title: SPATIAL UPDATING OF HAPTIC ARRAYS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN.
abstract: Background/Study Context: Aging research addressing spatial learning, representation, and action is almost exclusively based on vision as the input source. Much less is known about how spatial abilities from nonvisual inputs, particularly from haptic information, may change during life-span spatial development. This research studied whether learning and updating of haptic target configurations differs as a function of age.
  
  
  
  Three groups of participants, ranging from 20 to 80 years old, felt four-target table-top circular arrays and then performed several tasks to assess life-span haptic spatial cognition. Measures evaluated included egocentric pointing, allocentric pointing, and array reconstruction after physical or imagined spatial updating.
  
  
  
  All measures revealed reliable differences between the oldest and youngest participant groups. The age effect for egocentric pointing contrasts with previous findings showing preserved egocentric spatial abilities. Error performance on allocentric pointing and map reconstruction tasks showing a clear age effect, with the oldest participants exhibiting the greatest error, is in line with other studies in the visual domain. Postupdating performance sharply declined with age but did not reliably differ between physical and imagined updating.
  
  
  
  Results suggest that there is a general trend for age-related degradation of spatial abilities after haptic learning, with the greatest declines manifesting in all measures in people over 60 years of age. Results are interpreted in terms of a spatial aging effect on mental transformations of three-dimensional representations of space in working memory.
authors.affiliation: a Spatial Informatics Program, School of Computing and Information Science , University of Maine , Orono , Maine , USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Giudice
authors.affiliation: a Spatial Informatics Program, School of Computing and Information Science , University of Maine , Orono , Maine , USA.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychology , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA.
authors.forename: Roberta L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Klatzky
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , University of California , Santa Barbara , California , USA.
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Loomis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013028:Space Perception; D055815:Young Adult