title: RNA sensors of the innate immune system and their detection of pathogens.
abstract: The innate immune system plays a critical role in pathogen recognition and initiation of protective immune response through the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by its pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Nucleic acids including RNA and DNA have been recognized as very important PAMPs of pathogens especially for viruses. RNA are the major PAMPs of RNA viruses, to which most severe disease causing viruses belong thus posing a tougher challenge to human and animal health. Therefore, the understanding of the immune biology of RNA PRRs is critical for control of pathogen infections especially for RNA virus infections. RNA PRRs are comprised of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, RIG-I, MDA5, NLRP3, NOD2, and some other minorities. This review introduces these RNA PRRs by describing the cellular localizations, ligand recognitions, activation mechanisms, cell signaling pathways, and recognition of pathogens; the cross-talks between various RNA PRRs are also reviewed. The deep insights of these RNA PRRs can be utilized to improve anti-viral immune response. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):297-304, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Nanhua
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pengpeng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shuangjie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tangjie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA, 22802.
authors.forename: Tony T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology*; D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules; D012313:RNA / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012327:RNA Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000502:physiology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules; D012367:RNA, Viral; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D012313:RNA
keywords: RNA; pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs); pathogens; pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)