title: In vivo photoacoustic imaging of vasculature with a low-cost miniature light emitting diode excitation.
abstract: In this Letter, we present a photoacoustic imaging (PAI) system based on a low-cost high-power miniature light emitting diode (LED) that is capable of in vivo mapping vasculature networks in biological tissue. Overdriving with 200 ns pulses and operating at a repetition rate of 40 kHz, a 1.2 W 405 nm LED with a radiation area of 1000  μm×1000  μm and a size of 3.5  mm×3.5  mm was used to excite photoacoustic signals in tissue. Phantoms including black stripes, lead, and hair were used to validate the system in which a volumetric PAI image was obtained by scanning the transducer and the light beam in a two-dimensional x-y plane over the object. In vivo imaging of the vasculature of a mouse ear shows that LED-based PAI could have great potential for label-free biomedical imaging applications where the use of bulky and expensive pulsed lasers is impractical.
authors.forename: Xianjin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Huabei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang