title: Dickkopf-1 Is a Biomarker for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Active Lupus Nephritis.
abstract: An early diagnosis of lupus nephritis (LN) has an important clinical implication in guiding treatments of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in clinical settings. In this study, the concentrations of Wnt-3A, Frizzled-8 (FZD-8), and Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) of Wnt signaling, as well as their diagnostic values for accessing LN, were evaluated by ELISA in sera and urine of 111 SLE patients (31 with LN and 80 without LN) and 70 healthy cohorts. Significantly more abundances of DKK-1 protein were determined in both of sera and urine of SLE patients compared to healthy cohorts (p< 0.0001); in particular the serum DKK-1 concentration was even higher in LN-SLE patients relative to non-LN SLE subjects (p< 0.0001). Intriguingly, concentrations of above examined proteins in SLE patients showed no correlation between serum and urine. Moreover, a combination of DKK-1 with anti-dsDNA and/or levels of complement C3 and C4 could not increase the specificity and/or sensitivity for identification of patients with LN diseases, but both ROC curve and multiple-factor nonconditional logistic regression analysis showed that serum DKK-1 was considered better positive biomarker for identification of LN in SLE patients. These results imply that serum and/or urine DKK-1 may be a valuable and independent biomarker for identification of SLE patients with LN.
authors.affiliation: The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
authors.forename: Jiali
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
authors.forename: Shaolan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China; Institute of Human Stem Cell Research at The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3902-9105
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
authors.forename: Shuhong
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1141-7605
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D060509:Wnt3A Protein / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C501126:DKK1 protein, human; C529739:Fzd8 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D060509:Wnt3A Protein