title: Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current review aims to summarize the state of research on cannabis and sleep up to 2014 and to review in detail the literature on cannabis and specific sleep disorders from 2014 to the time of publication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preliminary research into cannabis and insomnia suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of insomnia. Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) may decrease sleep latency but could impair sleep quality long-term. Novel studies investigating cannabinoids and obstructive sleep apnea suggest that synthetic cannabinoids such as nabilone and dronabinol may have short-term benefit for sleep apnea due to their modulatory effects on serotonin-mediated apneas. CBD may hold promise for REM sleep behavior disorder and excessive daytime sleepiness, while nabilone may reduce nightmares associated with PTSD and may improve sleep among patients with chronic pain. Research on cannabis and sleep is in its infancy and has yielded mixed results. Additional controlled and longitudinal research is critical to advance our understanding of research and clinical implications.
authors.affiliation: National Center for PTSD-Dissemination & Training Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. Kimberly.Babson@va.gov.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Babson
authors.affiliation: Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sottile
authors.affiliation: National Center for PTSD-Dissemination & Training Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morabito
mesh_terms: D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002188:Cannabis; D004325:Dreams / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D000069451:Long Term Adverse Effects / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids
keywords: Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Insomnia; Sleep; Sleep apnea