title: Benzophenone-type UV filters in surface waters: An assessment of profiles and ecological risks in Shanghai, China.
abstract: Benzophenone-type UV filters (BP-UV filters) are frequently introduced into aquatic environment from several sources. The occurrence and fate of select BP-UV filters and their metabolites were investigated in this study. All target compounds were detected in water samples, except for 2, 3, 4-trihydroxybenzophenone (2, 3, 4-OH-BP). The concentration reached up 131ngL-1for 5-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-ethoxybenzenesulfonic acid (BP-4), 30.0ngL-1for 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3), and mean value of 158ngL-1for benzophenone (BP). Concentrations of BP-UV filters were not related to recreational waters but with high population frequencies. In addition, five BP-UV filters, namely 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP-2), 2,3,4-OH-BP, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP) and BP were investigated for probable sources, and found that they originate from BP-3 metabolism. There is a similar source for BP-3, BP-4, BP-1, 4-OH-BP and BP. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) showed that risk quotients (RQs) of BP-4, BP-3 and BP were 2.7, 0.8 and 0.5, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
authors.forename: Ming-Hong
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
authors.forename: Deng-Guo
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China. Electronic address: xugang@shu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
authors.forename: Wen-Long
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China. Electronic address: tang1liang@shu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D001577:Benzophenones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002681:China; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004463:Ecology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: BP-UV filters; Environmental risk assessment; Metabolites; Point sources