title: Hydrocephalus after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment.
abstract: Hydrocephalus (HCP) is a common complication in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. In this review, we summarize the advanced research on HCP and discuss the understanding of the molecular originators of HCP and the development of diagnoses and remedies of HCP after SAH. It has been reported that inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress are the important causes of HCP, and well-known molecules including transforming growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, and iron terminally lead to fibrosis and blockage of HCP. Potential medicines for HCP are still in preclinical status, and surgery is the most prevalent and efficient therapy, despite respective risks of different surgical methods, including lamina terminalis fenestration, ventricle-peritoneal shunting, and lumbar-peritoneal shunting. HCP remains an ailment that cannot be ignored and even with various solutions the medical community is still trying to understand and settle why and how it develops and accordingly improve the prognosis of these patients with HCP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1324-5600
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jinqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anatol
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manaenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3184-1502
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D001343:Autophagy / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*