title: Analgesic Effect of Maternal Human Milk Odor on Premature Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two studies have demonstrated an analgesic effect of maternal milk odor in preterm neonates, without specifying the method of olfactory stimulation. Research aim: This study aimed to assess the analgesic effect of maternal milk odor in preterm neonates by using a standardized method of olfactory stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This trial was prospective, randomized, controlled, double blinded, and centrally administered. The inclusion criteria for breastfed infants included being born between 30 and 36 weeks + 6 days gestational age and being less than 10 days postnatal age. There were two groups: (a) A maternal milk odor group underwent a venipuncture with a diffuser emitting their own mother's milk odor and (2) a control group underwent a venipuncture with an odorless diffuser. The primary outcome was the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) score, with secondary outcomes being the French scale of neonatal pain-Douleur Aiguë du Nouveau-né (DAN) scale-and crying duration. All neonates were given a dummy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study included 16 neonates in the maternal milk odor group and 17 in the control group. Neonates exposed to their own mother's milk odor had a significantly lower median PIPP score during venipuncture compared with the control group (6.3 [interquartile range (IQR) = 5-10] versus 12.0 [IQR = 7-13], p = .03). There was no significant difference between the DAN scores in the two groups ( p = .06). Maternal milk odor significantly reduced crying duration after venipuncture (0 [IQR = 0-0] versus 0 [IQR = 0-18], p = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal milk odor has an analgesic effect on preterm neonates.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neonatology, North Hospital, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baudesson de Chanville
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neonatology, North Hospital, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brevaut-Malaty
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neonatology, North Hospital, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garbi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neonatology, North Hospital, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Barthelemy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tosello
authors.affiliation: 2 Clinical Research Methodology Support Service, Faculty of Medicine, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baumstarck
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neonatology, North Hospital, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gire
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000378:metabolism*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000458:organization & administration; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009812:Odorants; D010146:Pain / Q000178:diet therapy; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics
keywords: breast pain; breastfeeding; breastfeeding benefits; human milk; human milk collection; infant behavior