title: Seeing elements by visible-light digital camera.
abstract: A visible-light digital camera is used for taking ordinary photos, but with new operational procedures it can measure the photon energy in the X-ray wavelength region and therefore see chemical elements. This report describes how one can observe X-rays by means of such an ordinary camera - The front cover of the camera is replaced by an opaque X-ray window to block visible light and to allow X-rays to pass; the camera takes many snap shots (called single-photon-counting mode) to record every photon event individually; an integrated-filtering method is newly proposed to correctly retrieve the energy of photons from raw camera images. Finally, the retrieved X-ray energy-dispersive spectra show fine energy resolution and great accuracy in energy calibration, and therefore the visible-light digital camera can be applied to routine X-ray fluorescence measurement to analyze the element composition in unknown samples. In addition, the visible-light digital camera is promising in that it could serve as a position sensitive X-ray energy detector. It may become able to measure the element map or chemical diffusion in a multi-element system if it is fabricated with external X-ray optic devices. Owing to the camera's low expense and fine pixel size, the present method will be widely applied to the analysis of chemical elements as well as imaging.
authors.affiliation: University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006, Japan.|National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Wenyang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006, Japan.|National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakurai