title: Probing the neutralization behavior of zwitterionic monomer-containing dental adhesive.
abstract: To investigate the polymerization kinetics, neutralization behavior, and mechanical properties of amine-functionalized dental adhesive cured in the presence of zwitterionic monomer, methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC).
  
  
  
  The control adhesive was a mixture based on HEMA/BisGMA/2-N-morpholinoethyl methacrylate (MEMA) (40/30/30, w/w/w). The control and experimental formulations containing MPC were characterized with regard to water miscibility of liquid resins, photopolymerization kinetics, water sorption and solubility, dynamic mechanical properties and leachables from the polymers (aged in ethanol). The neutralization behavior of the adhesives was determined by monitoring the pH of lactic acid (LA) solution.
  
  
  
  The water miscibility decreased with increasing MPC amount. The water sorption of experimental copolymer specimen was greater than the control. The addition of 8wt% water led to improved photo-polymerization efficiency for experimental formulations at MPC of 2.5 and 5wt%, and significant reduction in the cumulative amounts of leached HEMA, BisGMA, and MEMA, i.e. 90, 60 and 50% reduction, respectively. The neutralization rate of MPC-containing adhesive was faster than control. The optimal MPC concentration in the formulations was 5wt%.
  
  
  
  Incompatibility between MEMA and MPC led to a decrease in water miscibility of the liquid resins. Water (at 8wt%) in the MPC-containing formulations (2.5-5wt% MPC) led to higher DC, faster RPmaxand significant reduction in leached HEMA, BisGMA, and MEMA. The neutralization rate was enhanced with the addition of MPC in the amine-containing formulation. Promoting the neutralization capability of dentin adhesives could play an important role in reducing recurrent decay at the composite/tooth interface.
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas, Bioengineering Research Center, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA.
authors.forename: Linyong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas, Bioengineering Research Center, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA. Electronic address: yeq@ku.edu.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas, Bioengineering Research Center, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA.
authors.forename: Xueping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas, Bioengineering Research Center, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA; University of Kansas, Department of Civil Engineering, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas, Bioengineering Research Center, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA; University of Kansas, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA.
authors.forename: Candan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tamerler
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas, Bioengineering Research Center, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA; University of Kansas, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA. Electronic address: pspencer@ku.edu.
authors.forename: Paulette
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D003738:Dental Cements; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates; D009025:Morpholines; D058105:Polymerization; D014867:Water
chemical_list: C000613589:2-N-morpholinoethyl methacrylate; D003738:Dental Cements; D008689:Methacrylates; D009025:Morpholines; D014867:Water; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate
keywords: Dental adhesive; Neutralization capacity; Photo-polymerization kinetics; Tertiary nmine; Zwitterionic