title: Association between polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory markers in patients in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the association between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and inflammatory biomarkers among patients in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional substudy from BALANCE Program Trial, we have collected data from 364 patients with established CVD. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls and plasma FA concentrations were analyzed to estimate the FA intake. Inflammatory biomarkers measurement consisted of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor-α. After log-transformation of inflammatory biomarkers, multivariate-adjusted general linear model was used to examine the effect of FA intake. The association was adjusted for body mass index, waist circumference, energy, smoking status, age, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, physical activity, and calcium channel blockers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PUFAs were inversely associated with C-reactive protein levels (P = 0.006) and with IL-1 β. The increase of 1 g/1000 kcal in PUFAs, omega-3, and omega-6 reduces, on average, 6%, 48%, and 8% respectively, the mean concentration of IL-1 β.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Omega-3 and omega-6 FA intakes are inversely associated with inflammatory biomarkers among CVD patients. Additional studies on omega-3 and omega-6 intake in relation to inflammatory biomarkers in patients in secondary prevention of CVD are needed, particularly regarding dietary patterns that are rich in some sources of PUFA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Institute, Hospital do Coracção (IP-HCor), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ângela Cristine
authors.initials: ÂC
authors.lastname: Bersch-Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geni Rodrigues
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcella Omena
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Gehringer
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Beatriz
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ross-Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Nutrition at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaqueline Lopes
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Daniel
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Magnoni
authors.affiliation: Research Institute, Hospital do Coracção (IP-HCor), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bernardete
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: mmrogero@usp.br.
authors.forename: Marcelo Macedo
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rogero
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Inflammation: Secondary prevention; Omega-3; Polyunsaturated fatty acid