title: Responses to Slowly Repeated Evoked Pain Stimuli in Fibromyalgia Patients: Evidence of Enhanced Pain Sensitization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathophysiology of fibromyalgia has been related to central pain sensitization. This study tested a laboratory protocol evaluating responses to slowly repeated evoked pain stimuli (SREP) that may index central pain sensitization in fibromyalgia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A between-subjects controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four fibromyalgia patients and 24 healthy participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A SREP protocol was administered to all subjects, consisting of a single series of nine low-intensity pressure stimuli of five-second duration and thirty-second interstimulus interval. Subjective evoked pain intensity was assessed with a visual analogical scale. Clinical fibromyalgia pain was assessed with the McGill Pain Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perceived pain intensity increased during the SREP protocol in fibromyalgia patients but not in healthy participants. Neither pain threshold nor pain tolerance was associated with SREP. Degree of SREP sensitization was associated with McGill Pain Questionnaire-Sensory ratings of fibromyalgia pain. The effect size for differences between the fibromyalgia and healthy control groups was greater, and the overlaps of the groups distributions lower, for SREP sensitization than for traditional evoked pain measures of pain threshold and tolerance. SREP demonstrated higher specificity in discriminating fibromyalgia and control groups relative to pain threshold or tolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A protocol employing a single series of nine low-suprathreshold-intensity slowly repeated pain stimuli elicits increased perceived pain in fibromyalgia patients, consistent with central sensitization despite relatively long interstimulus intervals. SREP appears to be more useful than traditional evoked pain threshold tolerance measures in terms of predicting levels of clinical pain and discriminating between fibromyalgia patients and healthy individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de la Coba
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bruehl
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno-Padilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Gustavo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Reyes Del Paso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059333:Central Nervous System Sensitization / Q000502:physiology*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Central Sensitization; Fibromyalgia; Pain Threshold; Pain Tolerance; Specificity; Temporal Summation