title: Association of sleep characteristics with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in a population sample: the Chicago Area Sleep Study.
abstract: To investigate the association of sleep characteristics with prevalent hypertension, diabetes, and obesity in a multiethnic cohort.
  
  
  
  This study used a population-based cross-sectional study design.
  
  
  
  Participants were recruited between 2009 and 2011 from Chicago, Illinois, and the surrounding suburbs.
  
  
  
  Participants were 492 adults aged 35 to 64years who self-reported as white, black, Hispanic, or Asian and who had a low likelihood of sleep apnea based on the apnea screening questionnaires and 1 night of apnea screening using an in-home device (apnea hypopnea index <15 or oxygen desaturation index <10).
  
  
  
  Participants wore a wrist actigraphy monitor (Actiwatch™) for 7days. During a clinical examination, participants completed questionnaires about sleep, other health behaviors, and medical history and had their blood pressure, anthropometric measures, and fasting blood glucose measured; metabolic risk factors were determined based on standard clinical guidelines.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes was 17.1%, 5.5%, and 35.4%, respectively. Sleep duration was not associated with any cardiovascular risk factor. There was a significantly increased odds for hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.08) and obesity (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.05) associated with higher sleep fragmentation (per 1%). There was also a significantly increased odds for hypertension associated with poorer self-reported sleep quality (OR, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.05-1.24] per 1-unit higher Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index global score).
  
  
  
  Objective and self-reported sleep quality may be more important than duration in relation to prevalent hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Samantha E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Montag
authors.affiliation: Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Kristen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Knutson
authors.affiliation: Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Phyllis C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Zee
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Goldberger
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Kwang-Youn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Electronic address: carnethon@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Mercedes R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Carnethon
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007087:Illinois; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Diabetes; Epidemiology; Hypertension; Obesity; Sleep duration; Sleep fragmentation; Sleep quality