title: Gene methylation parallelisms between peripheral blood cells and oral mucosa samples in relation to overweight.
abstract: Epigenetics has an important role in the regulation of metabolic adaptation to environmental modifications. In this sense, the determination of epigenetic changes in non-invasive samples during the development of metabolic diseases could play an important role in the procedures in primary healthcare practice. To help translate the knowledge of epigenetics to public health practice, the present study aims to explore the parallelism of methylation levels between white blood cells and buccal samples in relation to obesity and associated disorders. Blood and buccal swap samples were collected from a subsample of the Spanish cohort of the Food4Me study. Infinium HumanMethylation450 DNA Analysis was carried out for the determination of methylation levels. Standard deviation for β values method and concordance correlation analysis were used to select those CpG which showed best parallelism between samples. A total of 277 CpGs met the criteria and were selected for an enrichment analysis and a correlation analysis with anthropometrical and clinical parameters. From those selected CpGs, four presented high associations with BMI (cg01055691 in GAP43; r = -0.92 and rho = -0.84 for blood; r = -0.89 and rho = -0.83 for buccal sample), HOMA-IR (cg00095677 in ATP2A3; r = 0.82 and rho = -0.84 for blood; r = -0.8 and rho = -0.83 for buccal sample) and leptin (cg14464133 in ADARB2; r = -0.9182 and rho = -0.94 for blood; r = -0.893 and rho = -0.79 for buccal sample). These findings demonstrate the potential application of non-invasive buccal samples in the identification of surrogate epigenetic biomarkers and identify methylation sites in GAP43, ATP2A3 and ADARB2 genes as potential targets in relation to overweight management and insulin sensibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. rsan.1@alumni.unav.es.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-6553
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: San-Cristobal
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Navas-Carretero
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Fermín I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Milagro
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: J Ignacio
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Riezu-Boj
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.|Unit of Proteomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guruceaga
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Celis-Morales
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
authors.affiliation: ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty on Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Iwonna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Traczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Eileen R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mathers
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.|Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados, IMDEA-Alimentación, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J Alfredo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D050177:Overweight / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
keywords: Methylation; Mirror tissues; Obesity; Parallelism; Surrogate tissues