title: History of childhood maltreatment and symptoms of anxiety and depression in women with chronic pelvic pain.
abstract: To determine the prevalence of physical, sexual and emotional abuse and physical and emotional neglect suffered by women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) during childhood and whether these occurrences are associated with symptoms of pain, anxiety and depression.
  
  
  
  A case-control study was conducted on 154 women older than 18 years, 77 of them healthy and 77 with CPP. A history of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and physical and emotional neglect was determined using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Anxiety and depression symptoms were determined using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale. Pain intensity was determined using a visual analog scale (VAS). The quantitative variables were compared by the Wilcoxon test, and the qualitative variables were compared by the Chi-square test or exact Fisher test when appropriate. Correlation between the CTQ, HAD and VAS scores was estimated by the Spearman's p coefficient. Independent association of the variables with the presence of CPP was determined by logistic multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of childhood maltreatment was 77.9% and 64.9%, respectively, for women with CPP and healthy women (p = 0.07). Emotional neglect was more frequent among women with CPP than among healthy women (58.4% versus 41.5%, p = 0.04). There was a moderate correlation between anxiety and depression symptoms and CTQ scores for women with CPP. Unemployment (OR = 4.15, 95% CI 1.73-9.94; ORadj=  3.30, 95% CI 1.26-8.55) was independently associated with the presence of CPP.
  
  
  
  Women with CPP reported emotional neglect abuse more frequently than healthy women. There was a direct correlation between maltreatment scores and anxiety and depression scores. On the other hand, CPP was independently associated only with unemployment.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Omero Benedicto
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Poli-Neto
authors.affiliation: a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Kalil Antonio Salotti
authors.initials: KAS
authors.lastname: Tawasha
authors.affiliation: a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana Peterson Mariano Salata
authors.initials: APMS
authors.lastname: Romão
authors.affiliation: a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcel Kawashima
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hisano
authors.affiliation: a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Aska
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.affiliation: a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Jose
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Candido-Dos-Reis
authors.affiliation: a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Júlio Cesar
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rosa-E-Silva
authors.affiliation: a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio Alberto
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nogueira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000076783:Adverse Childhood Experiences / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; childhood maltreatment; chronic pelvic pain; depression; neglect