title: Roles of zinc-fingers and homeoboxes 1 during the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioblastoma cells.
abstract: Zinc-fingers and homeoboxes 1 (ZHX1) is a nuclear transcription repressor and known to be involved in cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. However, the pathophysiological roles of ZHX1 have not been characterized in glioblastoma. We examined ZHX1 expression in glioblastoma patients' tissues and analyzed overall survival of the patients based on expression level of ZHX1. We also examined the effects of ZHX1 on proliferation and motility of glioblastoma cells. In silico analysis and immunohistochemical studies showed that the messenger RNA and protein expressions of ZHX1 were higher in the tissues of glioblastoma patients than in normal brain tissues, and that its overexpression was associated with reduced survival. In vitro, the downregulation of ZHX1 decreased the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioblastoma cells, whereas its upregulation had the opposite effects. In addition, we showed ZHX1 could contribute to glioblastoma progression via the regulations of TWIST1 and SNAI2. Taken together, this study demonstrates that ZHX1 plays crucial roles in the progression of glioblastoma, and its findings suggest that ZHX1 be viewed as a potential prognostic maker and therapeutic target of glioblastoma.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.|2 Gene & Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ryuk-Jun
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.|2 Gene & Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myoung-Eun
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: 3 Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Youn-Jae
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.|2 Gene & Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun Hak
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.|2 Gene & Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.|2 Gene & Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Liangwen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.|2 Gene & Therapy Research Center for Vessel-associated Diseases, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sae-Ock
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000235:genetics*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C484404:ZHX1 protein, human
keywords: Glioblastoma; invasion; migration; proliferation; zinc-fingers and homeoboxes 1