title: Spermidine Protects against Oxidative Stress in Inflammation Models Using Macrophages and Zebrafish.
abstract: Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine compound that has recently emerged with anti-aging properties and suppresses inflammation and oxidation. However, its mechanisms of action on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the potential of spermidine for reducing pro-inflammatory and oxidative effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and zebrafish was explored. Our data indicate that spermidine significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2), and cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in RAW 264.7 macrophages without any significant cytotoxicity. The protective effects of spermidine accompanied by a marked suppression in their regulatory gene expression at the transcription levels. Spermidine also attenuated the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit and reduced LPS-induced intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, spermidine prevented the LPS-induced NO production and ROS accumulation in zebrafish larvae and was found to be associated with a diminished recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages. Although more work is needed to fully understand the critical role of spermidine on the inhibition of inflammation-associated migration of immune cells, our findings clearly demonstrate that spermidine may be a potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of inflammatory and oxidative disorders.
authors.affiliation: Anti-Aging Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Jae
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Natural products Research Team, Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Natural products Research Team, Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Sung
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Natural products Research Team, Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Su
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Il-Whan
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Suhkmann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Heui-Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gi-Young
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Anti-Aging Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences & Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Cheol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Jong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Anti-Aging Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yung Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
keywords: Anti-Inflammation; Anti-Oxidant; Macrophages; Spermidine; Zebrafish