title: Disparity between pre-existing management of penile cancer and NCCN guidelines.
abstract: To determine the locoregional management of penile cancer before the introduction of NCCN guidelines and how much shift in practice patterns is required to meet the guidelines.
  
  
  
  The National Cancer Data Base was queried to identify 6,396 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis diagnosed between 2004 and 2013. The cohort was divided into management groups based on the NCCN guidelines: cTa and cTis (cTa/is), pT1 low grade (T1LG), pT1 high grade (T1HG), and pT2 or greater (T234). These groups were analyzed to determine if management of locoregional disease complies with the 2016 NCCN guidelines and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with adherence.
  
  
  
  Nationwide management of the primary tumor closely follows the NCCN guidelines, with 96.9% adherence for cTa/is, 91.4% for T1LG, and 94.2% for T234. Management of regional lymph nodes (LNs) was inadequate with only 62.9% of patients with clinical N1 or N2 disease undergoing regional LN dissection (LND). The percentage of patients with known LN metastases who received regional LND increased over time (46.2% in 2004 to 69.4% in 2013, P = 0.034). Patients treated at community cancer programs (odds ratio [OR] = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.19-0.35), comprehensive community cancer programs (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.29-0.41), and integrated network cancer programs (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.25-0.52) were significantly less likely to receive LND compared with patients treated at academic comprehensive cancer programs.
  
  
  
  Before the introduction of NCCN guidelines, national practice patterns for the management of the primary tumor were consistent with the recommendations. However, the management of regional LNs deviated from the guidelines, reflecting an area for improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, UH Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, UH Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Slopnick
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, UH Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Elizabeth K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Ferry
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, UH Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, UH Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Division of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH. Electronic address: robert.abouassaly@uhhospitals.org.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abouassaly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Lymph node dissection; NCCN guidelines; Penectomy; Penile cancer; Penile-sparing surgery