title: Chemical composition and biological activities of Helicteres vegae and Heliopsis sinaloensis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicteres vegae Cristóbal (Sterculiaceae) (Hv) and Heliopsis sinaloensis B.L. Turner (Asteraceae) (Hs) are endangered and poorly studied plant species; related plants have been used against chronic-degenerative and infectious diseases. Therefore, Hv and Hs could be sources of bioactive compounds against these illnesses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the chemical composition and biological activities (antioxidant, antimutagenic and antimicrobial) of Hv and Hs leaves (L) and stems (S).
  
  
  METHODS
  Methanol extracts (ME) of each plant/tissue were evaluated for their phytochemicals; phenolics (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS); antioxidant activity (AA) (0.125-4 mg/mL) (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and β-carotene discoloration); antimutagenicity (0.5 and 1 mg/plate) (Ames assay, tester strain Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium YG1024, 1-nitropyrene as mutagen); activity against human pathogens (1 mg/mL); and toxicity (0.01-2 mg/mL) (Artemia salina assay).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All ME showed flavonoids and triterpenes/steroids. The ME-SHv had the highest content of total phenolics (TP) (2245.82 ± 21.45 mg GAE/100 g d.w.) and condensed tannins (603.71 ± 1.115 mg CE/100 g d.w.). The compounds identified were flavonoids (kaempferol 7-O-coumaroylhexoside, and two kaempferol 7-O-rhamnosylhexosides) and phenolics [rosmarinic acid, and 3'-O-(8″-Z-caffeoyl) rosmarinic acid]. The ME-LHs showed the highest content of flavonoids (357.88 mg RE/g d.w.) and phenolic acids (238.58 mg CAE/g d.w.) by HPLC. The ME-SHv showed the highest AA. All ME were strong antimutagens (63.3-85.7%). Only the Hs extracts were toxic (ME-LHs, LC50= 94.9 ± 1.7 μg/mL; ME-SHs, LC50= 89.03 ± 4.42 μg/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both Hv and Hs are potential sources of preventive and therapeutic agents against chronic-degenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa , Culiacan , Sinaloa , Mexico.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olivas-Quintero
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa , Culiacan , Sinaloa , Mexico.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: López-Angulo
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa , Culiacan , Sinaloa , Mexico.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montes-Avila
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa , Culiacan , Sinaloa , Mexico.
authors.forename: Sylvia Páz
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Díaz-Camacho
authors.affiliation: b School of Agronomy, Autonomous University of Sinaloa , Culiacan , Sinaloa , Mexico.
authors.forename: Rito
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vega-Aviña
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa , Culiacan , Sinaloa , Mexico.
authors.forename: José Ángel
authors.initials: JÁ
authors.lastname: López-Valenzuela
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa , Culiacan , Sinaloa , Mexico.
authors.forename: Nancy Yareli
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Salazar-Salas
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa , Culiacan , Sinaloa , Mexico.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Delgado-Vargas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D019660:Malvaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D000072257:Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D019207:beta Carotene; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Phenolics; antimicrobial; antimutagenic; antioxidant; electrospray ionization; flavonoids; liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; toxicity