title: Characterization of Active Anthocyanin Degradation in the Petals of Rosa chinensis and Brunfelsia calycina Reveals the Effect of Gallated Catechins on Pigment Maintenance.
abstract: Anthocyanin degradation decreases ornamental or nutritional values of horticultural products. To investigate factors that may influence colour change in flower development, anthocyanin degradation was compared between the flowers ofBrunfelsia calycinaandRosa chinensis, which show rapid and slow degradation, respectively. In-gel activity assays, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of tannins, enzyme kinetics measurement and immune-detection of anthocyanin degradation related-perioxidases (PODs) were carried out for the comparison. Rose petals possessed significantly lower anthocyanin degradation-related POD activities thanBrunfelsiapetals, which may be related to the high tannin contents. Epicatechin gallate (ECG) and gallocatechin gallate (GCG) were detected in rose as 161.3 ± 12.34 and 273.56 ± 41.23 μg/g FW (Fresh Weight) respectively, while not detected inBrunfelsia. ECG and GCG inhibited the activities of theBrunfelsiaPOD with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) as 21.5 and 29.7 μM respectively, and increased the colour intensities of the anthocyanins. Catechin and epicatechin did not inhibit the POD activity, while serving as POD substrates, withKm (the Michaelis constant) as 0.48 and 1.23 mM. Similar protein levels of the anthocyanin degradation-related 40-kDa PODs were detected inBrunfelsiaand rose. In summary, high amount of tannins, particularly ECG and GCG, in red rose petals may inhibit the degradation-related enzymes, leading to the maintenance of anthocyanins in vivo.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. hhluo@stu.scau.edu.cn.|College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. hhluo@stu.scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Honghui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. dengshuangfan@nibs.ac.cn.|College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. dengshuangfan@nibs.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Shuangfan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. weifu996429825@163.com.|College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. weifu996429825@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zhang_ivy@163.com.|College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zhang_ivy@163.com.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. xuelianzhang@scau.edu.cn.|College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. xuelianzhang@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xuelian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zqzhang@scau.edu.cn.|College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zqzhang@scau.edu.cn.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Guangzhou 510642, China. zqzhang@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhaoqi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zqzhang@scau.edu.cn.|College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. zqzhang@scau.edu.cn.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Guangzhou 510642, China. zqzhang@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xuequn
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pang
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D035264:Flowers / Q000378:metabolism; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D027826:Rosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D019657:Solanaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D010940:Plant Proteins; C539601:epicatechin 5-gallate; C544617:gallocatechin-7-gallate; D002392:Catechin; D010544:Peroxidases
keywords: anthocyanin degradation enzyme activities; anthocyanin maintenance; enzyme inhibition; tannins