title: Gender differences in sleep hygiene practices and sleep quality in New Zealand adolescents aged 15 to 17 years.
abstract: To examine, in a nationwide sample of New Zealand adolescents, self-reported sleep hygiene, and specifically evening technology and caffeine use, and body mass index, in relation to sleep quality.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  
  A total of 692 adolescents (59% girls), predominantly European (78%), with an average age of 16 years 9 months were recruited through schools, community advertising, and social media.
  
  
  
  All participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale online, and questions about their height, weight, evening technology use, and caffeine consumption.
  
  
  
  Fifty-six percent of adolescents had poor sleep quality with a higher prevalence in girls (63.1%) than in boys (44.5%), and sleep hygiene (Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale) was significantly worse in girls. Caffeine after dinner was associated with increased adjusted odds of a poorer score for Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-evaluated daytime dysfunction (P=.002). A higher proportion of girls drank hot caffeinated drinks (51.8%) after dinner than did boys (38.1%), and although more boys (12.1% vs 9.2%) drank energy drinks, the difference was not significant. A 1-hour increase in evening technology time increased the odds of poor sleep efficiency by 20% (P=.04). A 1-zscore increase in body mass index resulted in a 38% higher adjusted odds of poor sleep efficiency (P=.015) and 21% higher adjusted odds of long sleep latency (P=.032).
  
  
  
  The findings highlight gender differences in sleep quality and some presleep behaviors of New Zealand youth, and support the role for good sleep hygiene practices to promote healthy sleep in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's & Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Electronic address: barbara.galland@otago.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Barbara C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Galland
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's & Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penno
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's & Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's & Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lobb
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rachael W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D000070263:Sleep Hygiene; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Caffeine; Insomnia; Multitasking; Obesity; Sleep duration; Sleep quality; Technology