title: Raised intracranial pressure and retinal haemorrhages in childhood encephalopathies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship between raised intracranial pressure (RICP) and retinal haemorrhages in traumatic and non-traumatic childhood encephalopathies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of 112 children (35 females and 77 males, age range 0.01mo-17y 8.3mo; mean 5y 8.6mo, median 4y 5.6mo) included 57 accidental traumatic brain injuries (ATBIs), 21 inflicted traumatic brain injuries (ITBIs), and 34 non-traumatic encephalopathy cases. Measurements included intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure, pressure-time index of ICP, and number, zone, and layer of retinal haemorrhages on retinal imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group I had measured elevated ICP (n=42), Group II had clinical and/or radiological signs of RICP (n=21), and Group III had normal ICP (n=49). In the combined Groups I and II, 38% had retinal haemorrhages. Multiple logistic regression confirmed that the presence of retinal haemorrhages was significantly related to the presence of RICP independent of age and aetiology; however, the occurrence and overall numbers were not significantly related to the specific ICP level. The numbers of intraretinal (nerve-fibre layer and dot blot) retinal haemorrhages were significantly greater in those with RICP. The ITBI population was significantly different from the other combined aetiological categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study results indicate a complex RICP/retinal haemorrhage relationship. There was no evidence of existing retinal haemorrhages being exacerbated or new retinal haemorrhages developing during periods of confirmed RICP.
authors.affiliation: Department Child Life and Health, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Minns
authors.affiliation: Department Child Life and Health, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Anamika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, UK.|Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Fleck
authors.affiliation: Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, UK.|Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Alan O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Mulvihill
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, New Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Minns
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012160:Retina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*