title: What Is the Predictive Value of Animal Models for Vaccine Efficacy in Humans? The Importance of Bridging Studies and Species-Independent Correlates of Protection.
abstract: Animal models have played a pivotal role in all stages of vaccine development. Their predictive value for vaccine effectiveness depends on the pathogen, the robustness of the animal challenge model, and the correlates of protection (if known). This article will cover key questions regarding bridging animal studies to efficacy trials in humans. Examples include human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in which animal protection after vaccination with heterologous prototype virus-like particles (VLPs) predicted successful efficacy trials in humans, and a recent approval of anthrax vaccine in accordance with the "Animal Rule." The establishment of animal models predictive of vaccine effectiveness in humans has been fraught with difficulties with low success rate to date. Challenges facing the use of animal models for vaccine development against Ebola and HIV will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993.
authors.forename: Surender
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khurana
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaitseva
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000276:immunology; D022122:Anthrax Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017277:Drug Approval; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D046129:Ebola Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000276:immunology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000075082:Proof of Concept Study; D013045:Species Specificity; D014612:Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D022122:Anthrax Vaccines; D046129:Ebola Vaccines; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; D014612:Vaccines