title: Effect of germination on chemical, functional and nutritional characteristics of wheat, brown rice and triticale: a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Germination is accompanied by various metabolic reactions in the seed, which lead to alteration of its chemical composition as compared to raw seed. Among the micromolecules, amino acids play an important role in various growth and metabolic activities in seeds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that germination altered seeds' chemical composition, which improved/changed the functional properties investigated such as bulk density, foaming capacity, water holding capacity, oil binding capacity and emulsification properties. Essential amino acids were increased during germination, which contributed in enhancing the nutritional quality of protein in seeds. Germination also improved protein-based quality parameters such as essential amino acid index, biological value, protein efficiency ratio and nutritional index in seeds of brown rice, wheat and triticale. Among the grains, the essential amino acid index of brown rice was reported to be highest after germination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indispensable/essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, phenylalanine and valine showed a significant increase during germination. As a result, amino acid scoring based on the reference pattern of an FAO Expert Consultation Report (2013) for infants and adults was appreciably improved after germination along with an increase in the essential amino acid indices for brown rice (78.78), wheat (76.55) and triticale (73.99). © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Mandeep S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sibian
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Dharmesh C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Charanjit S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5175-6452
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Riar
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000032:analysis; D018525:Germination; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development*; D000066889:Triticale / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004043:Dietary Fiber
keywords: EAAI; amino acid score; functional properties; germination; protein efficiency ratio; protein quality