title: Anti-cancer Effect of Cyanidin-3-glucoside from Mulberry via Caspase-3 Cleavage and DNA Fragmentation in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Fruits of Morus alba L. (mulberry) have various bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and anthocyanins and used as a herbal medicine. However, the anti-cancer effects and molecular basis have not been elucidated.
  
  
  
  We isolated the cyanidin-3-glucoside in various cultivar of mulberry by acidified-methanol extraction methods. This molecule were compared mass spectroscopic properties by LC-MS/MS and analyzed by 1H and 13C NMR. We examined the anti-cancer effect with molecular mechanisms of the cyanidin-3-glucoside on MDA-MB-453 human breast cancer cells and xenograft animal model.
  
  
  
  The treatment with the mulberry cyanidin-3-glucoside decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner with alteration of apoptotic protein contents, and DNA fragmentation, suggesting that cells undergo apoptosis. Supporting the observations, Treatment with the cyanidin-3-glucoside showed active apoptosis by caspase-3 cleavage and DNA fragmentation through Bcl-2 and Bax pathway. Indeed, cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits tumor growth in MDA-MB-453 cells-inoculated nude mice. Tumor growth of xenograft nude mouse was significantly reduced compared to the control group by the cyanidin-3-glucoside.
  
  
  
  The data demonstrate that cyanidin-3-glucoside isolated from mulberry induced apoptosis in breast cancer (MDA-MB-453) cells, and therefore, has a potential as an anti-cancer agent. These results show that mulberry cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibit the proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo model and, indicating the inhibition of tumor progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Chonbuk National University
  Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine,Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14647, Korea
authors.forename: Eun Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Chonbuk National University
  Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
authors.forename: Hye-Yeon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Chonbuk National University
  Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
authors.forename: On-Yu
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
authors.forename: Hee S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
authors.forename: Young-Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
authors.forename: Sun-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Konju National University, Yesan, 32439, Korea
authors.forename: Byeong-Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Graduate School of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
authors.forename: Dong J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Chonbuk National University
  Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
authors.forename: Jong-Suk
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Development, Nambu University, Gwangju, 62271, Korea
authors.forename: Kwang-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D005260:Female; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D015394:Molecular Structure; D031625:Morus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D005960:Glucosides; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Cyanidin-3-glucoside; DNA fragmentation; Morus alba L.; anti-cancer; caspase-3; mulberry; nude mice.