title: Effects of individual and combined toxicity of bisphenol A, dibutyl phthalate and cadmium on oxidative stress and genotoxicity in HepG 2 cells.
abstract: Bisphenol A, dibutyl phthalate and cadmium can be found in environment simultaneously. Several studies suggested that they had genotoxic effect. In this study, mono-exposure and co-exposure treatments, designed by 3 × 3 full factorial, were established to determine the individual toxicity and binary mixtures' combined effects on the oxidative stress and genotoxicity in HepG 2 cells. The highest oxidative damage was observed in the Cd treatments groups. Compared with control groups, the maximum level of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde were ∼1.4 fold and ∼2.22 fold respectively. And a minimum level of superoxide dismutase activity was found with the decrease of 43%. The mechanism that excessive oxidative stress led to the DNA damage was inferred. However, cells treated with BPA showed the worst DNA damage rather than Cd, which may because Cd mainly damages DNA repairing mechanism. For the joint effect, different interactions can be found in different biological endpoints for different combinations since different mechanisms have been clarified in mixture toxicity studies. It is sure that the co-exposure groups enhanced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity compared to the mono-exposures. Synergistic and additive interactions were considered, which means greater threat to organisms when exposed to multiple estrogenic endocrine disruptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Analysis and Test, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: tyinph@jnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Pinghe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: zhaoling@jnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002477:Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate / Q000633:toxicity*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002104:Cadmium; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate; D009153:Mutagens; D010636:Phenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Bisphenol A; Cadmium; Combined toxicity; Dibutyl phthalate; Genotoxicity; Oxidative stress