title: Assessment of tap water quality and corrosion scales from the selected distribution systems in northern Pakistan.
abstract: Corrosion deposits formed within drinking water distribution systems deteriorate drinking water quality and resultantly cause public health consequences. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the concurrent conditions of corrosion scales and the drinking water quality in selected water supply schemes (WSS) in districts Chitral, Peshawar, and Abbottabad, northern Pakistan. Characterization analyses of the corrosion by-products revealed the presence of α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, Fe3O4, and SiO2as major constituents with different proportions. The constituents of all the representative XRD peaks of Peshawar WSS were found insignificant as compared to other WSS, and the reason could be the variation of source water quality. Well-crystallized particles in SEM images indicated the formation of dense oxide layer on corrosion by-products. A wider asymmetric vibration peak of SiO2appeared only in Chitral and Abbottabad WSS, which demonstrated higher siltation in the water source. One-way ANOVA analysis showed significant variations in pH, turbidity, TDS, K, Mg, PO4, Cl, and SO4values, which revealed that these parameters differently contributed to the source water quality. Findings from this study suggested the implementation of proper corrosion prevention measures and the establishment of international collaboration for best corrosion practices, expertise, and developing standards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan. shamsalibaig@yahoo.com.|Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan. shamsalibaig@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Shams Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zimo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muzaffar Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qasim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Dilawar Farhan
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Shams
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Qaisar
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D003343:Corrosion; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D058085:Iron Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry; D010154:Pakistan; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000592:standards*; D060753:Water Quality; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D058085:Iron Compounds; D008903:Minerals; D014867:Water; C094886:goethite; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D007501:Iron
keywords: Characterization; Contamination; Corrosion assessment; Drinking water; Water supply distribution