title: High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Correlation of Serum Vitamin D with Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.
abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) identifies subjects with increased risk of cardiovascular disease when they have a combination of insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and elevated triglycerides (TGs). Increasing evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency could be associated with diabetes and MetS. The aim is to assess if 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) is correlated with cardiovascular risk components of MetS.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study involved 124 diabetic patients with MetS according to International Diabetes Federation definition. 25-OHD was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fasting insulin, lipid profile, glucose, and hemoglobin-A1c (HbA1c) were determined using routinely standard laboratory methods. Insulin resistance was assessed using homeostatic model assessment (HOMA).
  
  
  
  59.68% and 27.42% of patients have vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, respectively. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in patients with vitamin D deficiency compared to patients with sufficient vitamin D (P < 0.05). Serum log (25-OHD) was inversely correlated with SBP, HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TGs, and total cholesterol and directly correlated with pancreatic β cell function (HOMA-β) (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis has shown that SBP can be predicted from log (25-OHD) (B = -9.388, P < 0.05), while HbA1c, LDL-C, TGs, total cholesterol, and HOMA-β cannot be predicted from log (25-OHD), (P > 0.05).
  
  
  
  Vitamin D deficiency was very prevalent among patients with MetS. 25-OHD was inversely correlated with glycemic control and cardiovascular risk components of MetS except HDL-C, insulin resistance, and obesity. SBP was the only cardiovascular risk component that can be predicted from vitamin D concentrations.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan .
authors.forename: Mohammad J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Alkhatatbeh
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan .
authors.forename: Khalid K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Abdul-Razzak
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan .
authors.forename: Lubna Q
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Khasawneh
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan .
authors.forename: Nesreen A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Saadeh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007597:Jordan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D014807:Vitamin D; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: cardiovascular risk; metabolic syndrome; vitamin D deficiency