title: Latent infection of human bocavirus accompanied by flare of chronic cough, fatigue and episodes of viral replication in an immunocompetent adult patient, Cologne, Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus and is associated with mild to life-threatening acute or persisting respiratory infections, frequently accompanied by further pathogens. So far, there is limited knowledge on the mechanisms of persistence, and no reports on chronic infections or latency have been published so far.
  
  
  METHODS
  An immunocompetent male patient suffers from a chronic HBoV1 infection, i.e. viral DNA was detected in both serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for >5 months without co-infections and with respiratory symptoms resolved spontaneously while receiving symptomatic treatment with montelukast and corticosteroids. Following the symptomatic medication of a chronic infection with HBoV1 viraemia indicating active viral replication lasting over 5 months, the patient cleared the viraemia and no further viral DNA was detectable in the BAL. However, by fluorescencein situhybridization analyses of mucosal biopsies, it was shown that the virus genome still persisted in the absence of viral shedding but in a more compact manner possibly representing a supercoiled episomal form of this otherwise linear single-stranded DNA genome. This indicated the entry into a latency phase. Moreover, the cytokine profile and the IP-10/TARC ratio, a marker for fibrotization, seem to have been altered by HBoV1 replication. Although specific IgG antibodies were detectable during the whole observation period, they showed an apparently insufficient neutralising activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the one hand, these findings suggest that the symptomatic medication may have led to clearance of the virus from blood and airways and, moreover, that the viral DNA persists in the tissue as an altered episomal form favoured by lacking neutralising antibodies. This appears to be important in order to reduce possible long-term effects such as lung fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pneumology, Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Windisch
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke mit Sitz in Köln, Cologne , Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.affiliation: Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ziemele
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Immunologische Ambulanz , Bonn , Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rockstroh
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke mit Sitz in Köln, Cologne , Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brockmann
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke mit Sitz in Köln, Cologne , Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schildgen
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke mit Sitz in Köln, Cologne , Germany.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schildgen
keywords: chronic cough; chronic persistence; human bocavirus