title: Role of18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders: a consensus statement by the International Myeloma Working Group.
abstract: The International Myeloma Working Group consensus aimed to provide recommendations for the optimal use of18fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT in patients with multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders, including smouldering multiple myeloma and solitary plasmacytoma.18F-FDG PET/CT can be considered a valuable tool for the work-up of patients with both newly diagnosed and relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma because it assesses bone damage with relatively high sensitivity and specificity, and detects extramedullary sites of proliferating clonal plasma cells while providing important prognostic information. The use of18F-FDG PET/CT is mandatory to confirm a suspected diagnosis of solitary plasmacytoma, provided that whole-body MRI is unable to be performed, and to distinguish between smouldering and active multiple myeloma, if whole-body X-ray (WBXR) is negative and whole-body MRI is unavailable. Based on the ability of18F-FDG PET/CT to distinguish between metabolically active and inactive disease, this technique is now the preferred functional imaging modality to evaluate and to monitor the effect of therapy on myeloma-cell metabolism. Changes in FDG avidity can provide an earlier evaluation of response to therapy compared to MRI scans, and can predict outcomes, particularly for patients who are eligible to receive autologous stem-cell transplantation.18F-FDG PET/CT can be coupled with sensitive bone marrow-based techniques to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) inside and outside the bone marrow, helping to identify those patients who are defined as having imaging MRD negativity.
authors.affiliation: Seràgnoli Institute of Hematology, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: michele.cavo@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cavo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Terpos
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nanni
authors.affiliation: Haematology Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lentzsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zweegman
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hillengass
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hematology, Oncology & Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.affiliation: Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Saad Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Usmani
authors.affiliation: John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack UMC, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Vesole
authors.affiliation: Clínica Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: San-Miguel
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Shaji K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mikhael
authors.affiliation: Myeloma Clinic, Hematology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernando Leal
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Meletios-Athanassios
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics and Clinical trial Unit, IRST-IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zingaretti
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abildgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goldschmidt
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Robert Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Orlowski
authors.affiliation: National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Wee Joo
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Chng
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Einsele
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Sagar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lonial
authors.affiliation: Tisch Cancer Institute/Multiple Myeloma Program, Mt. Sinai Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barlogie
authors.affiliation: Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: S Vincent
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Rajkumar
authors.affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian G M
authors.initials: BGM
authors.lastname: Durie
authors.affiliation: Seràgnoli Institute of Hematology, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zamagni
mesh_terms: D032921:Consensus; D019468:Disease Management; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D000072078:Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18