title: Biochar soil amendment on alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants: a critical review.
abstract: Drought and salt stress negatively affect soil fertility and plant growth. Application of biochar, carbon-rich material developed from combustion of biomass under no or limited oxygen supply, ameliorates the negative effects of drought and salt stress on plants. The biochar application increased the plant growth, biomass, and yield under either drought and/or salt stress and also increased photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and modified gas exchange characteristics in drought and salt-stressed plants. Under drought stress, biochar increased the water holding capacity of soil and improved the physical and biological properties of soils. Under salt stress, biochar decreased Na+uptake, while increased K+uptake by plants. Biochar-mediated increase in salt tolerance of plants is primarily associated with improvement in soil properties, thus increasing plant water status, reduction of Na+uptake, increasing uptake of minerals, and regulation of stomatal conductance and phytohormones. This review highlights both the potential of biochar in alleviating drought and salt stress in plants and future prospect of the role of biochar under drought and salt stress in plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shafaqat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan. mrazi1532@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3513-2041
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Farooq
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Qayyum
authors.affiliation: Korea Biochar Research Centre and Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ok
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Saleem
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Arif
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Farhan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hafeez
authors.affiliation: Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Al-Wabel
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ahmad Naeem
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Shahzad
mesh_terms: D002606:Charcoal; D055864:Droughts; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012987:Soil
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Abiotic stress; Black carbon; Charcoal; Slow pyrolysis; Soil reclamation; Soil remediation; Soil salinity