title: Activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B in Endothelial Cells of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Outer Membranes.
abstract: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is considered an angiogenic and inflammatory disease. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) induces the production of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, which play an essential role in angiogenesis and inflammation. Recently, the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) was shown to directly interact with NF-κB subunits to influence its transcriptional activity.
  
  
  
  To examine the expression of NF-κB signaling pathway components and PKR in CSDH outer membranes.
  
  
  
  Eight patients whose outer membranes were successfully obtained during trepanation surgery were included in this study. The IκBα, IKKβ, IKKγ, NF-κB, phosphorylated ( p )-NF-κB, and PKR expression levels were examined using western blotting analysis. NF-κB expression was also examined using immunohistochemistry. We investigated whether CSDH fluid could activate NF-κB in cultured endothelial cells in Vitro.
  
  
  
  The IκBα, IKKβ, IKKγ, and NF-κB levels were approximately the same. Additionally, p -NF-κB and PKR were detected at similar levels. Immunostaining showed that NF-κB was expressed in the vascular endothelium. p -NF-κB expression in endothelial cells was significantly induced immediately after treatment with CSDH fluid. Furthermore, NF-κB activation was significantly inhibited by treatment with antibodies directed against vascular endothelial growth factor.
  
  
  
  PKR might activate NF-κB through vascular endothelial growth factor in endothelial cells, which might be associated with endothelial cell proliferation in the CSDH outer membrane. Thus, the NF-κB signaling pathway could play a critical role in CSDH growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Ai-chi Medical University, Nagakute, Ai-chi, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osuka
authors.affiliation: High Technology Research Center, Pharmacology, Showa Pharm-aceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy II, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuteru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Usuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Ai-chi Medical University, Nagakute, Ai-chi, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Ai-chi Medical University, Nagakute, Ai-chi, Japan.
authors.forename: Reo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Ai-chi Medical University, Nagakute, Ai-chi, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikinobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Ai-chi Medical University, Nagakute, Ai-chi, Japan.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takayasu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D020200:Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
keywords: Angiogenesis; Chronic subdural hematoma; NF-κB