title: Effect of filtration mode and backwash water on hydraulically irreversible fouling of ultrafiltration membrane.
abstract: To investigate the effect of filtration mode and backwash water on ultrafiltration (UF) membrane performance, total fouling index (TFI) and hydraulic irreversible fouling index (HIFI) for constant pressure (CP) filtration and constant flux (CF) filtration were compared. Kaolin, humic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (SA) solutions were used as feed solutions, and then the fouled membranes were backwashed with UF permeate or ultrapure water. Results showed that when the kaolin solution was filtrated, the filtration mode had a limited effect on the membrane fouling, and low TFI and HIFI were observed. When HA and SA solutions were filtrated, the TFI of UF under CP mode was comparable to or slightly higher than that under CF mode. Higher TFI was observed at a hydrophobic membrane, a high filtration strength, a high feed concentration, a low pH, a high ionic strength, and a low Ca2+concentration. When the UF permeate was used as the backwash water, the HIFI for the UF operated under CF mode was significantly less than that under CP mode. Low irreversible fouling was obtained when the ultrapure water was used for backwashing, and the HIFI for the UF under different filtration modes was almost identical.
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, No. 2 Section 2 Chuanda Road, Chengdu 610207, PR China; Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, No. 2 Section 2 Chuanda Road, Chengdu 610207, PR China. Electronic address: changingchq@126.com.
authors.forename: Haiqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, No. 2 Section 2 Chuanda Road, Chengdu 610207, PR China; Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, No. 2 Section 2 Chuanda Road, Chengdu 610207, PR China. Electronic address: bcliu@scu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Baicang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, PR China. Electronic address: hitliangheng@163.com.
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, PR China. Electronic address: huarongyu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Huarong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China. Electronic address: shaosenlin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Senlin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, PR China. Electronic address: hitsteven@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guibai
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D002118:Calcium; D005374:Filtration; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006812:Humic Substances; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011312:Pressure; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D006812:Humic Substances; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D014867:Water; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Backwash water; Constant flux; Constant pressure; Membrane fouling; Ultrafiltration