title: Flame retardants and their metabolites in the homes and urine of pregnant women residing in California (the CHAMACOS cohort).
abstract: Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), used in consumer products since the 1970s, persist in the environment. Restrictions on penta-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants resulted in increased use of Firemaster®550 (FM®550), and the organophosphate triesters: tris(1,3- dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP); tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP); tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). The objectives of this study were to (1) identify determinants of flame retardants (4 PFRs, PentaBDEs and FM®550) in house dust, (2) measure urinary PFR metabolites in pregnant women, and (3) estimate health risks from PFR exposure. We measured flame retardants in house dust (n = 125) and metabolites in urine (n = 310) collected in 2000-2001 from Mexican American women participating in the CHAMACOS birth cohort study in California. We detected FM®550 and PFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) known to the state of California to cause cancer, in most dust samples. The maximum TCEP and TDCIPP dust levels were among the highest ever reported although the median levels were generally lower compared to other U.S. cohorts. Metabolites of TDCIPP (BDCIPP: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) and TPHP (DPHP: diphenyl phosphate) were detected in 78% and 79% of prenatal urine samples, respectively. We found a weak but positive correlation between TPHP in dust and DPHP in 124 paired prenatal urine samples (Spearman rho = 0.17; p = 0.06). These results provide information on PFR exposure and risk in pregnant women from the early 2000's and are also valuable to assess trends in exposure and risk given changing fire safety regulations and concomitant changes in chemical flame retardant use.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA. Electronic address: rcastori@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castorina
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27519, USA.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27519, USA.
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
authors.forename: Kim G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eskenazi
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bradman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010755:Organophosphates; D010710:Phosphates; C005445:triphenyl phosphate
keywords: Dust; Exposure; Flame retardants; Pregnant women; Urinary metabolites