title: Modeling electrical stimulation of retinal ganglion cell with optimizing additive noises for reducing threshold and energy consumption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epiretinal prosthesis is one device for the treatment of blindness, which target retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by electrodes on retinal surface. The stimulating current of epiretinal prosthesis is an important factor that influences the safety threshold and visual perception. Stochastic resonance (SR) can be used to enhance the detection and transmission of subthreshold stimuli in neurons. Here, it was assumed that SR was a potential way to improve the performance of epiretinal prosthesis. The effect of noises on the response of RGCs to electrical stimulation and the energy of stimulating current was studied based on a RGC model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The RGC was modeled as a multi-compartment model consisting of dendrites and its branches, soma and axon. To evoke SR, a subthreshold signal, a series of bipolar rectangular pulse sequences, plus stochastic biphasic pulse sequences as noises, were used as a stimulus to the model. The SR-type behavior in the model was characterized by a "power norm" measure. To decrease energy consumption of the stimulation waveform, the stochastic biphasic pulse sequences were only added to the cathode and anode phase of the subthreshold pulse and the noise parameters were optimized by using a genetic algorithm (GA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When certain intensity of noise is added to the subthreshold signal, RGC model can fire. With the noise's RMS amplitudes increased, more spikes were elicited and the curve of power norm presents the inverted U-like graph. The larger pulse width of stochastic biphasic pulse sequences resulted in higher power norm. The energy consumption and charges of the single bipolar rectangular pulse without noise in threshold level are 468.18 pJ, 15.30 nC, and after adding optimized parameters's noise to the subthreshold signal, they became 314.8174 pJ, 11.9281 nC and were reduced by 32.8 and 22.0%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SR exists in the RGC model and can enhance the representation of RGC model to the subthreshold signal. Adding the stochastic biphasic pulse sequences to the cathode and anode phase of the subthreshold signal helps to reduce stimulation threshold, energy consumption and charge of RGC stimulation. These may be helpful for improving the performance of epiretinal prosthesis.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Menghua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. qlqiao@tmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qingli
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qiao
mesh_terms: D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio
chemical_list: D007473:Ion Channels
keywords: Energy consumption; Epiretinal prosthesis; Stimulation thresholds; Stochastic biphasic pulse sequences; Subthreshold signal; The RGC model