title: Carba NP as a simpler, rapid, cost-effective, and a more sensitive alternative to other phenotypic tests for detection of carbapenem resistance in routine diagnostic laboratories.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Resistance to carbapenems due to carbapenemases has been increasingly noticed inEnterobacteriaceae. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) has recommended the latest Carba NP (CNP) test as a confirmatory test for carbapenemase production inEnterobacteriaceae. Low sensitivity of disk diffusion (DD) and modified Hodge test (MHT) may result in missing out of resistant strains which can adversely affect clinical management. The present study compares three phenotypic tests - CNP test, DD, and MHT for detection of carbapenemase production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred consecutive, nonduplicateEnterobacteriaceaeisolates were tested for carbapenem resistance using ertapenem disc (10 μg) by Kirby-Bauer DD method, MHT, and CNP. These tests were performed and interpreted as per the CLSI standards. CNP was considered to be the reference test for comparison. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates for ertapenem DD and MHT were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and six out of 400 strains were positive by CNP test. Of the 294 CNP-negative strains, 28 were resistant by DD and 18 were resistant by MHT. Of the 106 CNP-positive strains, 82 were resistant and 16 were intermediate by DD while 76 were positive by MHT ertapenem DD had a sensitivity and specificity of 66.04% and 90.48%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of MHT were 54.72% and 93.88%, respectively. There was considerable discordance between all the three tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a rapid, simple, and cost-effective test with a greater capability greater to detect carbapenemase producers, CNP can be implemented in routine diagnostic laboratories, thereby benefiting patient care and antimicrobial stewardship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Shivani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinde
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Rajarshi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Shweta S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Raut
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Gita
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nataraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Preeti R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mehta
keywords: CarbaNP; Hodge; carbapenemase; rapid; resistance