title: Gonad-related factors promote muscle performance gain during postnatal development in male and female mice.
abstract: To better define the role of male and female gonad-related factors (MGRF, presumably testosterone, and FGRF, presumably estradiol, respectively) on mouse hindlimb skeletal muscle contractile performance/function gain during postnatal development, we analyzed the effect of castration initiated before puberty in male and female mice. We found that muscle absolute and specific (normalized to muscle weight) maximal forces were decreased in 6-mo-old male and female castrated mice compared with age- and sex-matched intact mice, without alteration in neuromuscular transmission. Moreover, castration decreased absolute and specific maximal powers, another important aspect of muscle performance, in 6-mo-old males, but not in females. Absolute maximal force was similarly reduced by castration in 3-mo-old muscle fiber androgen receptor (AR)-deficient and wild-type male mice, indicating that the effect of MGRF was muscle fiber AR independent. Castration reduced the muscle weight gain in 3-mo mice of both sexes and in 6-mo females but not in males. We also found that bone morphogenetic protein signaling through Smad1/5/9 was not altered by castration in atrophic muscle of 3-mo-old mice of both sexes. Moreover, castration decreased the sexual dimorphism regarding muscle performance. Together, these results demonstrated that in the long term, MGRF and FGRF promote muscle performance gain in mice during postnatal development, independently of muscle growth in males, largely via improving muscle contractile quality (force and power normalized), and that MGFR and FGRF also contribute to sexual dimorphism. However, the mechanisms underlying MGFR and FGRF actions remain to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104/INSERM U964, Illkirch, France.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ueberschlag-Pitiot
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Myology Research Center, UM76 and INSERM U974 and CNRS FRE 3617 and Institut de Myologie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stantzou
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Myology Research Center, UM76 and INSERM U974 and CNRS FRE 3617 and Institut de Myologie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Messéant
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Myology Research Center, UM76 and INSERM U974 and CNRS FRE 3617 and Institut de Myologie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Megane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lemaitre
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Myology Research Center, UM76 and INSERM U974 and CNRS FRE 3617 and Institut de Myologie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche Biomédicale et D'épidemiologie du Sport, EA 7329, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.|Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; and.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Noirez
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Myology Research Center, UM76 and INSERM U974 and CNRS FRE 3617 and Institut de Myologie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR CNRS 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Onnik
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Agbulut
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104/INSERM U964, Illkirch, France.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Myology Research Center, UM76 and INSERM U974 and CNRS FRE 3617 and Institut de Myologie, Paris, France; arnaud.ferry@upmc.fr.|Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; and.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferry
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones
keywords: androgen deficiency; estrogen deficiency; maximal force; maximal power; muscle contractile quality; muscle fiber androgen receptor; postnatal development; skeletal muscle