title: Characteristic Variations and Similarities in Biochemical, Molecular, and Functional Properties of Glyoxalases across Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
abstract: The glyoxalase system is the ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) in the biological systems. It comprises two enzymes, glyoxalase I (GLYI) and glyoxalase II (GLYII), which act sequentially to convert MG into d-lactate, thereby helping living systems get rid of this otherwise cytotoxic byproduct of metabolism. In addition, a glutathione-independent GLYIII enzyme activity also exists in the biological systems that can directly convert MG to d-lactate. Humans andEscherichia colipossess a single copy ofGLYI(encoding either the Ni- or Zn-dependent form) andGLYIIgenes, which through MG detoxification provide protection against various pathological and disease conditions. By contrast, the plant genome possesses multipleGLYIandGLYIIgenes with a role in abiotic stress tolerance. Plants possess both Ni2+- and Zn2+-dependent forms of GLYI, and studies on plant glyoxalases reveal the various unique features of these enzymes distinguishing them from prokaryotic and other eukaryotic glyoxalases. Through this review, we provide an overview of the plant glyoxalase family along with a comparative analysis of glyoxalases across various species, highlighting similarities as well as differences in the biochemical, molecular, and physiological properties of these enzymes. We believe that the evolution of multiple glyoxalases isoforms in plants is an important component of their robust defense strategies.
authors.affiliation: Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India. charanpreet06@gmail.com.|Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India. charanpreet06@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Charanpreet
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India. shweta2u@gmail.com.|Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South campus, New Delhi 110021, India. shweta2u@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shweta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India. rokebbrri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Rokebul
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India. ashwanip@mail.jnu.ac.in.
authors.forename: Ashwani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pareek
authors.affiliation: Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India. sneh@icgeb.res.in.
authors.forename: Sneh L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Singla-Pareek
authors.affiliation: Plant Stress Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India. sopory@icgeb.res.in.
authors.forename: Sudhir K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sopory
mesh_terms: D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D007791:Lactoylglutathione Lyase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010944:Plants / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099301:Hydroxyacylglutathione Hydrolase
chemical_list: D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007791:Lactoylglutathione Lyase; D010940:Plant Proteins; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases; D000099301:Hydroxyacylglutathione Hydrolase; C091855:glyoxalase III
keywords: abiotic stress tolerance; glyoxalase III; glyoxalase pathway; methylglyoxal; multigene family; plants; prokaryotes