title: Eliminating cows' milk, but not wheat, barley or rye, increases the risk of growth deceleration and nutritional inadequacies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study examined the growth and nutritional intake of children on milk and/or wheat, barley or rye elimination diets.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a nested case-control study within the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. It investigated 295 children born in the Tampere University Hospital area between 1997 and 2004 on a diet without cows' milk and/or wheat, barley or rye due to food allergies and 265 matched controls. Nutritional intake was recorded with three-day food records at the ages of one, two and three years. Serial growth measurements were recorded annually up to the age of five years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite consuming a balanced diet with sufficient energy and protein, the children on milk elimination diets grew slower than the control children (p = 0.009). Wheat, barley or rye elimination was not associated with growth. The intakes of protein and calcium were lower in children in the milk elimination group than the controls, at p < 0.05 for all. However, children on elimination diets consumed less saturated fats and sugar and more vitamin C and iron than the control children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children on elimination diets faced an increased risk of growth deceleration and suboptimal intake of several micronutrients.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Nutrition Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jetta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuokkola
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luukkainen
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.|Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toppari
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhälsan Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.|Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.|Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.|Public Health Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaila
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000178:diet therapy*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D021182:Wheat Hypersensitivity / Q000178:diet therapy*
keywords: Children; Elimination diet; Food allergies; Growth; Nutritional intake