title: Earlier school start times are associated with higher rates of behavioral problems in elementary schools.
abstract: Early school start times may curtail children's sleep and inadvertently promote sleep restriction. The current study examines the potential implications for early school start times for behavioral problems in public elementary schools (student ages 5-12 years) in Kentucky.
  
  
  
  School start times were obtained from school Web sites or by calling school offices; behavioral and disciplinary problems, along with demographic information about schools, were obtained from the Kentucky Department of Education. Estimated associations controlled for teacher/student ratio, racial composition, school rank, enrollment, and Appalachian location.
  
  
  
  Associations between early school start time and greater behavioral problems (harassment, in-school removals, suspensions, and expulsions) were observed, although some of these associations were found only for schools serving the non-Appalachian region.
  
  
  
  Findings support the growing body of research showing that early school start times may contribute to student problems, and extend this research through a large-scale examination of elementary schools, behavioral outcomes, and potential moderators of risk.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky. Electronic address: peggy.keller@uky.edu.
authors.forename: Peggy S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky.
authors.forename: Lauren R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Haak
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky.
authors.forename: Olivia A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001061:Appalachian Region; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007629:Kentucky; D008297:Male; D000066553:Problem Behavior; D012574:Schools / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Appalachia; Behavior problems; Children; Discipline; School start times