title: Cytotoxicity, Uptake Behaviors, and Oral Absorption of Food Grade Calcium Carbonate Nanomaterials.
abstract: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in human body and essential for the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth as well as diverse cellular functions. Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) is widely used as a dietary supplement; however, oral absorption efficiency of CaCO₃ is extremely low, which may be overcome by applying nano-sized materials. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of food grade nano CaCO₃ in comparison with that of bulk- or reagent grade nano CaCO₃ in terms of cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, intestinal transport, and oral absorption. Cytotoxicity results demonstrated that nano-sized CaCO₃ particles were slightly more toxic than bulk materials in terms of oxidative stress and membrane damage. Cellular uptake behaviors of CaCO₃ nanoparticles were different from bulk CaCO₃ or Ca2+ions in human intestinal epithelial cells, showing efficient cellular internalization and elevated intracellular Ca2+levels. Meanwhile, CaCO₃ nanoparticles were efficiently transported by microfold (M) cellsin vitromodel of human intestinal follicle-associated epithelium, in a similar manner as Ca2+ions did. Biokinetic study revealed that the biological fate of CaCO₃ particles was different from Ca2+ions; however,in vivo, its oral absorption was not significantly affected by particle size. These findings provide crucial information to understand and predict potential toxicity and oral absorption efficiency of food grade nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-774, Korea. mermaidp-mk@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Mi-Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-774, Korea. junga0462@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Jeong-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-774, Korea. mirae8651@naver.com.
authors.forename: Mi-Rae
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, 1 Yonseidaegil, Wonju, Gangwondo 220-710, Korea. ipz9rv@naver.com.
authors.forename: Min-Kyu
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, 1 Yonseidaegil, Wonju, Gangwondo 220-710, Korea. annabb@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Hyoung-Mi
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, 1 Yonseidaegil, Wonju, Gangwondo 220-710, Korea. jaemin.oh@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanosafety Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Korea. nwsong@kriss.re.kr.
authors.forename: Nam Woong
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-774, Korea. sjchoi@swu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Soo-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Choi
keywords: calcium carbonate; cellular uptake; cytotoxicity; intestinal transport; oral absorption