title: User Requirements for a Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Decision Support Tool to Promote Timely Referral.
abstract: Timely referral of patients with CKD has been associated with cost and mortality benefits, but referrals are often done too late in the course of the disease. Clinical decision support (CDS) offers a potential solution, but interventions have failed because they were not designed to support the physician workflow. We sought to identify user requirements for a chronic kidney disease (CKD) CDS system to promote timely referral.
  
  
  
  We interviewed primary care physicians (PCPs) to identify data needs for a CKD CDS system that would encourage timely referral and also gathered information about workflow to assess risk factors for progression of CKD. Interviewees were general internists recruited from a network of 14 primary care clinics affiliated with Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH). We then performed a qualitative analysis to identify user requirements and system attributes for a CKD CDS system.
  
  
  
  Of the 12 participants, 25% were women, the mean age was 53 (range 37-82), mean years in clinical practice was 27 (range 11-58). We identified 21 user requirements. Seven of these user requirements were related to support for the referral process workflow, including access to pertinent information and support for longitudinal co-management. Six user requirements were relevant to PCP management of CKD, including management of risk factors for progression, interpretation of biomarkers of CKD severity, and diagnosis of the cause of CKD. Finally, eight user requirements addressed user-centered design of CDS, including the need for actionable information, links to guidelines and reference materials, and visualization of trends.
  
  
  
  These 21 user requirements can be used to design an intuitive and usable CDS system with the attributes necessary to promote timely referral.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: jgulla@partners.org.
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gulla
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Quality Analysis, Partners HealthCare System, Wellesley, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Clinical and Quality Analysis, Partners HealthCare System, Wellesley, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Lipika
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Samal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003625:Data Collection; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010346:Patient Care Management / Q000592:standards*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000592:standards*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Medical records systems; chronic kidney disease; clinical; computerized; decision support systems; primary health care; quality of care; referral and consultation