title: NMDA receptor antagonism with novel indolyl, 2-(1,1-Dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e]indol-2-ylidene)-malonaldehyde, reduces seizures duration in a rat model of epilepsy.
abstract: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) play a central role in epileptogensis and NMDAR antagonists have been shown to have antiepileptic effects in animals and humans. Despite significant progress in the development of antiepileptic therapies over the previous 3 decades, a need still exists for novel therapies. We screened an in-house library of small molecules targeting the NMDA receptor. A novel indolyl compound, 2-(1,1-Dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e]indol-2-ylidene)-malonaldehyde, (DDBM) showed the best binding with the NMDA receptor and computational docking data showed that DDBM antagonised the binding sites of the NMDA receptor at lower docking energies compared to other molecules. Using a rat electroconvulsive shock (ECS) model of epilepsy we showed that DDBM decreased seizure duration and improved the histological outcomes. Our data show for the first time that indolyls like DDBM have robust anticonvulsive activity and have the potential to be developed as novel anticonvulsants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hussin A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Rothan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia Medical Centre (HUKM), 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala Governorate, Iraq.
authors.forename: Fadihl L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Faraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia Medical Centre (HUKM), 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Golpich
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Teow Chong
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Teoh
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khadijeh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gholami
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rohana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yusof
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D012640:Seizures / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: C000629280:2-(1,1-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo(e)indol-2-ylidene)-malonaldehyde; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D007211:Indoles; D011799:Quinazolines; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D008315:Malondialdehyde