title: EFFECT OF SMOKING ON MACULAR FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE IN ACTIVE SMOKERS VERSUS PASSIVE SMOKERS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim is to study the effects of cigarette smoking on the structural and functional alterations of the macula in eyes of healthy young smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional clinical study included 100 active smokers (Group 1) and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy passive smokers (Group 2). All participants underwent a complete ophthalmologic assessment, axial length measurement, central corneal thickness measurement, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and multifocal electroretinogram. Urine samples were collected to measure urinary levels of cotinine and creatinine with subsequent calculation of the cotinine creatinine ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Central foveal thickness (255.62 ± 17.23 and 264.75 ± 17.35 μm, respectively, with P = 0.0003) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (377.48 ± 30.32 and 385.08 ± 21.10 μm, respectively, with P = 0.04) were significantly lower in active smokers than those of passive smokers. Retinal response density of ring 1 (31.08 ± 2.29 and 33.46 ± 3.83 nV/deg, respectively, with P < 0.001) and Ring 1 (R1) P1 amplitude (0.81 ± 0.07 and 0.95 ± 0.16 μV, respectively, with P < 0.001) were significantly lower, whereas R1 P1 latency (43.02 ± 0.97 and 40.39 ± 2.08 milliseconds, respectively, with P < 0.001) was significantly longer in active smokers than those of passive smokers. The mf-ERG ring ratios were significantly lower in the active smokers than those of passive smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of clinically apparent foveal toxicity, CFT, SFCT together with ring amplitude ratio could be used as good predictors of subclinical nicotine induced foveal changes.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology, and.
authors.forename: Amany Abd El-Fattah
authors.initials: AAE
authors.lastname: El-Shazly
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology, and.
authors.forename: Yousra Ahmed Thabet
authors.initials: YAT
authors.lastname: Farweez
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology, and.
authors.forename: Yasser Abdelmageuid
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Elzankalony
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology, and.
authors.forename: Lamia Salah
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Elewa
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Botheina Ahmed Thabet
authors.initials: BAT
authors.lastname: Farweez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003404:Creatinine; D003367:Cotinine