title: The chemo-prophylactic efficacy of an ethanol Moringa oleifera leaf extract against hepatocellular carcinoma in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most well-known threatening tumours around the world, and the outlook remains bleak. Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) exhibits antitumor, antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the chemo-prophylactic proficiency and other likely activities of Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract (MOLEE) against diethyl nitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were gastrogavaged with MOLEE (500 mg/kg) for one week and then gastrogavaged with MOLEE and DEN (10 mg/kg) for the following 16 weeks. The progressions of the histological components, serum biomarkers and oxidation of DNA of the liver tissues were resolved to assess the prophylactic impacts. The lipid oxidative biomarker, the cancer prevention agent status and apoptotic proteins were surveyed to assess the potential mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MOLEE LD50 was estimated to be 5585 mg/kg. MOLEE (500 mg/kg) administration fundamentally repressed the expansion event of knobs and the normal knob number per knob-bearing livers prompted by DEN, enhanced hepatocellular appearance and altogether significantly decreased (p < 0.05) DEN-induced elevations in serum biochemical records and hepatic 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels by 29%. The robotic studies found that MOLEE disrupted the DEN-activated oxidative reactivity damage in rats by 46.8%. Curiously, the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and β-arrestin-2 were fundamentally diminished (p < 0.05); however, the expression of Bax and caspase-3 were essentially (p < 0.05) upregulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcomes presume that MOLEE inspired critical defensive impacts against DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis that might be identified with the implementation of antioxidant activity and actuation of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Damanhur University , Egypt.
authors.forename: Kadry M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sadek
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kafr elshiekh University , Egypt.
authors.forename: Tarek K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Abouzed
authors.affiliation: c Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of El-Sadat City , Egypt.
authors.forename: Reham
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abouelkhair
authors.affiliation: d Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Damanhur University , Egypt.
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nasr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D029588:Moringa oleifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012997:Solvents; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Apoptosis; gene expression; oxidative DNA