title: Missed diagnosis of stroke in the emergency department: a cross-sectional analysis of a large population-based sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some cerebrovascular events are not diagnosed promptly, potentially resulting in death or disability from missed treatments. We sought to estimate the frequency of missed stroke and examine associations with patient, emergency department (ED), and hospital characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis using linked inpatient discharge and ED visit records from the 2009 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases and 2008-2009 State ED Databases across nine US states. We identified adult patients admitted for stroke with a treat-and-release ED visit in the prior 30 days, considering those given a non-cerebrovascular diagnosis as probable (benign headache or dizziness diagnosis) or potential (any other diagnosis) missed strokes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 23,809 potential and 2243 probable missed strokes representing 12.7% and 1.2% of stroke admissions, respectively. Missed hemorrhages (n = 406) were linked to headache while missed ischemic strokes (n = 1435) and transient ischemic attacks (n = 402) were linked to headache or dizziness. Odds of a probable misdiagnosis were lower among men (OR 0.75), older individuals (18-44 years [base]; 45-64:OR 0.43; 65-74:OR 0.28; ≥ 75:OR 0.19), and Medicare (OR 0.66) or Medicaid (OR 0.70) recipients compared to privately insured patients. Odds were higher among Blacks (OR 1.18), Asian/Pacific Islanders (OR 1.29), and Hispanics (OR 1.30). Odds were higher in non-teaching hospitals (OR 1.45) and low-volume hospitals (OR 1.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We estimate 15,000-165,000 misdiagnosed cerebrovascular events annually in US EDs, disproportionately presenting with headache or dizziness. Physicians evaluating these symptoms should be particularly attuned to the possibility of stroke in younger, female, and non-White patients.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Newman-Toker
authors.affiliation: 2Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moy
authors.affiliation: 3Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota, Eagan, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.affiliation: 4Truven Health Analytics, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.affiliation: 4Truven Health Analytics, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Anika L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hines
keywords: cerebrovascular disorders; diagnostic errors; dizziness; emergency medical services; headache; vertigo