title: The Inflammatory Potential of the Diet Is Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Different Subgroups of the General Population.
abstract: Background:Low-grade chronic inflammation, which can be modulated by diet, has been suggested as an important risk factor for depression, but few studies have investigated the association between the inflammatory potential of the diet and depression.Objective:We investigated the prospective association between the inflammatory potential of the diet, measured by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), and incident depressive symptoms and tested the potential modulating effect of sex, age, physical activity, and smoking status.Methods:This study included 3523 participants (aged 35-60 y) from the SU.VI.MAX (Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants) cohort, who were initially free of depressive symptoms. Baseline DII (1994-1996) was computed by using repeated 24-h dietary records. Incident depressive symptoms were defined by a Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale score ≥17 for men and ≥23 for women in 2007-2009. We used multivariable logistic regression models to estimate ORs and 95% CIs, and modeled the DII as a continuous variable and as sex-specific quartiles.Results:A total of 172 cases of incident depressive symptoms were identified over a mean follow-up of 12.6 y. The DII was not associated with incident depressive symptoms in the full sample. In sex-specific models, men with a higher DII had a higher risk of incident depressive symptoms (quartile 4 compared with quartile 1-OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.01, 5.35), but the association was only marginally significant (P-trend = 0.06). When analyses were performed across smoking status, current and former smokers with a higher DII had a higher risk of incident depressive symptoms (quartile 4 compared with quartile 1-OR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.08, 4.52). A positive association was also observed among less physically active participants (quartile 4 compared with quartile 1-OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.05, 4.07).Conclusion:The promotion of a healthy diet with anti-inflammatory properties may help to prevent depressive symptoms, particularly among men, smokers, or physically inactive individuals. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT0027242.
authors.affiliation: Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, U1153 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1125 National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Sorbonne Paris Cité COMUE, Bobigny, France; m.adjibade@eren.smbh.univ-paris13.fr.
authors.forename: Moufidath
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2433-3582
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adjibade
authors.affiliation: Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, U1153 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1125 National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Sorbonne Paris Cité COMUE, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Valentina A
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9480-5210
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Andreeva
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.|Adult and Elderly Psychiatry Department, AP-HP, Paris Ouest University Hospitals, Paris, France.|U894 National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3487-4721
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lemogne
authors.affiliation: Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, U1153 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1125 National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Sorbonne Paris Cité COMUE, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8322-8857
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Touvier
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program and.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.|Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC; and.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program and.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.|Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC; and.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program and.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.|Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC; and.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.affiliation: Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, U1153 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1125 National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Sorbonne Paris Cité COMUE, Bobigny, France.|Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3168-1350
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hercberg
authors.affiliation: Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, U1153 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1125 National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Sorbonne Paris Cité COMUE, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1706-3107
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galan
authors.affiliation: Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, U1153 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1125 National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Sorbonne Paris Cité COMUE, Bobigny, France.|Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2006-5269
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Julia
authors.affiliation: Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, U1153 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1125 National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Sorbonne Paris Cité COMUE, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3618-9573
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Assmann
authors.affiliation: Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, U1153 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1125 National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Sorbonne Paris Cité COMUE, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9715-3534
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kesse-Guyot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking
keywords: Dietary Inflammatory Index; depression; diet; inflammation; mental health; prospective study