title: Factors associated with anemia among Sri Lankan primary school children in rural North Central Province.
abstract: Despite interventions, childhood anemia is still a major public health problem in low and middle income countries. Purpose of the present study is to determine factors associated with anemia among rural primary school children in Sri Lanka, a country undergoing rapid socioeconomic changes.
  
  
  
  Multi stage cluster sampling was used to select 100 rural schools in NCP and a maximum of 50 children aged 60-131 months were enrolled from each school. Self-administered questionnaires were sent to parents. Anthropometric measurements and blood samples were obtained by trained investigators. Blood reports were analyzed in a commercial laboratory with external quality control measures.
  
  
  
  Total of 4412 children were included in the analysis. A Multiple regression was performed for hemoglobin. Only 4.2% of the change in hemoglobin could be explained by the model. District (p > 0.001), age (p > 0.001), timing of warm treatment(p = 0.026) and BMI for age (p = 0.002) uniquely contributed 1.12%, 1.19%, 0.13% and 0.26% to change in hemoglobin level respectively whereas, sex, monthly family income and frequency of meat and green leaf consumption didn't contribute significantly. Peripheral blood film analyses were available for 146 anemic children. Blood film was reported as normal in 19.9% while evidence of iron deficiency (18.5%), early iron deficiency (32.5%) and thalassemia trait with iron deficiency (29.5%) were reported in the rest. Serum ferritin level was available for 417 children with hemoglobin less than 12 g/dl. Mean ferritin level was 63.7 microgram/l. Only 0.5% had depleted iron stores. A multiple regression was performed for serum ferritin and R2was 0.123 (p < 0.001). Area under the curve for serum ferritin and anemia was 0.436.
  
  
  
  Anemia among rural primary school children in NCP cannot be well explained by routinely assessed socioeconomic characteristics which mainly provide clues to access for food. Commonly used anemia related investigations have low validity in detecting and explaining anemia in this population. Since behavioral factors have been shown to affect nutrition of younger children in Sri Lanka, studying weather behaviors are related to anemia in primary school children is important. Possible etiologies including but not limited to nutritional deficiencies need to be studied further.
authors.affiliation: Maternal and Child Health Research Unit, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, 50008, Sri Lanka. gayanishashikala.89@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gayani Shashikala
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Amarasinghe
authors.affiliation: Maternal and Child Health Research Unit, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, 50008, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Naotunna Palliya Guruge Chamidri Randika
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Naottunna
authors.affiliation: Maternal and Child Health Research Unit, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, 50008, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Thilini Chanchala
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Agampodi
authors.affiliation: Maternal and Child Health Research Unit, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, 50008, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Suneth Buddhika
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Agampodi
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Anemia; Anuradhapura; North Central Province; Polonnaruwa; Primary school children; Rural; Sri Lanka