title: Evidence of simian retrovirus type D by polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: Over the past few years, there have been reports of finding Simian retrovirus type D (SRV) in macaque colonies where some animals were characterized as antibody positive but virus negative raising questions about how SRV was transmitted or whether there is a variant strain detected by antibody but not polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in current use.
  
  
  
  We developed a three-round nested PCR assay using degenerate primers targeting the pol gene to detect for SRV serotypes 1-5 and applied this newly validated PCR assay to test macaque DNA samples collected in China from 2010 to 2015.
  
  
  
  Using the nested PCR assay validated in this study, we found 0.15% of the samples archived on FTA®cards were positive.
  
  
  
  The source of SRV infection identified within domestic colonies might have originated from imported macaques. The multiplex nested PCR assay developed here may supplement the current assays for SRV.
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Christian Z R
authors.initials: CZR
authors.lastname: Hwa
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sheung Pun
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: JoAnn L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Koen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Van Rompay
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Detection Laboratory (PDL), California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary*; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D015301:Retroviruses, Simian / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: FTA® card; cynomolgus macaque; nested polymerase chain reaction; rhesus macaque; simian retrovirus