title: A multi-resolution approach for spinal metastasis detection using deep Siamese neural networks.
abstract: Spinal metastasis, a metastatic cancer of the spine, is the most common malignant disease in the spine. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of automated spinal metastasis detection in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by using deep learning methods. To accommodate the large variability in metastatic lesion sizes, we develop a Siamese deep neural network approach comprising three identical subnetworks for multi-resolution analysis and detection of spinal metastasis. At each location of interest, three image patches at three different resolutions are extracted and used as the input to the networks. To further reduce the false positives (FPs), we leverage the similarity between neighboring MRI slices, and adopt a weighted averaging strategy to aggregate the results obtained by the Siamese neural networks. The detection performance is evaluated on a set of 26 cases using a free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis. The results show that the proposed approach correctly detects all the spinal metastatic lesions while producing only 0.40 FPs per case. At a true positive (TP) rate of 90%, the use of the aggregation reduces the FPs from 0.375 FPs per case to 0.207 FPs per case, a nearly 44.8% reduction. The results indicate that the proposed Siamese neural network method, combined with the aggregation strategy, provide a viable strategy for the automated detection of spinal metastasis in MRI images.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
authors.forename: Zhiyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 10019, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 10019, China.
authors.forename: Huishu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Min-Ying
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Electronic address: pfbaldi@ics.uci.edu.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baldi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D012372:ROC Curve; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary*
keywords: Deep learning; Magnetic resonance imaging; Multi-resolution analysis; Siamese neural network; Spinal metastasis