title: Validation of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in community dwelling Ethiopian adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The applicability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in screening of insomnia is demonstrated in various populations. But, the tool has not been validated in a sample of Ethiopians. Therefore, this study aimed to assess its psychometric properties in community dwelling Ethiopian adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 311, age = 25.5 ± 6.0 years and body mass index = 22.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2) from Mizan-Aman town, Southwest Ethiopia completed the PSQI and a semi-structured questionnaire for socio-demographics. Clinical interview for screening of insomnia according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders was carried out as a concurrent validation measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the PSQI scale did not have floor effect and ceiling effects. Moderate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha was 0.59) and sufficient internal homogeneity as indicated by correlation coefficient between component scores and the global PSQI score was found. The PSQI was of good value for screening insomnia with optimal cut-off scores of 5.5 (sensitivity 82%, specificity 56.2%) and the area under the curve, 0.78 (p < 0.0001). The PSQI has unidimensional factor structure in the Ethiopian community adults for screening insomnia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PSQI has good psychometric validity in screening for insomnia among Ethiopians adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salahuddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Tarekegn Tesfaye
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Maru
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University (Mizan Campus), Mizan Aman, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Abera
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumalo
authors.affiliation: Somnogen Canada Inc, College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Seithikurippu R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pandi-Perumal
authors.affiliation: The University Sleep Disorders Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.|National Plan for Science and Technology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmed S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bahammam
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University (Mizan Campus), Mizan Aman, Ethiopia. md.dilshadmanzar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Md Dilshad
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Manzar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005002:Ethiopia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating
keywords: Catha edulis; Ethiopia; Insomnia; PSQI; Pittsburgh sleep quality index; Sleep; Substance abuse