title: Effect of maximum inhalation flow and inhaled volume on formoterol drug deposition in-vitro from an Easyhaler® dry powder inhaler.
abstract: Most patients using dry powder inhalers (DPIs) do not achieve the inhalation parameters recommended for pharmacopoeial in-vitro dose emission testing. The dose emission characteristics of formoterol from an Easyhaler® have been measured using the Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI) with a maximum inhalation flow (MIF) of 28.3, 60 and 90L/min and inhaled volumes (Vin) of 240, 750, 1500 and 2000mL. The total emitted dose (TED) was significantly higher at 90L/min (p<0.05), but the difference in the TED between low (28.3L/min) and high (90L/min) flow rate was significantly reduced by increasing the Vin. The fine particle dose (FPD) was higher (p<0.05) at 90L/min for all Vin values compared to 28.3 and 60L/min. Similarly the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was smaller at 90L/min across all Vin values. Dose emission characteristics were lower at 240mL for both MIFs. The results for 240mL could be due to an insufficient Vin pulled through the ACI or incomplete emptying of the dose metering cup. This study shows that the FPD, %FPF and MMAD were not significantly affected by the vin≥750mL and that an inhaled volume as low as 750mL could be used with the ACI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Mohamad.Abadelah@hud.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abadelah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom. Electronic address: U1153322@unimail.hud.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Firisteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hazim
authors.affiliation: Inhalation Consultancy Ltd, Yeadon, Leeds, LS19 7SP, United Kingdom. Electronic address: h.chrystyn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chrystyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Golshan.Bagherisadeghi@hud.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Golshan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bagherisadeghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: hr288@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rahmoune
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom. Electronic address: e.larhrib@hud.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Larhrib
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D058995:Dry Powder Inhalers / Q000379:methods*; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate
keywords: Andersen Cascade impactor; Easyhaler; Formoterol; Inhaled volume; Maximum inhalation flow