title: Sex differences in verbal fluency: the role of strategies and instructions.
abstract: Sex differences in verbal fluency performance and strategies are highly controversial, nevertheless suggesting a slight female advantage at least for phonemic fluency. A tendency of increased clustering of words into phonemic and semantic subcategories in men and increased switching between those categories in women has been suggested. In spatial tasks, it has been demonstrated that changes in instructions favoring a certain cognitive strategy can alter sex differences in performance. Such an approach has, however, not been attempted previously with verbal tasks. In the present investigation, 19 women in their luteal cycle phase and 23 men performed a phonemic and a semantic fluency task with three different instructions, one neutral, one emphasizing the clustering, and one emphasizing the switching of words. While under neutral instructions no sex differences were observed in verbal fluency performance and strategies, sex differences in switching and overall performance were observed in semantic fluency with an instruction requiring a switching strategy. Furthermore, correlation analyses suggested that the importance of strategies for overall performance differed between women and men. While only switching, but not clustering was related to overall verbal fluency performance in all tasks under all instructions, this relationship was driven by women in the phonemic task, but by men in the semantic task. These results highlight the importance of a consistent methodology in sex difference research. Slight variations in instructions may in part explain inconsistencies regarding sex differences in verbal fluency between previous studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria. Andrea.Scheuringer@sbg.ac.at.|Center of Neurocognitive Research, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria. Andrea.Scheuringer@sbg.ac.at.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheuringer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wittig
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.|Center of Neurocognitive Research, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pletzer
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Clustering; Effect of instruction; Phonemic fluency; Semantic fluency; Sex differences; Switching; Verbal fluency