title: GLIMPSE: Google Glass interface for sensory feedback in myoelectric hand prostheses.
abstract: Providing sensory feedback to the user of the prosthesis is an important challenge. The common approach is to use tactile stimulation, which is easy to implement but requires training and has limited information bandwidth. In this study, we propose an alternative approach based on augmented reality.
  
  
  
  We have developed the GLIMPSE, a Google Glass application which connects to the prosthesis via a Bluetooth interface and renders the prosthesis states (EMG signals, aperture, force and contact) using augmented reality (see-through display) and sound (bone conduction transducer). The interface was tested in healthy subjects that used the prosthesis with (FB group) and without (NFB group) feedback during a modified clothespins test that allowed us to vary the difficulty of the task. The outcome measures were the number of unsuccessful trials, the time to accomplish the task, and the subjective ratings of the relevance of the feedback.
  
  
  
  There was no difference in performance between FB and NFB groups in the case of a simple task (basic, same-color clothespins test), but the feedback significantly improved the performance in a more complex task (pins of different resistances). Importantly, the GLIMPSE feedback did not increase the time to accomplish the task. Therefore, the supplemental feedback might be useful in the tasks which are more demanding, and thereby less likely to benefit from learning and feedforward control. The subjects integrated the supplemental feedback with the intrinsic sources (vision and muscle proprioception), developing their own idiosyncratic strategies to accomplish the task.
  
  
  
  The present study demonstrates a novel self-contained, ready-to-deploy, wearable feedback interface. The interface was successfully tested and was proven to be feasible and functionally beneficial. The GLIMPSE can be used as a practical solution but also as a general and flexible instrument to investigate closed-loop prosthesis control.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurorehabilitation Systems, Clinics for Trauma, Orthopedic and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markovic
authors.forename: Hemanth
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karnal
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Graimann
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.forename: Strahinja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dosen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D000076142:Virtual Reality