title: Fueguian crania and the circum-Pacific rim variation.
abstract: The Fueguians are descendants of the first settlers of America, a 'relict' isolated geographically for 10,000 years. We compared their cranial variation with other Americans, and samples from Asia and Australia to know whether the modern extinct Fueguians can be considered Paleoamericans or not.
  
  
  
  Herein we study 176 Fuego-Patagonian skulls, the largest cranial sample to be studied, refined and well documented, using CVA, and the D2of Mahalanobis. The affinities between populations and sexual dimorphism were jointly studied.
  
  
  
  Terrestrial hunters (Selknam) have a different cranial morphology from sea canoeists (Yamana, Alakaluf) particularly with regard to cranial size and robustness. In the American context, there are extreme differences between the canoeists of Santa Cruz (California) and the Eskimos and canoeists of Fuego-Patagonia in terms of cranial size, prognathism and development of the frontal region. Fueguian canoeists are cranially closer to the Californian ones than to their Fueguian neighbors, the Selknam. Our results favor the hypothesis of two different flows for the origin of the first populators of Tierra del Fuego.
  
  
  
  We concluded that the robusticity of some Fuegians (Selknam) might be the result of an allometric pattern of overall robusticity expression well as a result of epigenetics or differential reproduction (Larsen, 2015:264) or hypothetical endocrine changes (Bernal et al. in Am J Hum Biol 2006;18:748-765). When compared with three Australian-Melanesian series, the group comprising Amerindians, Ainu, and Eskimos clusters together as they are all extremely different from the former in terms of both cranial size and shape.
authors.affiliation: Zoology and Anthropology Section, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4782-6657
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turbon
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arenas
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cuadras
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D002508:Cephalometry; D002677:Chile; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D044465:White People
keywords: Fuego-Patagonians; Mahalanobis distance; canonical variate analysis (CVA); discriminant analysis (LDA); sexual dimorphism