title: Positive symptoms associate with cortical thinning in the superior temporal gyrus via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Based on the role of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in auditory processing, language comprehension and self-monitoring, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between STG cortical thickness and positive symptom severity in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective meta-analysis includes data from 1987 individuals with schizophrenia collected at seventeen centres around the world that contribute to the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. STG thickness measures were extracted from T1-weighted brain scans using FreeSurfer. The study performed a meta-analysis of effect sizes across sites generated by a model predicting left or right STG thickness with a positive symptom severity score (harmonized SAPS or PANSS-positive scores), while controlling for age, sex and site. Secondary models investigated relationships between antipsychotic medication, duration of illness, overall illness severity, handedness and STG thickness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive symptom severity was negatively related to STG thickness in both hemispheres (left: βstd= -0.052; P = 0.021; right: βstd= -0.073; P = 0.001) when statistically controlling for age, sex and site. This effect remained stable in models including duration of illness, antipsychotic medication or handedness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings further underline the important role of the STG in hallmark symptoms in schizophrenia. These findings can assist in advancing insight into symptom-relevant pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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authors.lastname: Potkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.|Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roiz-Santiañez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.|Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain.
authors.forename: B
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authors.lastname: Crespo-Facorro
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.|Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-4809
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authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
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authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
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authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.|Museo storico della fisica e Centro studi e ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy.
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.|Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.|Beth K. and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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authors.affiliation: Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, UK.
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authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA.|Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.affiliation: Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
authors.forename: P M
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authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.|Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: ENIGMA; FreeSurfer; MRI; cortical thickness; positive and negative syndrome scale; positive symptoms; scale for the assessment of positive symptoms; schizophrenia; superior temporal gyrus