title: Dietary intake and adipose tissue content of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and subsequent 5-y change in body weight and waist circumference.
abstract: Background:Adding long-chain n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to a rodent diet reduces fat mass and prevents the development of obesity, but evidence of a similar effect in humans is rather limited.Objectives:We investigated the associations between dietary intake and adipose tissue content of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and subsequent 5-y change in body weight and waist circumference in humans. Effect modification by the carbohydrate:protein ratio and glycemic index was also investigated.Design:A total of 29,152 participants included in the Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort were followed. Dietary intake was assessed with the use of a validated 192-item semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Adipose tissue content of fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography in a random sample of the cohort (n= 1660). Anthropometric measurements were taken at baseline and 5 y later. Associations were investigated with the use of a linear regression model.Results:For high (1.22 g/d) compared with low (0.28 g/d) total n-3 PUFA intake, the difference in 5-y weight change was 147.6 g (95% CI: -42.3, 337.5 g);P-trend = 0.088. No associations between the individual n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid were observed. Intake of n-3 PUFAs was not associated with a 5-y change in waist circumference. For high (0.16%) compared with low (0.06%) adipose tissue content of EPA, the difference in 5-y weight change was -649.6 g (95% CI: -1254.2, -44.9 g);P-trend = 0.027. No associations between total n-3 PUFA, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid and 5-y weight change were observed. Adipose tissue content of n-3 PUFAs was not associated with 5-y change in waist circumference. No effect modification by carbohydrate:protein ratio or glycemic index was found.Conclusion:Dietary intake and adipose tissue content of long-chain n-3 PUFAs were neither consistently nor appreciably associated with change in body weight or waist circumference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; muj@ph.au.dk.
authors.forename: Marianne U
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6518-4136
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Flemming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Skjøth
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospitals-a part of Copenhagen University Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tina L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Berentzen
authors.affiliation: The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; and.
authors.forename: Jytte
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halkjær
authors.affiliation: The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; and.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and.
authors.forename: Erik B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospitals-a part of Copenhagen University Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thorkild Ia
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.|Department of Cardiology and.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004041:Dietary Fats; D002149:Energy Intake; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3
keywords: adipose tissue; carbohydrates; cohort study; dietary intake; follow-up study; obesity; omega-3 fatty acids; proteins