title: Association Between Hospital Case Volume of Sepsis, Adherence to Evidence-Based Processes of Care and Patient Outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to explore potential mechanisms underlying hospital sepsis case volume-mortality associations by investigating implementation of evidence-based processes of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study. We determined associations of sepsis case volume with three evidence-based processes of care (lactate measurement during first hospital day, norepinephrine as first vasopressor, and avoidance of starch-based colloids) and assessed their role in mediation of case volume-mortality associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enhanced administrative data (Premier, Charlotte, NC) from 534 U.S. hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 287,914 adult patients with sepsis present at admission between July 2010 and December 2012 of whom 58,045 received a vasopressor for septic shock during the first 2 days of hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among patients with sepsis, 1.9% received starch, and among patients with septic shock, 68.3% had lactate measured and 64% received norepinephrine as initial vasopressor. Patients at hospitals with the highest case volume were more likely to have lactate measured (adjusted odds ratio quartile 4 vs quartile 1, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.1-3.7) and receive norepinephrine as initial vasopressor (adjusted odds ratio quartile 4 vs quartile 1, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.6-2.7). Case volume was not associated with avoidance of starch products (adjusted odds ratio quartile 4 vs quartile 1, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.45-1.2). Adherence to evidence-based care was associated with lower hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.94) but did not strongly mediate case volume-mortality associations (point estimate change ≤ 2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a large cohort of U.S. patients with sepsis, select evidence-based processes of care were more likely implemented at high-volume hospitals but did not strongly mediate case volume-mortality associations. Considering processes and case volume when regionalizing sepsis care may maximize patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. 2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 3The Pulmonary Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. 4Evans Center for Implementation and Improvement Sciences, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fawzy
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Walkey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D061847:Hospitals, High-Volume / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D019344:Lactic Acid; D009638:Norepinephrine