title: High-speed surface reconstruction of a flying bird using structured light.
abstract: Birds fly effectively and maneuver nimbly by dynamically changing the shape of their wings during each wingbeat. These shape changes have yet to be quantified automatically at high temporal and spatial resolution. Therefore, we developed a custom 3D surface reconstruction method, which uses a high-speed camera to identify spatially encoded binary striped patterns that are projected on a flying bird. This non-invasive structured-light method allows automated 3D reconstruction of each stand-alone frame and can be extended to multiple views. We demonstrate this new technique by automatically reconstructing the dorsal surface of a parrotlet wing at 3200 frames s-1during flapping flight. From this shape we analyze key parameters such as wing twist and angle of attack distribution. While our binary 'single-shot' algorithm is demonstrated by quantifying dynamic shape changes of a flying bird, it is generally applicable to moving animals, plants and deforming objects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA mdeetjen@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Marc E
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6947-6408
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Deetjen
authors.affiliation: Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Biewener
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lentink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D010311:Parrots; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Animal locomotion; High speed; Single shot; Structured light; Surface reconstruction; Wing morphing