title: Phage-Based Structural Color Sensors and Their Pattern Recognition Sensing System.
abstract: The mammalian olfactory system provides great inspiration for the design of intelligent sensors. To this end, we have developed a bioinspired phage nanostructure-based color sensor array and a smartphone-based sensing network system. Using a M13 bacteriophage (phage) as a basic building block, we created structural color matrices that are composed of liquid-crystalline bundled nanofibers from self-assembled phages. The phages were engineered to express cross-responsive receptors on their major coat protein (pVIII), leading to rapid, detectable color changes upon exposure to various target chemicals, resulting in chemical- and concentration-dependent color fingerprints. Using these sensors, we have successfully detected 5-90% relative humidity with 0.2% sensitivity. In addition, after modification with aromatic receptors, we were able to distinguish between various structurally similar toxic chemicals including benzene, toluene, xylene, and aniline. Furthermore, we have developed a method of interpreting and disseminating results from these sensors using smartphones to establish a wireless system. Our phage-based sensor system has the potential to be very useful in improving national security and monitoring the environment and human health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.|Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Ju Hun
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7222-0510
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Bioinspira Inc. , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Benson
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Tuan D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Samdin
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.|University of California, Berkeley-University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.|Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Malav S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.|Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Scheideler
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.|Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.|College of Pharmacy, Ajou University , Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Eon
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University , Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soyoun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.|Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.|Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute , Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Seung-Wuk
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0501-8432
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: M13 bacteriophage; biomimetics; biosensor; columnar smectic phase; cross-reactive; olfactory system; structural color