title: A Global Perspective of Fine Particulate Matter Pollution and Its Health Effects.
abstract: Fine particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air is implicated in a variety of human health issues throughout the globe. Regulation of fine PM in the atmosphere requires information on the dimension of the problem with respect to variations in concentrations and sources. To understand the current status of fine particles in the atmosphere and their potential harmful health effects in different regions of the world this review article was prepared based on peer-reviewed scientific papers, scientific reports, and database from government organizations published after the year 2000 to evaluate the global scenario of the PM2.5(particles <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter), its exceedance of national and international standards, sources, mechanism of toxicity, and harmful health effects of PM2.5and its components. PM2.5levels and exceedances of national and international standards were several times higher in Asian countries, while levels in Europe and USA were mostly well below the respective standards. Vehicular traffic has a significant influence on PM2.5levels in urban areas; followed by combustion activities (biomass, industrial, and waste burning) and road dust. In urban atmosphere, fine particles are mostly associated with different health effects with old aged people, pregnant women, and more so children being the most susceptible ones. Fine PM chemical constituents severely effect health due to their carcinogenic or mutagenic nature. Most of the research indicated an exceedance of fine PM level of the standards with a diverse array of health effects based on PM2.5chemical constituents. Emission reduction policies with epidemiological studies are needed to understand the benefits of sustainable control measures for fine PM mitigation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
authors.forename: Arideep
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India. madhoo.agrawal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Madhoolika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agrawal
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Aerosol; Air; Central Pollution Control Board; China; Dust; Emission; Epidemiology; European Union; Exceedance; Fine PM components; Global; Health effects; India; Mechanism; National ambient air quality standard; PM; PM2.5; Particulate matter; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Secondary organic aerosol; Sources apportionment; Traffic; Volatile organic hydrocarbons; World Health Organization