title: PROPOFOL AS AN IMMERSION ANESTHETIC AND IN A MINIMUM ANESTHETIC CONCENTRATION (MAC) REDUCTION MODEL IN GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS).
abstract: Propofol is a novel immersion anesthetic in goldfish ( Carassius auratus ). Objectives were to characterize propofol as an anesthetic and assess its suitability in a minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) reduction model. Using a crossover design, eight goldfish were submerged in 1, 5, or 10 mg/L propofol. Data included induction time, recovery time, heart rate, opercular rate, and response to supramaximal stimulation. Baseline MAC (Dixon's up-and-down method) was determined, and 15 fish were anesthetized with propofol on 4 consecutive days with MAC determination on the fifth day, weekly, for 1 mo. Using a crossover design, MAC of propofol (n = 15) was determined 1 hr following administration of i.m. butorphanol 0.05, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, dexmedetomidine 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg/kg, ketoprofen 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg, morphine 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg, or saline 1 ml/kg. Comparisons were performed with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (P < 0.05) and Tango's score confidence interval. Propofol at 1 mg/L did not produce anesthesia. Induction time with 10 mg/L (112, 84-166 s) was faster than 5 mg/L (233, 150-289 s; P = 0.0078). Heart and opercular rates for 5 and 10 mg/L were 36 (24-72) beats/min, 58 (44-68) operculations/min and 39 (20-48) beats/min, 57 (48-80) operculations/min, respectively. Recovery time was 249 (143-396) s and 299 (117-886) s with 5 and 10 mg/L, respectively. Response to supramaximal stimulation was not significantly different with 5 mg/L (1/8) compared with 10 mg/L (0/8). Baseline and weekly MAC following daily exposure was 8.4 and 9.0, 8.1, 8.1, and 8.7 mg/L, respectively. MAC reduction was no more than 8% following any drug or dosage. Propofol at 5 and 10 mg/L produced anesthesia, and anesthetic needs were similar following repeated exposure. Propofol was not suitable to test MAC reduction in goldfish in this study.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Balko
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lewbart
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Gaines
authors.forename: Lysa P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Posner
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006054:Goldfish; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol
keywords: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Carassius auratus; Goldfish; Propofol