title: Exercise redox biochemistry: Conceptual, methodological and technical recommendations.
abstract: Exercise redox biochemistry is of considerable interest owing to its translational value in health and disease. However, unaddressed conceptual, methodological and technical issues complicate attempts to unravel how exercise alters redox homeostasis in health and disease. Conceptual issues relate to misunderstandings that arise when the chemical heterogeneity of redox biology is disregarded: which often complicates attempts to use redox-active compounds and assess redox signalling. Further, that oxidised macromolecule adduct levels reflect formation and repair is seldom considered. Methodological and technical issues relate to the use of out-dated assays and/or inappropriate sample preparation techniques that confound biochemical redox analysis. After considering each of the aforementioned issues, we outline how each issue can be resolved and provide a unifying set of recommendations. We specifically recommend that investigators: consider chemical heterogeneity, use redox-active compounds judiciously, abandon flawed assays, carefully prepare samples and assay buffers, consider repair/metabolism, use multiple biomarkers to assess oxidative damage and redox signalling.
authors.affiliation: Department for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, 40 Bell Street, Dundee, Scotland DD1 1HG, UK. Electronic address: j.cobley@abertay.ac.uk.
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Cobley
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool, England L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Graeme L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Close
authors.affiliation: Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Wales, CF37 4AT, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Reichwald Health Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Damian M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, BT37 OQB, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Davison
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012107:Research Design; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Antioxidants; Exercise; Free radical; Oxidative stress; Redox signalling