title: Current challenges in human tooth revitalization.
abstract: Tooth vitality and health are related to the presence of a living connective tissue, the dental pulp (DP), in the center of the dental organ. The DP contains the tooth immune defence system that is activated against invading oral cariogenic bacteria during the caries process and the tissue repair/regeneration machinery involved following microorganisms' eradication. However, penetration of oral bacteria into the DP often leads to complete tissue destruction and colonization of the endodontic space by microorganisms. Classical endodontic therapies consist of disinfecting then sealing the endodontic space with a gutta percha-based material. However, re-infections of the endodontic space by oral bacteria can occur, owing to the lack of tightness of the material. Recent findings suggest that regenerating a fully functional pulp tissue may be an ideal therapeutic solution to maintain a tooth defence system that will detect and help manage future injuries. The objective of this paper was to explain the different revascularization and regeneration strategies that have been proposed to reconstitute a living DP tissue and to discuss the main challenges that have to be resolved to improve these therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR5305 CNRS/Université Lyon 1, UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Lyon, France.|Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.|Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Consultations et Traitements Dentaires, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ducret
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR5305 CNRS/Université Lyon 1, UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Lyon, France.|Laboratory of Regenerative Technologies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR5305 CNRS/Université Lyon 1, UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celle
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR5305 CNRS/Université Lyon 1, UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mallein-Gerin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR5305 CNRS/Université Lyon 1, UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Emeline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perrier-Groult
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR1064, INSERM, Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alliot-Licht
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR5305 CNRS/Université Lyon 1, UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Lyon, France.|Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.|Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Consultations et Traitements Dentaires, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Farges
mesh_terms: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D014070:Tooth / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
keywords: Human tooth; cell-based medicinal products; dental pulp regeneration; mesenchymal stem cells; revascularization