title: Prevalence of Neurotropic Viruses in Malignant Glioma and Their Onco-Modulatory Potential.
abstract: the association between infectious agents and tumour aetiology is relevant in about 20% of cases.
  
  
  
  We tested high-grade glioma tissues from 45 patients for the presence of viral nucleic acids of six herpes viruses, human adenoviruses (A-G), and two neurotropic human viruses (enteroviruses, tick-borne encephalitis virus). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used with immunolabelling.
  
  
  
  Three species of herpes viruses were detected: HSV-2, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HHV-6, and one human enterovirus. Plasma of these patients was not infected with viruses. In sera of patients, low HSV-1 and HSV-2 immunoreactivity were found in five cases, although these were not detected in their tumour tissue.
  
  
  
  Certain common viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV, human cytomegalovirus) are chronically present in the sera of patients with glioblastoma, but not necessarily in their tissues. Possibly both are associated with glioma progression, as we only found viruses in glioblastoma multiforme, but not in lower stages of glioma. Low titres of viruses in the blood indicate chronic viral virulence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia tadejstrojnik@gmail.com.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Tadej
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Strojnik
authors.affiliation: Department for Medical Microbiology Maribor, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food (NLZOH), Maribor, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Darja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duh
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.|Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Tamara T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Lah
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004669:Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D004675:Encephalitis, Tick-Borne / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D017524:Slovenia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: AdV; EBV; Glioblastoma; HCMV; HHV-6; HSV; TBEV; VZV; hEV; neurotropic viruses; oncogenic viruses; serum biomarkers