title: Role of Allopurinol in Optimizing Thiopurine Therapy in Patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Review.
abstract: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic immune mediated liver disease characterized by elevated transaminases, hyper gammaglobulinemia, presence of autoantibodies and interface hepatitis in the absence of a known etiology of liver disease. Thiopurines (azathioprine [AZA]/6-mercaptopurine [6MP]) and steroids remain the first line of treatment of AIH in both children and adults. However, a small proportion of AIH patients are either non-responders or develop side effects with AZA. The metabolism of AZA is complex and mediated by multiple enzymes. After absorption and getting converted to 6MP, it is converted to 6-thiouric acid, 6-methyl mercaptopurine (6MMP) and 6-thioguanine (6TG) by different enzymes. Elevated 6MMP levels are associated with hepatotoxicity and also poor efficacy due to simultaneous lower levels of 6TG, which is the active drug metabolite related to both efficacy and myelosuppression. Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor shifts the metabolism of AZA away from 6MMP toward 6TG. This combination of allopurinol with reduced dose of AZA is an alternative to more expensive and toxic second line therapy to induce remission in patients with AIH. This article discusses the mechanism of action of allopurinol in inducing response to AZA, reviews the published literature on this combination therapy and gives guidelines on the use of allopurinol in patients with AIH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, PGIMER and Dr RML Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Shivani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deswal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India.
authors.forename: Anshu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
keywords: 6-MTIMP, 6-methyl thioinosine monophosphate; 6MMP, 6-methyl mercaptopurine; 6MP, 6-mercaptopurine; 6TG, 6-thioguanine; AIH, autoimmune hepatitis; ANA, antinuclear antibody; AZA, azathioprine; HGPRT, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IgG, immunoglobulin G; LC, liver cytosol; LKM, liver kidney microsomal; PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; SMA, smooth muscle antibody; TIMP, thioinosine monophosphate; TPMT, thiopurine methyltransferase; XO, xanthine oxidase; allopurinol; autoimmune hepatitis; azathioprine; hepatotoxicity; overlap syndrome