title: CXCL13 regulates the trafficking of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor via IL-17 in the development of remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate whether CXCL13 modulated the trafficking of NMDA receptor via interleukin (IL)-17 in a rat model of remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia (RIH).Although chemokines are crucial regulators of neuroinflammation, spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation, and development of hypernociceptive process, little is known about specific pathogenesis and effective treatment. Inflammatory mediators are required for excitatory synaptic transmission in pathologic pain.
  
  
  
  A neutralizing antibody against CXCL13 (anti-CXCL13), antiserum against IL-17 (anti-IL-17), and recombinant CXCL13 and IL-17 were administered intrathecally to explore the roles of CXCL13, IL-17, and NMDA receptor, as well as the prevention of hyperalgesia. Paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency were employed to record mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the levels of CXCL13/CXCR5 and IL-17/IL-17RA in the spinal dorsal horn. The trafficking of spinal GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor was assessed by Western blot after nociceptive testing.
  
  
  
  This study found mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia with a remarkable increase in the expression of spinal CXCL13/CXCR5 and IL-17/IL-17RA and trafficking of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor after remifentanil exposure. Behavioral RIH and elevated GluN2B trafficking were dampened by intrathecal anti-CXCL13 and anti-IL-17, respectively. The delivery of exogenous CXCL13 dose-dependently generated a rapid nociceptive hypersensitivity in naïve rats, which was prevented by coadministering anti-IL-17. CXCL13-induced IL-17RA overproduction and GluN2B trafficking were reversed by anti-IL-17 treatment. GluN2B antagonist also blocked CXCL13, and IL-17 directly induced hyperalgesia.
  
  
  
  This study highlighted the contribution of IL-17 pathway in the trafficking of CXCL13-induced GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor in the pathogenesis of RIH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China. Electronic address: yuanesthesia@163.com.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054382:Chemokine CXCL13 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D010880:Piperidines; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077208:Remifentanil; D066148:Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054382:Chemokine CXCL13; C515934:Il17a protein, rat; D020381:Interleukin-17; C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; D010880:Piperidines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000077208:Remifentanil
keywords: CXCL13; CXCR5; GluN2B; IL-17; Remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia