title: Spatio-Temporal Variations of Marine Biofilm Communities Colonizing Artificial Substrata Including Antifouling Coatings in Contrasted French Coastal Environments.
abstract: Surface colonization in seawater first corresponds to the selection of specific microbial biofilm communities. By coupling flow cytometry, microscopy and high throughput sequencing (HTS, 454 pyrosequencing) with artificial surfaces and environmental analyses, we intend to identify the contribution of biofilm community drivers at two contrasted French sites, one temperate and eutrophic (Lorient, Atlantic coast) and the other at a mesotrophic but highly contaminated bay (Toulon, North-Western Mediterranean Sea). Microbial communities were shaped by high temperatures, salinity and lead at Toulon by but nutrients and DOC at Lorient. Coatings including pyrithione exhibited a significant decrease of their microbial densities except for nanoeukaryotes. Clustering of communities was mainly based on the surface type and secondly the site, whereas seasons appeared of less importance. The in-depth HTS revealed that γ- and α-proteobacteria, but also Bacteroidetes, dominated highly diversified bacterial communities with a relative low β-diversity. Sensitivity to biocides released by the tested antifouling coatings could be noticed at different taxonomic levels: the percentage of Bacteroidetes overall decreased with the presence of pyrithione, whereas the α/γ-proteobacteria ratio decreased at Toulon when increased at Lorient. Small diatom cells (Amphora and Navicula spp.) dominated on all surfaces, whereas site-specific sub-dominant taxa appeared clearly more sensitive to biocides. This overall approach exhibited the critical significance of surface characteristics in biofilm community shaping.
authors.affiliation: MAPIEM-EA 4323, Université de Toulon, La Garde, France. briand@univ-tln.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8729-2621
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Briand
authors.affiliation: CNRS/INSU, IRD, Institut Méditerranéen d'Océanologie (MIO), Université d'Aix-Marseille, Université de Toulon, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Aude
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barani
authors.affiliation: PROTEE-EA 3819, Université de Toulon, La Garde, France.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garnier
authors.affiliation: LBCM -EA 3883, IUEM, Université de Bretagne Sud, Lorient, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Réhel
authors.affiliation: MAPIEM-EA 4323, Université de Toulon, La Garde, France.
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Urvois
authors.affiliation: PROTEE-EA 3819, Université de Toulon, La Garde, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: LePoupon
authors.affiliation: UMR CARRTEL, INRA, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Thonon-Les-Bains, France.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouchez
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.|UMR 6023, LMGE, CNRS, F-63171, Aubiere, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Debroas
authors.affiliation: MAPIEM-EA 4323, Université de Toulon, La Garde, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bressy
mesh_terms: D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control; D017377:Diatoms / Q000502:physiology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005602:France; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
keywords: Biofouling; Environmental factors; Flow cytometry; High throughput sequencing; Marine biofilm; Microbial ecotoxicology