title: Malaria overdiagnosis and subsequent overconsumption of antimalarial drugs in Angola: Consequences and effects on human health.
abstract: Microscopic blood smear examinations done in health centers of Angola demonstrated a large overdiagnosis of malaria cases with an average rate of errors as high as 85%. Overall 83% of patients who received Coartem®had an inappropriate treatment. Overestimated malaria diagnosis was noticed even when specific symptoms were part of the clinical observation, antimalarial treatments being subsequently given. Then, malaria overdiagnosis has three main consequences, (i) the lack of data reliability is of great concern, impeding epidemiological records and evaluation of the actual influence of operations as scheduled by the National Malaria Control Programme; (ii) the large misuse of antimalarial drug can increase the selective pressure for resistant strain and can make a false consideration of drug resistant P. falciparum crisis; and (iii) the need of strengthening national health centers in term of human, with training in microscopy, and equipment resources to improve malaria diagnosis with a large scale use of rapid diagnostic tests associated with thick blood smears, backed up by a "quality control" developed by the national health authorities. Monitoring of malaria cases was done in three Angolan health centers of Alto Liro (Lobito town) and neighbor villages of Cambambi and Asseque (Benguéla Province) to evaluate the real burden of malaria. Carriers of Plasmodium among patients of newly-borne to 14 years old, with or without fever, were analyzed and compared to presumptive malaria cases diagnosed in these health centers. Presumptive malaria cases were diagnosed six times more than the positive thick blood smears done on the same children. In Alto Liro health center, the percentage of diagnosis error reached 98%, while in Cambambi and Asseque it was of 79% and 78% respectively. The percentage of confirmed malaria cases was significantly higher during the dry (20.2%) than the rainy (13.2%) season. These observations in three peripheral health centers confirmed what has already been noticed in other malaria endemic regions, and highlight the need for an accurate evaluation of the Malaria control programme implemented in Angola.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement France (IRD), Laboratoire d'Immuno-Physiopathologie Moléculaire Comparée, UMR-MD3, Montpellier, France. Electronic address: sylvie.manguin@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manguin
authors.affiliation: Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon. Electronic address: vfoumane@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Foumane
authors.affiliation: SUBSEA7, SONAMET Malaria Control Programme, Lobito, Angola. Electronic address: patrick.besnard@subsea7.com.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Besnard
authors.affiliation: National Malaria Control Programme, Luanda, Angola. Electronic address: filomenofortes@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Filomeno
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fortes
authors.affiliation: Portiragnes, France. Electronic address: pjcarnevale2001@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carnevale
mesh_terms: D000810:Angola / Q000453:epidemiology; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004363:Drug Utilization; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D000069342:Medical Overuse; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012621:Seasons; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes
keywords: Angola; Antimalarial drugs; Malaria cases; Overdiagnosis