title: Comprehensive strategy for pesticide residue analysis through the production cycle of gilthead sea bream and Atlantic salmon.
abstract: Plant ingredients and processed animal proteins are alternative feedstuffs for fish feeds in aquaculture. However, their use can introduce contaminants like pesticides that are not previously associated with marine Atlantic salmon and gilthead sea bream farming. This study covers the screening of around 800 pesticides by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry in matrices throughout the entire marine food production chain. Prior to analysis of real-world samples, the screening methodology was validated for 252 pesticides to establish the screening detection limit. This was 0.01 mg kg-1for 113 pesticides (45%), 0.05 mg kg-1for 73 pesticides (29%) and >0.05 mg kg-1for 66 pesticides (26%). After that, a quantitative methodology based on GC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (GC-APCI-MS/MS) was optimized for the pesticides found in the screening. Although several polar pesticides, of which pirimiphos methyl and chlorpyriphos-methyl were most dominant, were found in plant material and feeds based on these ingredients, none of them were observed in fillets of Atlantic salmon and gilthead sea bream fed on these feeds.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Portolés
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Garlito
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain; Institute of Aquaculture of Torre la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nácher-Mestre
authors.affiliation: BioMar R&D, Grangemouth, FK3 8UL, UK.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karalazos
authors.affiliation: BioMar AS, N-7010 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: European Fat Processors and Renderers Association (EFPRA), Boulevard Baudouin, 1518, 4th Floor, BE - 1000, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alm
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture of Torre la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain. Electronic address: jaime.perez.sanchez@csic.es.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain. Electronic address: felix.hernandez@uji.es.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: Marc.Berntssen@nifes.no.
authors.forename: M H G
authors.initials: MHG
authors.lastname: Berntssen
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000378:metabolism*; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C007031:chlorpyrifos-methyl
keywords: Feed; Fish; Pesticides; Processed animal products; Quadrupole time-of-flight; Screening