title: Validation of the Spanish-language version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test in adults older than 60 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have validated the Spanish-language version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-S) test in Latin American populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the psychometric properties and discriminant validity of the MoCA-S in elderly patients in Santiago de Chile.
  
  
  METHODS
  172 individuals were grouped according to their clinical diagnosis based on the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale as follows: amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI; n±24), non-amnestic MCI (naMCI; n±24), mild dementia (n±20), and cognitively normal (n±104). Participants were evaluated with both the MoCA-S and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to determine the discriminant validity of the MoCA-S.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age and years of schooling were 73±6 and 11±4 years, respectively, with no significant intergroup differences. The MoCA-S displayed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α: 0.772), high inter-rater reliability (Spearman correlation coefficient: 0.846; P<.01), and high intra-rater reliability (test-retest reliability coefficient: 0.922; P<.001). The MoCA-S was found to be an effective and valid test for detecting aMCI (AUC±0.903) and mild dementia (AUC±0.957); its effectiveness for detecting naMCI was lower (AUC±0.629). The optimal cut-off points for aMCI and mild dementia were<21 and<20, respectively, with sensitivity and specificity rates of 75% and 82% for aMCI and 90% and 86% for mild dementia. The level of education had a great impact on scores: as a result, 2 points were added for patients with less than 8 years of schooling and one point for patients with 8-12 years of schooling (MoCA-S1-2). The MoCA-S1-2 showed significantly greater discriminant validity than the MMSE for differentiating aMCI from dementia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MoCA-S1-2 is a short, easy-to-use, and useful test for diagnosing aMCI and mild dementia.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Posgrado, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Araneda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Programa de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: behrensl@uchile.cl.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Behrens
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000073216:Mental Status and Dementia Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014175:Translating
keywords: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment; Cognitive screening; Demencia; Dementia; Deterioro cognitivo leve amnésico; Latin America; Latinoamérica; Minimental State Examination (MMSE); Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); Tamizaje cognitivo