title: Impact of air temperature variation on the ixodid ticks habitat and tick-borne encephalitis incidence in the Russian Arctic: the case of the Komi Republic.
abstract: The causes of the recent rise of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) incidence in Europe are discussed. Our objective was to estimate the impact of air temperature change on TBE incidence in the European part of the Russian Arctic.
  
  
  
  We analysed the TBE incidence in the Komi Republic (RK) over a 42-year period in relation to changes in local annual average air temperature, air temperature during the season of tick activity, tick abundance, TBE-prevalence in ticks, tick-bite incidence rate, and normalised difference vegetation index within the area under study.
  
  
  
  In 1998-2011 in RK a substantial growth of TBE virus (TBEV) prevalence both in questing and feeding ticks was observed. In 1992-2011 there was 23-fold growth of the tick-bite incidence rate in humans, a northward shift of the reported tick bites, and the season of tick bites increased from 4 to 6 months. In 1998-2011 there was more than 6-fold growth of average annual TBE incidence compared with 1970-1983 and 1984-1997 periods. This resulted both from the northward shift of TBE, and its growth in the south. In our view it was related to local climate change as both the average annual air temperature, and the air temperature during the tick activity season grew substantially. We revealed in RK a strong correlation between the change in the air temperature and that in TBE incidence. The satellite data showed NDVI growth within RK, i.e. alteration of the local ecosystem under the influence of climate change.
  
  
  
  The rise in TBE incidence in RK is related considerably to the expansion of the range of Ixodes persulcatus. The territory with reported TBE cases also expanded northward. Climate change is an important driver of TBE incidence rate growth.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Zoonoses , St Petersburg Pasteur Institute , St Petersburg , Russia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tokarevich
authors.affiliation: b Scientific Research Center for Ecological Safety , Russian Academy of Sciences , St Petersburg , Russia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tronin
authors.affiliation: c Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Komi Republic , Syktyvkar , Russia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gnativ
authors.affiliation: d Institute of Forecasting , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Revich
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Zoonoses , St Petersburg Pasteur Institute , St Petersburg , Russia.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Blinova
authors.affiliation: e University Hospital , Umea University , Umea , Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Evengard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D017753:Ecosystem; D004675:Encephalitis, Tick-Borne / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018884:Ixodes; D010944:Plants; D015995:Prevalence; D012426:Russia; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D064927:Tick Bites / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Arctic; I. persulcatus; Komi Republic; NDVI; Tick-borne encephalitis; climate change