title: Phytochemistry, Brine shrimp lethality and mice acute oral toxicity studies on seed extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica.
abstract: Despite the widespread use of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds in traditional medicine, the need to establish the safety of the Vernonia anthelmintica is required to ascertain the safe use of this herbal medicine. The aim of the present study is to establish the acute toxicity profile of different extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica. Hexane and ethanol extract of Vernonia Anthelmintica has been studied for its brine shrimp lethality potential. Water decoction (WDVA), Hexane (HEVA) and Ethanol (EEVA) extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica has also been evaluated for their in-vivo acute oral toxicity in mice by Lorke's method. Phytochemistry of all three extracts was also evaluated for the presence of their secondary metabolites. All three extracts showed the presence of flavonoids and terpenoids, while alkaloids, tannins and fixed oils were present in HEVA and EEVA. Furthermore EEVA also showed presence of carbohydrates and HEVA also showed the presence of cardiac glycosides. Ethanol and hexane extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica showed a positive cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality test at 24 hours with LC50 104.16 (224.0-48.05)μg/ml and 216.11μg/ml (378.2-128.7) respectively as compared to standard drug etoposide LC50 7.46μg/ml. The oral LD50 for EEVA, HEVA and WDVA in mice by Lorke's method was greater than 5000mg/kg. The result of brine shrimp lethality test clearly exhibited the presence of bioactive compounds with cytotoxic potential; however seems to be safe for oral use since LD50 was higher than 5000mg/kg and thus safety of acute dosing in vivo practices is justified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan / Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Subia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rafeeq Alam
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syeda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Afroz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shadab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D051379:Mice; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D035741:Vernonia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006586:Hexanes; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol