title: Swallowing Preparation and Execution: Insights from a Delayed-Response Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Study.
abstract: The present study sought to elucidate the functional contributions of sub-regions of the swallowing neural network in swallowing preparation and swallowing motor execution. Seven healthy volunteers participated in a delayed-response, go, no-go functional magnetic resonance imaging study involving four semi-randomly ordered activation tasks: (i) "prepare to swallow," (ii) "voluntary saliva swallow," (iii) "do not prepare to swallow," and (iv) "do not swallow." Results indicated that brain activation was significantly greater during swallowing preparation, than during swallowing execution, within the rostral and intermediate anterior cingulate cortex bilaterally, premotor cortex (left > right hemisphere), pericentral cortex (left > right hemisphere), and within several subcortical nuclei including the bilateral thalamus, caudate, and putamen. In contrast, activation within the bilateral insula and the left dorsolateral pericentral cortex was significantly greater in relation to swallowing execution, compared with swallowing preparation. Still other regions, including a more inferior ventrolateral pericentral area, and adjoining Brodmann area 43 bilaterally, and the supplementary motor area, were activated in relation to both swallowing preparation and execution. These findings support the view that the preparation, and subsequent execution, of swallowing are mediated by a cascading pattern of activity within the sub-regions of the bilateral swallowing neural network.
authors.affiliation: Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
authors.forename: Jillian A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Toogood
authors.affiliation: Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
authors.forename: Rebecca C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
authors.forename: Todd K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada.
authors.forename: Joe S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gati
authors.affiliation: Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada.
authors.forename: Ravi S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Theurer
authors.affiliation: Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weisz
authors.affiliation: Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Affoo
authors.affiliation: Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada. remartin@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3102-6057
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D011699:Putamen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D012463:Saliva; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013788:Thalamus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Brain imaging; Cerebral cortex; Deglutition; Deglutition disorders; Execution; Human; Neural control; Preparation; fMRI