title: Effects of dry period length and dietary energy source on inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress in dairy cows.
abstract: Negative energy balance in dairy cows in early lactation has been associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress in these cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dry period (DP) length and dietary energy source on inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress in dairy cows. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (60 primiparous and 107 multiparous) were assigned randomly to a 3 × 2 factorial design with 3 DP length (0, 30, or 60 d) and 2 early lactation rations (glucogenic or lipogenic). Cows were fed a glucogenic or lipogenic ration from 10 d before the expected calving date. Blood was collected in wk -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, and 4 relative to calving. Dry period length affected inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress, especially in wk 1 and 2 after calving. Cows with a 0-d DP had higher levels of ceruloplasmin, cholesterol, and reactive oxygen metabolites, and they tended to have higher haptoglobin levels compared with cows with a 30- or 60-d DP. Cows with a 0-d DP had a lower plasma paraoxonase and bilirubin in the first 2 wk after calving and a lower liver functionality index compared with cows with a 60-d DP. Cows of parity >3 fed a glucogenic ration had higher cholesterol levels compared with cows of parity >3 fed a lipogenic ration. No interaction between DP length and ration was present for inflammatory biomarkers or oxidative stress variables. Plasma bilirubin levels for cows with a 0-d DP were negatively related to energy balance and metabolic status in these cows. Moreover, occurrence of clinical health problems (fever, mastitis, metritis, and retained placenta) was 41, 27, and 30% for cows with 0-, 30-, and 60-d DP, respectively. High levels of ceruloplasmin, cholesterol, and reactive oxygen metabolites in cows with 0-d DP were related to the occurrence of health problems in these cows. In conclusion, omitting the DP increased levels of ceruloplasmin, cholesterol, and reactive oxygen metabolites, and decreased levels of bilirubin and paraoxonase in plasma, independent of ration, compared with cows with a 60-d DP. These contrasting effects of DP length on inflammatory status could be explained in part by the improved energy balance and occurrence of health problems in these cows, but was not related to increased somatic cell count in cows with a 0-d DP. Cows with a 0-d DP had better energy balance, but also had higher levels of oxidative stress compared with cows with a 60-d DP. Moreover, occurrence of health problems did not differ between cows with different DP lengths.
authors.affiliation: Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45636, Bandung, Indonesia. Electronic address: novi.mayasari@wur.nl.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mayasari
authors.affiliation: Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Zootecnica, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-25 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bruckmaier
authors.affiliation: Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.affiliation: Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Parmentier
authors.affiliation: Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: ariette.vanknegsel@wur.nl.
authors.forename: A T M
authors.initials: ATM
authors.lastname: van Knegsel
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Zootecnica, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trevisi
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood; D002570:Ceruloplasmin / Q000032:analysis; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000662:veterinary; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D007774:Lactation; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011247:Pregnancy; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006242:Haptoglobins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002784:Cholesterol; D002570:Ceruloplasmin; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; D001663:Bilirubin
keywords: acute phase protein; continuous milking; energy balance; oxidative stress