title: Biotransformation of ginsenosides F4and Rg6in zebrafish.
abstract: Ginsenosides F4and Rg6(GF4and GRg6), two main active components of steamed notoginseng or red ginseng, are dehydrated disaccharide saponins. In this work, biotransformation of ginsenosides F4and Rg6in zebrafish was investigated by qualitatively identifying their metabolites and then proposing their possible metabolic pathways. The prediction of possible metabolism of ginsenosides F4and Rg6using zebrafish model which can effectively simulate existing mammals model was early and quickly performed. Metabolites of ginsenosides F4and Rg6after exposing to zebrafish for 24 h were identified by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. A total of 8 and 6 metabolites of ginsenosides F4and Rg6were identified in zebrafish, respectively. Of these, 7 and 5, including M1, M3-M5, M7-M9 and N1 (N5), N2, N4 (N9), N7-N8 were reported for the first time as far as we know. The mechanisms of their biotransformation involved were further deduced to be desugarization, glucuronidation, sulfation, dehydroxylation, loss of C-17 and/or C-23 residue pathways. It was concluded that loss of rhamnose at position C-6 and glucuronidation at position C-3 in zebrafish were considered as the main physiologic and metabolic processes of ginsenosides F4and ginsenosides Rg6, respectively.
authors.affiliation: a Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.|b Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.|c Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou 210008 , China.
authors.forename: Wen-Wen
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: d Department of Pharmacy , Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital , Nanjing 210008 , China.
authors.forename: Hai-Xia
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.|b Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.
authors.forename: Shou-Bei
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: a Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.|b Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.
authors.forename: Ying-Jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: a Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.|b Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.
authors.forename: Fen-Xia
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: a Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.|b Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.|b Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.
authors.forename: Dan-Dan
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.|b Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Bin
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: c Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou 210008 , China.
authors.forename: Dao-Quan
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: a Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.|b Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210008 , China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D005260:Female; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C407885:ginsenoside F4; C586219:ginsenoside Rg6
keywords: Ginsenosides F4 and Rg6; UPLC-Q-TOF/MS; biotransformation; zebrafish