title: Dose-response effects of aerobic exercise on energy compensation in postmenopausal women: combined results from two randomized controlled trials.
abstract: Despite the clear health benefits of exercise, exercised-induced weight loss is often less than expected. The term 'exercise energy compensation' is used to define the amount of weight loss below what is expected for the amount of exercise energy expenditure. We examined the dose-response effects of exercise volume on energy compensation in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  
  Data from Alberta Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention (ALPHA) and Breast Cancer and Exercise Trial in Alberta (BETA) were combined for the present analysis. The ALPHA and BETA trials were two-centred, two-armed, 12-month randomized controlled trials. The ALPHA trial included 160 participants randomized to 225 min per week of aerobic exercise, and the BETA trial randomized 200 participants to each 150 and 300 min per week of aerobic exercise. All participants were aged 50-74 years, moderately inactive (<90 min per week of exercise), had no previous cancer diagnosis and a body mass index between 22 and 40 kg m-2. Energy compensation was based on changes in body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan) and estimated exercise energy expenditure from completed exercise volume. Associations between Δenergy intake, ΔVO2peakand Δphysical activity time with energy compensation were assessed.
  
  
  
  No differences in energy compensation were noted between interventions. However, there were large inter-individual differences in energy compensation between participants; 9.4% experienced body composition changes that were greater than expected based on exercise energy expenditure, 64% experienced some degree of energy compensation and 26.6% experienced weight gain based on exercise energy expenditure. Increases in VO2peakwere associated with reductions in energy compensation (β=-3.44 ml kg-1min-1, 95% confidence interval for β=-4.71 to -2.17 ml kg-1min-1; P=0.0001).
  
  
  
  Large inter-individual differences in energy compensation were noted, despite no differences between activity doses. In addition, increases in VO2peakwere associated with lower energy compensation. Future studies are needed to identify behavioral and metabolic factors that may contribute to this large inter-individual variability in energy compensation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.|Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.|Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Courneya
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.|Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.|Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Friedenreich
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000517:prevention & control; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D065840:Protective Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology