title: The Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire: Measurement invariance and relations to anxiety and depression across 10 countries.
abstract: The Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ) is a self-report measure designed to assess the looming cognitive style, a tendency to interpret threats as rapidly approaching and increasing in magnitude. To date, no systematic evaluation on the psychometric properties of the LMSQ across diverse cultural contexts has been done. In the present research, the measurement invariance of the LMSQ test scores was examined in 10 countries (N=4000). Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a two-factor model (i.e., physical looming and social looming) fitted the data well across countries. Partial measurement invariance was established for the LMSQ scores across the countries whereas full measurement invariance was achieved across gender. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling was applied to examine the unique contributions of the two looming factors to anxiety and depression symptoms. Results indicated that the test scores underlying two looming factors were crucial and valid predictors of symptoms. The LMSQ shows promise as a measure with cross-cultural generalizability and opens new avenues for its use in diverse cultural settings.
authors.affiliation: National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: ryan.hong@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Ryan Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: George Mason University, USA. Electronic address: jriskind@gmu.edu.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Riskind
authors.affiliation: National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mike W-L
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: University of Deusto, Spain.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calvete
authors.affiliation: University of Deusto, Spain.
authors.forename: Zahira
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: González-Díez
authors.affiliation: Koç University, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayse Altan
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Atalay
authors.affiliation: University of Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Curzik
authors.affiliation: University of Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jokic-Begic
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Palacio-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: University of Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ljiljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mihić
authors.affiliation: University of Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Nikola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samac
authors.affiliation: University of Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sica
authors.affiliation: Hiroshima University, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.affiliation: George Mason University, USA.
authors.forename: Safal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.affiliation: Harvard University, USA.
authors.forename: Evan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kleiman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004777:Environment; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Cross-cultural; Depression; Looming cognitive style; Measurement invariance; Meta-analytic structural equation modeling