title: Phenolic compounds, antioxidant potential and antiproliferative potential of 10 common edible flowers from China assessed using a simulated in vitro digestion-dialysis process combined with cellular assays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phenolic compounds could be sensitive to digestive conditions, thus a simulated in vitro digestion-dialysis process and cellular assays was used to determine phenolic compounds and antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials of 10 common edible flowers from China and their functional components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gallic acid, ferulic acid, and rutin were widely present in these flowers, which demonstrated various antioxidant capacities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and CAA values) and antiproliferative potentials measured by the MTT method. Rosa rugosa, Paeonia suffruticosa and Osmanthus fragrans exhibited the best antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials against HepG2, A549 and SGC-7901 cell lines, except that Osmanthus fragrans was not the best against SGC-7901 cells. The in vitro digestion-dialysis process decreased the antioxidant potential by 33.95-90.72% and the antiproliferative potential by 13.22-87.15%. Following the in vitro digestion-dialysis process, phenolics were probably responsible for antioxidant (R2= 0.794-0.924, P < 0.01) and antiproliferative (R2= 0.408-0.623, P < 0.05) potential. Moreover, gallic acid may be responsible for the antioxidant potential of seven flowers rich in edible flowers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of 10 edible flowers revealed a clear decrease after digestion and dialysis along with the reduction of phenolics. Nevertheless, they still had considerable antioxidant and antiproliferative potential, which merited further investigation in in vivo studies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.|Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic, Department of Applied Technology, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Weisu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Shuqin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Liuquan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Baiyi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of CAAs, Quality Standard Research Center of Ministry of agriculture of Agro-Products, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lufei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yajing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Maiquan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000032:analysis*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002681:China; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis; D003956:Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D004063:Digestion; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000378:metabolism; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D010945:Plants, Edible / Q000737:chemistry*; D012431:Rutin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D010636:Phenols; D012431:Rutin; D005707:Gallic Acid; C004999:ferulic acid
keywords: antioxidant; antiproliferative; bioaccessibility; in vitro digestion-dialysis; phenolics