title: Oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers in chronic schizophrenia.
abstract: There is evidence that the acute phase of schizophrenia (SCZ) is accompanied by specific changes in oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) biomarkers. There are, however, no firm data regarding these biomarkers in chronic SCZ. Therefore, this study aimed to delineate O&NS biomarkers in patients with chronic SCZ. 125 outpatients with SCZ and 118 controls were enrolled. The markers included lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) and paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity. Immune-inflammatory markers known to be altered in SCZ were also measured: leptin, IL-6, soluble TNF receptors (sTNF-Rs) and the chemokines CCL-11 and CCL-3. There were no significant associations between chronic SCZ and the O&NS markers (AOPP, NOx, LOOH) and the anti-oxidants PON-1 and TRAP. Leptin, sTNF-R, CCL-3 and CCL-11 were significantly higher in SCZ. There were significant associations between pro-inflammatory and O&NS biomarkers (leptin/CCL-8 and AOPP; IL-6 and NOx; CCL-3 and LOOH; CCL-3/IL-6/NOx and TRAP). In conclusion, there were significant intercorrelations between inflammatory and O&NS pathways, which play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic SCZ. O&NS markers and the enzyme PON-1 are not useful as biomarkers in chronic stable polymedicated SCZ patients.
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karine Maria
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Boll
authors.affiliation: First Episode Psychosis Program, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Noto
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kamila Landucci
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bonifácio
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Chiara Cristina
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bortolasci
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ary
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gadelha
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Affonseca
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Décio Sabbatini
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Revitalis, Waalre, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Electronic address: dr.michaelmaes@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Estefania Gastaldello
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Moreira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D000073039:Nitrosative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009569:Nitric Oxide