title: Characterization of Particulate Fume and Oxides Emission from Stainless Steel Plasma Cutting.
abstract: Plasma cutting is a metal fabrication process that employs an electrically conductive plasma arc to cut metals. The metal fume emitted from stainless steel plasma cutting may consist of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), which is a carcinogen, and other toxicants. Overexposure to plasma cutting fume may cause pulmonary toxicity and other health effects. This study was to evaluate the effects of operation parameters (arc current and arc time) on the fume formation rates, Cr6+ and other oxides concentrations, particle size distributions (PSD), and particle morphology. A fume chamber and high-volume pump were used to collect fume produced from cutting ER308L stainless steel plates with arc currents varying between 20 and 50 A. The amount of fume collected on glass fiber filters was gravimetrically determined and normalized to arc time. Cr6+ and other oxides in the fume were analyzed using ion chromatography. PSD of the fume was examined using a scanning mobility particle sizer and an aerodynamic particle sizer for fine and coarse fractions, respectively. The particle morphology was imaged through a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Total fume generation rate increased with arc current and ranged from 16.5 mg min-1 at 20 A to 119.0 mg min-1 at 50 A. Cr6+ emissions (219.8-480.0 µg min-1) from the plasma cutting were higher than welding fume in a previous study. Nitrogen oxides level can be an indicator of oxidation level and Cr6+ formation (R = 0.93). Both PSD measurement and TEM images confirmed a multimodal size distribution. A high concentration of a fine fraction of particles with geometric mean sizes from 96 to 235 nm was observed. Higher arc current yielded more particles, while lower arc current was not able to penetrate the metal plates. Hence, the worker should optimize the arc current to balance cut performance and fume emission. The findings indicated that arc current was the dominant factor in fume emission from plasma cutting. Appropriate ventilation and respiratory protection should be used to reduce workers' exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St Room 425, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St Room 425, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Tien
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St Room 425, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Evan L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Floyd
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th St Room 425, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Regens
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis*; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010087:Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014896:Welding / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D004391:Dust; D005740:Gases; D010087:Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002857:Chromium; D013193:Stainless Steel; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion
keywords: hexavalent chromium; plasma cutting fume; stainless steel; ultrafine particle