title: Assessed and Emerging Biomarkers in Stroke and Training-Mediated Stroke Recovery: State of the Art.
abstract: Since the increasing update of the biomolecular scientific literature, biomarkers in stroke have reached an outstanding and remarkable revision in the very recent years. Besides the diagnostic and prognostic role of some inflammatory markers, many further molecules and biological factors have been added to the list, including tissue derived cytokines, growth factor-like molecules, hormones, and microRNAs. The literatures on brain derived growth factor and other neuroimmune mediators, bone-skeletal muscle biomarkers, cellular and immunity biomarkers, and the role of microRNAs in stroke recovery were reviewed. To date, biomarkers represent a possible challenge in the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of stroke onset, pathogenesis, and recovery. Many molecules are still under investigation and may become promising and encouraging biomarkers. Experimental and clinical research should increase this list and promote new discoveries in this field, to improve stroke diagnosis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; UOC Neurorehabilitation, AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Marialuisa
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0877-4807
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gandolfi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; UOC Neurorehabilitation, AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7630-1887
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smania
authors.affiliation: Immunology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vella
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; UOC Neurorehabilitation, AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3558-8276
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1789-8307
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chirumbolo
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C019277:brain-derived growth factor