title: Diel Patterns of Activity for Insect Pollinators of Two Oil Palm Species (Arecales : Arecaceae).
abstract: The pollination of two oil palm species, Elaeis guineensis Jacquin and Elaeis oleifera Cortés (Arecales: Arecaceae), depends on a mutualistic relation with insects, which use male inflorescences as a brood site, and visits female inflorescences lured by the emitted odor, which is similar to that of males. Although the activity of visiting the inflorescences by these insects is critical for the adequate natural pollination of the host plant, their activity is poorly documented. In the present study, we determine the diel activity of two specialized pollinator weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on inflorescences of their respective host-palm: Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust specialized on E. guineensis, and Grasidius hybridus O'Brien and Beserra specialized on E. oleifera. The average timing of activity was studied by using passive interception traps. Then the pattern and the duration were refined by using aspiration trapping within the active period for each insect species at the male and female inflorescences. All the experiments were conducted in an Ecuadorian oil palm plantation, located close to Amazonian forest. El. kamerunicus and G. hybridus were found to be the pollinators of E. guineensis and E. oleifera, respectively. The two species differed in their diel pattern of activity: E. kamerunicus was active in the morning and G. hybridus during a short period at dusk. For both palm species, insect visits were synchronous on both male and female inflorescences. The synchronicity is discussed as a strategy to maintain the relation mutualistic between partners. These findings increase our understanding of the oil palm pollination system.
authors.affiliation: UPR Bioagresseurs, Cirad, Avenue du Campus Agropolis, Montpellier 34398, France (thomas.auffray@gmail.com; laurence.ollivier@cirad.fr).
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Auffray
authors.affiliation: UMR IEES, Saint, Cyr, Route, de Inra, F-78026 Versailles, France (brigitte.frerot@versailles.inra.fr).
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frérot
authors.affiliation: Palmeras Del Ecuador s.a, 2410 y Rincón del Valle, Avenida, Eugenio Espejo, Ecuador. Quito (rpoveda@danec.com).
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poveda
authors.affiliation: Palmelit sas Parc Agropolis, 2214 Boulevard de la Lironde, Montferrier-sur-Lez, 34980, France (claude.louise@palmelit.com).
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Louise
authors.affiliation: UPR Bioagresseurs, Cirad, Avenue du Campus Agropolis, Montpellier 34398, France (thomas.auffray@gmail.com; laurence.ollivier@cirad.fr).
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beaudoin-Ollivier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D028023:Arecaceae; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004484:Ecuador; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D054817:Pollination; D013045:Species Specificity; D048889:Weevils / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Elaeidobius kamerunicus; Elaeis guineensis; Elaeis oleifera; Grasidius hybridus; pollination