title: Bioaccumulation of gadolinium in freshwater bivalves.
abstract: In this study, the presence of anthropogenic gadolinium (Gd) was evaluated in rivers, close to wastewater treatment plant outputs. Then, one site was selected for in situ experiments to assess the bioaccumulation of Gd in the digestive gland and in the gills of two bivalves (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis and Corbicula fluminea). For both organisms, the results suggested that the bioaccumulation of Gd can be observed when organisms are exposed in a geogenic and anthropogenic Gd mixture. In order to observe if Gd can bioaccumulate in tissues of bivalves when the ion is only present as the main anthropogenic speciation of Gd, i.e., Gd-contrast agents (Gd-CAs), the gadoteric acid was used for a laboratory experiment. In this case, the presence of Gd was clearly detected in a significant amount in the digestive glands of D. rostriformis bugensis and C. fluminea while low concentrations are measured in the gills. For the first time, these results clearly showed that Gd can bioaccumulate in bivalve tissues even when it is only present as Gd-CAs. Biochemical activities were measured in the digestive gland and in the gills of the bivalves to assess the effects of Gd-CA bioaccumulation. No significant variations were observed in the gills. Concerning the digestive gland, after 7 days of exposure at 10 μg L-1of Gd as Gd-CA speciation, GST activity in D. rostriformis bugensis and lipid hydroperoxide and mitochondrial electron transfer system in C. fluminea had increased. The results suggest an acclimation of the organisms to the presence of Gd-CAs in the medium within less than 21 days.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360 Campus Bridoux-Bâtiment IBiSE-8, rue du Général Delestraint, 57070, Metz, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perrat
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360 Campus Bridoux-Bâtiment IBiSE-8, rue du Général Delestraint, 57070, Metz, France. marc.parant@univ-lorraine.fr.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parant
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Hydrologie de Nancy, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du 11 Travail (ANSES), 40 rue Lionnois, 54000, Nancy 12, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Sebastien
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Py
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Hydrologie de Nancy, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du 11 Travail (ANSES), 40 rue Lionnois, 54000, Nancy 12, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360 Campus Bridoux-Bâtiment IBiSE-8, rue du Général Delestraint, 57070, Metz, France. carole.leguille@univ-lorraine.fr.
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cossu-Leguille
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049874:Corbicula / Q000187:drug effects; D049875:Dreissena / Q000187:drug effects; D005618:Fresh Water; D005682:Gadolinium; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005682:Gadolinium
keywords: Anthropogenic gadolinium; Bivalve tissues; Contrast agents; Rare earth elements; Wastewater treatment plants