title: Differential autophagic effects of vital dyes in retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 and photoreceptor 661W cells.
abstract: Indocyanine green (ICG) and brilliant blue G (BBG) are commonly used vital dyes to remove internal limiting membrane (ILM) in vitreoretinal surgery. The vital dyes have shown cytotoxic effects in ocular cells. Autophagy is a stress responsive pathway for either protecting cells or promoting cell death. However, the role of autophagy in ocular cells in response to the vital dyes remains unknown. In this study, we found that ICG and BBG reduced cell viability in both human retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 and mouse photoreceptor 661W cells. ICG and BBG induced lipidated GFP-LC3-II and LC3-II in ARPE-19 and 661W cells. Combination treatment with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine indicated that ICG and BBG reduced autophagic flux in ARPE-19 cells, whereas the vital dyes induced autophagic flux in 661W cells. Moreover, genetic and pharmacological ablation of autophagy enhanced vital dyes-induced cytotoxicity in ocular cells. Dietary supplements, including resveratrol, lutein, and CoQ10, induced autophagy and diminished the cytotoxic effects of ICG and BBG in ocular cells. These results suggest that autophagy may protect ARPE-19 and 661W cells from vital dyes-induced damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shwu-Jiuan
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jiunn-Liang
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Youn-Shen
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Bee
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shi-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Shu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002738:Chloroquine; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014975:Lutein / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051379:Mice; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077185:Resveratrol; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D020011:Protective Agents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D013267:Stilbenes; D014451:Ubiquinone; D002738:Chloroquine; C024989:coenzyme Q10; D007208:Indocyanine Green; C004692:coomassie Brilliant Blue; D000077185:Resveratrol; D014975:Lutein