title: Modeling the Relationship between Safety Climate and Safety Performance in a Developing Construction Industry: A Cross-Cultural Validation Study.
abstract: This study attempts to validate a safety performance (SP) measurement model in the cross-cultural setting of a developing country. In addition, it highlights the variations in investigating the relationship between safety climate (SC) factors and SP indicators. The data were collected from forty under-construction multi-storey building projects in Pakistan. Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis, a SP measurement model was hypothesized. It was tested and validated by conducting confirmatory factor analysis on calibration and validation sub-samples respectively. The study confirmed the significant positive impact of SC onsafety complianceandsafety participation, and negative impact onnumber of self-reported accidents/injuries. However,number of near-missescould not be retained in the final SP model because it attained a lower standardized path coefficient value. Moreover, instead ofsafety participation,safety complianceestablished a stronger impact on SP. The study uncoveredsafety enforcement and promotionas a novel SC factor, whereassafety rules and work practiceswas identified as the most neglected factor. The study contributed to the body of knowledge by unveiling the deviations in existing dimensions of SC and SP. The refined model is expected to concisely measure the SP in the Pakistani construction industry, however, caution must be exercised while generalizing the study results to other developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China. zahoor.khan@connect.polyu.hk.|Department of Construction Engineering and Management, National University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur Campus, Risalpur 24080, Pakistan. zahoor.khan@connect.polyu.hk.
authors.forename: Hafiz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zahoor
authors.affiliation: Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China. albert.chan@polyu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Albert P C
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China. wahyudi.utama@connect.polyu.hk.
authors.forename: Wahyudi P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Utama
authors.affiliation: Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China. ran.gao@connect.polyu.hk.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China. irfan.zafar@connect.polyu.hk.
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zafar
mesh_terms: D060389:Construction Industry / Q000592:standards*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010154:Pakistan; D012449:Safety / Q000592:standards*; D017751:Safety Management
keywords: Pakistan; construction industry; cross-validation; developing countries; modeling; safety climate; safety performance