title: CDKL1 promotes tumor proliferation and invasion in colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CDKL1 is a member of the cell division cycle 2 (CDC2)-related serine threonine protein kinase family and is overexpressed in malignant tumors such as melanoma, breast cancer, and gastric cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate whether CDKL1 can serve as a potential molecular target for colorectal cancer therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of CDKL1 in colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines was measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, respectively. To investigate the role of CDKL1 in colorectal cancer, CDKL1-small hairpin RNA-expressing lentivirus was constructed and infected into HCT116 and Caco2 cells. The effects of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated CDKL1 downregulation on cell proliferation and invasion were assessed by CCK-8, colony formation, transwell, and tumorigenicity assays in nude mice. The effects of CDKL1 downregulation on cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, microarray method and data analysis elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDKL1 protein was overexpressed in colorectal cancer tissues compared with paired normal tissues. Knockdown of CDKL1 in HCT116 and Caco2 significantly inhibited cell growth, colony formation ability, tumor invasion, and G1-S phase transition of the cell cycle. The knockdown ofCDKL1stimulated the upregulation of p15 and retinoblastoma protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDKL1 plays a vital role in tumor proliferation and invasion in colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo and, thus, may be considered as a valuable target for therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai.
authors.forename: Chunzhi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai.
authors.forename: Meiling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shixu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai.
authors.forename: Dexiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai.
authors.forename: Pingping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai.
authors.forename: Wenju
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai.
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
keywords: CDKL1; cell cycle; colorectal cancer; protein kinases