title: An experimental test of the role of control in spider fear.
abstract: It is well established that uncontrollable adverse experiences lead to increased distress, but the role of client control during psychological interventions such as exposure is less clear. Earlier studies reported inconsistent findings, most likely owing to variations in the way client control was manipulated, degree of exposure, the outcome variables chosen and the follow-up periods used. Importantly, studies to date had suggested to participants that approaching their fears was beneficial thereby biasing their choices and these studies had not measured change beyond the laboratory. We recruited 96 spider-fearful student participants (mean age=22; SD=5.9; Range=18-45; 86 female). The experimental design allowed full choice over their degree of exposure, and manipulated the degree of control as the extent to which their movement of a joystick influenced their virtual distance from a moving spider image. Those with high control were yoked with a low control counterpart to ensure equal amounts of exposure. Measures were elicited at baseline, post-exposure, and at follow-up. As predicted, compared to low control participants, those with high control over exposure approached closer toward a spider post-exposure and reported less spider avoidance after an average of 17days. No group differences were found in physiological or subjective distress during the task, nor in distress and dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: CeNTrUM (Centre for New Treatments and Understanding in Mental Health), Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 2nd Floor Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.affiliation: CeNTrUM (Centre for New Treatments and Understanding in Mental Health), Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 2nd Floor Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. Electronic address: warren.mansell@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mansell
authors.affiliation: CeNTrUM (Centre for New Treatments and Understanding in Mental Health), Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 2nd Floor Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007171:Implosive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013112:Spiders; D000076142:Virtual Reality; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety disorder; Avoidance; Exposure therapy; Specific phobia; Virtual reality