title: Sonographic evaluation of renovascular hypertension in the pediatric population: State-of-the-art.
abstract: Hypertension in children affects 2-5% of the pediatric population. Identifying secondary causes of hypertension is crucial, as some of these entities may be treatable. Renovascular hypertension accounts for 5-10% of the secondary causes of hypertension in children and is mainly related to fibromuscular dysplasia and neurofibromatosis type 1. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the kidneys, including Doppler interrogation, is the recommended primary screening tool. A comprehensive study of the upper abdomen and retroperitoneum allows for identification of additional underlying etiologies. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the different causes of renovascular hypertension in children one can diagnose during the initial ultrasonographic evaluation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:282-292, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rambam Health Care Center, 38 Haag Str, Haifa, Israel.|Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Anat
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7770-4194
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ilivitzki
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rambam Health Care Center, 38 Haag Str, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Luda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Glozman
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rambam Health Care Center, 38 Haag Str, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lopez Alfonso
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rambam Health Care Center, 38 Haag Str, Haifa, Israel.|Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Amos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ofer
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rambam Health Care Center, 38 Haag Str, Haifa, Israel.|Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Nira
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beck Razi
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.|Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rotman Shapira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006978:Hypertension, Renovascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Doppler; pediatric; renovascular hypertension; ultrasound