title: Frequency and clinical significance of short cervix in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cervical length measurement has been uggested as a useful tool for predicting intra-amniotic infection/inflammation in preterm labor, but little information is available in the setting of preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM). We aimed to determine whether a short cervical length is independently associated with an increased risk of intra-amniotic infection or inflammation and impending preterm delivery in women with pPROM.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study involving 171 consecutive singleton pregnant women with pPROM (21+0-33+6 weeks' gestation), who underwent amniocentesis. Amniotic fluid (AF) was cultured, and assayed for interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. Cervical length was measured at the time of amniocentesis by transvaginal ultrasonography with an aseptic technique. Short cervical length was defined as a cervical length of ≤15 mm. Intra-amniotic infection was defined as a positive AF culture for microorganisms and intra-amniotic inflammation was defined as elevated AF concentrations of IL-6 or IL-8 (IL-6 ≥1.5 ng/mL and/or IL-8 ≥1.3 ng/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty (29.2%) women had a sonographic cervical length of ≤15mm. On univariate analysis, short cervical length was associated with an increased risk for intra-amniotic infection and/or inflammation; no other parameters studied showed a significant association. Multivariable analyses indicated that short cervical length was significantly associated with a higher risk of impending preterm delivery (within 2 days of measurement, within 7 days of measurement, and before 34 weeks), and remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women with pPROM, short cervical length is associated with an increased risk for intra-amniotic infection/inflammation and associated with impending preterm delivery, independent of the presence of intra-amniotic infection/inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyo Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Young
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Ae
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Ha-Na
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Yoo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D054791:Cervical Length Measurement; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8