title: Comparison of anal HPV natural history among men by country of residence: Brazil, Mexico, and the United States.
abstract: Globally, anal cancer incidence is rare, but is increasing in some world regions. Our objective was to assess differences in anal HPV natural history in three countries.
  
  
  
  Men aged 18-70 years were recruited from the US (n = 634), Mexico (n = 665), and Brazil (n = 731). Anal specimens were collected every six-months. HPV genotyping was assessed by Linear Array. Anal HPV prevalence was compared using the Fisher's exact test. HPV infection incidence rates (IR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.
  
  
  
  Any anal HPV prevalence was highest among men from Brazil (24%) compared to Mexico (15%) and the US (15%). When stratified by sexual history, the prevalence of any HPV among MSM/MSMW was 43%, 37%, and 45% and 9%, 12%, and 10% for MSW from Brazil, Mexico, and US, respectively. Any HPV incidence was significantly higher among men from Brazil compared to US men (IRR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.7-3.4) and comparable between men from Mexico and the US (IRR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.8-1.8).
  
  
  
  Men in Brazil and Mexico often have similar, if not higher incidence of anal HPV compared to men from the U.S., and may benefit from gender neutral HPV vaccine policies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Staci L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sudenga
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nyitray
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: B Nelson
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AIDS, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lazcano-Ponce
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abrahamsen
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Luiza
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Baggio
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmeron
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quiterio
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA. Electronic address: Anna.Giuliano@Moffitt.org.
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Giuliano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000821:virology*; D001004:Anus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D020010:Heterosexuality; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
keywords: HIM study; HIV-negative; Human papillomavirus (HPV)