title: Novel concepts for risk stratification in prostate cancer.
abstract: Since Partin introduced the analysis of prostate-specific antigen, clinical T-stage and Gleason scores to estimate the risk of progression in men with localised prostate cancer, our understanding of factors that modify this risk has changed drastically. There are now multiple risk stratification tools available, including look-up tables, risk stratification/classification analyses, regression-tree analyses, nomograms and artificial neural networks. Concurrently, descriptions of novel biopsy strategies, imaging modalities and biomarkers are frequently published with the aim of improving risk stratification. With an abundance of new information available, incorporating advances into clinical practice can be confusing. This article aims to outline the major novel concepts in prostate cancer risk stratification for men with biopsy confirmed prostate cancer. We will detail which of these novel techniques and tools are likely to be adopted to aid treatment decisions and enable more accurate post-diagnosis, pretreatment risk stratification.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Keval M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Gnanapragasam
keywords: Risk stratification; pretreatment; prognostic factors; prostate cancer