title: Conflict-related trauma and bereavement: exploring differential symptom profiles of prolonged grief and posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: Exposure to trauma and bereavement is common in conflict-affected regions. Previous research suggests considerable heterogeneity in responses to trauma and loss with varying symptom representations. The purpose of the current study was to (1) identify classes of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom profiles among individuals who were exposed to both trauma and loss due to the Colombian armed conflict and (2) to examine whether sociodemographic, loss and trauma-related characteristics could predict class membership.
  
  
  
  Three hundred eight victims of internal displacement who had experienced trauma and loss were assessed through measures of PGD (PG-13), PTSD (PCL-C), and social support (DUKE-UNC). Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to analyze differential profiles by symptoms of PGD and PTSD and multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze predictors of class membership.
  
  
  
  LCA revealed a four-class solution: a resilient class (23.6%), a PTSD-class (23.3%), a predominately PGD class (25.3%) and a high distress-class with overall high values of PGD and PTSD (27.8%). Relative to the resilient class, membership to the PGD class was predicted by the loss of a close family member and the exposure to a higher number of assaultive traumatic events, whereas membership to the PTSD class was predicted by the perception of less social support. Compared to the resilient class, participants in the high distress-class were more likely to be female, to have lost a close relative, experienced more accidental and assaultive traumatic events, and perceived less social support.
  
  
  
  Specific symptom profiles emerged following exposure to trauma and loss within the context of the Colombian armed conflict. Profiles were associated with distinct types of traumatic experiences, the degree of closeness to the person lost, the amount of social support perceived, and gender. The results have implications for identifying distressed subgroups and informing interventions in accordance with the patient's symptom profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical-Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany. carina.heeke@fu-berlin.de.|Center Ueberleben gGmbH, Turmstr. 21, 10559, Berlin, Germany. carina.heeke@fu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7904-9816
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heeke
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical-Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany.|Center Ueberleben gGmbH, Turmstr. 21, 10559, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stammel
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical-Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical-Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knaevelsrud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000068337:Armed Conflicts / Q000523:psychology*; D001601:Bereavement; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011897:Random Allocation; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Armed conflict; Bereavement; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Prolonged grief; Trauma