title: Employees' drug purchases before and after organizational downsizing: a natural experiment on the Norwegian working population (2004-2012).
abstract: Objectives This study investigated the association between organizational downsizing and purchases of prescribed drugs by private sector employees in Norway. Methods A natural experiment was constructed using individual-level employer and employee data linked to the national prescription database for the period 2004-2012. The study population comprised 144 089 employees who had been exposed to major downsizing in the same period. Random effects logistic regression models were used to investigate relative changes in drug purchases (antidepressants, hypnotics/sedatives, anxiolytics, and anti-psychotics, as well as anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, cardiovascular, and thyroid drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and analgesics/antipyretics) in the five-year-period before and after exposure to downsizing. Results Compared with the situation three years before exposure, the odds ratios (OR) of purchasing psychotropic drugs one year after exposure increased for antidepressants (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.34-1.55), hypnotics/sedatives (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.29-1.49), anxiolytics (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.22-1.43), and antipsychotics (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.19-1.52). Similar associations were found for cardiovascular, anti-diabetic, and thyroid drugs. Stratified analyses showed that the odds of purchasing psychotropic, anti-diabetic, and cardiovascular drugs in the years around downsizing was more pronounced in men compared with women. Elevated odds were also found for employees in the oldest age group and those with less than tertiary education. Conclusions Exposure to organizational downsizing increased the odds of purchasing prescribed psychotropic, cardiovascular, anti-diabetic, and thyroid drugs. The clinical implications of these results might be systematic involvement from medical personnel and occupational health services in workforce reduction processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PB 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. SiljeLill.Kaspersen@sintef.no.
authors.forename: Silje L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kaspersen
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carlsen
authors.forename: Solveig Osborg
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Ose
authors.forename: Johan Håkon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bjorngaard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016272:Occupational Health; D020415:Personnel Downsizing; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents