title: Highlights on immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: The treatment of advanced or refractory non-small cell lung cancer has been historically difficult owing to the lack of studies on effective systemic cure. The progress in lung cancer treatment has plateaued, necessitating new options for additional benefits. Immune checkpoint proteins are co-inhibitory factors that can diminish the antigen-specific immune responses by attenuating the regulatory role of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, programmed cell death-1, lymphocyte-activation gene 3, and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3. The therapeutic strategies targeting immune checkpoints mainly focus on the monoclonal antibody of these regulatory factors, which may facilitate clinical decision making. An enhanced understanding of the drug-resistance mechanisms and the therapeutic efficacy regulation will provide opportunities to improve the clinical outcomes of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Preclinical and clinical trials on these key immune-regulatory agents, which has heralded a new era in immuno-oncology in non-small cell lung cancer treatment, are currently in development.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.|2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.|3 Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: 2 National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.|3 Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.|4 Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xiubao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000639:trends; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000276:immunology*; D000093322:Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015703:Antigens, CD; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D000093322:Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein; C000720326:Lag3 protein, human
keywords: Non–small cell lung cancer; cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4; immune checkpoint; programmed cell death ligand-1; programmed cell death-1; tumor immunotherapy