title: Development and Validation of the Kidney Transplant Understanding Tool (K-TUT).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several educational interventions have been designed to improve patient knowledge before and after kidney transplantation. However, evaluation of such interventions has been difficult because validated instruments to measure knowledge-based outcomes in this population have not been developed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To create a tool to measure patient knowledge of kidney transplantation and to evaluate its validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Kidney Transplant Understanding Tool (K-TUT) was created using a stepwise iterative process. Experts in the field and transplant recipients were consulted to establish content validity. The K-TUT consists of 9 true/false and 13 multiple-choice questions, and scores are based on the number correct answers [YES/NO format] of 69 items. The questionnaire was piloted in a study that also measured health literacy (via the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy) in transplant candidates, whereas the main survey was mailed to transplant recipients. Test-retest was performed, and completed surveys were analyzed for internal consistency, construct validity, floor and ceiling effects, and reproducibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surveys were offered to 106 pretransplant patients and 235 in the posttransplant period, and response rates were 38.7% (41/106) and 63.4% (149/235), respectively. The mean corrected scores were 53.1 ± 8.5 (77%) and 56.2 ± 6.3 (81%), respectively. Test-retest was performed over 20% of both cohorts and percent agreement ranged between 70% and 100% in the pretransplant group and 66% and 100% in the posttransplant group. Cronbach α ranged from 0.794 to 0.875 in all cohorts indicating favorable internal consistency. Increased health literacy in the pretransplant group was significantly associated with increased knowledge (r= 0.52;P< 0.001), suggestive of construct validity, and the absence of floor and ceiling effects was positive. The majority of transplant recipients (98/148, 67%) believed the questionnaire adequately assessed transplant knowledge, about a quarter (36/148, 24.3%) were "unsure," and 85% (126/148) agreed that no questions should be removed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although more study is warranted to further assess psychometric properties, the K-TUT appears to be a promising tool to measure transplant knowledge.
authors.affiliation: Saskatchewan Transplant Program, Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rosaasen
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.affiliation: Saskatchewan Transplant Program, Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mainra
authors.affiliation: Saskatchewan Transplant Program, Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shoker
authors.affiliation: Saskatchewan Transplant Program, Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mansell