title: History of traumatic brain injury in prison populations: A systematic review.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to cognitive, behavioural and social impairments. The relationship between criminality and a history of TBI has been addressed on several occasions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to present an update on current knowledge concerning the existence of a history of TBI in prison populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched for relevant papers, using the PRISMA guidelines. We selected papers describing TBI prevalence among incarcerated individuals and some that also discussed the validity of such studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three papers were selected. The majority of the papers were on prison populations in Australia (3/33), Europe (5/33) and the USA (22/33). The selected studies found prevalence rates of the history of TBI ranging from 9.7% and 100%, with an average of 46% (calculated on a total population of 9342). However, the level of evidence provided by the literature was poor according to the French national health authority scale. The majority of the prisoners were males with an average age of 37. In most of the papers (25/33), prevalence was evaluated using a questionnaire. The influence of TBI severity on criminality could not be analysed because of a lack of data in the majority of papers. Twelve papers mentioned that several comorbidities (mental health problems, use of alcohol…) were frequently found among prisoners with a history of TBI. Two papers established the validity of the use of questionnaires to screen for a history of TBI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirmed the high prevalence of a history of TBI in prison populations. However, they do not allow conclusions to be drawn about a possible link between criminality and TBI. Specific surveys need to be performed to study this issue. The authors suggest ways of improving the screening and healthcare made available to these patients.
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR 7371, Inserm UMR S 1146, Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging (LIB), Sorbonne University, UPMC University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; GRC-UPMC n(o) 18 Cognitive Handicap and Rehabilitation HanCRe, 75013 Paris, France. Electronic address: ericjeandurand@gmail.com.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR 7371, Inserm UMR S 1146, Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging (LIB), Sorbonne University, UPMC University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; GRC-UPMC n(o) 18 Cognitive Handicap and Rehabilitation HanCRe, 75013 Paris, France; Rehabilitation Unit for acquired neurological pathologies in children, Saint-Maurice Hospital, 94410 Saint-Maurice, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chevignard
authors.affiliation: Physical medicine and rehabilitation unit, Caen University Hospital, 14000 Caen, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruet
authors.affiliation: General Medicine Intern, 75012 Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dereix
authors.affiliation: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Raymond-Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, 92380 Garches, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jourdan
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR 7371, Inserm UMR S 1146, Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging (LIB), Sorbonne University, UPMC University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; GRC-UPMC n(o) 18 Cognitive Handicap and Rehabilitation HanCRe, 75013 Paris, France; Paris Resource Centre for Traumatic Brain Injury, Paris, France; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles-Foix University Hospital, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pradat-Diehl
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003415:Crime; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Epilepsy; Neuropsychology; Prison; Prisoner; Traumatic brain injury