title: DNA Replication Origins and Fork Progression at Mammalian Telomeres.
abstract: Telomeres are essential chromosomal regions that prevent critical shortening of linear chromosomes and genomic instability in eukaryotic cells. The bulk of telomeric DNA is replicated by semi-conservative DNA replication in the same way as the rest of the genome. However, recent findings revealed that replication of telomeric repeats is a potential cause of chromosomal instability, because DNA replication through telomeres is challenged by the repetitive telomeric sequences and specific structures that hamper the replication fork. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the mechanisms by which telomeres are faithfully and safely replicated in mammalian cells. Various telomere-associated proteins ensure efficient telomere replication at different steps, such as licensing of replication origins, passage of replication forks, proper fork restart after replication stress, and dissolution of post-replicative structures. In particular, shelterin proteins have central roles in the control of telomere replication. Through physical interactions, accessory proteins are recruited to maintain telomere integrity during DNA replication. Dormant replication origins and/or homology-directed repair may rescue inappropriate fork stalling or collapse that can cause defects in telomere structure and functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. 1ps11039n.mitsunorihiga@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mitsunori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. mfujita@phar.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. mfujita@phar.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
keywords: DNA replication; G-quadruplex; RecQ-like helicase; dormant origin; fragile telomere; genome integrity; replication fork barrier; shelterin; telomere