title: Deep eutectic solvent based gas-assisted dispersive liquid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection for the determination of some pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable samples.
abstract: In this study, a gas-assisted dispersive liquid-phase microextraction method using a deep eutectic solvent as the extraction solvent combined with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection was developed for the extraction and determination of some pesticide residues in vegetable and fruit juice samples. In this method, choline chloride and 4-chlorophenol at a molar ratio of 1:2 were mixed. By heating and vortexing, a clear, water-immiscible, and homogeneous liquid was formed. The obtained deep eutectic solvent was added to an aqueous solution of the analytes in a conical test tube. Air was bubbled into the aqueous solution and a cloudy solution was obtained. During this step, the analytes were extracted into the fine droplets of the extraction solvent. After centrifugation, an aliquot of the settled phase was injected into the separation system. Under the optimum extraction conditions, enrichment factors, and extraction recoveries were obtained in the ranges of 247-355 and 49-71%, respectively. The obtained values for the limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.24-1.4 and 0.71-4.2 μg/L, respectively. The proposed method is simple, fast, efficient, and inexpensive.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.|Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mir Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farajzadeh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sattari Dabbagh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Adeleh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yadeghari
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005410:Flame Ionization; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D012997:Solvents; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012997:Solvents
keywords: fruit; gas chromatography; microextraction; pesticides; vegetables