title: Simulation-based trauma education for medical students: A review of literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medical students often do not feel prepared to manage emergency situations after graduation. They experience a lack of practical skills and show significant deficits in cognitive performance to assess and stabilize trauma patients. Most reports in the literature about simulation-based education pertain to postgraduate training. Simulation-based trauma education (SBTE) in undergraduate medical education could improve confidence and performance of recently graduated doctors in trauma resuscitation. We reviewed the literature in search of SBTE effectiveness for medical students.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed, Embase and CINAHL literature search was performed to identify all studies that reported on the effectiveness of SBTE for medical students, on student perception on SBTE or on the effectiveness of different simulation modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies were included. Three out of four studies reporting on the effectiveness of SBTE demonstrated an increase in performance of students after SBTE. SBTE is generally highly appreciated by medical students. Only one study directly compared two modalities of SBTE and reported favorable results for the mechanical model rather than the standardized live patient model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SBTE appears to be an effective method to prepare medical students for trauma resuscitation. Furthermore, students enjoy SBTE and they perceive SBTE as a very useful learning method.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center Utrecht , t he Netherlands.|b Department of Surgery , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alicia S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Borggreve
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgery , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joost M R
authors.initials: JMR
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.affiliation: c Department of Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk W R
authors.initials: HWR
authors.lastname: Schreuder
authors.affiliation: a Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center Utrecht , t he Netherlands.
authors.forename: Olle
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6379-8780
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ten Cate
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008348:Manikins; D016544:Patient Simulation; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000193:education*; D013337:Students, Medical