title: Small-molecule Inhibitors of Epigenetic Mutations as Compelling Drugtargets for Myelodysplastic Syndromes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Involvement of mutations in epigenetic mechanism in the development of heterogeneous MDS and its evolution to AML has been understood with at least one mutation and median of 2-3 mutations of the landscapes of driver mutations in ~40 genes described in >90% MDS patients. Exclusivity and cooperating effects of mutations have directed therapeutic implementation with hypomethylating agents and identified a number of first-in-class small molecules as inhibitors of mutational expression. Preclinical and clinical trials have already been initiated for some synthetic and natural products and established proof-of-concept for mitigation of mutagenic effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present review article entails the mutational signatures in DNA-methylation and hydroxymethylation, histone acetylation and Deacetylation, polycomb repressor complex (PRC2), and small molecule inhibitors of these mutational expressions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information has been collected from the recently published literature available mainly through Google search in Medline and PubMed database. Special emphasis was paid on the literature available during 2009-2016.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The up-to-date information accumulated on signature-mutations and their inhibitors has to integrate the function of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and mutational complexities for re-defining MDS-genesis. Nevertheless, molecular understanding of MDS heterogeneity and its transformation to AML is expanding at fast pace with expanding knowledge on abundant non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which forms the basis of targeted drug-tailoring, and will further develop personalized medicines based on individual genetic blue-prints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutation-specific targeted epigenetic drugs, which have already sensitized drug-makers and regulators, may promise attestation of 'del5q and lenalidomide'-like specific drugs for every mutational signature independently or in combination with standard therapeutic elements used for MDS-management, and that will add to understand their antagonistic/synergistic effects.
authors.affiliation: MGM Center for Genetic Research & Diagnosis, MGM New Bombay Hospital, Vashi sector 3, Navi Mumbai 400703. India.
authors.forename: Bani Bandana
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Ganguly
mesh_terms: D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000071221:Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D009154:Mutation; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; C538784:IDH2 protein, human; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; C543588:IDH1 protein, human; C498409:EZH2 protein, human; D000071221:Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein
keywords: AML; Epigenetic mutations; drug targets; myelodysplastic syndromes; non-coding RNAs; small molecule inhibitors