title: Changes in the Fusarium Head Blight Complex of Malting Barley in a Three-Year Field Experiment in Italy.
abstract: In this study, conducted for three years on eleven malting barley varieties cultivated in central Italy, the incidence of different mycotoxigenic fungal genera, the identification of theFusariumspecies associated with theFusariumHead Blight (FHB) complex, and kernels contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 mycotoxins were determined. The influence of climatic conditions onFusariuminfections and FHB complex composition was also investigated.Fusariumspecies were always present in the three years and the high average and maximum temperatures during anthesis mainly favored their occurrence. The FHB complex was subject to changes during the three years and the main causal agents wereF. poae,F. avenaceum,F. tricinctumandF. graminearum, which, even if constantly present, never represented the principal FHB agent. The relative incidence ofFusariumspecies changed because of climatic conditions occurring during the seasons. The FHB complex was composed of many differentFusariumspecies and some of them were associated with a specific variety and/or with specific weather parameters, indicating that the interaction between a certain plant genotype and climatic conditions may influence the presence ofFusariumspp. causing infections. With regard to mycotoxin contamination, T-2 toxin, in some cases, was found in kernels at levels that exceeded EU recommended values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy. giovanni.beccari@progetti.unipg.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beccari
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy. antonio.prodi@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy. francesco.tini@studenti.unipg.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tini
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy. umberto.bonciarelli@unipg.it.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bonciarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy. andrea.onofri@unipg.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onofri
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, Université Libre de Tunis, 30 Av. Kheireddine Pacha, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia. souheibo@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Souheib
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oueslati
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy. marwa.limayma@gmail.com.|Bioengineering Department, Université Libre de Tunis, 30 Av. Kheireddine Pacha, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia. marwa.limayma@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Limayma
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy. lorenzo.covarelli@unipg.it.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Covarelli
mesh_terms: D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D007558:Italy; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D013605:T-2 Toxin / Q000032:analysis; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D014255:Trichothecenes; D013605:T-2 Toxin; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: DON; FHB complex; Fusarium; T-2 toxin; barley; mycotoxins