title: Bottlenecks in the development of topical analgesics: molecule, formulation, dose-finding, and phase III design.
abstract: Topical analgesics can be defined as topical formulations containing analgesics or co-analgesics. Since 2000, interest in such formulations has been on the rise. There are, however, four critical issues in the research and development phases of topical analgesics: 1) The selection of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Analgesics and co-analgesics differ greatly in their mechanism of action, and it is required to find the most optimal fit between such mechanisms of action and the pathogenesis of the targeted (neuropathic) pain. 2) Issues concerning the optimized formulation. For relevant clinical efficacy, specific characteristics for the selected vehicle (eg, cream base or gel base) are required, depending on the physicochemical characteristics of the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) to be delivered. 3) Well-designed phase II dose-finding studies are required, and, unfortunately, such trials are missing. In fact, we will demonstrate that underdosing is one of the major hurdles to detect meaningful and statistically relevant clinical effects of topical analgesics. 4) Selection of clinical end points and innovatively designed phase III trials. End point selection can make or break a trial. For instance, to include numbness together with tingling as a composite end point for neuropathic pain seems stretching the therapeutic impact of an analgesic too far. Given the fast onset of action of topical analgesics (usually within 30 minutes), enrichment designs might enhance the chances for success, as the placebo response might decrease. Topical analgesics may become promising inroads for the treatment of neuropathic pain, once sufficient attention is given to these four key aspects.
authors.affiliation: Institute Neuropathic Pain, Bosch en Duin, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Keppel Hesselink
authors.affiliation: Institute Neuropathic Pain, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kopsky
authors.affiliation: University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stahl
keywords: amitriptyline; analgesics; baclofen; cream; dose-finding; enrichment; formulation; gel; ketamine; topical