title: A review of evolution of electrospun tissue engineering scaffold: From two dimensions to three dimensions.
abstract: The potential of electrospinning process to fabricate ultrafine fibers as building blocks for tissue engineering scaffolds is well recognized. The scaffold construct produced by electrospinning process depends on the quality of the fibers. In electrospinning, material selection and parameter setting are among many factors that contribute to the quality of the ultrafine fibers, which eventually determine the performance of the tissue engineering scaffolds. The major challenge of conventional electrospun scaffolds is the nature of electrospinning process which can only produce two-dimensional electrospun mats, hence limiting their applications. Researchers have started to focus on overcoming this limitation by combining electrospinning with other techniques to fabricate three-dimensional scaffold constructs. This article reviews various polymeric materials and their composites/blends that have been successfully electrospun for tissue engineering scaffolds, their mechanical properties, and the various parameters settings that influence the fiber morphology. This review also highlights the secondary processes to electrospinning that have been used to develop three-dimensional tissue engineering scaffolds as well as the steps undertaken to overcome electrospinning limitations.
authors.affiliation: 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nor Hasrul Akhmal
authors.initials: NHA
authors.lastname: Ngadiman
authors.affiliation: 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Noordin
authors.affiliation: 2 Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Idris
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia.|4 Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Denni
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kurniawan
mesh_terms: D004560:Electricity; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
keywords: Electrospinning; biocompatibility; mechanical properties; process parameters; scaffold; tissue engineering