title: Current status ofMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosisinfection in animals & humans in India: What needs to be done?
abstract: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has emerged as a major health problem for domestic livestock and human beings. Reduced per animal productivity of domestic livestock seriously impacts the economics of dairy farming globally. High to very high bioload of MAP in domestic livestock and also in the human population has been reported from north India. Presence of live MAP bacilli in commercial supplies of raw and pasteurized milk and milk products indicates its public health significance. MAP is not inactivated during pasteurization, therefore, entering into human food chain daily. Recovery of MAP from patients with inflammatory bowel disease or Crohn's disease and animal healthcare workers suffering with chronic gastrointestinal problems indicate a close association of MAP with a number of chronic and other diseases affecting human health. Higher bioload of MAP in the animals increases the risk of exposure to the human population with MAP. This review summarizes the current status of MAP infection in animals as well as in human beings and also highlights the prospects of effective management and control of disease in animals to reduce the risk of exposure to human population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India.
authors.forename: Ajay Vir
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India.
authors.forename: Devendra Singh
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, India.
authors.forename: Shoor Vir
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Education & Research, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India.
authors.forename: Abhinendra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India.
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India.
authors.forename: Virendra Singh
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Yadav
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D058751:Livestock / Q000382:microbiology; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*