title: Sensorimotor Mismapping in Poor-pitch Singing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study proposes that there are two types of sensorimotor mismapping in poor-pitch singing: erroneous mapping and no mapping. We created operational definitions for the two types of mismapping based on the precision of pitch-matching and predicted that in the two types of mismapping, phonation differs in terms of accuracy and the dependence on the articulation consistency between the target and the intended vocal action. The study aimed to test this hypothesis by examining the reliability and criterion-related validity of the operational definitions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A within-subject design was used in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two participants identified as poor-pitch singers were instructed to vocally imitate pure tones and to imitate their own vocal recordings with the same articulation as self-targets and with different articulation from self-targets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Definitions of the types of mismapping were demonstrated to be reliable with the split-half approach and to have good criterion-related validity with findings that pitch-matching with no mapping was less accurate and more dependent on the articulation consistency between the target and the intended vocal action than pitch-matching with erroneous mapping was. Furthermore, the precision of pitch-matching was positively associated with its accuracy and its dependence on articulation consistency when mismapping was analyzed on a continuum. Additionally, the data indicated that the self-imitation advantage was a function of articulation consistency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Types of sensorimotor mismapping lead to pitch-matching that differs in accuracy and its dependence on the articulation consistency between the target and the intended vocal action. Additionally, articulation consistency produces the self-advantage.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: wdzhang@psy.ecnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000162:Acoustics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D010699:Phonation; D010897:Pitch Discrimination; D010898:Pitch Perception; D011571:Psychoacoustics; D066191:Sensorimotor Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D063346:Singing; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Articulation; Pitch-matching; Poor-pitch singing; Precision; Sensorimotor mapping