title: Noninvasive evaluation of renal pH homeostasis after ischemia reperfusion injury by CEST-MRI.
abstract: Acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice caused by sustained ischemia followed by reperfusion is associated with acute tubular necrosis and renal dysfunctional blood flow. Although the principal role of the kidney is the maintenance of acid-base balance, current imaging approaches are unable to assess this important parameter, and clinical biomarkers are not robust enough in evaluating the severity of kidney damage. Therefore, novel noninvasive imaging approaches are needed to assess the acid-base homeostasis in vivo. This study investigates the usefulness of MRI-chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) pH imaging (through iopamidol injection) in characterizing moderate and severe AKI in mice following unilateral ischemia reperfusion injury. Moderate (20 min) and severe (40 min) ischemia were induced in Balb/C mice, which were imaged at several time points thereafter (Days 0, 1, 2, 7). A significant increase of renal pH values was observed as early as one day after the ischemia reperfusion damage for both moderate and severe ischemia. MRI-CEST pH imaging distinguished the evolution of moderate from severe AKI. A recovery of normal renal pH values was observed for moderate AKI, whereas a persisting renal pH increase was observed for severe AKI on Day 7. Renal filtration fraction was significantly lower for clamped kidneys (0.54-0.57) in comparison to contralateral kidneys (0.84-0.86) following impairment of glomerular filtration. The severe AKI group showed a reduced filtration fraction even after 7 days (0.38 for the clamped kidneys). Notably, renal pH values were significantly correlated with the histopathological score. In conclusion, MRI-CEST pH mapping is a valid tool for the noninvasive evaluation of both acid-base balance and renal filtration in patients with ischemia reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (CNR), c/o Centro di Biotecnologie Molecolari, Torino, Italy.|Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario Livio
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6906-9925
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cutrin
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Michelotti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Irrera
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aime
mesh_terms: D000137:Acid-Base Imbalance / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000818:Animals; D006706:Homeostasis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: CEST; MRI; acute kidney injury; ischemia reperfusion injury; pH homeostasis