title: High stromal Foxp3-positive T cell number combined to tumor stage improved prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), one of the most frequent cancers in the world, are largely infiltrated by inflammatory immune cells. Our aim was to evaluate the number of Foxp3+ T cells in HNSCC, reporting its prognostic power in comparison to other risk factors.
  
  
  
  Our clinical series was composed of 21 tumor-free peri-tumoral epithelia, 49 low grade dysplasia, 43 high grade dysplasia and 110 carcinoma samples including some cases with HPV infection. In vivo experiments were conducted on 80 C3H/HeN mice which were orthotopically injected with SCCVII CT, E7, E6 and E6/E7 cell lines.
  
  
  
  Foxp3+ T cell infiltration increased with tumor progression from normal epithelia, dysplasia to carcinoma and the increase is more important in HPV+ patients than in negative ones. Animal experiments revealed that E7 oncoprotein expression was significantly associated with an increase in Foxp3+ T cell recruitment in tumor, a delay in tumor onset and improved animal survival. Univariate Cox regression analyses demonstrated that high Foxp3+ T cell number in stromal compartment is associated with longer patient recurrence-free and overall survivals. Foxp3+ T cell number improved the prognostic value of tumor stage. Multivariate analyses reported that stromal Foxp3+ T cell number is a strong prognostic factor independent of classical risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and HPV status.
  
  
  
  Foxp3+ T cell number is a significant prognostic factor for HNSCC, improving the tumor stage, and that viral E7 may play a role in the Foxp3+ T cell infiltration to the tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 6 Ave du Champ de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nadège
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kindt
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 6 Ave du Champ de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Géraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Descamps
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 6 Ave du Champ de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Imelda
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seminerio
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 6 Ave du Champ de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bellier
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 6 Ave du Champ de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jérôme R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lechien
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 6 Ave du Champ de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Quentin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mat
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, C.H.U. - SART TILMAN, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pottier
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, C.H.U. - SART TILMAN, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delvenne
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 6 Ave du Champ de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium; Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Journé
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 6 Ave du Champ de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels (ULB), CHU St-Pierre, Rue Haute, 322, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: sven.saussez@umons.ac.be.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saussez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors
keywords: E7; Foxp3; HNSCC; HPV; Prognosis