title: Recovery sleep after extended wakefulness restores elevated A1adenosine receptor availability in the human brain.
abstract: Adenosine and functional A1adenosine receptor (A1AR) availability are supposed to mediate sleep-wake regulation and cognitive performance. We hypothesized that cerebral A1AR availability after an extended wake period decreases to a well-rested state after recovery sleep. [18F]CPFPX positron emission tomography was used to quantify A1AR availability in 15 healthy male adults after 52 h of sleep deprivation and following 14 h of recovery sleep. Data were additionally compared with A1AR values after 8 h of baseline sleep from an earlier dataset. Polysomnography, cognitive performance, and sleepiness were monitored. Recovery from sleep deprivation was associated with a decrease in A1AR availability in several brain regions, ranging from 11% (insula) to 14% (striatum). A1AR availabilities after recovery did not differ from baseline sleep in the control group. The degree of performance impairment, sleepiness, and homeostatic sleep-pressure response to sleep deprivation correlated negatively with the decrease in A1AR availability. Sleep deprivation resulted in a higher A1AR availability in the human brain. The increase that was observed after 52 h of wakefulness was restored to control levels during a 14-h recovery sleep episode. Individuals with a large increase in A1AR availability were more resilient to sleep-loss effects than those with a subtle increase. This pattern implies that differences in endogenous adenosine and A1AR availability might be causal for individual responses to sleep loss.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; d.elmenhorst@fz-juelich.de.
authors.forename: David
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6137-416X
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elmenhorst
authors.affiliation: Division of Flight Physiology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva-Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Elmenhorst
authors.affiliation: Division of Flight Physiology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hennecke
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matusch
authors.affiliation: Division of Flight Physiology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, 51147 Cologne, Germany.|Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.|Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aeschbach
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.|Neurological Department, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D000241:Adenosine
keywords: cognitive performance; depression; interindividual differences; sleep deprivation; sleep homeostasis