title: Biochemical transformation of lignin for deriving valued commodities from lignocellulose.
abstract: The biochemical properties of lignin present major obstacles to deriving societally beneficial entities from lignocellulosic biomass, an abundant and renewable feedstock. Similar to other biopolymers such as polysaccharides, polypeptides, and ribonucleic acids, lignin polymers are derived from multiple types of monomeric units. However, lignin's renowned recalcitrance is largely attributable to its racemic nature and the variety of covalent inter-unit linkages through which its aromatic monomers are linked. Indeed, unlike other biopolymers whose monomers are consistently inter-linked by a single type of covalent bond, the monomeric units in lignin are linked via non-enzymatic, combinatorial radical coupling reactions that give rise to a variety of inter-unit covalent bonds in mildly branched racemic polymers. Yet, despite the chemical complexity and stability of lignin, significant strides have been made in recent years to identify routes through which valued commodities can be derived from it. This paper discusses emerging biological and biochemical means through which degradation of lignin to aromatic monomers can lead to the derivation of commercially valuable products.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ralph
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, United States; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Donohue
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, United States; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States. Electronic address: dnoguera@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Noguera
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D018533:Biomass; D004986:Ether / Q000737:chemistry; D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D004986:Ether; C036909:lignocellulose; D008031:Lignin