title: Mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives for cardiac arrhythmias: beyond ion channels.
abstract: Cardiac arrhythmias are among the most common causes of death in the world. Foundational studies established the critical role of ion channel disorders in arrhythmias, yet defects in ion channels themselves, such as mutations, may not account for all arrhythmias. Despite the progress made in recent decades, the antiarrhythmic drugs currently available have limited effectiveness, and the majority of these drugs can have proarrhythmic effects. This review describes novel knowledge on cellular mechanisms that cause cardiac arrhythmias, focuses on the dysfunction of subcellular organelles and intracellular logistics, and discusses potential strategies and challenges for developing novel, safe and effective treatments for arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.|Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.|Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
authors.forename: Yufei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.|Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.|Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.|Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China. lilincn1@163.com.|Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China. lilincn1@163.com.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China. yihanchen@tongji.edu.cn.|Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China. yihanchen@tongji.edu.cn.|Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China. yihanchen@tongji.edu.cn.|Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. yihanchen@tongji.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yi-Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D007473:Ion Channels
keywords: arrhythmia; ion channel; organelle; therapy; trafficking