title: Phylogeny and taxonomy of the scab and spot anthracnose fungusElsinoë(Myriangiales,Dothideomycetes).
abstract: Species ofElsinoëare phytopathogens causing scab and spot anthracnose on many plants, including some economically important crops such as avocado, citrus, grapevines, and ornamentals such as poinsettias, field crops and woody hosts. Disease symptoms are often easily recognisable, and referred to as signature-bearing diseases, for the cork-like appearance of older infected tissues with scab-like appearance. In someElsinoë-host associations the resulting symptoms are better described as spot anthracnose. Additionally the infected plants may also show mild to severe distortions of infected organs. Isolation ofElsinoëin pure culture can be very challenging and examination of specimens collected in the field is often frustrating because of the lack of fertile structures. Current criteria for species recognition and host specificity inElsinoëare unclear due to overlapping morphological characteristics, and the lack of molecular and pathogenicity data. In the present study we revised the taxonomy ofElsinoëbased on DNA sequence and morphological data derived from 119 isolates, representing 67 host genera from 17 countries, including 64 ex-type cultures. Combined analyses of ITS, LSU,rpb2andTEF1-αDNA sequence data were used to reconstruct the backbone phylogeny of the genusElsinoë. Based on the single nomenclature for fungi, 26 new combinations are proposed inElsinoëfor species that were originally described inSphaceloma. A total of 13 species are epitypified with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. A further eight new species are introduced, leading to a total of 75Elsinoëspecies supported by molecular data in the present study. For the most part species ofElsinoëappear to be host specific, although the majority of the species treated are known only from a few isolates, and further collections and pathogenicity studies will be required to reconfirm this conclusion.
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Groenewald
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Centro de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: J D P
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bezerra
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: O L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cheewangkoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mostert
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Crous
keywords: Aulographum ledi Peck; E. abutilonis (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Fan & Crous; E. anacardii (Wani & Thirum.) Fan & Crous; E. banksiicola (Pascoe & Crous) Fan & Crous; E. barleriicola (Wani & Thirum.) Fan & Crous; E. bidentis (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Fan & Crous; E. citricola Fan, R.W. Barreto & Crous; E. coryli (Vegh & M. Bourgeois) Fan & Crous; E. embeliae Thirum. & Naras.; E. euphorbiae Fan & Crous; E. fagarae (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Fan & Crous; E. fici-caricae Wani & Thirum.; E. flacourtiae (Thirum. & Naras.) Fan & Crous; E. genipae (Bitanc.) Fan & Crous; E. genipae-americanae Fan & Crous; E. glycines (Kurata & Kurib.) Fan & Crous; E. hederae (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Fan & Crous; E. ichnocarpi (Thirum. & Naras.) Fan & Crous; E. jasminicola Fan & Crous; E. krugii (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Fan, R.W. Barreto & Crous; E. lagoa-santensis (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Fan & Crous; E. lippiae (R.C. Baines & Cummins) Fan & Crous; E. menthae (Jenkins) Fan & Crous; E. pongamiae (Wani & Thirum.) Fan & Crous; E. populi (Sacc.) Fan & Crous; E. ricini (Jenkins & C.C. Cheo) Fan & Crous; E. salicina Fan & Crous; E. semecarpi (Wani & Thirum.) Fan & Crous; E. sesseae (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Fan & Crous; E. sicula (Ciccar.) Fan & Crous; E. tectificae (Cheew. & Crous) Fan & Crous; E. terminaliae (Bitanc.) Fan & Crous; E. violae (Massey & Jenkins) Fan & Crous; Elsinoë asclepiadea Fan, R.W. Barreto & Crous; Elsinoë brasiliensis Bitanc. & Jenkins; Elsinoë erythrinae Sivan. & L.D. Gómez; Elsinoë mimosae Viégas; Elsinoë rhois (Bitanc. & Jenkins) Fan & Crous; Elsinoë rosarum Jenkins & Bitanc.; Elsinoë solidaginis Jenkins & Ukkelberg; Elsinoë verbenae Bitanc. & Jenkins; Plectodiscella veneta Burkh.; Sphaceloma; Sphaceloma glycines Kurata & Kurib.; Sphaceloma krugii Bitanc. & Jenkins; Sphaceloma menthae Jenkins; Sphaceloma pongamiae Wani & Thirum.; Sphaceloma terminaliae Bitanc; anthracnose; molecular phylogeny; scab disease; taxonomy