title: Urinary biomarkers as indicator of chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in obese adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is a pro-inflammatory state that may predispose patients to acute coronary syndrome characterized by chronic low grade inflammation resulting in endothelial dysfunction (ED). The aim of the study was to evaluate urinary biomarkers of inflammation and ED in adolescents with obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty three subjects were recruited for the study. Twenty healthy adolescents with normal body mass (NW), 14 overweight (OW), 29 obese (OA) subjects were selected. An EndoPat 2000 device was used to measure the reactive hyperemia index (RHI). First morning fasting urine samples were tested for interleukin 6 (IL-6), endothelin 1 (ET-1), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) and corrected to urinary creatinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary TNF-α was significantly higher in OA group (52.4 ± 15.3 pg/mg) compared to adolescents with NW (14.1 ± 1.2 pg/mg,P= 0.04). ET-1 levels were found to be higher in OW (5.18 ± 1.6 pg/mg) compared with NW (3 · 47 ± 0.3 pg/mg,P= 0.24); and higher in OA (8.48 ± 3.1 pg/mg) compared to both NW (P= 0.19) and OW (P= 0.40). Similarly a higher AGP level was observed in OW (864.8 ± 156 ng/mg) and OA (808.3 ± 186 ng/mg) compared to NW (653 ± 69 ng/mg) (P= 0.16 & 0.49 respectively). Inflammatory markers namely, TNF-α, IL-6 and AGP significantly and positively correlated with each other and with ET-1, a marker for endothelial dysfunction. This significant correlation was also observed when tested separately in the subgroups (NW, OW and OA). There were no differences in RHI levels among the study groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary TNF-alpha is significantly elevated in obese adolescents and correlates with urinary ET-1, which is recognized as a biomarker for endothelial dysfunction. Since obesity is a chronic inflammatory state, elevated urinary TNF-alpha might be used as a non invasive tool to monitor the level of that inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1400 S. Coulter, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA.
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1400 S. Coulter, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA.
authors.forename: Arushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1400 S. Coulter, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA.
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aljabari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1400 S. Coulter, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA.
authors.forename: Tetyana L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Vasylyeva
keywords: Chronic inflammation; Inflammatory markers; Obesity; Urinary biomarkers