title: Perinatal and postnatal risk factors for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder at age 11: 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study.
abstract: To date, there have been few studies of DMDD examining the risk factors during gestation and during the first years of life. We assessed the perinatal and postnatal risk factors associated with the occurrence of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) by 11 years of age.
  
  
  
  Prospective longitudinal study. Mothers completed a standardized questionnaire shortly after childbirth. We used the Development and Well-Being Assessment, administered to the mothers or legal guardians, to identify DMDD among the 11-year-old subjects. We also employed logistic regression to perform bivariate and multivariate analyses, using a theoretical model of conceptual analysis.
  
  
  
  We evaluated data related to 3563 subjects at 11 years of age. The prevalence of DMDD was 2.5% (95% CI=2.0-3.0). After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that the early risk factors for the development of DMDD by 11 years of age were maternal mood symptoms during pregnancy, maternal depression during the first years after childbirth, and low maternal level of education.
  
  
  
  We were unable to evaluate the genetic characteristics of the family at the birth of each subject, and there were no data available regarding the prenatal or postnatal mental health of the fathers.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of DMDD in early adolescence is low and its risk factors are related to potentially modifiable maternal characteristics. Scientific evidence indicates that DMDD is a major predictor of other psychiatric disorders, especially depression and anxiety. Effective prenatal and postnatal mental health care could prevent mental disorders in offspring.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Faculty of Psychology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. Electronic address: tyagomunhoz@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Tiago N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Munhoz
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iná S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aluísio J D
authors.initials: AJD
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anselmi
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Health and Behavior Postgraduate Program, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matijasevich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D009035:Mothers; D036801:Parturition / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent psychiatry; Epidemiology; Mental disorders; Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood; Mood disorders; Neurodevelopmental disorders