title: Urinary Infections in Patients with Catheters in the Upper Urinary Tract: Microbiological Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infections related to catheters in the upper urinary tract (CUUT) are associated with specific characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study was carried out from 2012 to 2015 to evaluate infections in patients with CUUT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 209 infections were included (99 with double-J, 81 with nephrostomy, and 29 with internal/external nephroureteral stents). Among nephrostomy tube carriers, the most frequently isolated microorganisms were Pseudomonas and Enterococcus. In those with an internal/external nephroureteral stent, Klebsiella was the most common, and 57.1% were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella. In double-J carriers, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus were the most common microorganisms. Multiple-drug resistance (MDR) microorganisms were isolated in 28.6, 47.1, and 58.3% of patients with double-J, nephrostomy, and internal-external nephroureteral stents. A percutaneous CUUT (p = 0.005) and immunosuppression (p = 0.034) were risk factors for MDR microorganisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-E. coli bacteria are commonly isolated in patients with CUUT. MDR microorganisms are frequent, mainly in percutaneous approach or immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre and Madrid Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lara-Isla
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Medina-Polo
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alonso-Isa
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benítez-Sala
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sopeña-Sutil
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Justo-Quintas
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gil-Moradillo
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: González-Padilla
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Rojo
authors.forename: Juan Bautista
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Passas-Martínez
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Tejido-Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057785:Catheters; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D016983:Enterococcus; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007709:Klebsiella; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D000074643:Nephrotomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011549:Pseudomonas; D012307:Risk Factors; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Double-J stent; Healthcare-associated infections; Multiple-drug resistance; Nephrostomy tube; Urinary catheter