title: Analysis of the Anti-Cancer Effects of Cincau Extract (Premna oblongifolia Merr) and Other Types of Non-Digestible Fibre Using Faecal Fermentation Supernatants and Caco-2 Cells as a Model of the Human Colon.
abstract: Green cincau (Premna oblongifoliaMerr) is an Indonesian food plant with a high dietary fibre content. Research has shown that dietary fibre mixtures may be more beneficial for colorectal cancer prevention than a single dietary fibre type. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of green cincau extract on short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in anaerobic batch cultures inoculated with human faecal slurries and to compare these to results obtained using different dietary fibre types (pectin, inulin, and cellulose), singly and in combination. Furthermore, fermentation supernatants (FSs) were evaluated in Caco-2 cells for their effect on cell viability, differentiation, and apoptosis. Cincau increased total SCFA concentration by increasing acetate and propionate, but not butyrate concentration. FSs from all dietary fibre sources, including cincau, reduced Caco-2 cell viability. However, the effects of all FSs on cell viability, cell differentiation, and apoptosis were not simply explainable by their butyrate content. In conclusion, products of fermentation of cincau extracts induced cell death, but further work is required to understand the mechanism of action. This study demonstrates for the first time that this Indonesian traditional source of dietary fibre may be protective against colorectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia. samsu.udayana@fp.unila.ac.id.|Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Lampung University, Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia. samsu.udayana@fp.unila.ac.id.|Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia. samsu.udayana@fp.unila.ac.id.
authors.forename: Samsu U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Nurdin
authors.affiliation: Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia. james.stangoulis@flinders.edu.au.|CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. james.stangoulis@flinders.edu.au.
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Le Leu
authors.affiliation: Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia. Richard.LeLeu@sa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Graeme P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia. graeme.young@flinders.edu.au.
authors.forename: James C R
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stangoulis
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. c.christophersen@ecu.edu.au.|School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia. c.christophersen@ecu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Claus T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Christophersen
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia. cathy.abbott@flinders.edu.au.|Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia. cathy.abbott@flinders.edu.au.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Abbott
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D017209:Apoptosis; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002470:Cell Survival; D002482:Cellulose / Q000378:metabolism; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism*; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005285:Fermentation; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006088:Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007444:Inulin / Q000378:metabolism; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D010368:Pectins / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D056692:Prebiotics; D010368:Pectins; D002482:Cellulose; D007444:Inulin
keywords: cincau; colorectal cancer; dietary fibre; fermentation; short chain fatty acids