title: The effect of whole-brain radiation (WBI) and Karnofsky performance status (KPS) on survival of patients receiving stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for second brain metastatic event.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present study is to analyze prognostic factors affecting survival of patients receiving stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for second brain metastatic event (SBME) following initial treatment with whole brain irradiation (WBI), surgical resection, or previous SRS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 88 patients treated with SRS for SBME at Philadelphia CyberKnife between January 2006 and October 2013 were included in the study group. Cox proportional-hazards regression was used to identify prognostic factors that significantly impacted survival from the time of SRS for SBME. Independent variables considered in survival analysis included primary disease, first brain metastatic event (FBME) treatment type, age, gender, number of brain metastases at SBME, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), recursive partitioning analysis (RPA), and presence of extracranial metastasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median survival for all patients was 7.31 months. Log-rank comparison of Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed significant impact by Karnofsky performance status (p= 0.003), RPA class (p= 0.008), age (p= 0.014), and FBME treatment type (p= 0.010). Median survival was longer for patients who had not previously received WBI (14.7 months). Median survival was further increased in patients who had not received previous WBI and demonstrated KPS scores of 70-100 (19.5 months). Patients who received WBI prior to SBME treatment experienced a pronounced decrement in median survival (5.7 months), yet patients in this group who demonstrated strong KPS scores (80-100) experienced significantly increased survival (15.5 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcomes of SRS for SBME are most favorable for patients who have not received previous WBI or who have maintained higher performance status despite previous WBI.
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia CyberKnife, Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2010 W Chester Pike #1050, Havertown, 19083 PA USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia CyberKnife, Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2010 W Chester Pike #1050, Havertown, 19083 PA USA.|Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lanciano
authors.affiliation: Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heal
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia CyberKnife, Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2010 W Chester Pike #1050, Havertown, 19083 PA USA.|Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia CyberKnife, Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2010 W Chester Pike #1050, Havertown, 19083 PA USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia CyberKnife, Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2010 W Chester Pike #1050, Havertown, 19083 PA USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia CyberKnife, Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2010 W Chester Pike #1050, Havertown, 19083 PA USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buonocore
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia CyberKnife, Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2010 W Chester Pike #1050, Havertown, 19083 PA USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okpaku
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia CyberKnife, Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2010 W Chester Pike #1050, Havertown, 19083 PA USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia CyberKnife, Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2010 W Chester Pike #1050, Havertown, 19083 PA USA.|Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arrigo
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia CyberKnife, Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2010 W Chester Pike #1050, Havertown, 19083 PA USA.|Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lamond
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia CyberKnife, Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2010 W Chester Pike #1050, Havertown, 19083 PA USA.|Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brady
keywords: Brain metastasis; CyberKnife; Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS); Whole brain irradiation (WBI)