title: Gender's Effects to the Early Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease in 5 Asian Countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asia has the greatest population and more patients with dementia in the world. Early recognition of clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is crucial for dementia care. In order to foster collaboration in AD care, a uniformed manner to report the early clinical symptoms of AD is necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have recruited clinically diagnosed patients with AD at their very mild stage with Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 0.5 in Taiwan, Japan, China, Philippines, and Singapore. Demographic characteristics and psychometrics including Ascertain of Dementia-8 (AD8) questionnaire were administrated to collect and report the clinical presentation in these countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 713 clinically diagnosed patients with AD at very mild stage, CDR 0.5, have been recruited from these 5 countries. "Repeats questions, stories, or statements" were consistently the frequently reported symptom across these countries. Taiwan, China, and Singapore have the higher AD8 total score compared to that in Japan and Philippines. Japan and Philippines have the gender-related differences in clinical presentation of early AD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Difficulties in using small trouble appliance and in handling complicated financial affairs were frequently reported in Japan female, compared to male, patients with AD. Identifying the clinical symptom of AD and the gender-related issues would be crucial in the dementia care in Asia.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Medical University, Taiwan.|2 Department of and Master's Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|3 Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Geriatric Behavioral Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meguro
authors.affiliation: 5 Institute for Neurosciences, St Luke's Medical Center, Metro Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Christopher Li-Hsian
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 7 Dementia Care and Research Center, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huali
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 8 Department of Neurology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Paulus Anam
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001208:Asia; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: AD8; Alzheimer’s disease; China; Japan; Philippines; Singapore; Taiwan