title: Text message intervention improves objective sleep hours among adolescents: the moderating role of race-ethnicity.
abstract: This 10-day study aimed to (1) assess the effectiveness of a text message-based sleep intervention and (2) determine whether the intervention was equally effective for non-Hispanic whites and racial-ethnic minority adolescents.
  
  
  
  Participants were 46 (50% female) adolescents (13-18 years; mean=15.75 years old, SD=0.98) from a public high school in the Midwest.
  
  
  
  Participants were randomly assigned to a control or text message intervention condition. Only participants in the intervention condition received 2 text messages outlining individualized bedtime goals daily, for 8 weekdays.
  
  
  
  All participants attended a sleep lecture, wore a sleep monitor, and completed baseline and exit surveys that assessed demographics, subjective sleep, lifestyle, and psychosocial adjustment variables.
  
  
  
  Results of a 2 (intervention, control) × 2 (pre-intervention, postintervention) analysis of variance test revealed no significant intervention × time interaction effect (F1,38=0.020, P=.889) in the full sample. This effect, however, was significantly moderated by race-ethnicity: Results indicated a significant intervention × time × race interaction (F1,36=8.050, P=.007, partial η2=.183) such that the intervention significantly improved sleep hours (by approximately 1 hour) only among non-Hispanic whites (and not among adolescents of racial-ethnic minority status).
  
  
  
  Adolescents from racial-ethnic minority groups may face significant barriers that interfere with their ability to successfully alter their sleep-wake patterns and maximize sleep hours.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, School of Education and Social Policy, 2120 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL, 60208, U.S.A.. Electronic address: rtavernier@wesleyan.edu.
authors.forename: Royette
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tavernier
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.lastname: Kelter
authors.forename: Leon
authors.lastname: Sasson
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, School of Education and Social Policy, 2120 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL, 60208, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Emma K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012890:Sleep; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D060145:Text Messaging; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Adolescent adjustment; Racial disparities; Text message sleep intervention