title: Effect of increasing the proportion of dietary concentrate on gastrointestinal tract measurements and brush border enzyme activity in Holstein steers.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the time course for adaptation of the reticulo-rumen, omasum, abomasum, and small intestine in response to an abrupt increase in the proportion of grain in the diet. Adaptive responses include tissue and digesta mass, small intestinal length, and brush border enzyme activity in the duodenum, proximal jejunum, and ileum. Twenty-five Holstein steers (213 ± 23 kg; 5 to 7 mo of age) were blocked by body weight, and within block were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments: the control diet (CTRL; 92% chopped grass hay and 8% mineral and vitamin supplement on a dry matter basis) or a moderate grain diet (MGD; 50% chopped grass hay, 42% rolled barley grain, and 8% mineral and vitamin supplement) that was fed for 3 (MGD3), 7 (MGD7), 14 (MGD14), or 21 d (MGD21). Dry matter intake was limited to 2.25% of body weight to ensure that changes in dry matter intake did not confound the results. On the last day of the dietary exposure, steers were slaughtered 2 h after feeding. Reticulo-rumen tissue mass and ruminal epithelium mass in the ventral sac of the rumen were not affected by the MGD. Wet reticulo-ruminal digesta mass decreased from CTRL to MGD7 and then increased, but reticulo-ruminal digesta dry matter mass did not differ between treatments. Omasal mass, omasal tissue mass, and omasum digesta mass decreased linearly with the number of days fed MGD, but abomasal tissue mass tended to increase linearly. Duodenal tissue mass tended to increase linearly, and ileal length increased linearly with the number of days fed MGD. Lactase activity in the proximal jejunum increased linearly and maltase activity in duodenum tended to increase linearly with days fed MGD. Aminopeptidase N activity in the proximal jejunum increased cubically with days fed MGD, and dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in ileum tended to decrease from CTRL to MGD14 and then tended to increase. Adaptation to a diet with a greater proportion of concentrate involves changes in the mass and length of regions of the gastrointestinal tract and brush border enzyme activity. These changes take place gradually over at least 3 wk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: p.gorka@ur.krakow.pl.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Górka
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Schurmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Walpole
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Błońska
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3R 3N2, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3R 3N2, Canada.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Plaizier
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Z M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada. Electronic address: greg.penner@usask.ca.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Penner
mesh_terms: D000018:Abomasum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004063:Digestion; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000378:metabolism*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008871:Microvilli / Q000201:enzymology*; D009851:Omasum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006109:Poaceae; D012417:Rumen / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D013279:Stomach, Ruminant / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D014815:Vitamins
keywords: adaptation; forestomach; intestine; starch