title: High-dose antidepressants affect near-infrared spectroscopy signals: A retrospective study.
abstract: Recent studies have highlighted the clinical usefulness of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in psychiatry. However, the potential effects of psychotropics on NIRS signals remain unknown.
  
  
  
  We conducted a systematic chart review of 40 depressed patients who underwent NIRS scans during a verbal fluency task to clarify the relationships between psychotropic dosage and NIRS signals. The dosage of psychotropic medications was calculated using defined daily dose (DDD). We investigated the associations between the DDD of psychotropic medications and oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) in single channel levels.
  
  
  
  Retrospective study design and small sample size are the main limitations.
  
  
  
  Multiple regression analysis revealed that one channel in the right temporoparietal region had a significant association with antidepressant DDD controlling for age, sex, depression severity, and the DDD of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. Moreover, high doses of antidepressants had significant effects on NIRS signals compared with low doses, in group comparisons.
  
  
  
  The dose-dependent impact of antidepressants on NIRS signals should be taken into account when interpreting NIRS data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takamiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Jinichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ebuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimegi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Emura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yonemori
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimazawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Gentaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyodo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyodo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Tunetaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Madoka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Funaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.affiliation: Brain Energy, 1-28-5, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0041, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Bun
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yamagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mimura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins
keywords: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical, (ATC); Antidepressant; Bipolar disorder; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM); Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 item, (HRSD-17); International Classification of Diseases, (ICD); Major depressive disorder (MDD); Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, (MADRS); Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS); Schizophrenia; World Health Organization, (WHO); defined daily dose, (DDD); magnetic resonance imaging, (MRI); major depressive disorder, (MDD); near-infrared spectroscopy, (NIRS); oxy-hemoglobin, (oxy-Hb); positron emission tomography, (PET); regional cerebral blood volume, (rCBV); verbal fluency task, (VFT)