title: Gender and international clinician educators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe gender differences of international clinician educators (CEs) and leaders, and CEs' perceptions by gender of preparation, roles, rewards and factors affecting job satisfaction and retention in emerging international competency-based residency programmes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional surveys of CEs and leadership were conductedJune 2013-June 2014 at institutions that had adopted competency-based graduate medical education and were accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-International.
  
  
  RESULTS
  274 (76.3%) of 359 eligible participants responded; 69 (25.2%) were female. Two (18%) of 11 chief executive officers and 1 (9%) of 11 chief medical officers were women. Female CEs were younger, more likely to be single and childless. They were less likely to hold academic appointments, despite no gender differences in length of time at current institution or in current position. A greater proportion of female CEs felt they were 'never' rewarded by academic promotion. Satisfaction rates were similar between the genders. Single female CEs were five times as likely to report being 'extremely likely' to stay in the country. Female CEs with children <21 were less likely to report high likelihood of staying in academia. Marital status and children were not associated with outcomes for male CEs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the international academic medicine programmes studied, there were fewer female CEs in the pipeline and they perceived a gender gap in appointment and advancement. Stakeholders at international programmes need to develop contextualised strategies to expand entry and decrease attrition of women into CE tracks, and promote gender equity.
authors.affiliation: Continuing Professional Development, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Dora J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.|Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Archuleta
authors.affiliation: Masters of Education for Health Professionals, Johns Hopkins School of Education, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Halah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
authors.forename: Nina G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Residency Program, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.|Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Ahmed Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Institute for Excellence in Education, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cofrancesco
mesh_terms: D000068:Accreditation; D000328:Adult; D003162:Competency-Based Education; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005180:Faculty, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: Clinician-Educator; Gender Gap; Gender-based Disparities; Graduate Medical Education; International Medical Education