title: The Assessment of Family Functions, Dyadic Adjustment, and Parental Attitude in Adolescents with Substance Use Disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Family structure and family attitudes have been reported to be important factors in the development of substance use disorders. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between substance use and family functions, parental attitude, and parental dyadic adjustment of adolescents with substance use disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on 50 patients, comprising 9 female and 41 male adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 years, treated at Bakırköy Mental Health Hospital, Substance Abuse Research, Treatment and Education Center for Children Adolescents (ÇEMATEM), Turkey, with the diagnosis of substance use disorder according to DSM-5 and their parents and a control group comprising 50 healthy adolescents without any psychopathology or substance use disorder and their parents. The study was designed as a matched case-control study for age and gender. Sociodemographic Data Form (SDF), Parental Attitude Scale (PAS), Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), and Family Assessment Device (FAD) were applied to both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the study and control groups were compared with regard to the PAS, the study group scores determined for "involvement-acceptance," "psychological autonomy," and "control-supervision" dimensions were significantly lower than the control group scores. Compared with the control group, dyadic adjustment was lower in terms of "dyadic cohesion," "dyadic consensus," and "affectional expression." Living with biological parents and the togetherness of parents were lower in the study group. "Problem solving," "communication," "roles," "affective responsiveness," "affective involvement," "behavior control," and "general functioning" dimension scores according to FAD were also significantly higher in the study group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with togetherness of the controls, the dyadic adjustment of their parents was lower and family functions as perceived by the parents and adolescents were unhealthier in the adolescents using substances. These findings indicate that the family functions, dyadic adjustment, and parental attitude styles need to be assessed in the risk groups to determine familial risk factors and to structure protective measures. These assessments may guide clinicians and policy-makers toward good clinical practice and help build protective measures.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayça
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Öngel Atar
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özhan
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Yalçin
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ersin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uygun
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Çiftçi Demirci
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayten
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erdoğan
keywords: Adolescence; family functions; substance use disorder