title: Cellular systems for epithelial invagination.
abstract: Epithelial invagination is a fundamental module of morphogenesis that iteratively occurs to generate the architecture of many parts of a developing organism. By changing the physical properties such as the shape and/or position of a population of cells, invagination drives processes ranging from reconfiguring the entire body axis during gastrulation, to forming the primordia of the eyes, ears and multiple ducts and glands, during organogenesis. The epithelial bending required for invagination is achieved through a variety of mechanisms involving systems of cells. Here we provide an overview of the different mechanisms, some of which can work in combination, and outline the circumstances in which they apply.This article is part of the themed issue 'Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware'.
authors.affiliation: Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Esther J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6510-0959
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pearl
authors.affiliation: Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4435-7573
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK jeremy.green@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jeremy B A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6102-2620
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047108:Embryonic Development; D004848:Epithelium / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D054262:Gastrulation; D009024:Morphogenesis; D038081:Organogenesis
keywords: apical constriction; basal relaxation; basal wedging; cellular tractoring; epithelial bending; suprabasal intercalation