title: Diagnostic Applications of Morpholinos and Label-Free Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids.
abstract: Diagnostic applications of morpholinos take advantage of their unique properties including backbone charge neutrality, a weak impact of ionic strength on their hybridization behavior, and their resistance to enzymatic degradation. This chapter overviews how these properties have advanced transduction and other capabilities useful for the analysis of nucleic acids. In many cases, the benefits stem from electrostatic mechanisms; for example, use of low ionic strengths improves sensitivity of detection while decreasing background signals because only the nucleic acid analyte is charged. While most literature reports focus on in vitro assays in buffer, morpholinos have been also used for biodistribution measurements of species such as fungal rRNA and miRNA. After reviewing the diagnostic applications of morpholinos, the chapter describes preparation of morpholino monolayers on metal supports for electrochemical diagnostics and the procedure for performing label-free detection of DNA from changes in surface capacitance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA. rl1306@nyu.edu.
authors.forename: Rastislav
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levicky
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Koniges
authors.affiliation: Cytec Solvay Group, Stamford, CT, 06902, USA.
authors.forename: Napoleon
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tercero
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D006046:Gold; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods; D060172:Morpholinos / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D060172:Morpholinos; D009696:Nucleic Acids; D006046:Gold
keywords: Biosensor; FISH; Fluorescence; Imaging; Interface; Microarray; Surface