title: FOXM1 transcriptionally regulates expression of integrin β1 in triple-negative breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer and associated with early metastasis, drug resistance, and poor patient survival. Fork head box M1 (FOXM1) is considered as an emerging molecular target due to its oncogenic role and high overexpression profile in 85% in TNBC. However, molecular mechanisms by which FOXM1 transcription factor mediate its oncogenic effects are not fully understood. Integrin β1 is often upregulated in invasive breast cancers and associated with poor clinical outcome and shorter overall patient survival in TNBC. However, the mechanisms regulating integrin β1 (ITGB1) gene expression have not been well elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal breast epithelium (MCF10A) and TNBC cells (i.e., MDA-MB-231, BT-20 MDA-MB436) were used for the study. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based knockdown was used to inhibit Integrin β1 gene (mRNA) and protein expressions, which are detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChiP) and gene reporter (Luciferase) assays were used to demonstrate that FOXM1 transcription factor binds to the promoter of Integrin β1 gene and drives its expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that FOXM1 directly binds to the promoter of integrin β1 gene and transcriptionally regulates its expression and activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in TNBC cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that FOXM1 transcription factor regulates Integrin β1 gene expression and that FOXM1/ Integrin-β1/FAK axis may play an important role in the progression of TNBC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.|Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.|Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zuhal
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hamurcu
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Nermin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kahraman
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashour
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. bozpolat@mdanderson.org.|Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. bozpolat@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozpolat
mesh_terms: D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005260:Female; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D000072278:Forkhead Box Protein M1 / Q000235:genetics*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D019012:Integrin beta1 / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C107585:FOXM1 protein, human; D000072278:Forkhead Box Protein M1; D019012:Integrin beta1; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; C496050:PTK2 protein, human
keywords: Breast cancer; FAK; FOXM1; Integrin β1; Invasion; Metastasis; Oncogene; TNBC; Transcription factor; Treatment; Triple-negative breast cancer; siRNA