title: Immunomodulation for glioblastoma.
abstract: Immunotherapy has emerged as a cornerstone of modern oncology with regulatory approvals for a variety of immunotherapeutics being achieved for a spectrum of cancer indications. Nonetheless the role of these approaches for patients with glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and deadliest primary malignant brain neoplasm, remains unknown. In this review, we summarize the current status of clinical development for the major types of immunotherapeutics, including vaccines, cell-based therapies, and immune checkpoint modulators for GBM. We also highlight potential challenges confronting the development of these agents.
  
  
  
  Growing preclinical and clinical data is emerging regarding the potential of immunotherapy strategies for GBM. In parallel, growing data demonstrating that historical dogma classifying the brain as immunoprivileged is inaccurate but that many tumors, including GBM evoke myriad mechanisms to suppress antitumor immune responses.
  
  
  
  Ongoing initial trials will provide preliminary data on the role of immunotherapy for GBM patients. Subsequent clinical development steps will likely require rationally designed combinatorial regimens.
authors.affiliation: aCenter for Neuro-Oncology bDepartment of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts cDepartment of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.forename: Patrick Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Kai W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Wucherpfennig
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sampson
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000276:immunology*; D007167:Immunotherapy
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines