title: Clinical, Neurocognitive, Structural Imaging and Dermatogliphics in Schizophrenia According to Kraepelin Criteria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A century ago, Kraepelin stated that the distinctive feature of schizophrenia was progressive deterioration. Kraepelin criteria for schizophrenia are: (1) continuous hospitalization or complete dependence on others for obtaining basic necessities of life, (2) unemployment and (3) no remission for the past five years. We aimed to determine the clinical appearance and structural biological features of Kraepelinian schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 17 Kraepelinian patients, 30 non-Kraepelinian schizophrenic patients and 43 healthy controls. The Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales (PANSS) were used for clinical assessment. The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and the Verbal Fluency and Color Trail Test (CTT) were included in the cognitive battery. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and dermatoglyphic measurements were performed for structural features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration of illness, hospitalization, suicide attempts, admission type, presence of a stressor and treatment choice were similar between the two patient groups. Treatment resistance and family history of schizophrenia were more common in Kraepelinian patients. PANSS and CGI subscales scores were also higher in this group. Only the category fluency and CTT-I were different in Kraepelinian patients in comparison to the other patient group. Structural findings were not different between the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Category fluency, which was lower in Kraepelinian patients, is an important marker of a degenerative process. The collection of severe clinical symptoms, family history of psychiatric illness and nonresponse to treatment in this particular group of patients points to the need to conduct further studies including cluster analysis in methodology.
authors.affiliation: Karadeniz Technical University Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry Clinic, Trabzon, Turkey; Erenköy Education and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hüseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Güleç
authors.affiliation: Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry Clinic, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Semra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulusoy Kaymak
authors.affiliation: Karadeniz Technical University Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry Clinic, Trabzon, Turkey; Erenköy Education and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bilici
authors.affiliation: Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Engeneering, Electric Electronics Engeneering, Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gangal
authors.affiliation: Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Engeneering, Electric Electronics Engeneering, Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Temel
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kayikç Ioğlu
authors.affiliation: Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Radiology, Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sari
authors.affiliation: Çukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Üner
authors.initials: Ü
authors.lastname: Tan
keywords: Kraepelin; cognitive functions; dermatogliphic; magnetic resonance imaging; schizophrenia