title: Proposal for the Rapid Reversal of Coagulopathy in Patients with Nonoperative Head Injuries on Anticoagulants and/or Antiplatelet Agents: A Case Study and Literature Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergency room physicians, trauma teams, and neurosurgeons are seeing increasing numbers of head-injured patients on anticoagulants, many of whom are nonoperative. Head injury and anticoagulation can lead to devastating consequences. These patients need immediate evaluation and often reversal of anticoagulation in order to decrease their high rates of morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review data on the prevalence, risks, treatment, and complications of head-injured anticoagulated patients and provide a proposal for their anticoagulant management, and imaging requirements.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed database search was performed for articles on the prevalence, risks, treatment, and complications of patients who have sustained a head injury while on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1877 articles were found, of which 64 were selected for use based on direct relevance, information quality, and contribution of the article to the current understanding of anticoagulated head injury patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are very few guidelines for the management of nonoperative head-injured patients. Rapid reversal guided by international normalized ratio values, Platelet Function Assays, computed tomography imaging of the head, and physical exam is suggested. The proposal presented in this paper enables patient management to begin quickly in a systematic approach, with the goal of achieving a significant decrease in the morbidity and mortality for the anticoagulated head-injured patient. Rapid reversal can potentially decrease mortality by as much as 38%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Marshall University's Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1600 Medical Center Drive, Huntington, West Virginia.
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autonoma de Guadalajara, 110 Gallery Circle, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: Nundia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Marshall University's Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1600 Medical Center Drive, Huntington, West Virginia.
authors.forename: Brittany V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Seminara
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Marshall University's Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1600 Medical Center Drive, Huntington, West Virginia.
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Muizelaar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Marshall University's Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1600 Medical Center Drive, Huntington, West Virginia.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alberico
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants
keywords: Acetylsalicylic acid; Anticoagulant agents; Anticoagulation reversal; Antiplatelet agents; Delayed intracranial hemorrhage; Head trauma