title: Testing of microsatellite multiplexes for individual identification of Cape Parrots (Poicephalus robustus): paternity testing and monitoring trade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Illegal trade in rare wildlife species is a major threat to many parrot species around the world. Wildlife forensics plays an important role in the preservation of endangered or threatened wildlife species. Identification of illegally harvested or traded animals through DNA techniques is one of the many methods used during forensic investigations. Natural populations of the South African endemic Cape Parrot (Poicephalus robustus) are negatively affected by the removal of eggs and chicks for the pet trade.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 16 microsatellite markers specifically designed for the South African endemic Cape Parrot (P. robustus) are assessed for their utility in forensic casework. Using these 16 loci, the genetic diversity of a subset of the captive Cape Parrot population was also assessed and compared to three wild Cape Parrot populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was determined that the full 16 locus panel has sufficient discriminatory power to be used in parentage analyses and can be used to determine if a bird has been bred in captivity and so can be legally traded or if it has been illegally removed from the wild. In cases where birds have been removed from the wild, this study suggests that a reduced 12 locus microsatellite panel has sufficient power to assign confiscated birds to geographic population of origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The level of genetic diversity observed within the captive Cape Parrot population was similar to that observed in the wild populations, which suggests that the captive population is not suffering from decreased levels of genetic diversity. The captive Cape Parrots did however have double the number of private alleles compared to that observed in the most genetically diverse wild population. This is probably due to the presence of rare alleles present in the founder population, which has not been lost due to genetic drift, as many of the individuals tested in this study are F1-F3 wild descendants. The results from this study provide a suit of markers that can be used to aid conservation and law enforcement authorities to better control legal and illegal trade of this South African endemic.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg , South Africa.
authors.forename: Willem G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Coetzer
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg , South Africa.
authors.forename: Colleen T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg , South Africa.
authors.forename: Mike R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg , South Africa.
authors.forename: Sandi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willows-Munro
keywords: Cape Parrot; Captive breeding; Microsatellite; Parentage; Poicephalus robustus; Wildlife forensics