title: The Protective Effect of Apigenin on Myocardial Injury in Diabetic Rats mediating Activation of the PPAR-γ Pathway.
abstract: We substantiated the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activation in the protective effect of apigenin against the myocardial infarction (MI) in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). The study groups included diabetic rats receiving vehicle, apigenin (75 mg/kg/day, orally), GW9662 (1 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally), and a combination of apigenin and GW9662 for 14 days. The MI was induced in all the study groups except the diabetic control group by subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg/day of isoproterenol on the two terminal days. The diabetes and isoproterenol-induced MI was evident as a reduction in the maximal positive and negative rate of developed left ventricular pressure and an increase in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The activities of creatine kinase on myocardial bundle (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also reduced. Apigenin treatment prevented the hemodynamic perturbations, restored the left ventricular function and reinstated a balanced redox status. It protected rats against an MI by attenuating myonecrosis, edema, cell death, and oxidative stress. GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist reversed the myocardial protection conferred by apigenin. Further, an increase in the PPAR-γ expression in the myocardium of the rats receiving apigenin reinforces the role of PPAR-γ pathway activation in the cardioprotective effects of apigenin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India. umeshmahajan41@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Umesh B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India. gvndmshr3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Govind
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chandrayan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India. pchandragouda@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Chandragouda R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. dsarya16@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dharamvir Singh
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India. kapilsuchal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kapil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suchal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Quality Assurance, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India. goyalyogita@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Yogeeta O
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box, 17666 Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE. shreeshojha@uaeu.ac.ae.
authors.forename: Shreesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ojha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India. goyal.aiims@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sameer N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goyal
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D047310:Apigenin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007545:Isoproterenol; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C457499:2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide; D000813:Anilides; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D047495:PPAR gamma; D047310:Apigenin; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form; D007545:Isoproterenol
keywords: PPAR-γ; apigenin; diabetic cardiac complications; myocardial infarction; streptozotocin