title: Income Differences in Smoking Prevalences in 245 Districts of South Korea: Patterns by Area Deprivation and Urbanity, 2008-2014.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to measure income differences in smoking prevalence at the district level and to investigate correlations among area deprivation, smoking prevalence, and income differences in smoking prevalence, stratified by urbanity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were pooled from the Community Health Survey data of South Korea between 2008 and 2014. The age-standardized prevalence of smoking and its interquintile income differences were calculated. We conducted correlation analyses to investigate the association of the deprivation index with smoking prevalence and interquintile differences in smoking prevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across 245 districts, the median prevalence of smoking in men was 45.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43.4 to 48.5%), with an interquartile range (IQR) of 4.6% points. In women, the median prevalence was 3.0% (95% CI, 2.4 to 3.6%) and IQR was 1.6% points. The median interquintile difference in smoking prevalence was 7.4% points (95% CI, 1.6 to 13.2% points) in men and 2.7% points (95% CI, 0.5 to 4.9% points) in women. The correlation coefficients for the association between the deprivation index and smoking prevalence was 0.58, 0.15, -0.22 in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas, respectively, among men, and 0.54, -0.33, -0.43 among women. No meaningful correlation was found between area deprivation and interquintile difference in smoking prevalence. The correlation between smoking prevalence and interquintile difference in smoking prevalence was more evident in women than in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence of geographical variations in smoking prevalence and interquintile difference in smoking prevalence. Neither smoking prevalence nor the deprivation index was closely correlated with interquintile income difference in smoking prevalence. Measuring inequalities in smoking prevalence is crucial to developing policies aimed at reducing inequalities in smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ikhan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6428-4159
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institue of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Jinwook
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7715-9955
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bahk
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Ho
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4984-0778
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Cheol
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8503-109X
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Institue of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ho
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9585-8266
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Khang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: Geography; Income; Korea; Smoking; Socioeconomic factors