title: Fast corroding, thin magnesium coating displays antibacterial effects and low cytotoxicity.
abstract: Bacterial colonisation and biofilm formation are characteristics of implant-associated infections. In search of candidates for improved prosthetic materials, fast corroding Mg-based coatings on titanium surfaces were examined for their cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties. Human osteoblasts and Staphylococcus epidermidis were each cultured on cylindrical Ti samples coated with a thin layer of Mg/Mg45Zn5Ca, applied via magnetron sputtering. Uncoated titanium samples served as controls. S. epidermidis was quantified by counting colony forming units. The biofilm-bound fraction was isolated via ultrasonic treatment, and the planktonic fraction via centrifugation. Biofilm-bound S. epidermidis was significantly decreased by approximately four to five orders of magnitude in both Mg- and Mg45Zn5Ca-coated samples after seven days compared to the control. The osteoblast viability was within the tolerance threshold of 70% stated in DIN EN ISO 10993-5:2009-10 for Mg (~80%) but not for Mg45Zn5Ca (~25%). Accordingly, Mg-coated titanium was identified as a promising candidate for an implant material with antibacterial properties and low cytotoxicity levels. The approach of exploiting fast corrosion contrasts with existing methods, which have generally focused on reducing corrosion.
authors.affiliation: a Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics , University Medicine Rostock , Rostock , Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaatreh
authors.affiliation: b Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering , Kiel University , Kiel , Germany.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haffner
authors.affiliation: a Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics , University Medicine Rostock , Rostock , Germany.
authors.forename: Madlen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strauß
authors.affiliation: a Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics , University Medicine Rostock , Rostock , Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.affiliation: c Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Department of Material Science and Medical Engineering , University of Rostock , Rostock , Germany.
authors.forename: Mareike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Warkentin
authors.affiliation: c Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Department of Material Science and Medical Engineering , University of Rostock , Rostock , Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lurtz
authors.affiliation: b Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering , Kiel University , Kiel , Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zamponi
authors.affiliation: a Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics , University Medicine Rostock , Rostock , Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mittelmeier
authors.affiliation: d Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene , University Medicine Rostock , Rostock , Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kreikemeyer
authors.affiliation: e Institute of Materials Research, Division Metallic Biomaterials , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Geesthacht , Germany.
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willumeit-Römer
authors.affiliation: b Inorganic Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering , Kiel University , Kiel , Germany.
authors.forename: Eckhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quandt
authors.affiliation: a Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics , University Medicine Rostock , Rostock , Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bader
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D003343:Corrosion; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; C000622256:Mg45Zn5Ca alloy; D014025:Titanium; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Implant-associated infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis; antibacterial coatings; human osteoblasts; magnesium