title: Impact of Semiconducting Perylene Diimide Nanoparticle Size on Lymph Node Mapping and Cancer Imaging.
abstract: Semiconducting molecules of perylene diimide (PDI) with strong light absorption properties in the near-infrared region and good biocompatibility have received increasing attention in the field of theranostics, especially as photoacoustic (PA) imaging agents. Herein, we report a series of [64Cu]-labeled PDI nanoparticles (NPs) of different sizes (30, 60, 100, and 200 nm) as dual positron emission tomography (PET) and PA imaging probes and photothermal therapy agents. The precise size control of the PDI NPs can be achieved by adjusting the initial concentration of PDI molecules in the self-assembly process, and the photophysical property of different sized PDI NPs was studied in detail. Furthermore, we systematically investigated the size-dependent accumulation of the PDI NPs in the lymphatic system after local administration and in tumors after intravenous injection by PA and PET imaging. The results revealed that 100 nm is the best size for differentiating popliteal and sciatic LNs since the interval is around 60 min for the NPs to migrate from popliteal LNs to sciatic LNs, which is an ideal time window to facilitate surgical sentinel LN biopsy and pathological examination. Furthermore, different migration times of the different-sized PDI NPs will provide more choices for surgeons to map the specific tumor relevant LNs. PDI NP theranostics can also be applied to imaging-guided cancer therapy. The NPs with a size of 60 nm appear to be the best for tumor imaging and photothermal cancer therapy due to the maximum tumor accumulation efficiency. Thus, our study not only presents organic PDI NP theranostics but also introduces different-sized NPs for multiple bioapplications.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023, China.|Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4056-0347
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.|State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361102, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Jinjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Quli
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9387-0165
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Bryant C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Zhantong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361102, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2613-7286
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Guocan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7004-6408
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Jibin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Xiaoyuan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9622-0870
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002470:Cell Survival; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes; D006801:Humans; D007094:Imides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D010316:Particle Size; D010569:Perylene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000379:methods; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D012666:Semiconductors; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003287:Contrast Media; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes; D007094:Imides; C521332:perylenediimide; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D010569:Perylene
keywords: lymph node mapping; photoacoustic imaging, positron emission tomography imaging; photothermal therapy; semiconducting nanoparticle