title: Degradation behavior and compatibility of micro, nanoHA/chitosan scaffolds with interconnected spherical macropores.
abstract: Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan (HA/CS) composite have significant application in biomedical especially for bone replacement. Inorganic particle shape and size of composite affect the scaffold mechanical property, biological property, and degradation. The aim of this study was to fabricate HA/CS scaffold with good pore connectivity and analyze their biological, degradation properties. Microhydroxyapatite/chitosan (mHA/CS) and nanohydroxyapatite/chitosan (nHA/CS) composite scaffolds with interconnected spherical pore architectures were fabricated. Composite scaffolds structure parameters were analyzed using micro CT. Cell proliferation and morphology were tested and compared between two scaffolds using mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. To research the composite degradation in lysozyme PBS solution, degradation rate and reducing sugar content were tested, and scaffolds morphology were observed by SEM. The results showed that microHA and nanoHA were fabricated by being calcined and synthesis methods, and their infrared spectra are very similar. EDAX composition analysis demonstrated that both of microHA and nanoHA were calcium deficiency HA. Micro-CT results demonstrated the scaffolds had interconnected spherical pores, and the structure parameters were similar. Cell viabilities were significant increased with cultured time, but there were no significant difference between microHA/CS and nanoHA/CS scaffolds. Scaffold structure was gradually destroyed and inorganic composition HA particles are more prominent with degradation time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Inorganic particle shape and size of composite affect the scaffold mechanical property, biological property, and degradation. NanoHA/CS and microHA/CS scaffolds with good pore connectivity were fabricated and their biological, degradation properties were studied in this manuscript. (2) The scaffold with interconnected porosity construct provides the necessary support for cells to proliferate and maintain their differentiated function, and its architecture related to the structure and morphology of new bone. Polymer scaffolds were fabricated by the technique of compression molding and particulate leaching method, and paraffin microspheres were used as the porogen. (3) MicroHA/CS and nanoHA/CS composite scaffolds are potential materials for use in bone tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300161, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruixin
authors.affiliation: Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yingjie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300161, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300161, China.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caihong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300161, China.
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weihua
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300161, China.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weining
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300161, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yinghai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300161, China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiaoli
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China. Electronic address: docxu@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yunqiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300161, China. Electronic address: z84656716@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xizheng
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China. Electronic address: ortholivea@126.com.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hui
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D051379:Mice; D009113:Muramidase / Q000378:metabolism; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D013552:Swine; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D048271:Chitosan; D017886:Durapatite; D009113:Muramidase
keywords: CS; Enzymatic degradation; MC3T3-E1; MicroHA; NanoHA