title: Harnessing the Immunotherapy Revolution for the Treatment of Childhood Cancers.
abstract: Cancer immunotherapies can be classified into agents that amplify natural immune responses (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors) versus synthetic immunotherapies designed to initiate new responses (e.g., monoclonal antibodies [mAbs], chimeric antigen receptors [CARs]). Checkpoint inhibitors mediate unprecedented benefit in some adult cancers, but have not demonstrated significant activity in pediatric cancers, likely due their paucity of neoantigens. In contrast, synthetic immunotherapies such as mAbs and CAR T cells demonstrate impressive effects against childhood cancers. Intense efforts are underway to enhance the effectiveness of pediatric cancer immunotherapies through improved engineering of synthetic immunotherapies and by combining these with agents designed to amplify immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Robbie G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Majzner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heitzeneder
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Stanford, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, G3141A, MC5456, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: cmackall@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Crystal L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mackall
mesh_terms: D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018941:Antigens, CD19 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D015452:Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D011946:Receptors, Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D018941:Antigens, CD19; C000604811:CD19 molecule, human; D011946:Receptors, Antigen; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C510808:blinatumomab; C112746:dinutuximab
keywords: adoptive T cell therapy; checkpoint inhibitor; chimeric antigen receptor; immunotherapy; monoclonal antibody; pediatric oncology