title: Metabolism of Ibuprofen by Phragmites australis: Uptake and Phytodegradation.
abstract: This study explores ibuprofen (IBP) uptake and transformation in the wetland plant species Phragmites australis and the underlying mechanisms. We grew P. australis in perlite under greenhouse conditions and treated plants with 60 μg/L of IBP. Roots and rhizomes (RR), stems and leaves (SL), and liquid samples were collected during 21 days of exposure. Results show that P. australis can take up, translocate, and degrade IBP. IBP was completely removed from the liquid medium after 21 days with a half-life of 2.1 days. IBP accumulated in RR and was partly translocated to SL. Meanwhile, four intermediates were detected in the plant tissues: hydroxy-IBP, 1,2-dihydroxy-IBP, carboxy-IBP and glucopyranosyloxy-hydroxy-IBP. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase was involved in the production of the two hydroxy intermediates. We hypothesize that transformation of IBP was first catalyzed by P450, and then by glycosyltransferase, followed by further storage or metabolism in vacuoles or cell walls. No significant phytotoxicity was observed based on relative growth of plants and stress enzyme activities. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that P. australis degrades IBP from water and is therefore a suitable species for application in constructed wetlands to clean wastewater effluents containing IBP and possibly also other micropollutants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yujie
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0311-0128
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alette A M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9622-007X
authors.initials: AAM
authors.lastname: Langenhoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nora B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Huub H M
authors.initials: HHM
authors.lastname: Rijnaarts
authors.affiliation: RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research , P.O. Box 2306, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marco H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Blokland
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Feiran
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3843-6593
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schröder
mesh_terms: D006207:Half-Life; D007052:Ibuprofen; D006109:Poaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D062065:Wastewater; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D007052:Ibuprofen; D062065:Wastewater