title: Secondary metabolism in Penicillium expansum: Emphasis on recent advances in patulin research.
abstract: The plant pathogenic fungus Penicillium expansum is a major concern of the global food industry due to its wide occurrence and ability to produce various mycotoxins, of which the most significant is patulin. Relatively less highlighted in the literature, in comparison with the other food-borne mycotoxins, patulin is one of the main factors in economic losses of vegetables and fruits. Otherwise, patulin is a health hazard which results in both short-term and long-term risks. This review includes knowledge on the biosynthetic mechanisms used for secondary metabolite production in P. expansum, with special emphasis on patulin biosynthesis. The abiotic factors triggering the production of patulin and the strategies developed to reduce or prevent the contamination by this mycotoxin are comprehensively discussed. The database presented in this review would be useful for the prioritization and development of future research.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1550 Linden Dr., Madison , Wisconsin , USA.|b Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS , Toulouse , France.|c Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Technologie et Valorisation Alimentaire, Campus des Sciences et Technologies , Mar Roukos, Mkallès, Riad El Solh , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tannous
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1550 Linden Dr., Madison , Wisconsin , USA.|d Department of Bacteriology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA.
authors.forename: Nancy P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: e Laboratory of Microorganisms and Food Irradiation , Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission-CNRS , Riad El Solh , Beirut , Lebanon.|f Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences , Lebanese University , Hadath Campus , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atoui
authors.affiliation: c Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Technologie et Valorisation Alimentaire, Campus des Sciences et Technologies , Mar Roukos, Mkallès, Riad El Solh , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Khoury
authors.affiliation: c Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Technologie et Valorisation Alimentaire, Campus des Sciences et Technologies , Mar Roukos, Mkallès, Riad El Solh , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lteif
authors.affiliation: b Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS , Toulouse , France.
authors.forename: Isabelle P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Oswald
authors.affiliation: b Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS , Toulouse , France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Puel
mesh_terms: D005516:Food Microbiology; D005523:Food Supply / Q000191:economics; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010365:Patulin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D010407:Penicillium / Q000378:metabolism*; D064210:Secondary Metabolism
chemical_list: D010365:Patulin
keywords: Penicillium expansum; apples; biosynthesis; pathogenicity determinants; patulin; secondary metabolites