title: Probability-scale residuals for continuous, discrete, and censored data.
abstract: We describe a new residual for general regression models, defined aspr(Y*<y) -pr(Y*>y), whereyis the observed outcome andY*is a random variable from the fitted distribution. This probability-scale residual can be written asE{sign(y,Y*)} whereas the popular observed-minus-expected residual can be thought of asE(y-Y*). Therefore, the probability-scale residual is useful in settings where differences are not meaningful or where the expectation of the fitted distribution cannot be calculated. We present several desirable properties of the probability-scale residual that make it useful for diagnostics and measuring residual correlation, especially across different outcome types. We demonstrate its utility for continuous, ordered discrete, and censored outcomes, including current status data, and with various models including Cox regression, quantile regression, and ordinal cumulative probability models, for which fully specified distributions are not desirable or needed, and in some cases suitable residuals are not available. The residual is illustrated with simulated data and real datasets from HIV-infected patients on therapy in the southeastern United States and Latin America.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Bryan E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
keywords: Diagnostics; HIV; generalized linear model; quantile regression; rank statistics; survival analysis