title: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in camel in Egypt: potential human hazard.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rapid increase of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are a potential health hazard. Development of antimicrobial resistance in animal pathogens has serious implications for human health, especially when such strains could be transmitted to human. In this study, the antimicrobial resistance due to ESBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the camel meat was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study meat samples from 200 healthy camels at two major abattoirs in Egypt (Cairo and Giza) were collected. Following culture on cetrimide agar, suspected P. aeruginosa colonies were confirmed with a Vitek 2 system (bioMe´rieux). P. aeruginosa isolates were phenotypically identified as ESBL by double disk synergy test. Additionally antimicrobial susceptibility testing of ESBL producing P. aeruginosa isolates were done against 11 antimicrobial drugs and carried out by disk diffusion method. The ESBL genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction according to the presence of the blaPER-1, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 45 camel meat sample (22.5%). The total percentage of ESBL producing P. aeruginosa was 45% (21/45) from camel meat isolates. Antibiogram results revealed the highest resistance was for c, ceftriaxone and rifampicin followed by cefepime and aztreonam. The prevalence rates of β-lactamase genes were recorded (blaPER-128.5%, blaCTX-M38%, blaSHV33.3% and blaTEM23.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study illustrates the presence of high rates of ESBL-P. aeruginosa in camels that represents an increasing alarming for the risk of transmission to human and opens the door for current and future antibiotics therapy failure. Livestock associated ESBL-P. aeruginosa is a growing disaster, therefore, attention has to be fully given to livestock associated ESBL-bacteria which try to find its way to human beings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elhariri
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Giza, Egypt. daliahamza@cu.edu.eg.
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamza
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Rehab
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elhelw
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sohad M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dorgham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002162:Camelus / Q000382:microbiology*; D004534:Egypt; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Camel; ESBL; Egypt; Livestock; P. aeruginosa; Resistance genes