title: The impact of deep-tier burrow systems in sediment mixing and ecosystem engineering in early Cambrian carbonate settings.
abstract: Bioturbation plays a substantial role in sediment oxygen concentration, chemical cycling, regeneration of nutrients, microbial activity, and the rate of organic matter decomposition in modern oceans. In addition, bioturbators are ecosystem engineers which promote the presence of some organisms, while precluding others. However, the impact of bioturbation in deep time remains controversial and limited sediment mixing has been indicated for early Paleozoic seas. Our understanding of the actual impact of bioturbation early in the Phanerozoic has been hampered by the lack of detailed analysis of the functional significance of specific burrow architectures. Integration of ichnologic and sedimentologic evidence from North China shows that deep-tier Thalassinoides mazes occur in lower Cambrian nearshore carbonate sediments, leading to intense disruption of the primary fabric. Comparison with modern studies suggest that some of the effects of this style of Cambrian bioturbation may have included promotion of nitrogen and ammonium fluxes across the sediment-water interface, average deepening of the redox discontinuity surface, expansion of aerobic bacteria, and increase in the rate of organic matter decomposition and the regeneration of nutrients. Our study suggests that early Cambrian sediment mixing in carbonate settings may have been more significant than assumed in previous models.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Biogenic Traces &Sedimentary Minerals of Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Coalbed Methane and Shale Gas for Central Plains Economic Region, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Li-Jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Biogenic Traces &Sedimentary Minerals of Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Coalbed Methane and Shale Gas for Central Plains Economic Region, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yong-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Buatois
authors.affiliation: Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.
authors.forename: M Gabriela
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mángano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Biogenic Traces &Sedimentary Minerals of Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Coalbed Methane and Shale Gas for Central Plains Economic Region, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Biogenic Traces &Sedimentary Minerals of Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Coalbed Methane and Shale Gas for Central Plains Economic Region, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Da
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li