title: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, early-onset, persistent developmental disorder of childhood and adolescence, with a prevalence of approximately 5%.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article is based on publications retrieved by a selective search in PubMed with an emphasis on pertinent guidelines and systematic reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least 75% of affected children and adolescents develop a comorbid disorder, which impedes diagnosis and treatment and worsens prognosis. The etiology of ADHD is complex and heterogeneous, involving a major genetic component and diverse neurobiological alterations. Prenatal environmental factors also seem to elevate the risk of ADHD. The mainstays of treatment are psychoeducation, behavioral therapy, and psychoactive drugs, which generally have only mild side effects, such as insomnia or decreased appetite. The indication for treatment in the individual case is based on severity, comorbidity, previous therapy attempts, and the familial, social, and educational framework conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Translational research is needed to clarify the etiology of ADHD. Epidemiological studies published since 1987 do not reveal any increase in the prevalence of ADHD among children and adolescents. Improved diagnosis necessitates an evidence-based and need-adapted approach to treatment.
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne; LWL University Hospital Hamm, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum; Department of Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Döpfner
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holtmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rösler
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romanos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs