title: Evidence for ontogenetically and morphologically distinct alternative reproductive tactics in the invasive Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus.
abstract: Alternative reproductive tactics are characterized by the occurrence of discrete alternative morphs that differ in behavioural, morphological and physiological traits within the same sex. Although much effort has been made to describe the behaviour, morphology and physiology of such alternative morphs, less effort has been invested investigating how much overlap there is in the characteristics of such morphs in natural populations. We studied random population samples of the invasive Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus from five different localities in the river Rhine system in the Netherlands. We found two morphologically and physiologically distinct male morphs which likely represent alternative reproductive tactics. Almost all mature males under 9.35 cm total length had a gonadosomatic index > 3%, suggestive of a sneaker tactic, while nearly all males above 9.35 cm has a gonadosomatic index of < 3%, suggestive of a parental tactic. Cheek size and eye diameter alone were sufficient to distinguish the two morphs. Gonads had a different relationship with size in the two morphs, indicating separate growth trajectories. The gonad mass of sneaker morphs would be ca. 7.5 times as high as the gonad mass of parental morphs of the same total length after extrapolation. Few (9%) intermediates were found, suggesting that the expression of alternative reproductive tactics is determined before the first breeding season. This contrasts with studies on other goby species, which show evidence of plastic tactics that can be affected by social circumstances. We conclude that it is possible to distinguish two alternative male morphs in the Dutch Round Goby population using morphological measurements alone. Although behavioural observations are needed to provide conclusive evidence, the difference in GSI between these morphs indicates that these morphs reflect alternative reproductive tactics.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Katinka
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6968-4805
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bleeker
authors.affiliation: Institute for Zoology, Research Station Grieterbusch, University of Cologne, D-50923 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.affiliation: Bureau Waardenburg bv, AJ Culemborg, The Netherlands.|Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research. Department of Environmental Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Kessel
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Camilla A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hinde
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leopold A J
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Nagelkerke
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D005260:Female; D006066:Gonads / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D058865:Introduced Species; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D010473:Perciformes / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012098:Reproduction; D045483:Rivers; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D012880:Skin Pigmentation