title: Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study.
abstract: The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available "apps" that could be used to assess human gait. The primary aim of this manuscript is to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by a smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. The secondary aim was to develop a protocol for clinicians on the set up of the smartphone camera for video movement analysis. The sagittal plane knee angle was measured during heel strike and toe off events using the smart phone app and a 3D motion-capture system in 32 healthy subjects. Three trials were performed at near (2-m) and far (4-m) smartphone camera distances. The order of the distances was randomized. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the height of the camera based on either the subject's height or leg length. Absolute measurement errors were least during toe off (3.12 ± 5.44 degrees) compared to heel strike (5.81 ± 5.26 degrees). There were significant (p < 0.05) but moderate agreements between the application and 3D motion capture measures of knee angles. There were also no significant (p > 0.05) differences between the absolute measurement errors between the two camera positions. The measurement errors averaged between 3 - 5 degrees during toe off and heel strike events of the gait cycle. The use of smartphone apps can be a useful tool in the clinic for performing gait or human movement analysis. Further studies are needed to establish the accuracy in measuring movements of the upper extremity and trunk.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Program, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University.
authors.forename: Monica J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Finkbiner
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Program, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University.
authors.forename: Kira M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gaina
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Program, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University.
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McRandall
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Program, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University.
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Program, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University.
authors.forename: Vicky M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Program, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Adams Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Program, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University; sujay.galen@wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Sujay S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Galen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D000068997:Smartphone; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*