title: The Acute Impact of Smoking One Cigarette on Cardiac Hemodynamic Parameters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The acute impact of tobacco smoking on the cardiac hemodynamic parameters and its pathological implication in the process of arterial atherosclerosis need further exploration. This investigation was purposed to assess the acute impact of tobacco smoke on blood pressure and cardiac hemodynamic parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor, and DINAMAP Pro 400 Series V2 blood pressure monitor, several cardiac hemodynamic parameters and the blood pressure were assessed in 14 smokers, 11 females and 3 males, at 2 time points, before and after smoking of one cigarette. Data, in terms of ratio of the means and 95% confidence interval were analyzed using ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single-subject design in which the subject has served as his/her own control has been used. Tobacco smoking led to statistically significant acute increase in the means of all hemodynamic parameters, except for heart rate in female subjects, as compared to the means obtained before smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking induces acute non-physiologic alteration in cardiac outflow forces, exposing the aortic valve and arch to mechanical injury that might be implicated in initiating and promoting the process of aortic arch atherosclerosis and associated pathological lesions.
authors.affiliation: PRA-International, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Khalid Abou
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Farha
authors.affiliation: Dr. Nassau College, Grammar School, Assen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ramy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: AbouFarha
authors.affiliation: PRA-International, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bolt
keywords: Cardiac hemodynamic parameters; Cigarette; Smoking