title: The leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast and its possible role in the cardiovascular field.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) are pro-inflammatory mediators of the 5-lipooxygenase (5-LO) pathway, that play an important role in bronchoconstriction, but can also enhance endothelial cell permeability and myocardial contractility, and are involved in many other inflammatory conditions. In the late 1990s, leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) were introduced in therapy for asthma and later on, approved for the relief of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and urticaria. In addition, it has been shown that LTRAs may have a potential role in preventing atherosclerosis progression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this short review are to delineate the potential cardiovascular protective role of a LTRA, montelukast, beyond its traditional use, and to foster the design of appropriate clinical trials to test this hypothesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  What it is known about leukotriene receptor antagonists? •Leukotriene receptor antagonist, such as montelukast and zafirlukast, is used in asthma, COPD, and allergic rhinitis. • Montelukast is the most prescribed CysLT1antagonist used in asthmatic patients. • Different in vivo animal studies have shown that leukotriene receptor antagonists can prevent the atherosclerosis progression, and have a protective role after cerebral ischemia. What we still need to know? • Today, there is a need for conducting clinical trials to assess the role of montelukast in reducing cardiovascular risk and to further understand the mechanism of action behind this effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Rruga. D. Hoxha, Tirana, Albania. malvis22@hotmail.com.|Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133, Milan, Italy. malvis22@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Malvina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoxha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G Enrico
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rovati
authors.affiliation: IBS Granada, University of Granada, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Aurora Bueno
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cavanillas
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D006801:Humans; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013440:Sulfides
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists; D011804:Quinolines; D013440:Sulfides; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase; C093875:montelukast
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Leukotriene receptor antagonists; Leukotrienes; Montelukast