title: Higher Level of Oxidative Stress Markers in Small for Gestational Age Newborns Delivered by Cesarean Section at Term.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of our study was to determine lipid peroxidation products and antioxidant enzyme activity in umbilical cord blood of small for gestational age (SGA) neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Umbilical cord arterial blood samples were collected from 21-term singleton SGA newborn infants and 21 age- and sex-matched appropriate for gestational age (AGA) term neonates prospectively born by elective cesarean section for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) for antioxidant activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDA levels were increased (5.20 vs. 3.52 nmol/mL; p < 0.001), while levels of SOD (6.24 vs. 8.99 U/mL; p < 0.01) were decreased in SGA neonates when compared with AGA newborn infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated MDA levels and decreased SOD activity in umbilical cord blood may show the possibility of insufficient protective mechanisms against increased oxidative stress in SGA neonates born by cesarean section.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Acibadem University Maslak Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Hulya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dede
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Acibadem University Maslak Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozguc
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-7980
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takmaz
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Acibadem University Maslak Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozbasli
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Acibadem University Maslak Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Suat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dede
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Acibadem University Maslak Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Mete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gungor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000097:blood*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D047929:Term Birth
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Oxidative stress; cesarean section; malondialdehyde; small for gestational age; superoxide dismutase