title: The angular position of a refuge affects escape responses in staghorn sculpin Leptocottus armatus.
abstract: The effect of the presence and angular position of a refuge on the direction and kinematics of mechanically-induced escape responses was observed in staghorn sculpins Leptocottus armatus using high-speed video. The results showed that the angular position of the refuge did not affect locomotor performance (speed and acceleration), although it did affect the escape trajectories. Therefore, the angular position of a refuge can modulate the direction taken by the L. armatus during the early stages of their escape response and this response can be affected by both repulsive (i.e. threats) and attractive (i.e. refuges) points of reference.
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000, Helsingør, Denmark.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000, Helsingør, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Højgaard
authors.affiliation: Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, 32080, U.S.A.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000, Helsingør, Denmark.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Steffensen
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: CNR - IAMC, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Località Sa Mardini, 09072 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Domenici
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004777:Environment; D004924:Escape Reaction; D010473:Perciformes / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Cottidae; fast start; refuge; swimming; trajectory