title: Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sewage sludge from Egypt.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the levels, distribution and toxicological potential of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sewage sludge samples from several WWTPs in the Alexandria area, Egypt. The POPs of interest were 26 PCBs and 16 OCPs. Analyses were performed by gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometric detection in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC-MS-SIM) using deuterated organochlorines as internal standards. Total concentrations of OCPs and Σ7 PCBs (ICES) in sludge ranged from 44.2 to 489 μg/kg dw. and 5,600 to 11,000 μg/kg dw., respectively. The highest concentration levels were found for PCBs, HCHs, DDTs, and HCB, in this order. The PCB homologue profiles in sludge samples were dominated by penta- and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls. Seasonal variations were observed for OCPs with higher levels in summer, which reflects more usage in warmer climates. Composite profiles of OCP metabolites indicated new inputs of lindane and technical endosulfan and earlier usage of DDT and technical chlordane. Contamination levels of OCPs and PCBs for Egyptian sludge can be categorized as moderate to high compared to other countries worldwide. The OCP content in none of the samples exceeded limits set by the European Commission for use of sludge in agriculture; while all the concentrations of PCBs in sludge samples were higher by one order of magnitude than the upper limit for land application.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt.
authors.forename: Assem O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Barakat
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt.|b Graduate School of Oceanography , University of Rhode Island , Narragansett , Rhode Island , USA.
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khairy
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt.
authors.forename: Mahmoud R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004534:Egypt; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012621:Seasons; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D012722:Sewage; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Chlorinated pesticides; PCBs; environmental impact; sewage sludge; wastewater treatment plant