title: Dietary patterns and non-communicable disease risk in Indian adults: secondary analysis of Indian Migration Study data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Undernutrition and non-communicable disease (NCD) are important public health issues in India, yet their relationship with dietary patterns is poorly understood. The current study identified distinct dietary patterns and their association with micronutrient undernutrition (Ca, Fe, Zn) and NCD risk factors (underweight, obesity, waist:hip ratio, hypertension, total:HDL cholesterol, diabetes).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the cross-sectional Indian Migration Study, including semi-quantitative FFQ. Distinct dietary patterns were identified using finite mixture modelling; associations with NCD risk factors were assessed using mixed-effects logistic regression models.
  
  
  METHODS
  India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Migrant factory workers, their rural-dwelling siblings and urban non-migrants. Participants (7067 adults) resided mainly in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five distinct, regionally distributed, dietary patterns were identified, with rice-based patterns in the south and wheat-based patterns in the north-west. A rice-based pattern characterised by low energy consumption and dietary diversity ('Rice & low diversity') was consumed predominantly by adults with little formal education in rural settings, while a rice-based pattern with high fruit consumption ('Rice & fruit') was consumed by more educated adults in urban settings. Dietary patterns met WHO macronutrient recommendations, but some had low micronutrient contents. Dietary pattern membership was associated with several NCD risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five distinct dietary patterns were identified, supporting sub-national assessments of the implications of dietary patterns for various health, food system or environment outcomes.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Population Health,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine,London WC1E 7HT,UK.
authors.forename: Edward Jm
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0106-866X
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Joy
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Population Health,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine,London WC1E 7HT,UK.
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: 3Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi NCR,Institutional Area Gurgaon,India.
authors.forename: Sutapa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Population Health,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine,London WC1E 7HT,UK.
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aleksandrowicz
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Population Health,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine,London WC1E 7HT,UK.
authors.forename: Liza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine,London,UK.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinra
authors.affiliation: 5Public Health Nutrition Research Group,Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health,University of Aberdeen,Aberdeen,UK.
authors.forename: Jennie I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Macdiarmid
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Population Health,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine,London WC1E 7HT,UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Population Health,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine,London WC1E 7HT,UK.
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Dangour
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency; D008875:Middle Aged; D000073296:Noncommunicable Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D015995:Prevalence; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013851:Thinness / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014505:Urban Population; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Dietary patterns; Finite mixture modelling; Indian Migration Study; Micronutrient malnutrition; Non-communicable disease risk factors