title: The effect of granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors on tumor promotion.
abstract: GM-CSF and G-CSF are capable to regulate the maturation of undifferentiated multipotent stem cells into mature granulocytes, macrophages and T cells in the bone marrow. Thereby, clinicians correct neutropenia induced by chemotherapy or radiation routinely with recombinant G- or GM-CSFs in clinical practice. However, relevant studies found that treatment for cancer patients with adjuvant G-/GM-CSF would occasionally enhance the progression of tumors. Besides, constitutive production of G-CSF or GM-CSF by lung cancer cells could stimulate the growth or the invasion of tumor and result in protecting the tumor against unfavorable environment. These findings convinced researchers that G-/GM-CSF overexpression has a positive effect on malignant tumor progression. The purpose of this article was to explore the most recent research and the mechanisms of GM-CSF and G-CSF-induced tumor promotion and their clinical therapeutic applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Qianfoshan hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
authors.forename: Qiqi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Pingping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Guodong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Jingxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Jiandong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000502:physiology; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000502:physiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000209:etiology*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9