title: Phytic acid as alternative setting retarder enhanced biological performance of dicalcium phosphate cement in vitro.
abstract: Dicalcium phosphate cement preparation requires the addition of setting retarders to meet clinical requirements regarding handling time and processability. Previous studies have focused on the influence of different setting modifiers on material properties such as mechanical performance or injectability, while ignoring their influence on biological cement properties as they are used in low concentrations in the cement pastes and the occurrence of most compounds in human tissues. Here, analyses of both material and biological behavior were carried out on samples with common setting retardants (citric acid, sodium pyrophosphate, sulfuric acid) and novel (phytic acid). Cytocompatibility was evaluated by in vitro tests with osteoblastic (hFOB 1.19) and osteoclastic (RAW 264.7) cells. We found cytocompatibility was better for sodium pyrophosphate and phytic acid with a three-fold cell metabolic activity by WST-1 test, whereas samples set with citric acid showed reduced cell number as well as cell activity. The compressive strength (CS) of cements formed with phytic acid (CS = 13 MPa) were nearly equal to those formed with citric acid (CS = 15 MPa) and approximately threefold higher than for other setting retardants. Due to a proven cytocompatibility and high mechanical strength, phytic acid seems to be a candidate replacement setting retardant for dicalcium phosphate cements.
authors.affiliation: Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meininger
authors.affiliation: Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.affiliation: Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schamel
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: Jake E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Barralet
authors.affiliation: Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 14, D-89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ignatius
authors.affiliation: Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070, Würzburg, Germany. uwe.gbureck@fmz.uni-wuerzburg.de.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gbureck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts; D010010:Osteoclasts; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D013696:Temperature; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001843:Bone Cements; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D003738:Dental Cements; D010833:Phytic Acid; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous