title: Depression Among Transgender Older Adults: General and Minority Stress.
abstract: This study aims to (a) examine the direct and indirect effects internalized heterosexism, disclosure of gender identity, and perceived general stress in association with depression among transgender older adults; and (b) to assess the relative contribution of each relationship. Secondary analyses of data from a large community-based study of older sexual and gender minorities were conducted utilizing structural equation modeling with a subsample (n = 174) of transgender adults aged 50 to 86-years old. Disclosure of gender identity had no significant direct or indirect effects on either perceived general stress or depression. Internalized heterosexism did not have a direct effect on depression, but did have a significant indirect effect through perceived general stress. Finally, perceived general stress had an additional significant direct effect on depression, over and above internalized heterosexism. Total effect sizes appear to be considerable with standardized betas greater than 5.0. Perceived general stress and internalized heterosexism independently and cumulatively have significant direct and indirect effects on depression among transgender older adults. Implications for depression among transgender older adults and the role of community psychology are discussed.
authors.affiliation: College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3423-1651
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hoy-Ellis
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Karen I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Fredriksen-Goldsen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D057545:Social Stigma; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D063106:Transgender Persons / Q000523:psychology*; D014189:Transsexualism / Q000523:psychology*
keywords:  bisexual; Gender identity; Lesbian; Mental health; Older adults; Social stress; Stigma; gay; transgender