title: Pharmacokinetics of a single 1g dose of azithromycin in rectal tissue in men.
abstract: Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection among men who have sex with men. Repeat infection following treatment with 1g azithromycin is common and treatment failure of up to 22% has been reported. This study measured the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in rectal tissue in men following a single 1g dose to assess whether azithromycin reaches the rectal site in adequate concentrations to kill chlamydia. Ten healthy men took a single oral dose of 1g azithromycin and provided nine self-collected swabs and one blood sample over 14 days. Participant demographics, medications, sexual behaviour, treatment side effects, lubricant use and douching practices were recorded with each swab. Drug concentration over time was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and total exposure (AUC0-∞) was estimated from the concentration-time profiles. Following 1g of azithromycin, rectal concentrations peaked after a median of 24 hours (median 133mcg/g) and remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration for chlamydia (0.125mcg/mL) for at least 14 days in all men. AUC0-∞ was the highest ever reported in human tissue (13103((mcg/g).hr)). Tissue concentrations were not associated with weight (mg/kg), but data suggest that increased gastric pH could increase azithromycin levels and diarrhoea or use of water-based lubricants could decrease concentrations. High and sustained concentrations of azithromycin were found in rectal tissue following a single 1g dose suggesting that inadequate concentrations are unlikely to cause treatment failure. Factors effecting absorption (pH and diarrhoea) or drug depletion (douching and water-based lubricants) may be more important determinants of concentrations in situ.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Fabian Y S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9349-3080
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Thusitha W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Rupasinghe
authors.affiliation: Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.|Monash University Central Clinical School and Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Lenka A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Vodstrcil
authors.affiliation: Monash University Central Clinical School and Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Fairley
authors.affiliation: Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute for Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Malcolm J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McConville
authors.affiliation: Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Jane S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hocking
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D012007:Rectum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017963:Azithromycin