title: Through babies' eyes: Practical and theoretical considerations of using wearable technology to measure parent-infant behaviour from the mothers' and infants' view points.
abstract: To explore the utility of first-person viewpoint cameras at home, for recording mother and infant behaviour, and for reducing problems associated with participant reactivity, which represent a fundamental bias in observational research.
  
  
  
  We compared footage recording the same play interactions from a traditional third-person point of view (3rd PC) and using cameras worn on headbands (first-person cameras [1st PCs]) to record first-person points of view of mother and infant simultaneously. In addition, we left the dyads alone with the 1st PCs for a number of days to record natural mother-child behaviour at home. Fifteen mothers with infants (3-12 months of age) provided a total of 14h of footage at home alone with the 1st PCs.
  
  
  
  Codings of maternal behaviour from footage of the same scenario captured from 1st PCs and 3rd PCs showed high concordance (kappa >0.8). Footage captured by the 1st PCs also showed strong inter-rater reliability (kappa=0.9). Data from 1st PCs during sessions recorded alone at home captured more 'negative' maternal behaviours per min than observations using 1st PCs whilst a researcher was present (mean difference=0.90 (95% CI 0.5-1.2, p<0.001 representing 1.5 SDs).
  
  
  
  1st PCs offer a number of practical advantages and can reliably record maternal and infant behaviour. This approach can also record a higher frequency of less socially desirable maternal behaviours. It is unclear whether this difference is due to lack of need of the presence of researcher or the increased duration of recordings. This finding is potentially important for research questions aiming to capture more ecologically valid behaviours and reduce demand characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.affiliation: Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, MD, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Radford
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Rebecca.pearson@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pearson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: Behaviour; Camera; Demand characteristics; Dyadic interaction; First person view; Wearable