title: The Benefit of Directed Forgetting Persists After a Daytime Nap: The Role of Spindles and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Consolidation of Relevant Memories.
abstract: We aimed to investigate the effect of directed forgetting instruction on memory retention after a 2-hour delay involving a daytime nap or an equivalent amount of time spent awake. We examined the associations between sleep-specific oscillations and the retention of relevant and irrelevant study materials.
  
  
  
  We applied a list-method directed forgetting paradigm manipulating the perceived relevance of previously encoded lists of words. Participants were randomly assigned to either a nap or an awake group, and to a remember or a forget subgroup. The remember and the forget subgroups were both instructed to study two consecutive lists of words, although, the forget subgroup was manipulated to forget the first list and memorize only the second one. Participants were 112 healthy individuals (44 men; Mage = 21.4 years, SD = 2.4).
  
  
  
  A significant directed forgetting effect emerged after a 2-hour delay both in the awake and sleep conditions; however, the effect was more pronounced within the sleep group. The benefit of directed forgetting, that is, relatively enhanced recall of relevant words in the forget group, was evidenced only in those participants that reached rapid eye movement (REM) phase. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sigma power was correlated with memory performance for the relevant (second) list, and sleep spindle amplitude was associated with the retention of both lists. These associations, however, were detected only within the forget subgroup. REM duration correlated with recall performance for the relevant (second) list within the forget subgroup, and with recall performance for the first list within the remember subgroup.
  
  
  
  A directed forgetting effect persists after a 2-hour delay spent awake or asleep. Spindle-related activity and subsequent REM sleep might selectively facilitate the processing of memories that are considered to be relevant for the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Borbála
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blaskovich
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ágnes
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Szollosi
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gombos
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.|Frontostriatal System Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Mihály
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Racsmány
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.|Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000069077:Memory Consolidation / Q000502:physiology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: REM; directed forgetting; memory; oscillations; sleep