title: Comparison of the effects of commercial coated and uncoated ZnO nanomaterials and Zn compounds in kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants.
abstract: Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants were grown for 45 days in soil amended with either uncoated (Z-COTE®) and coated (Z-COTE HP1®) ZnO nanomaterials (NMs), bulk ZnO and ZnCl2, at 0-500mg/kg. At harvest, growth parameters, chlorophyll, and essential elements were determined. None of the treatments affected germination and pod production, and only ZnCl2at 250 and 500mg/kg reduced relative chlorophyll content by 34% and 46%, respectively. While Z-COTE®did not produce phenotypic changes, Z-COTE HP1®, at all concentrations, increased root length (∼44%) and leaf length (∼13%) compared with control. Bulk ZnO reduced root length (53%) at 62.5mg/kg and ZnCl2reduced leaf length (16%) at 125mg/kg. Z-COTE®, at 125mg/kg, increased Zn by 203%, 139%, and 76% in nodules, stems, and leaves, respectively; while at the same concentration, Z-COTE HP1®increased Zn by 89%, 97%, and 103% in roots, stems, and leaves, respectively. At 125mg/kg, Z-COTE HP1®increased root S (65%) and Mg (65%), while Z-COTE®increased stem B (122%) and Mn (73%). Bulk ZnO and ZnCl2imposed more toxicity to kidney bean than the NMs, since they reduced root and leaf elongation, respectively, and the concentration of several essential elements in tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Illya A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Medina-Velo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Barrios
authors.affiliation: Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Nubia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zuverza-Mena
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Viezcas
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Chong Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Zhaoxia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Jeffrey I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; Environmental Science and Engineering Ph.D. Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Jose R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Peralta-Videa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; Environmental Science and Engineering Ph.D. Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, United States. Electronic address: jgardea@utep.edu.
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gardea-Torresdey
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002712:Chlorides; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D009753:Nutritive Value; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D002734:Chlorophyll; C016837:zinc chloride; D015032:Zinc; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Essential elements; Plant growth; Red kidney bean; Surface coating; ZnO nanomaterials