title: Evaluating Weight Status and Sex as Moderators of the Association of Serum Leptin with Bone Mineral Density in Children and Adolescents .
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Animal studies suggest that leptin may adversely affect bone mineral density (BMD). Clinical studies have yielded conflicting results. We therefore investigated associations between leptin and bone parameters in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  830 healthy children (age = 11.4 ± 3.1 years; 75% female; BMI standard deviation score [BMIz] = 1.5 ± 1.1) had fasting serum leptin measured with ELISA and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The main effects for leptin and BMIz plus leptin's interactions with sex and BMIz were examined using hierarchical linear regressions for appendicular, pelvis, and lumbar spine BMD as well as bone mineral content (BMC), and bone area (BA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accounting for demographic, pubertal development, and anthropometric variables, leptin was negatively and independently associated with lumbar spine BMC and BA, pelvis BA, and leg BA (p < 0.05 for all). Sex, but not BMIz, moderated the associations of leptin with bone parameters. In boys, leptin was negatively correlated with leg and arm BMD, BMC at all bone sites, and BA at the subtotal and lumbar spine (p < 0.01 for all). In girls, leptin was positively correlated with leg and arm BMD (p < 0.05 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent of body size, leptin is negatively associated with bone measures; however, these associations are moderated by sex: boys, but not girls, have a negative independent association between leptin and BMD. .
authors.affiliation: Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Armaiz-Flores
authors.affiliation: Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.|Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Nichole R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Ovidiu A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Galescu
authors.affiliation: Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Demidowich
authors.affiliation: Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.|Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Altschul
authors.affiliation: Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Van S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.affiliation: Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Pickworth
authors.affiliation: Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.|Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanofsky-Kraff
authors.affiliation: Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.|Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Shomaker
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Radiology and Imaging Sciences Department, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yanovski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011627:Puberty / Q000097:blood*; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin
keywords: Bone area ; Bone mineral content; Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; Leptin; Obesity; Pediatrics; Sex