title: Wearable/disposable sweat-based glucose monitoring device with multistage transdermal drug delivery module.
abstract: Electrochemical analysis of sweat using soft bioelectronics on human skin provides a new route for noninvasive glucose monitoring without painful blood collection. However, sweat-based glucose sensing still faces many challenges, such as difficulty in sweat collection, activity variation of glucose oxidase due to lactic acid secretion and ambient temperature changes, and delamination of the enzyme when exposed to mechanical friction and skin deformation. Precise point-of-care therapy in response to the measured glucose levels is still very challenging. We present a wearable/disposable sweat-based glucose monitoring device integrated with a feedback transdermal drug delivery module. Careful multilayer patch design and miniaturization of sensors increase the efficiency of the sweat collection and sensing process. Multimodal glucose sensing, as well as its real-time correction based on pH, temperature, and humidity measurements, maximizes the accuracy of the sensing. The minimal layout design of the same sensors also enables a strip-type disposable device. Drugs for the feedback transdermal therapy are loaded on two different temperature-responsive phase change nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are embedded in hyaluronic acid hydrogel microneedles, which are additionally coated with phase change materials. This enables multistage, spatially patterned, and precisely controlled drug release in response to the patient's glucose level. The system provides a novel closed-loop solution for the noninvasive sweat-based management of diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunjae
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6404-2846
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Changyeong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Seok
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5232-9284
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Minsung
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2468-2061
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Rim
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Taegyu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwangsoo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Hong
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0412-2270
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Taeghwan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hyeon
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Hyeong
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D013542:Sweat / Q000378:metabolism*; D000076251:Wearable Electronic Devices
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose
keywords: diabetes; microneedle; sweat glucose monitoring; transdermal drug delivery; wearable and disposible electrochemical sensor