title: Ludwik Bierkowski and the early days of general anaesthesia in the Polish soil in February 1847.
abstract: Ludwik Bierkowski belonged to the elite of surgeons of the first half of the 19th century. Educated in an excellent German university, Bierkowski had in-depth and comprehensive knowledge, a wide range of practical skills and was continuously eager to search for new solutions. He introduced cotton wool for wound dressings, experimentally determined the conditions of blood transfusions and published two outstanding anatomo-surgical atlases, which ranks him among the leading physicians of those days. Moreover, he was the first to use ether for effective general anaesthesia in the Polish lands, the procedure that changed the course of the history of medicine. Bierkowski performed ether anaesthesia in less than four months after the first world and in less than two months after the first European demonstration, which rates him among the most modern surgeons of those times. This year we celebrate the 170th anniversary of this event.
authors.affiliation: Chair of History of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum in Cracow, Poland. wgryglew@cm-uj.krakow.pl.
authors.forename: Ryszard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gryglewski
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000266:history*; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D011044:Poland; D066231:Surgeons / Q000266:history*
keywords: anaesthesiology; ether; history of medicine; surgery