title: Active Surveillance in Younger Men With Prostate Cancer.
abstract: Purpose The suitability of younger patients with prostate cancer (PCa) for initial active surveillance (AS) has been questioned on the basis of eventual treatment necessity and concerns of safety; however, the role of age on surveillance outcomes has not been well defined. Patients and Methods We identified men managed with AS at our institution with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. The primary study objective was to examine the association of age with risk of biopsy-based Gleason score upgrade during AS. We also examined the association of age with related end points, including overall biopsy-determined progression, definitive treatment, and pathologic and biochemical outcomes after delayed radical prostatectomy (RP), using descriptive statistics, the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results A total of 1,433 patients were followed for a median of 49 months; 74% underwent initial biopsy at a referring institution. Median age at diagnosis was 63 years, including 599 patients (42%) ≤ 60 years old and 834 (58%) > 60 years old. The 3- and 5-year biopsy-based Gleason score upgrade-free rates were 73% and 55%, respectively, for men ≤ 60 years old compared with 64% and 48%, respectively, for men older than 60 years ( P < .01). On Cox regression analysis, younger age was independently associated with lower risk of biopsy-based Gleason score upgrade (hazard ratio per 1-year decrease, 0.969 [95% CI, 0.956 to 0.983]; P < .01), and persisted upon restriction to men meeting strict AS inclusion criteria. There was no significant association between younger age and risk of definitive treatment or risk of biochemical recurrence after delayed RP. Conclusion Younger patient age was associated with decreased risk of biopsy-based Gleason score upgrade during AS but not with risk of definitive treatment in the intermediate term. AS represents a strategy to mitigate overtreatment in young patients with low-risk PCa in the early term.
authors.affiliation: Michael S. Leapman, Janet E. Cowan, Hao G. Nguyen, Katsuto K. Shinohara, Nannette Perez, Matthew R. Cooperberg, and Peter R. Carroll, University of California, San Francisco, CA; William J. Catalona, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and Michael S. Leapman, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Leapman
authors.affiliation: Michael S. Leapman, Janet E. Cowan, Hao G. Nguyen, Katsuto K. Shinohara, Nannette Perez, Matthew R. Cooperberg, and Peter R. Carroll, University of California, San Francisco, CA; William J. Catalona, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and Michael S. Leapman, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.affiliation: Michael S. Leapman, Janet E. Cowan, Hao G. Nguyen, Katsuto K. Shinohara, Nannette Perez, Matthew R. Cooperberg, and Peter R. Carroll, University of California, San Francisco, CA; William J. Catalona, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and Michael S. Leapman, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Hao G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Michael S. Leapman, Janet E. Cowan, Hao G. Nguyen, Katsuto K. Shinohara, Nannette Perez, Matthew R. Cooperberg, and Peter R. Carroll, University of California, San Francisco, CA; William J. Catalona, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and Michael S. Leapman, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Katsuto K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.affiliation: Michael S. Leapman, Janet E. Cowan, Hao G. Nguyen, Katsuto K. Shinohara, Nannette Perez, Matthew R. Cooperberg, and Peter R. Carroll, University of California, San Francisco, CA; William J. Catalona, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and Michael S. Leapman, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Nannette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.affiliation: Michael S. Leapman, Janet E. Cowan, Hao G. Nguyen, Katsuto K. Shinohara, Nannette Perez, Matthew R. Cooperberg, and Peter R. Carroll, University of California, San Francisco, CA; William J. Catalona, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and Michael S. Leapman, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cooperberg
authors.affiliation: Michael S. Leapman, Janet E. Cowan, Hao G. Nguyen, Katsuto K. Shinohara, Nannette Perez, Matthew R. Cooperberg, and Peter R. Carroll, University of California, San Francisco, CA; William J. Catalona, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and Michael S. Leapman, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Catalona
authors.affiliation: Michael S. Leapman, Janet E. Cowan, Hao G. Nguyen, Katsuto K. Shinohara, Nannette Perez, Matthew R. Cooperberg, and Peter R. Carroll, University of California, San Francisco, CA; William J. Catalona, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and Michael S. Leapman, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology