title: Nanostructure Introduces Artifacts in Quantitative Immunofluorescence by Influencing Fluorophore Intensity.
abstract: Quantitative analysis of fluorescence signals from cells reacted with fluorescently labeled probes is a widely-used method for assessing cell biology. This method has become especially powerful for screening novel nanostructured materials for their influence on cell behavior. However, the effect of nanostructured surface on fluorescence intensity has largely been ignored, which likely leads to erroneous conclusions about cell behavior. This paper investigates this possibility by using fibroblasts cultured on nanoporous gold (np-Au) as a model nanostructured material system. We found that fibroblasts stained for f-actin using phalloidin conjugated with common fluorophores display different levels of fluorescence on np-Au, planar gold, and glass, suggesting different levels of f-actin composition. However, direct quantification via western blots indicates that the actin expression is the same across all conditions. We further investigated whether the fluorescence intensity depended on np-Au feature size, complementing the findings with reflection dark field measurements from different np-Au surfaces. Overall, our experimental measurements in agreement with our electrodynamic simulations suggest that nanostructured surfaces alter the fluorescence intensity of fluorophores by modulating both the excitation and light emission processes. We conclude that comparison of fluorescence on materials with different nanostructures should be done with a quantification method decoupled from the nanostructure's influence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher A R
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California - Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
authors.forename: Xiangchao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California - Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmet A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Yanik
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lein
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. eseker@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Erkin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seker
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes