title: Synergistic Effect of Carboplatin and Piroxicam on Two Bladder Cancer Cell Lines.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of carboplatin and piroxicam, both in isolation and combined, against T24 and 5637 human urinary bladder cancer cell lines.
  
  
  
  Cell viability, drug interaction, cell morphology, cell proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy were analyzed after 72 h of drug exposure. Statistical analysis was performed and values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
  
  
  
  Drug exposure in combination led to a significant reduction of cell viability comparatively to single-drug exposure. These combinations resulted in a synergistic interaction in the T24 (combination index for 50% effect (CI50)=0.65) and 5637 (CI50=0.17) cell lines. Notable increase of morphological alterations, a marked decrease of Ki-67 expression, a considerable enhancement of autophagic vacuoles and a minimal effect on apoptosis was observed in both cell lines treated with combined drugs.
  
  
  
  Data showed that in vitro combination of carboplatin and piroxicam produced a more potent antiproliferative effect when compared to single drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, Hospital Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jéssica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Hospital Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.|Cytogenetic Laboratory, Hospital Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arantes-Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Cytogenetic Laboratory, Hospital Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.|Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rosário
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinto-Leite
authors.affiliation: Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Hospital Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.|Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Faustino-Rocha
authors.affiliation: Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Lio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fidalgo-Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.|Health School, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.|Medical Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Lúcio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, Hospital Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal pamo@utad.pt.|Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Hospital Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010894:Piroxicam; D016190:Carboplatin
keywords: Carboplatin; piroxicam; synergistic effect; urinary bladder cancer cell lines