFNGR1), interleukins (IL1B, IL1R, IL1R2, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL13, IL17A), nuclear factors of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NFKB1 and NFKB2), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical characteristics, long daytime napping was associated with 12 SNPs from seven genes: 1) IFNG rs2069728; 2) IL1B rs1143642, rs1143627, and rs16944; 3) IL2 rs2069763; 4) IL6 rs4719714, rs1554606, and rs2069845; 5) IL17A rs3819024 and rs8193036; 6) NFKB1 rs4648110; and 7) NFKB2 rs1056890.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytokine genetic variations may have a role in physiological regulation of daytime napping as well as nocturnal sleep. Cytokine polymorphisms associated with long daytime napping could help identify adults with HIV who may benefit from targeted therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: ebyun@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Eeeseung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Caryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Systems, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Carmen J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Portillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Clive R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pullinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Aouizerat
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D000072936:Fitness Trackers; D015658:HIV Infections; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012890:Sleep / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Actigraphy; Cytokine; Daytime napping; Genetic; HIV; Inflammation