title: Tobacco-Nicotine Education and Training for Health-Care Professional Students and Practitioners: A Systematic Review.
abstract: The objective of this systematic review was to investigate what education and training characteristics prepares and supports health-care professionals (HCPs) in the delivery of competent and effective care to clients who use tobacco-nicotine.
  
  
  
  A search of eight bibliographic databases for English-language peer-reviewed publications from January 2006 to March 2015. Studies were included if they met the a priori inclusion criteria, which consisted of: (1) quantitative study design and (2) focus on tobacco-nicotine education or training for HCP students and practitioners. All studies were independently screened for inclusion by two reviewers. Data from included studies were extracted for study characteristics and key outcomes then critically appraised for methodological quality.
  
  
  
  Fifty-nine studies were included for narrative synthesis. Two categories emerged: (1) curriculum characteristics (n = 10) and (2) education and training interventions (n = 49). Included curriculum studies identified the following themes: content, intensity, competencies evaluation, and barriers. Study findings about education and training interventions were grouped by level of education (prelicensure, post-licensure, and faculty training), teaching modality, health discipline, and the associated HCP and client outcomes.
  
  
  
  This comprehensive review suggests that there is a lack of consistency in HCP tobacco-nicotine education and training characteristics. This paper provides valuable categorization of the most frequently utilized components of academic curriculum and discusses the interventions in relation to HCP and client outcomes. Gaps in the literature are highlighted, and the need for standardization of tobacco-nicotine training competencies and evaluation is discussed. Future research investigating the most effective approaches to training is needed.
  
  
  
  This systematic review summarizes existing tobacco-related curriculum components (content, intensity, competency evaluation, and barriers) and training interventions for health-care professionals worldwide and demonstrates that they are associated with positive health-care professional outcomes (knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and skills) and client outcomes (quit attempts and smoking abstinence).
authors.affiliation: International Affairs and Best Practice Guidelines, Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goldie
authors.affiliation: International Affairs and Best Practice Guidelines, Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Tanvi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: International Affairs and Best Practice Guidelines, Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: International Affairs and Best Practice Guidelines, Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bamford
authors.affiliation: Human Science Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Asper Clinical Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors.forename: Annette S H
authors.initials: ASH
authors.lastname: Schultz
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D004496:Education, Continuing; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine