title: Berkson error adjustment and other exposure surrogates in occupational case-control studies, with application to the Canadian INTEROCC study.
abstract: Many epidemiological studies assessing the relationship between exposure and disease are carried out without data on individual exposures. When this barrier is encountered in occupational studies, the subject exposures are often evaluated with a job-exposure matrix (JEM), which consists of mean exposure for occupational categories measured on a comparable group of workers. One of the objectives of the seven-country case-control study of occupational exposure and brain cancer risk, INTEROCC, was to investigate the relationship of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in different frequency ranges and brain cancer risk. In this paper, we use the Canadian data from INTEROCC to estimate the odds of developing brain tumours due to occupational exposure to EMF. The first step was to find the best EMF exposure surrogate among the arithmetic mean, the geometric mean, and the mean of log-normal exposure distribution for each occupation in the JEM, in comparison to Berkson error adjustments via numerical approximation of the likelihood function. Contrary to previous studies of Berkson errors in JEMs, we found that the geometric mean was the best exposure surrogate. This analysis provided no evidence that cumulative lifetime exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields increases brain cancer risk, a finding consistent with other recent epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oraby
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Siva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivaganesan
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health and Human Services, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Laurel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kincl
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siemiatycki
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cardis
authors.affiliation: McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.|Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors