title: Providing chronic pain management in the "Fifth Vital Sign" Era: Historical and treatment perspectives on a modern-day medical dilemma.
abstract: Over 100 million Americans are living with chronic pain, and pain is the most common reason that patients seek medical attention. Despite the prevalence of pain, the practice of pain management and the scientific discipline of pain research are relatively new fields compared to the rest of medicine - contributing to a twenty-first century dilemma for health care providers asked to relieve suffering in the "Fifth Vital Sign" era.
  
  
  
  This manuscript provides a narrative review of the basic mechanisms of chronic pain and history of chronic pain management in the United States - including the various regulatory, health system and provider factors that contributed to the decline of multidisciplinary pain treatment in favor of the predominant opioid treatment strategy seen today. Multiple non-opioid pain treatment strategies are then outlined. The manuscript concludes with three key questions to help guide future research at the intersection of pain and addiction.
  
  
  
  The assessment and treatment of chronic pain will continue to be one of the most common functions of a health care provider. To move beyond an over reliance on opioid medications, the addiction and pain research communities must unite with chronic pain patients to increase the evidence base supporting non-opioid analgesic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: dtompki1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: D Andrew
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tompkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: greg_hobelmann@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: J Greg
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hobelmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia PA, USA. Electronic address: pcompton@nursing.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Compton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000266:history* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000266:history*; D057186:Comparative Effectiveness Research; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D000070516:Intersectoral Collaboration; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods*; D012106:Research; D014481:United States; D055986:Vital Signs
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: Chronic pain; Chronic pain management; John J. Bonica; Multidisciplinary pain treatment; Opioids