title: Effectiveness of carbon dioxide against different developmental stages of Cadra cautella and Tribolium castaneum.
abstract: Methyl bromide is an excellent fumigant but has been banned because it has high potential for depleting the ozone layer which leads to many environmental and human health hazard issues. In this connection, effectiveness of carbon dioxide (CO2, 99.9%) was studied as an alternative to methyl bromide under various exposure timings, 25 ± 1 °C, against different developmental stages of the almond moth, Cadra cautella, and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. In case of C. cautella, the LT99against adult, pupa, and larval stages was achieved after 37.5, 78.1, and 99.9 h of CO2application, respectively. While for T. castaneum, the LT99values were obtained after exposure timings of 29.3, 153.9, and 78.4 h against adult, pupa, and larval stages, respectively. Adults were very susceptible; in contrast, pupae and larvae were more tolerant. The susceptibility order was observed as follows: T. castaneum adult > C. cautella adult > C. cautella pupae > T. castaneum larvae > C. cautella larvae > T. castaneum pupae. This study could be useful in developing the management strategies to prevent stored dates from C. cautella and T. castaneum infestation.
authors.affiliation: Economic Entomology Research Unit, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. mbukhsh@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Mureed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.affiliation: Economic Entomology Research Unit, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.|Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Sukirno
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sukirno
authors.affiliation: Economic Entomology Research Unit, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mehmood
authors.affiliation: Economic Entomology Research Unit, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.|Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tufail
authors.affiliation: Economic Entomology Research Unit, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.|Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Khawaja Ghulam
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Rasool
authors.affiliation: National Center for Agricultural Technology (NCAT), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Waleed Saleh
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Alwaneen
authors.affiliation: Economic Entomology Research Unit, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulrahman Saad
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Aldawood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007300:Insect Control; D007814:Larva; D011679:Pupa; D014231:Tribolium
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Carbon dioxide; Dates; Mixed infestation; Modified atmosphere; Saudi Arabia; Stored pests